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Smart Hydro

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki



Smart hydro is a power production element of the smart grid, composed of electricity consumers and producers connected together by a transmission and distribution grid. Smart hydro is the intelligent layer of hydro-generating installations with information-rich infrastructures such as dams, power stations, gates, hydrological metering stations, weather stations, and spillways.

Three Gorges power dam with spillway, left bank station, and boat elevator

Overview[edit]

In the late 19th century, hydropower became the primary source of electrical power. From small independent electricity systems to present days extensively interconnected electrical systems, the hydroelectric power plants have become the most significant source of renewable energy. With the emerging changes in the power systems; from systems based large power plants to a mix of fewer large power plants and many small power producers increases the complexity of the power systems. To enable operability and interoperability between market actors, systems and intelligent electronic devices need to be able to share data models, and real-time data. Harmonizing of technical standards by standardisation organisations enable the transition to smart grids and smart hydro.

Hydro systems[edit]

SCL file with a Hydro information model

Smart hydro requires a language that is both machine processable and human readable that extends outside of the installations to nourish the enterprise systems. This language is known as System Configuration Language which facilitates the interactive communication exchange by using a common semantic and data model. The following table gives an overview of systems that make-up a Smart Hydro systems infrastructure.

Systems
Power related Water related Plant related Enterprise related
Demand and response Minimal flow SCADA Conditional maintenance
Excitation Dam safety Joint flow and level Predictive maintenance
Governing Level & ice cover Joint real power Enterprise resource planning
Protection Gate Joint reactive power Asset management
Synchronization Weather Historian energy management

Smart Hydro relies on two types data: structured and unstructured.

Structured Data:

Structured data requires a constained data model. There are two structured data models in the electrical industry: CIM and IEC61850.

Unstructured Data:

Unstructured data is found in the form of video and sound streams. New technologies in machine learning provide new ways of deploying pattern recognition. These recognition technics can provide alerts in a structured data format for post-processing.

CIM and IEC 61850 data models[edit]

Both are published by the International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC). The technical committee on power system communication (TC57) supervises the editing of the two data models. Work is under way to couple both data models through a set of harmonization rules. A working group named WG18 was set in 2004 to provide means to use these data models in hydro installations. WG18 has since provided two document IEC 61850-7-410 which extends IEC 61850 and IEC61850-7-510 which provides a guideline.

IEC61850-7-410: Communication networks and systems for power utility automation - Part 7-410: Basic communication structure - Hydroelectric power plants - Communication for monitoring and control

IEC61850-7-510: Communication networks and systems for power utility automation - Part 7-510: Basic communication structure - Hydroelectric power plants - Modelling concepts and guidelines

An example of a Hydro information model Inside the element scl:process

IEEE power and energy society Smart Hydro Working group[edit]

This working group is editing a new standard that will provide the design requirements for smart power plants.

Communication Technology & Topology[edit]

OSI model layer 2 & 3 protocols[edit]

Ethernet and TCP-IP are the basic protocols that constitute the communication backbone of smart hydro installation.

Bus and Services[edit]

Typical bus and services for smart hydro

A smart hydro communication network is abstracted through the conceptual use of bus and services derived from the smart grid reference architecture provided by the IEC.

The busses consists of a series of virtual local area networks (VLAN), transport layer security,and end to end (E2E) security to ensure communication links between applications services.

The applications services are basically providers of data functionally necessary to operate, protect and control a hydro electric infrastructure.

Application layer protocols consists of protocols derived from the IEC TC65 and TC57 committees such as:

- IEC 62451 (OPC UA)
- IEC 61850-8-1 (MMS and GOOSE)
- IEC 61850-9-2 (Sampled values)
- IEC 61850-9-3 (Precision Time Protocol)
- IEC 61850-90-4 (Process Bus)

Cyber security[edit]

Cyber security has been a concern since the publication of the NERC CIP reliability standards in March 2007.

Two series of standards have been published by the IEC to address the cyber security concerns. The IEC 61443, also know as zone and conduits, addresses the question of assessing the cyber security risks in terms of zones and conduits by giving evaluation markers for implementing mitigation techniques. The other standard suite is IEC 62351 which addresses how to apply security technique to IEDs, applications, communication protocols, and files.

Smart Hydro related guidelines and standards[edit]

IEC- International Electrotechnical Commission[edit]

IEC 61131 Programming Industrial Automation Systems

IEC 61850-6:2009 - Configuration language for communication in electrical substations related to IEDs

IEC 61850-7-1:2011 - Basic communication structure - Principles and models

IEC 61850-7-2:2010 - Basic communication structure - Abstract communication service interface (ACSI)

IEC 61850-7-3:2010 - Basic communication structure - Common Data Classes IEC 61850-7-4:2010 - Basic communication structure - Compatible logical node classes and data classes

IEC 61850-7-410:2012 - Basic communication structure - Hydroelectric power plants - Communication for monitoring and control

IEC TR 61850-7-510:2012 - Basic communication structure - Hydroelectric power plants - Modelling concepts and guidelines

IEC 61850-8-1:2011 - Specific communication service mapping (SCSM) - Mappings to Manufacturing Message Specification MMS (ISO 9506-1 and ISO 9506-2) and to ISO/IEC 8802-3

IEC 61850-9-2:2011 - Specific communication service mapping (SCSM) - Sampled values over ISO/IEC 8802-3

IEC/IEEE 61850-9-3:2016 - Precision time protocol profile for power utility automation

IEC TR 61850-80-3:2015 - Mapping to web protocols - Requirements and technical choices

IEC TR 61850-90-2:2016 - Using IEC 61850 for communication between substations and control centres

IEC TR 61850-90-4:2013 - Network engineering guidelines

IEC TR 61850-90-5:2012 - Use of IEC 61850 to transmit synchrophasor information according to IEEE C37.118

IEC TR 61850-90-12:2015 - Wide area network engineering guidelines

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers[edit]

IEEE Std 421.5-2016 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies

IEEE Std 1010-2006 (Revision of IEEE Std 1010-1987) - IEEE Guide for Control of Hydroelectric Power Plants

IEEE Std 1207-2011 - IEEE Guide for the Application of Turbine Governing Systems for Hydroelectric Generating Units

IEEE Std 1248-1998 - IEEE Guide for the Commissioning of Electrical Systems in Hydroelectric Power Plants

External Links[edit]

State-of-the-art development platform for hydropower turbine

Formating-Rev1.pdf Benefits of Integrating Process and Power

Smart Grid and modern Excitation It’s all about communication

Use cases proposal for IEC 61850-90-12: Wide area network engineering guidelines


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