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List of detainees at the Eureka Stockade

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Template:Eureka Rebellion sidebar

This is an incomplete list of the around 120 prisoners, some of whom were non-combatants, that were detained by the colonial forces around the time of the Battle of the Eureka Stockade on 3 December 1854 at Ballarat in Victoria, Australia. A group of thirteen accused rebels were then committed to stand trial for high treason, with all either being acquitted or had the indictment withdrawn. Nothing is known about the status of most of the detainees regarding their actual participation in the armed uprising.

Released without charge[edit]

Name Birth year Birthplace Legacy and notes Ref(s)
William Adams unknown unknown Adams lived in the vicinity of the Eureka Stockade and was wounded by gunfire three times whilst trying to get his family to safety. He was taken prisoner and spent a week convalescing at the government camp hospital. Adams would later unsuccessfully claim 937 pounds in damages for loss of property and false imprisonment. [1]
Michael Noonan 1839 unknown Noonan lost his store and received 70 pounds in compensation. His spouse was also assaulted at the time of the battle, and he was detained for five days after being arrested while standing near the St Alphius chapel. [2]

High treason committal hearings[edit]

The detainees were mainly apprehended at or in the vicinity of the Eureka Stockade on the day of the battle. They marched to the Ballarat police holding cells until indictments could be issued or dropped. Most of the detainees faced a committal hearing presided over by a bench of magistrates. Depositions of crown witnesses for the brief of evidence in the 1855 Victorian high treason trials were taken between 7-9 December 1854 in Ballarat, mostly from soldiers and police officers who took part in the battle and other witnesses. Each deponent made a signed and sworn written statement concerning their knowledge of the facts concerning the indictment. The testimony was given in open court in the presence of the accused person, who was able to respond via submitting a statement of the accused, although this right was often waived by the detainees. Where the death of a person was involved, the proceedings became an inquest. The deponents were bound by recognisances to give evidence or a signed undertaking to appear at the trial for examination in chief at various venues if required.[3]

It was reported during the high treason committal hearings that the following detainees had been discharged for either "no evidence against the prisoners, or they were only proved guilty of living in the neighborhood of the Eureka Stockade, and giving no information as to its erection".[4] A group of thirteen rebel prisoners were eventually committed to stand for trial for high treason at the Supreme Court in Melbourne.

8 December 1854 hearing[5]

Name Birth year Birthplace Court order Legacy and notes Ref(s)
Charles Adams 1829? unknown discharged Adams was a storekeeper in Ballarat who was taken prisoner and discharged at the committal hearings. May have been the same Charles Adams who was a miner at the Black lead and died in December 1861 aged 32. [6]
Nicholas Allaire unknown unknown discharged Allaire was in Ballarat at the time of the battle and was discharged at the committal hearings. [7]
Thomas Barry unknown unknown discharged Barry was in Ballarat at the time of the battle and was discharged at the committal hearings. [8]
Henry Bazley unknown unknown discharged Bazley was in Ballarat at the time of the battle and was discharged at the committal hearings. [9]
Thomas Bisk unknown unknown discharged Bisk was in Ballarat at the time of the battle and was discharged at the committal hearings. [10]
Thomas Box unknown unknown discharged Box was arrested in Ballarat on 3 December 1854 and discharged at the committal hearings. [11]
Charles Brown unknown unknown discharged Brown was in Ballarat at the time of the battle and was discharged at the committal hearings. [12]
Edmund Burns unknown unknown discharged Burns (or Burn) was arrested inside the Eureka Stockade on 3 December 1854. He later made a compensation claim for his tent, which was set on fire during the battle. Burns was discharged at the committal hearings. [13]
John Cahill 1833 County Clare, Ireland discharged Cahill was arrested at the Eureka Stockade on the day of the battle. He was active on a committee to redress the grievances of the mining community in Ballarat. Cahill was discharged at the committal hearings. [14]
George Davidson unknown unknown discharged Davidson was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [15]
John Delamere unknown uknown discharged Delamere was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [16]
Nicholas Edwards unknown unknown discharged Edwards was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [17]
Patrick Gilhooly unknown unknown discharged Gilhooly was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [18]
Joseph Gray unknown unknown discharged Gray was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [19]
Joseph Hindon unknown unknown discharged Hindon was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [20]
Isaac Hinds 1797 Cumberland, England discharged Hinds was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. He was a character witness in Bentley's trial in November 1854. [21]
Richard Humphreys unknown unknown discharged Humphreys was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [22]
Francis Kent unknown unknown discharged Kent was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [23]
Martin Kinnear unknown unknown discharged Kinnear was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [24]
Robert Leslie unknown unknown discharged Leslie was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [25]
Joseph Macknon unknown unknown discharged Macknon was in Ballarat at the time of the battle and was arrested and discharged at the committal hearings. [26]
Dugald Magennis unknown unknown discharged Magennis was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [27]
J Kennedy O'Brien unknown unknown discharged O'Brien was arrested on the day of the battle whilst in the vicinity of the Saint Alphius Catholic church. He was discharged at the committal hearings. All of O'Brien's possessions went missing whilst he was in police custody. He made a compensation claim for his time in custody. O'Brien's name appears on the 1855 electoral roll, and he was a signatory to the Benden S Hassell compensation petition. [28]
Matthew Orr unknown unknown discharged Orr was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [29]
Joseph Penrose unknown unknown discharged Penrose was arrested on the day of the battle whilst in the vicinity of the Saint Alphuis Catholic church. He was discharged at the committal hearings. [30]
John Powell unknown unknown discharged Powell was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [31]
Peter Priaulx unknown unknown discharged Priaulx was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. There are records of a farmer named Peter Priaulx arriving in Melbourne aboard the Saldanha. [32]
John Quin unknown unknown discharged Quin was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. He was a character witness in Michael Noonan's compensation claim. [33]
Henry Robilliard 1800 Guernsey discharged Robilliard was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [34]
Alexander Ross unknown unknown discharged Ross was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [35]
Martin Ryan unknown unknown discharged Ryan was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. He subsequently made an unsuccessful compensation claim of 8 pounds for the destruction of his tent and property by the colonial forces. Ryan had asserted that he took no part in the armed uprising directly or indirectly. [36]
Walter Ryley unknown unknown discharged Ryley was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [37]
Arthur Smith unknown unknown discharged Smith was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [38]
William James Steer unknown unknown discharged Steer was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [39]
Thomas Ferdinand Tighe unknown unknown discharged Tighe was arrested at the time of the battle and was discharged at the committal hearings. [40]
George Thompson unknown unknown discharged Thompson was present at the battle. He was arrested and discharged at the committal hearings. [41]
Henry Trynon unknown unknown discharged Trynon was arrested at the time of the battle and was discharged at the committal hearings. [42]
Andrew White unknown unknown discharged White was arrested at the time of the battle and was discharged at the committal hearings. [43]
Robert Winkfield 1814 London, England discharged Winkfield was arrested at the time of the battle and was discharged at the committal hearings. [44]

11 December 1854 hearing[45]

Name Birth year Birthplace Court order Legacy and notes Ref(s)
Carl Anderson (a Swede) unknown Sweden discharged Anderson was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [46]
James Ashburner 1827 Liverpool, England discharged Ashburner was a pikeman at the Eureka Stockade who was captured during the fall of the Stockade. He was reported for wielding a pike made from a pick. Ashburner witnessed Peter Lalor being shot, and fearing for the rebel leader's life, he dragged Lalor outside the stockade, where he took refuge in a hole. He was detained soon after and chained to Timothy Hayes overnight. Ashburner was in Ballarat for the 50th anniversary commemorations. His account was published in the Ballarat Courier, 3 December 1904 edition. [47]
William Avondale unknown unknown discharged Avondale was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. [48]
James Barclay unknown unknown discharged Barclay was arrested on the day of the battle and discharged at the committal hearings. He may be the same James Barclay who died at age 36 in 1862. [49]
Edmund Bohen unknown unknown discharged Bohen was in Ballarat at the time of the battle. He was arrested and discharged at the committal hearings. [50]
Michael Butler unknown unknown dischared Butler was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. He may have been the same Michael Butler who arrived in Melbourne in 1841 with his parents at age four. [51]
William Develin unknown unknown discharged Develin was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [52]
Charles Doolan unknown unknown discharged Doolan was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [53]
William Galloway unknown uknown discharged Galloway was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. His tent was next to Thomas Cox's. Galloway had blood on his hands at the time he was arrested. On 11 December 1854, he appeared at the inquest into the death of Henry Powell. [54]
Michael Gleeson 1823 Gowran, Kilkenny, Ireland discharged Gleeson was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [55]
Patrick Hickey unknown unknown discharged Hickey was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [56]
Jeremiah Hogan 1826 unknown discharged Hogan was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [57]
John Kelly unknown unknown discharged Kelly was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. The US consul, James Tarleton, made representations to secure his release from custody. Kelly was a partner along with Frank Carey in the Excelsior restaurant and boarding house and had previously served a six-month sentence for selling alcohol without a licence. [58]
Michael Kennedy unknown unknown discharged Kennedy was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. He was a signatory to the Benden S Hassell compensation petition in 1855. [59]
Patrick Kennedy unknown unknown discharged Kennedy was a miner who was visiting a friend on 2 December 1854. He was held as a prisoner at the Eureka Stockade, perhaps under suspicion he was a spy, and managed to escape. His friend lived near the stockade, and Kennedy was again detained. Kennedy was discharged at the committal hearings and discovered that his belongings had been stolen from him during his time in custody [59]
John Leadow unknown unknown discharged Leadow was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [60]
John Lynch 1826 Ennis, County Clare, Ireland survivor One of Peter Lalor's captains, he helped to conceal the rebel leader in a hole with slabs. He was arrested later that day and released. He returned to Ballarat to deliver an oration for the second anniversary of the battle. His memoirs were published in the Austral Light from October 1893 to March 1894. Buried in the Smythesdale Cemetery. [61][62]
Daniel Macartney unknown unknown discharged Macartney was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [63]
Patrick Meade unknown unknown discharged Meade was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [64]
Michael Meagher unknown unknown discharged Meagher was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [65]
John Pardy unknown unknown discharged Pardy was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [66]
Samuel Penny unknown unknown discharged Penny was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [30]
Cornelius (or Charles) Peters 1827/1828 Heemsted, Netherlands discharged Peters was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. He testified in the high treason trial of Jan Vennick. [67]
James Sexton unknown unknown discharged Sexton was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [68]
William Somerville unknown unknown discharged Somerville was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [69]
William Stafford unknown unknown discharged Stafford was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [70]
Herman Steinman unknown unknown discharged Steinman was arrested on 3 December 1854 and discharged during the committal hearings. [39]
Joseph Walker unknown unknown discharged Walker was arrested at the time of the battle and was discharged during the committal hearings. [71]
William Wickley unknown unknown discharged Wickley was arrested at the time of the battle and was discharged during the committal hearings. [72]

High treason trials[edit]

Main article: 1855 Victorian high treason trials

The high treason trials took place between 22 February – 27 March 1855 in the aftermath of the fall of Eureka Stockade. The Goldfields Commission recommended a general amnesty for all on the runs from the fallen Eureka Stockade. Instead, thirteen of the rebels detained were eventually indicted for high treason. The juries all returned a verdict of not guilty by a jury, and the indictment against Thomas Dignum was withdrawn. On 23 January, the trial of Ballarat Times editor Henry Seekamp resulted in a finding of guilt for seditious libel, and a month later, he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of six months. The trials have been described as farcical, and the colonial secretary would rebuke Lieutenant Governor Sir Charles Hotham over prosecuting the Eureka rebels for the lofty offence of high treason.[73]

The defendants were originally to be tried in the same order as they were listed in the indictments. However, due to the pre-trial legal chicanery and the unavailability of witnesses, John Joseph, an African American, was the first accused man to go on trial. The jury deliberated for about half an hour before returning a verdict of "not guilty." The Argus reported that "A sudden burst of applause arose in the court," but it was instantly checked by court officers. The Chief Justice condemned this as an attempt to influence the jury, as it could be construed that a jury could be encouraged to deliver a verdict that would receive such applause; he sentenced two men (identified by the Crown Solicitor as having applauded) to a week in prison for contempt.[74] Over 10,000 people had come to hear the jury's verdict. According to Richard Allan's account published in the Ballarat Star, upon emerging from the courthouse, Joseph "was put in a chair and carried around the streets of the City in triumph with the greatest demonstrations of joy".[75]

Name Birth year Birthplace Verdict Legacy and notes Ref(s)
James Beattie 1823 Cumberland, England not guilty Beattie was one of the indicted rebels tried and acquitted in the 1855 Victorian High Treason trials. Witnesses stated that he volunteered to join a rebel company at the 29th December 1854 meeting at Bakery Hill. He then drilled and marched with the other rebels to the Eureka lead and was drilled again that and the following day. Beattie negotiated the perimeter of the stockade just before the shooting had ceased. Beattie had a large horse pistol that he dropped within the stockade when he saw troops outside. He either fell or drooped to his knees and cried for mercy, saying he "was beaten and would give in". [76][77][78]
James Macfie Campbell unknown Kingston, Jamaica not guilty Campbell was one of the indicted rebels tried and acquitted of high treason. [79]
Raffaello Carboni 1817 Urbino, Italy not guilty Carboni acted as Lalor's interpreter in dealing with some of the European miners. He was an eyewitness to the battle, seeking shelter in the chimney of his dwelling that was nearby the stockade. Subsequently indicted and acquitted in the high treason trials. Eureka folklore is deeply indebted to Carboni, who published the only full-length eyewitness account of the Eureka Rebellion later in 1855. [80]
Thomas Dignum 1836 Sydney, NSW nolle prosequi Dignum is among the four known native-born Australians at the Eureka Stockade and was one of the pikemen. Signed the Benden Hassell compensation petition. Carboni described him as a "serious looking, short, tight-built young chap" who "fought like a tiger" in the battle. He was one of the thirteen indicted rebels and succeded in having the charge case dropped. [81][82]
John Joseph 1831 New York, USA not guilty Joseph was one of the rebels indicted and acquitted of high treason. He was praised for his performance under fire. Carboni said that Joseph was honest and kind and fired as part of the volley that killed Captain Wise. As an African American, doctor Charles Kenworthy did not act as Joseph's intermediary in an effort to secure his release as he did in relation to other Americans in legal jeopardy as a result of their involvement in the Eureka Rebellion. Joseph was tried first and acquitted. It is said that he was carried aloft in a chair by a joyous crowd around the streets of Melbourne. [83]
Timothy Hayes 1820 Kilkenny, Ireland not guilty Hayes was arrested on 3 December 1854 and was one of the rebels indicted and acquitted of high treason. [84]
John Manning unknown Ireland? not guilty Manning was a journalist who Carboni mentions as being present at the meeting where Peter Lalor was confirmed as rebel leader. Inspector Carter discovered him in the stockade's armoury when he stormed the tent. Carter arrested Manning himself and placed him into the custody of Lieutenant Richards of the 40th Regiment. Subsequently indicted and acquitted in the high treason trials. [85]
William Molly unknown unknown not guilty Molly was at the Eureka Stockade and detained and released. On 9 December 1854, along with Edward Sorrenson and Patrick Howard, he was indicted for high treason. Witness Edward Verit testified that near the conclusion of the attack, Molly was "being driven out" of the stockade and that "I collared him and took him. He had no arms that I saw". [86]
John Phelan 1882 The Cottage, Derry Kearn Abbey, Leix, Ireland not guilty Phelan was one of the rebels indicted and acquitted in the high treason trials. He had served as a juror on the James Scobie inquest. There is a legend that he and a miner named McGrath buried Lalor's amputated arm down an old alluvial shaft near the junction of present-day Princess and Meir Streets. Another is that he accompanied Lalor to a land auction while Lalor was still on the run. However, this seems unlikely, as Phelan was in police custody the whole time until his acquittal. [87]
Henry Reed unknown unknown not guilty Reed (or Read) was one of the rebels indicted and acquitted for high treason. Sub-Inspector Samuel Furnell saw Reed inside the Eureka Stockade on 3 December 1854, and it was alleged that he had fired on trooper Michael Lawler. [88][89]
Jacob Sorrenson unknown unknown not guilty Sorenson was arrested on 3 December 1854. He was committed to stand trial on 9 December 1854 along with William Molloy and Patrick Howard. Sorenson was described as heavily tattooed and illiterate. [90]
Michael Tuohy 1830 Scariff, County Clare, Ireland not guilty Was part of the contingent that traveled from Creswick contingent to the Eureka Stockade. He was detained by Corporal William Richardson whilst attempting to flee the stockade in possession of a double-barrelled shotgun. Subsequently spent most of his fortune pursuing a compensation claim over the loss of his mine. [91][92]
Jan Vennick 1823 Koedijk, the Netherlands not guilty Sometimes referred to as John Fenwick, Vennick was a non-combatant who was indicted and acquitted of high treason. He shared a tent with Cornelius Peters and Le Fronzis Romeo that was situated 300 yards away from the Eureka Stockade. At the time of the battle, German miner Edward Bloehm roused the three of them. The police surrounded the tent and called on the occupants to surrender. Vennick emerged wearing red trousers gaining the nickname "the captain". He was handcuffed and then struck with a sword, nearly severing his ear and sustaining three blows to the head. At the high treason trials, Peters was able to provide Vennick with an alibi, testifying that Vennick was working with him all day on the 2 December 1854 and had been in the tent all night and on the morning when the stockade was overrun. [93][94]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 4.
  2. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 400.
  3. ↑ https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110304131518/http://prov.vic.gov.au/eureka/state_treason_trials.htm
  4. ↑ The Argus, 12 December 1854.
  5. ↑ The Argus, 11 December 1854.
  6. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 3.
  7. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 8.
  8. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 40.
  9. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 43.
  10. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 57.
  11. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 68.
  12. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 81.
  13. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 87.
  14. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 91.
  15. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 142.
  16. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 147.
  17. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 174.
  18. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 219.
  19. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 233.
  20. ↑ "Joseph Hindon - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  21. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 268.
  22. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 283.
  23. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 303.
  24. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 308.
  25. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 329.
  26. ↑ "Joseph Macknon - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  27. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 361.
  28. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 406.
  29. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 415.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 423.
  31. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 434.
  32. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 436.
  33. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 437.
  34. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 450.
  35. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 452.
  36. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 456.
  37. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 457.
  38. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 475.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 485.
  40. ↑ "Thomas Tighe - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  41. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 504.
  42. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 510.
  43. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 538.
  44. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 547.
  45. ↑ The Argus, 12 December 1854.
  46. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 15.
  47. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 19-20.
  48. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 22.
  49. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 36.
  50. ↑ "Edmund Bohen - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  51. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 88.
  52. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 151.
  53. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 156.
  54. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 214.
  55. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 222.
  56. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 267.
  57. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 270.
  58. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 299.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 302.
  60. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 327.
  61. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 340-342.
  62. ↑ "John Lynch - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  63. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 344.
  64. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 369-370.
  65. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 370.
  66. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 420.
  67. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 424.
  68. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 466.
  69. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 481.
  70. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 484.
  71. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 524.
  72. ↑ "William Wickley - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  73. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 193-195.
  74. ↑ "SUPREME COURT". The Argus. Melbourne. 24 February 1855. p. 5. Retrieved 18 July 2023 – via Trove.
  75. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 10.
  76. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 44.
  77. ↑ "James Beattie - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  78. ↑ Blake 2009, p. 176.
  79. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 53.
  80. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 99-103.
  81. ↑ Blake 2009, p. 153.
  82. ↑ "Thomas Dignum - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  83. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 294-295.
  84. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 261-262.
  85. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 363-364.
  86. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 380.
  87. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 424-425.
  88. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, p. 444.
  89. ↑ "Henry Reed - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  90. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 481-482.
  91. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 511-514.
  92. ↑ "Michael Tuohy - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.
  93. ↑ Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004, pp. 519-520.
  94. ↑ "Jan Vennick - eurekapedia". www.eurekapedia.org.

Bibliography[edit]

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