Plant virus nanotechnology
Viruses are nanoscale objects and these materials have been subject to the nanoscience and nanoengineering disciplines. In their simplest form, viruses consist of a protein coat (the capsid) and a cargo (the genome). The capsids function is to protect the cargo and to deliver it safely to target cells and tissues. Building on these properties researchers have turned toward the uses of mammalian viruses as vectors for gene delivery, but also bacteriophages and plant viruses have been used in drug delivery and imaging applications as well as in vaccines and immunotherapy intervention [reviewed in..[1].
Viruses and in particular plant viruses have properties that make them platforms for nanotechnology:
- Plant viruses come in many shapes and sizes: for example, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) measures 300x18 nm in size; it forms a hollow rod. Potato virus X (PVX) forms flexible filaments of 515x13 nm. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has an icosahedral shape measuring 30 nm in diameter. The different shaped-materials have distinct biobehaviors with CPMV interacting with immune cells enabling is use for immunotherapy[2][3], while TMV and PVX may be suitable for medical imaging and/or drug delivery applications targeting the diseased vessel wall (cardiovascular disease) or cancerous tumor tissue[4][5][6][7][8]
- These are just some examples, many different plant viruses are being engineered and studied for their potential applications in medicine, some examples include Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, Red clover necrotic mottle virus, Physalis mosaic virus, Papaya mosaic virus.
- Plant viruses are not infectious toward mammals. In contrast to mammalian viruses, there is no risk of a viral infection. Furthermore, virus-like particles (VLPs) can be produced that lack the viral genome; these VLPs are non-infectious also toward plants and thus considered safe also from an agricultural point of view.
- Plant viruses and their non-infectious counterparts can be produced in large yields through molecular farming in plants[9][10]. The production of pharmaceuticals in plants has advantages, e.g. avoidance of possible animal pathogens and endotoxins. Plant molecular farming is highly scalable and cost efficient.
- The plant virus-based nanoparticles can be tailored for specific applications using a number of chemical biology approaches: genetic modification can be used to modify the amino acid sequence of the coat protein, i.e. to incorporate epitopes to elicit specific immune responses for vaccines or add peptide sequences to re-direct the particles to desired molecular receptors, e.g. to target sites of inflammation for risk stratification and prognosis of disease. Bioconjugate chemistry can be used to introduce non-biological cargos, such as a contrast agent for imaging or chemotherapy for treatment. Lastly, while often shown as rigid materials, the viruses are dynamic materials that undergo swelling and other conformational changes allowing for cargo to be infused or encapsulated into their viral capsids.
Manifold plant virus platform technologies are being developed and studied for many applications, including:
- Vaccines: VLPs or epitope display platforms
- Immunotherapies: in situ vaccines
- Molecular imaging contrast agents
- Drug delivery: targeting both human health and plant health
- Battery electrodes
- Sensor applications
- And many others.
References[edit]
- ↑ Wen, Amy M.; Steinmetz, Nicole F. (2016-07-25). "Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy". Chemical Society reviews. 45 (15): 4074–4126. doi:10.1039/c5cs00287g. ISSN 0306-0012. PMC 5068136. PMID 27152673.
- ↑ Lizotte, P. H.; Wen, A. M.; Sheen, M. R.; Fields, J.; Rojanasopondist, P.; Steinmetz, N. F.; Fiering, S. (March 2016). "In situ vaccination with cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles suppresses metastatic cancer". Nature nanotechnology. 11 (3): 295–303. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.292. ISSN 1748-3387. PMC 4777632. PMID 26689376.
- ↑ Shukla, Sourabh; Myers, Jay T.; Woods, Sarah E.; Gong, Xingjian; Czapar, Anna E.; Commandeur, Ulrich; Huang, Alex Y.; Levine, Alan D.; Steinmetz, Nicole F. (March 2017). "Plant viral nanoparticles-based HER2 vaccine: Immune response influenced by differential transport, localization and cellular interactions of particulate carriers". Biomaterials. 121: 15–27. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.12.030. ISSN 1878-5905. PMID 28063980.
- ↑ Wen, Amy M.; Wang, Yunmei; Jiang, Kai; Hsu, Greg C.; Gao, Huiyun; Lee, Karin L.; Yang, Alice C.; Yu, Xin; Simon, Daniel I. (2015-08-07). "Shaping bio-inspired nanotechnologies to target thrombosis for dual optical-magnetic resonance imaging". Journal of Materials Chemistry. B, Materials for Biology and Medicine. 3 (29): 6037–6045. doi:10.1039/C5TB00879D. ISSN 2050-750X. PMC 4620043. PMID 26509036.
- ↑ Bruckman, Michael A.; Czapar, Anna E.; VanMeter, Allen; Randolph, Lauren N.; Steinmetz, Nicole F. (2016-06-10). "Tobacco mosaic virus-based protein nanoparticles and nanorods for chemotherapy delivery targeting breast cancer". Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society. 231: 103–113. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.045. ISSN 1873-4995. PMC 5207211. PMID 26941034.
- ↑ Bruckman, Michael A.; Jiang, Kai; Simpson, Emily J.; Randolph, Lauren N.; Luyt, Leonard G.; Yu, Xin; Steinmetz, Nicole F. (2014-03-12). "Dual-modal magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in vivo using VCAM-1 targeted tobacco mosaic virus". Nano Letters. 14 (3): 1551–1558. doi:10.1021/nl404816m. ISSN 1530-6992. PMC 4169141. PMID 24499194.
- ↑ Lee, Karin L.; Murray, Abner A.; Le, Duc H. T.; Sheen, Mee Rie; Shukla, Sourabh; Commandeur, Ulrich; Fiering, Steven; Steinmetz, Nicole F. (2017-07-12). "Combination of Plant Virus Nanoparticle-Based in Situ Vaccination with Chemotherapy Potentiates Antitumor Response". Nano letters. 17 (7): 4019–4028. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00107. ISSN 1530-6984. PMC 5623935. PMID 28650644.
- ↑ Czapar, Anna E.; Zheng, Yao-Rong; Riddell, Imogen A.; Shukla, Sourabh; Awuah, Samuel G.; Lippard, Stephen J.; Steinmetz, Nicole F. (2016-04-26). "Tobacco Mosaic Virus Delivery of Phenanthriplatin for Cancer therapy". ACS nano. 10 (4): 4119–4126. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b07360. ISSN 1936-0851. PMC 5155116. PMID 26982250.
- ↑ Rybicki, Edward Peter (2017-08-28). "Plant-made vaccines and reagents for the One Health initiative". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics: 1–6. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1356497. ISSN 2164-554X. PMID 28846485.
- ↑ Tschofen, Marc; Knopp, Dietmar; Hood, Elizabeth; Stöger, Eva (2016-06-12). "Plant Molecular Farming: Much More than Medicines". Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.). 9 (1): 271–294. doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041706. ISSN 1936-1335. PMID 27049632.
Plant virus nanotechnology[edit]
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