Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on wildlife
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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted wildlife. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes the disease COVID-19, is thought to have a zoonotic origin. It was afflicting non-human animals in the wild before making the leap to humans at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in December 2019.[1][2]
Pre-outbreak effects[edit]
SARS-CoV-2 is in the same species (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) as the virus that caused Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV),[3] and is closely related to bat coronaviruses,[4] pangolin coronaviruses[5] Snakes or bats were initially suggested to be the source of the virus, especially considering the variety of wild animals sold at the market.[6][7][8][9] It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13).[10][11] It is believed that the virus possibly originated in horseshoe bats.[12] In February 2020, Chinese researchers found that there is only one amino acid difference in certain genome sequences between the viruses found in pangolins and those from humans, implying that pangolins may have been an intermediate host.[13][14][15][16] The working theory of researchers in Guangzhou, China is that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats and, prior to infecting humans, was circulating among pangolins. The illicit Chinese pangolin trade is suggested as a vector for human transmission.[15][17] Although it is generally agreed that bats are the origin, pangolin as an intermediate host is disputed, after it emerged that the genetic match did not refer to the entire genome, but to a specific site known as the receptor-binding domain (RBD).[18] A whole-genome comparison had found that the pangolin and human viruses share only 90.3% of their DNA (at least 99.8% is needed for a conclusive match)[18]
During the outbreak[edit]
The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market was permanently closed on 1 January 2020.[19][20]
On January 22, 2020, a ban on the sale of all wild animal products in Wuhan was implemented.[21]
Proposals were made to ban the operation of wet markets selling wild animals (some of them endangered species) for human consumption.[22]
On February 24, 2020, the Chinese government announced that the trade and consumption of wild animals would be banned throughout China,[23][24][25][26] although the ban does not cover the use of wild animal products in traditional Chinese medicine.[27] A 2003 ban on the trade of masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and 53 other animal species in the wake of the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak only lasted four months,[28][29] so it is not clear how long the ban will actually last. Ecologists worry that the early speculation about pangolins being the source may have led to mass slaughters,[citation needed] endangering the animals further, which was similar to what happened to civets during the SARS outbreak.[18][30]
On 4 March 2020, China closed all of its wild animal wet markets.[31]
References[edit]
- ↑ Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team (February 2020). "[The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi=Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi (in 中文). 41 (2): 145–151. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003. PMID 32064853 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "COVID-19: What we know so far about the 2019 novel coronavirus". Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. (February 2020). "A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 727–733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. PMID 31978945.
- ↑ Perlman, S. (February 2020). "Another Decade, Another Coronavirus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 760–762. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2001126. PMID 31978944.
- ↑ Wong, M. C.; Cregeen, S. J.; Ajami, N. J.; Petrosino, J. F. (February 2020). "Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019". bioRxiv (preprint). doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939207.
- ↑ Haitao Guo; Guangxiang "George" Luo; Shou-Jiang Gao (22 January 2020). "Snakes Could Be the Original Source of the New Coronavirus Outbreak in China". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Ji, Wei; Wang, Wei; Zhao, Xiaofang; Zai, Junjie; Li, Xingguang (22 January 2020). "Homologous recombination within the spike glycoprotein of the newly identified coronavirus may boost cross-species transmission from snake to human". Journal of Medical Virology. n/a (n/a): 433–440. doi:10.1002/jmv.25682. ISSN 1096-9071. PMID 31967321.
- ↑ Callaway, Ewen; Cyranoski, David (23 January 2020). "Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00180-8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Multeni, Megan (23 January 2020). "No, the Wuhan Virus Is Not a 'Snake Flu'". Wired. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ WHO–China Joint Mission (16–24 February 2020). "Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (PDF). WHO.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Zhou, Peng; et al. (23 January 2020). "Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin". bioRxiv (Preprint). doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.914952.
- ↑ Rocha, Lucas (3 March 2020). "Transmission of Covid-19 may have begun in November". Fiocruz. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Xiao, K.; Zhai, J.; Feng, Y.; Zhou, N.; Zhang, X.; Zou, J. J.; Li, N.; Guo, Y.; Li, X.; Shen, X.; Zhang, Z. (February 2020). "Isolation and Characterization of 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus from Malayan Pangolins". bioRxiv (preprint). doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.951335.
- ↑ Wong, MC; Cregeen, SJJ; Ajami, NJ; Petrosino, JF (February 2020). "Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939207. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=ignored (help) - ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cyranoski, David (2020-02-07). "Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people?". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Liu, P.; Chen, W.; Chen, J.-P. (2019). "Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica)". Viruses. 11 (11): 979. doi:10.3390/v11110979. PMC 6893680 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 31652964. - ↑ Bryner, Jeanna (March 15, 2020). "1st known case of coronavirus traced back to November in China". LiveScience. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Hui, David S.; I Azhar, Esam; Madani, Tariq A.; Ntoumi, Francine; Kock, Richard; Dar, Osman; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Mchugh, Timothy D.; Memish, Ziad A.; Drosten, Christian; Zumla, Alimuddin; Petersen, Eskild (2020). "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier BV. 91: 264–266. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. ISSN 1201-9712. PMID 31953166.
- ↑ "Promed Post – ProMED-mail". ProMED-mail. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Coronavirus: China advises against travel to Wuhan as deaths surge". BBC. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Sarah Boseley (24 January 2020), Calls for global ban on wild animal markets amid coronavirus outbreak, The Guardian, archived from the original on 6 February 2020, retrieved 17 March 2020 Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "China bans trade, consumption of wild animals due to coronavirus". Reuters. 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Xie, Echo (24 February 2020). "China bans trade, eating of wild animals in battle against coronavirus". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Aylin Woodward (26 February 2020), Both the new coronavirus and SARS outbreaks likely started in Chinese wet markets. Photos show what the markets look like., Business Insider
- ↑ Aylin Woodward (25 February 2020), China just banned the trade and consumption of wild animals. Experts think the coronavirus jumped from live animals to people at a market., Business Insider, archived from the original on 14 March 2020, retrieved 17 March 2020 Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Gorman, James (27 February 2020). "China's Ban on Wildlife Trade a Big Step, but Has Loopholes, Conservationists Say". New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Kennedy, Lindsey; Southern, Nathan Paul (25 February 2020). "The Coronavirus Could Finally Kill the Wild Animal Trade". Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: The Slate Group. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Bradsher, Keith (14 August 2003). "China Allows Sale of Animal Tied to SARS". The New York Times. New York, NY. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Civet Cat Slaughter To Fight SARS". CBSNews. 11 January 2004. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Vaughan, Adam (4 March 2020). "China has shut all of its wild animal markets – it was long overdue". New Scientist. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
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