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Triveni Museum Ujjain

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Triveni Archaeological Museum is being established by Directorate of Archaeology, Archives and Museums M.P. Government on the occasion of Simhasth 2016. It comprises of 3 galleries named Shaiv, Vaishnava and Shakt. The Triveni concepts is based on the composition of three cult particular Shaivayan (Shiv), Krishnayan (Vasudev Krishna) and Durgayan (goddess Durga). The stone sculpture, coins, miniature painting and other material have been displayed in these gallery.

Ujjain (Ujjayini) through the ages[edit]

Ujjain (Ancient Ujjayini) is situated in the bank of holy river Shipra. It is mentioned as Ujjeni in Pali. Ujeni of the Prakrit inscriptions and Ozene of the classical writers, the name has been drived from Sanskrit word `jay meaning victor/ In one of the earliest coins found in Ujjain, the name of the city is written in Brahma characters of the first half of the second century B.C. According to the Avantya Khanda of the Skanda Purana "AYantipura '. the capital of the Avantis was called Ujjayini in order to commemorate the great victory obtained by Mahadeva (Mahakala), the presiding deity of Avant', over the powerful demon Tripura. The Skanda Purana also informs us that the great city of Ujjayini had six earlier names in six different Kalpas. These are Suvarnasrngal Kusasthali, Avantika, Arnaravati. Chudamani and Padmavati. In historical times this extensive and prosperous city was known to Kalidasa as Visala and to Sornadeva as Padmavati. Bhogavati and Hiranyavati. The original city of Ujjayini of the pre and proto historical period lying to the north of present city. The systematic excavation of Kayatha. Dangwada and Runija of Ujjain district brought to light rich archaeological wealth, which have established two cultural horizons earlier than Maiwa chalcolithic culture. dated to 2200 B.C. This was the time when Harappan culture began disintegrating. The excavations at Ujjaindid not yield any chalcolithic material, while Ujjain is surrounded like an iLland by chalcolithic sites, however but one sherd of PGW is noticed in excavations at Gadhkalika area Ujjain. This particular ceramic has been associated with the Iron Age in Mahabharat period. It is a prevalent mythology the lord Krishna received education with Balaram in the hermitage of sage Sandipani at Ujjayini. Ujjayini was the capital of king Pradyota of Avanti, one among the sixteen Mahajanapadas mentioned in the Anguttaranikaya as vice regal headquarters of the province of Avanti within the Magadhan empire. The Buddhist sources point out that before his accession to V.'hand pradyot. Later on the kingdom of Avanti was annexed with the emp'to of 'he Magadhan rulers. Henceforth Ujjayini n became the

flourishing capital in the time of the Buddha. Mahakal temple was existed this time where Betal Taljangh killed KUmarsen. the younger son the throne of Pataliputra Ashoka acted as viceroy at Ujjayini for some years and it was during this period that Mahendra and Sanghamitra i were born. The remains of Mau an period extant as Vaishya tekari stupa and pillar capital with elephant and lions have been discovered I from village Sodaga situated in close vicinity of Ujjain, now displayed in the Vikrama University Museum Ujjain . After the Mauryas, Ujjaiyini was success;vely included in the realm of the Shungas in Ilnd century B.C. But they could not prevent decentralisation. The territory of Shunga was limited up to Vidisha due to invasions of the Greek and other republicans, who migrated from Indus due to outer expeditions. Malaw republicans migrated through Panjab. Rajasthan to Ujjayini and settled here. In the same way other republicans such as Auniras who came through SaurasLia to Maharastra and Shivi near Chitaur. yodheya in Punjab, while kak, Kharaparik habited around Vidisha and Sanchi. Probably there was an alliance in republicans headed by Maiwa leaders. Among them '/ikramadttya was one of them who defeated shake army and extended n is dominion over present Malwa. According to Jain litrature Shakas defeated the ruler of Ujjayini named Gardhbhilla, probably a leader of Malaw republicans. but within four years new leader of Malaw republicans gain 1 power and occupied 1.1liaiyini h‘, defeating Shaka and bore the title of Shakari. He was most popular figure in Indian history and mythology.

It was the time when E. Rtava in ruler Satakarni I and his wife Naganika were the ruler of Pathan and Kharvela was ruled at Kaling. Vikramaditya, who is ali 'es in s ries, in mythology and in social proverbs, but in fact he was a historical ruler of first century B.C. (57 B.0 to 6 B.C.) The earliest liter iry re`, .-ence about Vikramaditya found in the Gatha saptshati of Hal, the Satavahan and Brihatkatha of Gunadhya of first century A.D. Other literary reference found in Brihtkatha Manjari. Kathasaritsagar. Puranas and Jain Pattavalis. Few seals. sealing and coins of Vikramaditv came in to light and published by Vikramaditya shodh pith Ujjain recently, which are in possession of Ashwani shodh sansthan Mahidpur district Ujjain. After Vikramaditya, shakas again occupied in 1st century A.D. According to a Nasik inscription Gautamiputra Satakarni conquered the territory from Nahapana among others the territories of Akara (East Maiwa) and Avanti (west Maiwa). The success of Gautamiputra Satakarni seems to have been short lived. There is epigraphic evidence to show that the Kardamaka shakas under Castana and Rudradaman defeated Gautmiputra Satakarni and reconquered most of the northern regions of the Satavahana kings dominions originally conquered from Nahapana. In Ptolemys Geography 45AD ozene the city of Ujjaiyini, the capital of the Avanti country is mentioned as the metropolis of king Tiastenes (shaka chastana). The city remaind under the Shakas for several years but they were defeated by Abhiras of Nasik in second century A.D. a ruler of ujjaiyni named Shudrak defeated Shak king and established his domination at Ujjayini, mentioned in Chaturbhani text of 3rd century A D. Probably the Abhiras were the rulers of Ujjayini at the time of sarnudra Gupta's invasion on Maiwa. as mentioned in Allahabad inscription. Ujjaiyini was the Greenwich of India and the Hindu astronomers possibly reckoned their first meridian of longitude from this city. its unique location made it an important trade centre Ujjayini was no longer the capital city but as the writer of Periplus observes from ozene (Ujjayini) are brought down all things needed for the welfare of the country about Barygaza (Bharoch) and many things for our trade 6th century Dashpur became the political centre of Maiwa under Aulikars, a clan of Malay republicans. King Prakash dharma defeated the Torman. a Huna invader in 513 A.D. while his son Mihirakul Huna was defeated by later Aulikar king Yashodharman in about 532-33 A.D. and exteded his sway over north India. In the later part of the 6th century A.D. latter on Ujjayini was ruled by early Kalachuris of Mahishmati. In early 8th century the Rashtrakutas occupied Maiwa, which became the battle field between the Rashtrakutas and Gurjar Pratihar dynasties. In later times, the city enjoyed the patronage of the Pratihara rulers and the Paramaras of Malaya. In 972 A.D. Paramara Siyaka defeated his over lord Rashtrakuta khottigga at khalghat in the bank of river Narmada and established independent kingdom. The Paramara king, Vakpati Raj Munja, is said to have made Ujjayini his royal seat in about 975 A.D when he issued the Dharmapuri plates Early Paramara used Ujjayini as his capital but Bhojdev shifted it to Dhara. After Bhojdev. Jaisingh, Udayaditya. Lakshamadey and Naravaraman were the imperial rulers of Parmar dynasty. Several temples were built during the Parmar period. In later period, the Parmaras could not save thier empire due to invasions of the Chalukyas of Gujarat, Jaysingh Siddharaj annexed Malva after defeating Yahsovarman Parmar and declared himself as Avantinath, mentioned in the Inscription of 1138 A.D. (Vilpank temple Ratlam). In 1175 A.D. Jayvarman Parmara again occupied the thorne of Mandav and Dhara and succeeded by his son Vindhyayarman, than ruled by Subhat Varman, Arjanvarman and Devpal. In 1234 A.D. Delhi Sultan Iltutmish attacked on Maiwa and plundered the Mahakal Itemple that could not repaired, but Paramara rulers recovered soon and again occupied Maiwa. Jaisingh the Paramara ruler of Mandav constructed a new Mahakaleshwar temple above Omkareshwar temple at Omkar Mandhata in 1280A D. In 1305A.D. last Paramara ruler Mahalak dev was defeated by Ala-ud-din Khalji and Maiwa came under Delhi Sultans up to 1401AD, when Dilawar khan Gauri established independent state named as Mandu Sultan. During 15-16th century Ujjain was the part of Mandu sultanates then with the Mughals. In 18th century Maratha occupied Malawa and divided among Scindia, Holkar and Pawars. Ranoji Scindia made Ujjain his head quarter after 1731A.D Which remained till 1810A.D. when Daulat Rao Scindia shifted his capital to Gwalior. Ujjain became the head quarter of Maiwa districts of his dominions. The city Ujjain developed during Scindia rule in 18th-19 century A.D..

Before Common Era[edit]

Coins:[edit]

Museum has collection of coins; some of them are donated by Thakur Parvat singh sanghralaya (Ashwani research Institue), Madhipur. Coins are related to an era from 500 BCE (Avanitka) to 2 BCE (Shiva and Shipra river). Coins Also include danddhari Mahakaal and Vedika Tree.

Coins from (a) Avantika (500 BCE) (b) DandDhari MahaKaal and Videka (c) MahaKaal and Shipra River (2 BCE)

Common Era:[edit]

Sculptures:[edit]

Saraswati:[edit]

The two armed sculpture of Saraswati is an earliest representation of circa 2-3rd century A D. in which goddess saraswati is playing vines with both the hands, The sculpture collected from Mimosa, curved in utkatascma.

Saraswati in Brahmanic mythology, Saraswati is accepted as the goddess of learning and the mother of Vedas. She is known as Vaca, Vagdevi, Vagesirvari, Sharada, Bharat' and Vinapani. She is described as daughter of Brahma and she has given equal importance in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain pantheons. The shilpa texts like Amsumadbhedagama. Purvahiranagama, itianasara, Pacima and Vishu Dharmottara Puranac, Rupamanduna and Diparnava etc. describe the sculptural details and philosophy of Saraswati..

The two armed sculpture of Saraswati is an earliest representation of circa 2-3rd century A D. in which goddess saraswati is playing vines with both the hands, The sculpture collected from Mimosa, curved in utkatascma, is unique for its depiction of hair style, ekavali, padavakiya and other ornamentations, The sculpture is interesting of its gesture.

Ganesh:[edit]

Ganesh, in Brahmanism, occupies the place as the son of Shiva and Parvati. In Rig-Veda he is known as Ganpati. He is invoked by many names like Vinayak, Ganpati, Lambodara and Ekadanta. The iconography of Ganesha is mentioned in the Brihatsamhita, Vishnu Dharmottara Purana, Amshumadbhedagama, Uttarakamikagama, Suprabhedagama. The Rupamandana mentions of the Ganesha sculpture and prescribes that he should be riding on mouse, holding dant, parshu, Padma and modak in his hands. The independent sculptures of Ganesh were produced in medieval period that signify the popularity of Ganesh worship in contemporary society.

(a)The sculpture (8th CE) collected from Keklhar district Shivpuri is the masterpiece of later Gupta period. In this sculpture Ganesh shown in dvibhanga posture. An attendant is shown with chauri to the right. (b) Procured from Ashapuri, district Raisen, the sculpture of Ganesh exhibits him in dancing posture. The sculpture dated to 10th century A.D., represents the art of transitional phase of Pratihara - Paramara art in the region.

A 8th century CE, sculpture Ganesh shown in dvibhanga posture, exhibited in hybrid form with flabby belly He holds Akshamala and Sutra in his right hands. An attendant is shown with chauri to the right. The legs of Ganesh are shown unproportional. However, the depiction of ekavali, sarpayajnopavita and other orrsaments are in accordance orchilpa texts. The sculpture collected from Keklhar district Shivpuri is the master piece of later Gupta period.

Procured from Ashapuri, district Raisen, the 10th century CE, sculpture of Ganesh exhibits him in dancing posture. The attendants playing on cymbal with the rhythm of dance is noteworthy. The artist has successfully presented the propriety of dance and music in the sculpture. The sculpture dated to 10th century CE represents the art of transitional phase of Pratihara - Paramara art in the region.

Shiva:[edit]

The sculpture representing Asitanga Bhairava is collected from Ujjain. The artist has very consciously depicted the furious attitude of two armed Bhairava. The knife and khappara held in his hands, open eyes, squeezed belly, spread hairs are indicative of his ferocious look. The sculpture being the work of later Paramara period is dated to circa 10-13' century A D.

Bhairava is the furious embodiment of Shiv. In this form he is slayer of sins and protector of Prakriti. He resides in smashan bhumi. The description of Bhairava sculptures is available in Vishnu Dharmottara Purana and Sharada Tilaka. His hands are clad with ayudhas and ornaments. His belly is long and eyes are yellowish and round and teeth are long. The elongated nostril make him furious. He wears skull garland and is embedded with ornaments of snakes.

The sculpture representing Asitanga Bhairava is collected from Ujjain. The artist has very consciously depicted the furious attitude of two armed Bhairava. The knife and khappara held in his hands, open eyes, squeezed belly, spread hairs are indicative of his ferocious look. The sculpture being the work of later Paramara period is dated to circa 10-13' century A D.

Parvati :[edit]

According to the Puranas, Parvati is the daughter of Himalaya or Ilimvana, who after doing rigorous penance married Lord Shiv and later assumed other names Lima and Quirt The Kumar Sambhava of Kalidas mentions the life of Shiv and Parvati in details: which later on formed important ground of sculptural depictions of Siva Parvati. In iconopaphy, Parvati is exhibited as four armed. In later Gupta and Pratihara period Parvati was given prominent place in depiction, among which Panchagnitapa .form of Parvati became more popular.

The sculpture of Parvati is collected from Mantra, Distt. Satna. It is an excellent work of Gupta art. The depiction of well-decorated Hollow, jammukuta as her headgear and ekavali is eye-catching. The sculpture represents the synthesis of art and gesture.

Durga:[edit]

Durga, one of the impressive and formidable goddesses of the Hindu pantheon, whose popularity and fame never vanished even after the lapse of thousands of years, it till today considered as the Mother of the Universe, the warrior goddess ,emerged to protect the cosmos from the destructive power of the Asuras. The forms of goddess known as Mahishasur mardini, Chandi, Chamunda etc. Thee Deities namly  Vac-Saraswati, Ratri and Sri of the Sukta are the three important manifestations of Maha-Saraswati, MahaKali and Mahalakshmi which establish as shakti energy of trinity god of Indian mythology Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh. In the Vajasaneyi Samhita we come across the name of Ambika addressed as sister of Rudra.  

Markandeya Purana, consisted of Durga Saptasati and Devimahatmya which is a scripture of highest sanctity in regard to Durga as the most powerful war goddess. The story is similar in nature and contents to that of the Devimahatmya creating the goddess Durga form the well armed with their weapons. It is thus clear that the powers of the divinities became other of the Universe. The powers, functions and energies of the gods were rendered to the mother in a gesture of self-surrender. The goddess so created emerged as the creator, protector and destroyer of the Universe.  Kalika Purana the combined energy of gods took a human shape with the energy of Katyayana and  she came to be known as Katyayani.

References[edit]


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