EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki - User contributions [en]

Kentucky Colonel

2023-02-15T21:21:23Z

Colonel:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kentucky Colonel (Honorable Title)}}
[[File:Kentucky-colonel.png|200px|frame|right|alt=Making a Kentucky Colonel|Kentucky Colonel and a Statesman. Thanking the Colonel for his "Deeds of Service with an Honorable Title" based on his work to form the Government.]]

'''Kentucky Colonel''' is the greatest title of authority and highest title of honor bestowed by the Commonwealth of Kentucky; it is the most well-known of a number of civilian colonelcies granted by United States governors under common-law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colonels.net/states/kentucky|title=Kentucky Colonel|website=American Colonels|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> A '''[https://www.kycolonelcy.us/kentucky-colonel-commission Kentucky Colonel Commission]''' (the paper certificate) is awarded in the name of the Commonwealth by the Governor to individuals with "Honorable" titular style recognition preceding the names of civilians, for noteworthy accomplishments, contributions to civil society, remarkable deeds, or outstanding service to the community, state, or a nation. The Governor of Kentucky bestows the honorable title with a colonelcy commission, by issuance of letters patent under "Common Law" upon nomination by another Kentucky colonel, or by being recognized with the "Honorable Title" directly by the Governor upon the recommendation of another.

Many famous and noteworthy people have received commissions and been recognized as Kentucky colonels. The award is distributed indiscriminately to people from many walks of life based on their actions and deeds; it does not matter what race, religion, sex, or socioeconomic status a person has, and anyone 18 years of age or older can be recommended to become a Kentucky colonel based on their deeds. It was widely understood in throughout the 20th century that, "if you could be recognized as a Kentucky colonel then you could do anything." A person who is recognized as a Kentucky Colonel or obliged to the idea of using the honorable title styling of 'Col.' is reciprocally acknowledged in being officially known by the state as the goodwill ambassador of Kentucky culture, folklore, traditions and values.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wright|first=David|date=2021-02-25|orig-year=1998|title=Kentucky Colonels|url=https://kycolonelcy.us|url-status=live|website=Kentucky Colonelcy|publisher=[[Ecology Crossroads]]}}</ref>

It was not until 2020 when a legal historic origin and source of the Kentucky Colonel were revealed and presented in the US District Court in Louisville, Kentucky as irrefutable evidence in a trademark infringement lawsuit between The Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels vs. Kentucky Colonels International, et. al. (sponsoring entities and other Kentucky colonels) represented by Col. David J. Wright of Madison County. Wright a colonel from Governor Patton's Administration in 1996, demonstrated in his Answer and a Motion for Declaratory Judgement evidence proving that the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels history of 1813 and 1931 were effectually fictional (false) and that their commanding structure using generals was not official or in any way or connected to the state. He demonstrated that his colonelcy was real, whereas nearly the entire history of the HOKC was fake and representative of the Knights of Pythias. The new history introduced by Col. Wright actually places the origin of Kentucky Colonelcy in 1775 with Col. Daniel Boone representing the First Kentucky Colonel. Based on the presentation of this evidence the lawsuit against Col. Wright and his group was settled and the charges were withdrawn by the HOKC and dismissed by the US District Court with prejudice.

== Intellectual Property ==
From a legal perspective a "Kentucky Colonel" (the person) is created and originated when "letters patent" are bestowed upon them with the "Honorable Title" with a "Colonel" Commission in common-law based on the presentation of their "Deeds" to the Governor or one of "his Colonels." The tradition and customs which allow the Governor to take the actions he does today are not stated in law, some governors make a few colonels and others make a lot, what is true is that the special rights that are granted are also based in common-law.

As a term, reference point, in a generic sense and legally in a descriptive sense the "Kentucky Colonel" came on the stage as an entity, "icon of Kentucky Culture" with a definable character in the 1870s with his long-goatee and string tie with a bottle of bourbon nearby. Two films were made, one in 1920 including the Kentucky colonel, there were dozens of books and newspaper articles before the 20th century began. "Kentucky Colonels" and "Kentucky Colonel" became popular names to associate with businesses, brands, bars, hotels, tourist venues, beer, tobacco and even sweet treats chocolates before 1950.

In 1933, the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels was incorporated in New York with a friendly Governor in Kentucky, Ruby Laffoon, the Governor during the depression as the United States moved off of the gold-standard calling in the gold for certificates used his ability to make Kentucky Colonels into a fundraising opportunity and a way to reach out to the most powerful people from all states. In 1934 they held their first super high class socialite event and in 1939 the businessman J. Fred Miles decided to call himself a General and he took charge of the organization, by 1941 they were creating a proprietary pseudohistory about the Kentucky Colonel. Their formula worked for the most part and they incorporated with a national idea to form a network using generals in each state, but of course it is only mythical and does not align with the common-law or with have precedent. The only one who can lead a Colonel is his creator and maker which assigned the Honorable Order.

In 2020, the matter of Intellectual Property came to light when the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (demonstrated their authority) in law by trademarking "KENTUCKY COLONELS" for additional commercial exploitation representative of their legal incorporated name. Within a year it was shown an extensive bibliographic expose on [[Kentucky Colonelcy]] put the HOKC in a position to dismiss the case after recognizing that they could not sue one of their own members or a Kentucky Colonel that is exercising their duty and responsibility of the office; it was also clear that they could not create a Kentucky Colonel or have a title revoked.

== Kentucky colonel nominations ==
Each governor decides to whom, how, under what conditions, the selection process and the frequently he/she will issue colonelcies. Since the late 1890s only a colonel could nominate another colonel or the governor had to independently recognize the individual. Under the current process established by Governor Andy Beshear (elected 2019), nominations and recommendations for the honorable title can be submitted by both Kentucky colonels and members of the general public. The nomination form solicits the recipient's name, telephone number, email, birthdate, detailed information about "any active or previous service in a charitable organization or community service and/or any military service", and a statement of the "noteworthy deed", stating why the person deserves to be recognized as "honorable" without requiring an affiliation with (or donation to) any particular organization. Individuals may not nominate themselves and many applications are rejected for not providing the proper details or being considered noteworthy enough, applications are expected to say much more than "good person".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kentucky Colonels|url=https://governor.ky.gov/services/kentucky-colonels|website=Official Website of the Commonwealth of Kentucky}}</ref>

== See also ==

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== General bibliography ===

=== External links ===
; Kentucky Colonelcy Creative Commons
* [https://kycolonelcy.us/ American Colonels: Kentucky Colonelcy]

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__

Kentucky Colonel

2022-10-25T18:31:49Z

Colonel: Added new paragraph

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kentucky Colonel (Honorable Title)}}
[[File:Kentucky-colonel.png|200px|frame|right|alt=Making a Kentucky Colonel|Kentucky Colonel and a Statesman. Thanking the Colonel for his "Deeds of Service with an Honorable Title" based on his work to form the Government.]]

'''Kentucky Colonel''' is the highest title of honor bestowed by the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and is the most well-known of a number of honorary colonelcies granted by United States governors under common-law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colonels.net/states/kentucky|title=Kentucky Colonel|website=American Colonels|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> A Kentucky Colonel Commission (the paper certificate) is awarded in the name of the Commonwealth by the Governor to individuals with "Honorable" titular style recognition preceding the names of civilians, for noteworthy accomplishments, contributions to civil society, remarkable deeds, or outstanding service to the community, state, or a nation. The Governor of Kentucky bestows the honorable title with a colonelcy commission, by issuance of letters patent under "Common Law" upon nomination by another Kentucky colonel, or by being recognized with the "Honorable Title" directly by the Governor upon the recommendation of another.

Many famous and noteworthy people have received commissions and been recognized as Kentucky colonels. The award is distributed indiscriminately to people from many walks of life based on their actions and deeds; it does not matter what race, religion, sex, or socioeconomic status a person has, and anyone 18 years of age or older can be recommended to become a Kentucky colonel based on their deeds. It was widely understood in throughout the 20th century that, "if you could be recognized as a Kentucky colonel then you could do anything." A person who is recognized as a Kentucky Colonel or obliged to the idea of using the honorable title styling of 'Col.' is reciprocally acknowledged in being officially known by the state as the goodwill ambassador of Kentucky culture, folklore, traditions and values.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wright|first=David|date=2021-02-25|orig-year=1998|title=Kentucky Colonels|url=https://kycolonelcy.us|url-status=live|website=Kentucky Colonelcy|publisher=[[Ecology Crossroads]]}}</ref>

It was not until 2020 when a legal historic origin and source of the Kentucky Colonel were revealed and presented in the US District Court in Louisville, Kentucky as irrefutable evidence in a trademark infringement lawsuit between The Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels vs. Kentucky Colonels International, et. al. (sponsoring entities and other Kentucky colonels) represented by Col. David J. Wright of Madison County. Wright a colonel from Governor Patton's Administration in 1996, demonstrated in his Answer and a Motion for Declaratory Judgement evidence proving that the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels history of 1813 and 1931 were effectually fictional (false) and that their commanding structure using generals was not official or in any way or connected to the state. He demonstrated that his colonelcy was real, whereas nearly the entire history of the HOKC was fake and representative of the Knights of Pythias. The new history introduced by Col. Wright actually places the origin of Kentucky Colonelcy in 1775 with Col. Daniel Boone representing the First Kentucky Colonel. Based on the presentation of this evidence the lawsuit against Col. Wright and his group was settled and the charges were withdrawn by the HOKC and dismissed by the US District Court with prejudice.

== Intellectual Property ==
From a legal perspective a "Kentucky Colonel" (the person) is created and originated when "letters patent" are bestowed upon them with the "Honorable Title" with a "Colonel" Commission in common-law based on the presentation of their "Deeds" to the Governor or one of "his Colonels." The tradition and customs which allow the Governor to take the actions he does today are not stated in law, some governors make a few colonels and others make a lot, what is true is that the special rights that are granted are also based in common-law.

As a term, reference point, in a generic sense and legally in a descriptive sense the "Kentucky Colonel" came on the stage as an entity, "icon of Kentucky Culture" with a definable character in the 1870s with his long-goatee and string tie with a bottle of bourbon nearby. Two films were made, one in 1920 including the Kentucky colonel, there were dozens of books and newspaper articles before the 20th century began. "Kentucky Colonels" and "Kentucky Colonel" became popular names to associate with businesses, brands, bars, hotels, tourist venues, beer, tobacco and even sweet treats chocolates before 1950.

In 1933, the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels was incorporated in New York with a friendly Governor in Kentucky, Ruby Laffoon, the Governor during the depression as the United States moved off of the gold-standard calling in the gold for certificates used his ability to make Kentucky Colonels into a fundraising opportunity and a way to reach out to the most powerful people from all states. In 1934 they held their first super high class socialite event and in 1939 the businessman J. Fred Miles decided to call himself a General and he took charge of the organization, by 1941 they were creating a proprietary pseudohistory about the Kentucky Colonel. Their formula worked for the most part and they incorporated with a national idea to form a network using generals in each state, but of course it is only mythical and does not align with the common-law or with have precedent. The only one who can lead a Colonel is his creator and maker which assigned the Honorable Order.

In 2020, the matter of Intellectual Property came to light when the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (demonstrated their authority) in law by trademarking "KENTUCKY COLONELS" for additional commercial exploitation representative of their legal incorporated name. Within a year it was shown an extensive bibliographic expose on [[Kentucky Colonelcy]] put the HOKC in a position to dismiss the case after recognizing that they could not sue one of their own members or a Kentucky Colonel that is exercising their duty and responsibility of the office; it was also clear that they could not create a Kentucky Colonel or have a title revoked.

== Kentucky colonel nominations ==
Each governor decides to whom, how, under what conditions, the selection process and the frequently he/she will issue colonelcies. Since the late 1890s only a colonel could nominate another colonel or the governor had to independently recognize the individual. Under the current process established by Governor Andy Beshear (elected 2019), nominations and recommendations for the honorable title can be submitted by both Kentucky colonels and members of the general public. The nomination form solicits the recipient's name, telephone number, email, birthdate, detailed information about "any active or previous service in a charitable organization or community service and/or any military service", and a statement of the "noteworthy deed", stating why the person deserves to be recognized as "honorable" without requiring an affiliation with (or donation to) any particular organization. Individuals may not nominate themselves and many applications are rejected for not providing the proper details or being considered noteworthy enough, applications are expected to say much more than "good person".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kentucky Colonels|url=https://governor.ky.gov/services/kentucky-colonels|website=Official Website of the Commonwealth of Kentucky}}</ref>

== See also ==

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== General bibliography ===

=== External links ===
; Kentucky Colonelcy Creative Commons
* [https://kycolonelcy.us/ American Colonels: Kentucky Colonelcy]

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__

Indigenous Chocolate

2022-09-29T22:03:28Z

Colonel: Updated some facts for the article.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indigenous Chocolate (Chocolata Inda)}}
{{Infobox alternative medicine
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Poseidon taking chocolate from Mexico to Europe (from Chocolata Inda, 1644).png
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = 1644 woodcut print of Neptune graciously receiving chocolate under maritime law.
| pronounce =
| classification =
| modality = Complimentary
| claims = Panacea in the 17th to 19th centuries attributed as a cure for meloncholy.
| topics =
| origyear = Circa 1522
| origprop = Huottuja (Piaroa Tribe)
| laterprop = Biocolonialism
| seealso = Theobroma grandiflorum Theobroma bicolor
| MeshID = D000069956
}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Indigenous Chocolate™
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype =
| currentowner = Huottuja-De'aruhua
| producedby = Amerindians (Indigenous)
| origin = Guiana Shield
| introduced = 1522
| discontinued =
| related = Indigenous Cacao™
| markets = North America, Europe
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations = Common Law 1542
| ambassadors =
| tagline = Origin and Source of Chocolate
| website = [https://www.theobromatology.com Theobromatology] [https://www.huottuja.org Huottuja Foundation]
| module = Common Law Trademark<ref>[https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-15-4-c-laws-of-the-indies-spain-and-the-native-peoples-of-the-new-world Constitutional Rights Foundation]</ref>
| module1 = Intellectual Property<ref>[https://lab.plant-humanities.org/cacao/ Cacao: Indigenous Network to Global Commodity]</ref>
}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Aztec. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440-1521.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Evidence of Pre-Columbian civilizations' discovery and use of cacao
| region = Mesoamerica, South America
| image_alt = Indigenous statue figure holding cacao pod
| alternate_name = Natural Chocolate
| type =
| course =
| place_of_origin = Guiana Shield, South America
| creators = Indigenous Peoples
| year = 1522
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Cacao
| minor_ingredient= Cupuacu
| variations = 13
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
| no_commons = true
}}

{{Infobox nutritional value|name = Theobroma cacao, whole kernel
| kJ = 954
| carbs = 57.90 g
| fat = 13.70 g
| protein = 19.60 g
| water = 3.00 g
| calcium_mg = 128
| iron_mg = 13.86
| phosphorus_mg = 734
| magnesium_mg = 499
| manganese_mg = 3.837
| sodium_mg = 21
| potassium_mg = 1524
| zinc_mg = 6.81
| Selenium_iu = 14.3
| caffeine = 230 mg
| opt1n = [[Theobromine]]
| opt1v = 2060 mg
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.1
| riboflavin_mg = 0.3
| niacin_mg = 0.4
| vitB6_mg = 0.0
| folate_ug = 11
| vitB12_ug = 0.7
| vitB5_mg = 0.5
| choline_mg = 46.1
| vitA_iu = 195
| vitE_mg = 0.5
| vitK_ug = 5.7
| cholesterol = 23 mg
| source_usda = 1
| bodystyle = width:300px
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169593/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Indigenous Chocolate''' or '''Chocolata Inda''' (1644) is a traditional medicine, religious sacrament, and wholesome functional food that is very versatile; it is used today around the world in thousands of different products. Indigenous chocolate or 'chocolata' was created, discovered, invented and prepared by the Indigenous Peoples of South America over 5,000 years ago. Only recently, it was discovered that it had been used in North America as early as 1,500 years ago in Chaco Canyon and another recent discovery of ceramic vessels in Ecuador have been dated to be at least 4,000 years old.

Indigenous chocolate is made from fermented, dried, toasted and ground or pulverized seeds of the 'chocolate tree', known to botanists since 1753 as ''Theobroma cacao'' (L.). Indigenous chocolate is also produced without fermentation and toasting of the bean; the dried cacao powder is used as a snuff by shamans in cleansing rituals.

When the Spanish arrived in Mexico in 1519 they found the people of the Aztec Empire using cacao extensively as their currency and drinking a concoction of it for good health and prosperity.

Chocolate was first introduced in detail publicly by Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma in 1644 in his book "Chocolata Inda". This is not the first factual documentation of chocolate, the New Laws of the Indies were created by the the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1542 for fair treatment of the Indigenous people and to maintain the cacao trade with the encomienda system. The subject of cacao was discussed between Charles V and Hernando Cortes in 1522 when biocolonialism began following the conquest of Montezuma.

==New International Laws==

==Origin of Natural Chocolate==
Experts mostly agree that ''Theobroma cacao'' originated in South America approximately ten million years ago, somewhere on the Guiana Shield after the division of the Pangea supercontinent to form Africa and South America. The Piaroa, Yanomami and Yekuana tribes of the region have been growing and harvesting wild cacao from their trees since the Spanish arrived ay the Upper Orinoco Valley in 1533.

The natural wild Theobroma cacao genome is the most complex of Theobroma genus, all the cacao in the world is traced back to this species. This original cacao is known to be found recently in the Upper Orinoco and French Guiana, this species was also found in Ecuador and Peru where it hybridized with other Theobroma species and a great deal of genetic diversity occurred over time.

==Source of the Wild Cacao Genome==

== Credible Indigenous Chocolate==
Cacao has been consumed in some form since at least the Olmec civilization (19th-11th century BCE),<ref name="powis">{{Cite journal |last1=Powis |first1=Terry G. |last2=Cyphers |first2=Ann |last3=Gaikwad |first3=Nilesh W. |last4=Grivetti |first4=Louis |last5=Cheong |first5=Kong |date=24 May 2011 |title=Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=21 |pages=8595–8600 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100620108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=21555564 |pmc=3102397|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8595P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=El Universal (Mexico City) |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html |title=Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000 años |date=29 July 2008 |location=Mexico City}}</ref> and the majority of Mesoamerican people (including the Maya and Aztecs) made chocolate beverages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican7.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=Field Museum |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref>

===Cultural Heritage===
Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for nearly all of its history. For example, one vessel found at an [[Olmec]] archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, dates chocolate's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC.<ref name="aj200712">{{cite journal |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |title=Oldest chocolate in the New World |author1=Terry G. Powis |author2=W. Jeffrey Hurst |author3=María del Carmen Rodríguez |author4=Ponciano Ortíz C. |author5=Michael Blake |author6=David Cheetham |author7=Michael D. Coe |author8=John G. Hodgson |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=81 |issue=314 |date=December 2007 |issn=0003-598X |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175643/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> On the Pacific coast of [[Chiapas]], Mexico, a [[Mokaya]] archaeological site provides evidence of cocoa beverages dating even earlier to 1900 BC.<ref name="sciencenow">{{cite news | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | first = Traci | last = Watson | title = Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America | date = 22 January 2013 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043647/http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/01/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | archive-date = 6 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="aj200712" /> The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found indicate the initial use of cocoa was not simply as a beverage, but the white pulp around the cocoa beans was likely used as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.<ref name="alc">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095415/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=New Chemical Analyses Take Confirmation Back 500 Years and Reveal that the Impetus for Cacao Cultivation was an Alcoholic Beverage|publisher=Penn Museum|year=2007|access-date=13 November 2007}}</ref>

An early Classic-period (460–480 AD) Maya tomb from the site in Rio Azul had vessels with the [[Maya script|Maya glyph]] for cocoa on them with residue of a chocolate drink, suggests the Maya were drinking chocolate around 400 AD.<ref name="Riches">{{Cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Robert|title=Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Ins., Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8109-5734-3}}</ref> Documents in [[Maya hieroglyphs]] stated chocolate was used for ceremonial purposes in addition to everyday life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican5.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Using Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The Maya grew cacao trees in their backyards<ref name="mayarule">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican3.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> and used the cocoa seeds the trees produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican4.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Making Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>

===Intellectual Property===
By the 15th century, the Aztecs had gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica and had adopted cocoa into their culture. They associated chocolate with [[Quetzalcoatl]], who, according to one legend, was cast away by the other gods for sharing chocolate with humans,<ref name="kerr" /> and identified its extrication from the pod with the removal of the human heart in sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | title = Aztecs and Cacao: the bittersweet past of chocolate | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 15 September 2009 | access-date = 8 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418180336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | archive-date = 18 April 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In contrast to the Maya, who liked their chocolate warm, the Aztecs drank it cold, seasoning it with a broad variety of additives, including the petals of the ''[[Cymbopetalum penduliflorum]]'' tree, [[chile pepper]], [[allspice]], [[vanilla]], and [[honey]].

The Aztecs were unable to grow cocoa themselves, as their home in the Mexican highlands was unsuitable for it, so chocolate was a luxury imported into the empire.<ref name="kerr" /> Those who lived in areas ruled by the Aztecs were required to offer cocoa seeds in payment of the tax they deemed "tribute".<ref name="kerr">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/chocolate/history.html |title=History of Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Cocoa beans were often used as currency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527012838/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2012 |title=When cocoa was used as currency – pre-Columbian America – The Fortunes of Money |last=Peniche Rivero |first=Piedad |access-date=26 June 2008 |newspaper=[[UNESCO Courier]] |year=1990}}</ref> For example, the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost 100 cocoa beans and one fresh [[avocado]] was worth three beans.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Bill|last=Buford|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|title=Notes of a Gastronome: Extreme Chocolate|magazine=The New Yorker|date=29 October 2007|access-date=17 May 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616173209/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>

The Maya and Aztecs associated cocoa with [[human sacrifice]], and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human [[blood]].{{sfnp|Coe|Coe|2013|p=46}}{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}
The Spanish royal chronicler [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] described a chocolate drink he had seen in [[Nicaragua]] in 1528, mixed with [[achiote]]: "because those people are fond of drinking human blood, to make this beverage seem like blood, they add a little achiote, so that it then turns red. ... and part of that foam is left on the lips and around the mouth, and when it is red for having achiote, it seems a horrific thing, because it seems like blood itself."{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}[[File:Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg|right|thumb|300px|upright|Mayan tile drawing (painting) of chocolate.]]
===Colonialism (Plunder)===
The first crimes against Indigenous Peoples were those made in the name of the imperialism of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, within 30 years of the discovery of the Americas the plant species found to be in use by Indigenous peoples were being cultivated by the territorial settlers. Peanuts, vanilla, chili, potatoes, papaya, corn, sunflower, tomato, pepper, eggplant and cacao were all being grown, distributed, and exploited by the European settlers. (This is before the Italians had pizza or tomato sauce for their pasta.) There are more than 100 food items that have been taken and converted into the cultural heritage of at least 8 European countries unlawfully based on their plunder of the cultural heritage if Indigenous peoples tribes. It becomes biocolonialism (biopiracy) because it was the Indigenous peoples that took the 3,000 previous years to learn which foods they should eat to develop the original genetic species of origin. It is an act of biopiracy to take cultural and intellectual property without free, prior and informed consent from the Indigenous tribes who were the originating sources of Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum.

===Biocolonial Era (Discovery) ===
Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the Central American peoples.<ref name="kerr" /> Christopher Columbus and his son Ferdinand encountered the cocoa bean on Columbus's fourth mission to the Americas on 15 August 1502, when he and his crew stole a large native canoe that proved to contain cocoa beans among other goods for trade.<ref name="Exploratorium">{{cite journal| url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| title=The Sweet Lure of Chocolate| first=Jim| last=Spadaccini| access-date=3 March 2014| journal=[[Exploratorium]]| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314112753/http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| archive-date=14 March 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés may have been the first European to encounter it, as the frothy drink was part of the after-dinner routine of Montezuma.<ref name="Riches" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Solís y Ribadeneyra|first=Antonio de|author-link=Antonio de Solís|translator=Thomas Townsend|title=The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, done into English by Thomas Townsend|date=1685 |location=London|chapter=Book III Chapter XV|pages=336–38}}</ref> José de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, wrote of its growing influence on the Spaniards:
<blockquote>Although bananas are more profitable, cocoa is more highly esteemed in Mexico. . . Cocoa is a smaller fruit than almonds and thicker, which toasted do not taste bad. It is so prized among the Indians and even among Spaniards. . . because since it is a dried fruit it can be stored for a long time without deterioration, and they brings ships loaded with them from the province of Guatemala. . . It also serves as currency, because with five cocoas you can buy one thing, with thirty another, and with a hundred something else, without there being contradiction; and they give these cocoas as alms to the poor who beg for them. The principal product of this cocoa is a concoction which they make that they call “chocolate,” which is a crazy thing treasured in that land, and those who are not accustomed are disgusted by it, because it has a foam on top and a bubbling like that of feces, which certainly takes a lot to put up with. Anyway, it is the prized beverage which the Indians offer to nobles who come to or pass through their lands; and the Spaniards, especially Spanish women born in those lands die for black chocolate. This aforementioned chocolate is said to be made in various forms and temperaments, hot, cold, and lukewarm. They are wont to use spices and much chili; they also make it into a paste, and it is said that it is a medicine to treat coughs, the stomach, and colds. Whatever may be the case, in fact those who have not been reared on this opinion are not appetized by it.<ref name="Originarios">{{cite web |last1=de Acosta |first1=José |title=Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias |url=https://pueblosoriginarios.com/textos/acosta/4-22.html |website=Pueblos Originarios |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

While Columbus had taken cocoa beans with him back to Spain,<ref name="Exploratorium" /> chocolate made no impact until Spanish friars introduced it to the Spanish court.<ref name="kerr" /> After the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe. There, it quickly became a court favorite. It was still served as a beverage, but the Spanish added sugar, as well as honey (the original sweetener used by the Aztecs for chocolate), to counteract the natural bitterness.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite journal | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/?no-ist | title = A Brief History of Chocolate | first =Amanda |last=Bensen|journal=Smithsonian Magazine | date = 1 March 2008 | access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> [[Vanilla]], another indigenous American introduction, was also a popular additive, with pepper and other spices sometimes used to give the illusion of a more potent vanilla flavor. Unfortunately, these spices tended to unsettle the European constitution; the ''Encyclopédie'' states, "The pleasant scent and sublime taste it imparts to chocolate have made it highly recommended; but a long experience having shown that it could potentially upset one's stomach", which is why chocolate without vanilla was sometimes referred to as "healthy chocolate".<ref>Diderot, Denis. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.474 "Chocolate."] in The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Colleen Oberc, Samantha Schaeffer, and Courtney Wilder. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 2015. Trans. of "Chocolat," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 3. Paris, 1753."</ref> By 1602, chocolate had made its way from Spain to Austria.<ref name="Szogyi1997">{{cite book|last=Szogyi|first=Alex|title=Chocolate: Food of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30506-1|page=199|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093210/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> By 1662, [[Pope Alexander VII]] had declared that religious fasts were not broken by consuming chocolate drinks. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a foothold throughout Europe.<ref name="kerr" />

The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 1600s and late 1800s, the laborious and slow processing of the cocoa bean was manual.<ref name="kerr" /> Cocoa plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves. Wind-powered and horse-drawn mills were used to speed production, augmenting human labor. Heating the working areas of the table-mill, an innovation that emerged in France in 1732, also assisted in extraction.<ref>{{cite book|page=219|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Philip K.|editor2-last=Hurst|editor2-first=W. Jeffrey |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|doi=10.1039/9781782622802|title=Chocolate and Health|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84973-912-2}}</ref>

===Medicinal Use and Nutrition===
A 100-gram serving of milk chocolate supplies 540 [[calories]]. It is 59% [[carbohydrates]] (52% as [[sugar]] and 3% as [[dietary fiber]]), 30% fat and 8% [[protein]] (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is [[saturated fat|saturated]], mainly [[palmitic acid]] and [[stearic acid]], while the predominant [[unsaturated fat]] is [[oleic acid]] (table).

100-grams of milk chocolate is an ''excellent source'' (over 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B12]] and the [[dietary minerals]], [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]] and [[zinc]]. Chocolate is a ''good source'' (10–19% DV) of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]].

==See also==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Almond|title=Candyfreak: A Journey Through the Chocolate Underbelly of America|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-56512-421-9|title-link=Candyfreak}}
*{{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470411315|title=Chocolate|year=2009|isbn=9780470411315|editor1-last=Grivetti|editor1-first=Louis Evan|editor2-last=Shapiro|editor2-first=Howard-Yana}}
*Norton, Marcy. ''Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World'' (Cornell UP, 2008)
*{{Cite book|last=Off|first=Carol|author-link=Carol Off|title=Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59558-330-7|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc}}
*Rosenblum, Mort (2006). ''Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light''. North Point Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86547-730-8}}
*Ryan, Órla (2011). ''Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa''. Zed Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84813-005-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Squicciarini |first1=Mara P. |last2=Swinnen |first2=Johan |date=2016 |title=The Economics of Chocolate |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198726449}}
*Young, Allen M. (2007). ''The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao'' (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3044-9}}
*{{cite book |first1=Sophie D.|last1= Coe |first2=Michael D.|last2= Coe |title=The True History of Chocolate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v86CwAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77093-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chinchilla Mazariegos|first=Oswaldo|title=Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya|publisher=Yale University|year=2017|isbn=9780300207170|location=USA}}

==External links==

*[http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea "Chocolate and Tea"], American Enterprise Exhibition, National Museum of American History (exhibit on 18th century American trade)

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Indigenous Chocolate

2022-09-27T14:46:12Z

Colonel: Some changes until I can get time.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indigenous Chocolate (Chocolata Inda)}}
{{Infobox alternative medicine
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Poseidon taking chocolate from Mexico to Europe (from Chocolata Inda, 1644).png
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = 1644 Woodcut print of Neptune graciously receiving chocolate in maritime law
| pronounce =
| classification =
| modality =
| claims =
| topics =
| origyear = Prior to 1522
| origprop = Huottuja (Piaroa Tribe)
| laterprop = Biocolonialism
| seealso =
| MeshID = D000069956
}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Indigenous Chocolate™
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype =
| currentowner = Huottuja-De'aruhua
| producedby = Indigenous peoples
| origin = Guiana Shield
| introduced = 1522
| discontinued =
| related = Indigenous Cacao™
| markets =North America, Europe
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations = Common Law 1542
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
| module = Trademark <ref>[https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-15-4-c-laws-of-the-indies-spain-and-the-native-peoples-of-the-new-world Constitutional Rights Foundation]</ref>
| module1 = 
}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Aztec. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440-1521.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Evidence of Pre-Columbian civilizations' discovery and use of cacao
| region = Mesoamerica, South America
| image_alt =Indigenous statue holding cacao pod
| alternate_name = Natural Chocolate
| type =
| course =
| place_of_origin = Guiana Shield, South America
| creators = Indigenous Peoples
| year =1522
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Cacao
| minor_ingredient=Cupuacu
| variations =13
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
| no_commons = true
}}

{{Infobox nutritional value|name = Theobroma cacao, whole kernel
| kJ = 954
| carbs = 57.90 g
| fat = 13.70 g
| protein = 19.60 g
| water = 3.00 g
| calcium_mg = 128
| iron_mg = 13.86
| phosphorus_mg = 734
| magnesium_mg = 499
| manganese_mg = 3.837
| sodium_mg = 21
| potassium_mg = 1524
| zinc_mg = 6.81
| Selenium_iu = 14.3
| caffeine = 230 mg
| opt1n = [[Theobromine]]
| opt1v = 2060 mg
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.1
| riboflavin_mg = 0.3
| niacin_mg = 0.4
| vitB6_mg = 0.0
| folate_ug = 11
| vitB12_ug = 0.7
| vitB5_mg = 0.5
| choline_mg = 46.1
| vitA_iu = 195
| vitE_mg = 0.5
| vitK_ug = 5.7
| cholesterol = 23 mg
| source_usda = 1
| bodystyle = width:300px
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169593/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Indigenous Chocolate''' or '''Chocolata Inda''' (1644) is a traditional medicine, religious sacrament, and wholesome functional food that is very versatile; it is used today around the world in thousands of different products. Indigenous chocolate or 'chocolata' was created, discovered, invented and prepared by the Indigenous Peoples of South America over 5,000 years ago. Recently, it was discovered that it was used in North America as early as 1,500 years ago in Chaco Canyon and another recent discovery of ceramic vessels in Ecuador have been dated to be at least 4,000 years old.

Indigenous chocolate is made from fermented, dried, toasted and ground or pulverized seeds of the 'chocolate tree', known to botanists since 1753 as ''Theobroma cacao'' (L.). When the Spanish arrived in Mexico in 1519 they found the people of the Aztec Empire using it extensively as their currency and drinking it for good health and prosperity.

Chocolate was first introduced in detail publicly by Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma in 1644 in his book "Chocolata Inda". This is not the first factual documentation of chocolate, the New Laws of the Indies were created by the the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1542 for fair treatment of the Indigenous people and to maintain the cacao trade with the encomienda system. The subject of cacao was discussed between Charles V and Hernando Cortes in 1522 when biocolonialism began following the conquest of Montezuma.

== New International Laws==

== Origin of Natural Chocolate==
Experts mostly agree that ''Theobroma cacao'' originated in South America approximately ten million years ago, somewhere on the Guiana Shield after the division of the Pangea supercontinent to form Africa and South America. The Piaroa, Yanomami and Yekuana tribes of the region have been growing and harvesting wild cacao from their trees since the Spanish arrived ay the Upper Orinoco Valley in 1533.

The natural wild Theobroma cacao genome is the most complex of Theobroma genus, all the cacao in the world is traced back to this species. This original cacao is known to be found recently in the Upper Orinoco and French Guiana, this species was also found in Ecuador and Peru where it hybridized with other Theobroma species and a great deal of genetic diversity occurred over time.

== Source of the Wild Cacao Genome ==

==Credible Indigenous Chocolate==
Cacao has been consumed in some form since at least the Olmec civilization (19th-11th century BCE),<ref name="powis">{{Cite journal |last1=Powis |first1=Terry G. |last2=Cyphers |first2=Ann |last3=Gaikwad |first3=Nilesh W. |last4=Grivetti |first4=Louis |last5=Cheong |first5=Kong |date=24 May 2011 |title=Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=21 |pages=8595–8600 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100620108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=21555564 |pmc=3102397|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8595P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=El Universal (Mexico City) |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html |title=Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000 años |date=29 July 2008 |location=Mexico City}}</ref> and the majority of Mesoamerican people (including the Maya and Aztecs) made chocolate beverages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican7.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=Field Museum |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref>

===Cultural Heritage===
Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for nearly all of its history. For example, one vessel found at an [[Olmec]] archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, dates chocolate's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC.<ref name="aj200712">{{cite journal |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |title=Oldest chocolate in the New World |author1=Terry G. Powis |author2=W. Jeffrey Hurst |author3=María del Carmen Rodríguez |author4=Ponciano Ortíz C. |author5=Michael Blake |author6=David Cheetham |author7=Michael D. Coe |author8=John G. Hodgson |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=81 |issue=314 |date=December 2007 |issn=0003-598X |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175643/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> On the Pacific coast of [[Chiapas]], Mexico, a [[Mokaya]] archaeological site provides evidence of cocoa beverages dating even earlier to 1900 BC.<ref name="sciencenow">{{cite news | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | first = Traci | last = Watson | title = Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America | date = 22 January 2013 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043647/http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/01/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | archive-date = 6 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="aj200712" /> The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found indicate the initial use of cocoa was not simply as a beverage, but the white pulp around the cocoa beans was likely used as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.<ref name="alc">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095415/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=New Chemical Analyses Take Confirmation Back 500 Years and Reveal that the Impetus for Cacao Cultivation was an Alcoholic Beverage|publisher=Penn Museum|year=2007|access-date=13 November 2007}}</ref>

An early Classic-period (460–480 AD) Maya tomb from the site in Rio Azul had vessels with the [[Maya script|Maya glyph]] for cocoa on them with residue of a chocolate drink, suggests the Maya were drinking chocolate around 400 AD.<ref name="Riches">{{Cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Robert|title=Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Ins., Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8109-5734-3}}</ref> Documents in [[Maya hieroglyphs]] stated chocolate was used for ceremonial purposes in addition to everyday life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican5.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Using Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The Maya grew cacao trees in their backyards<ref name="mayarule">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican3.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> and used the cocoa seeds the trees produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican4.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Making Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>

=== Intellectual Property ===
By the 15th century, the Aztecs had gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica and had adopted cocoa into their culture. They associated chocolate with [[Quetzalcoatl]], who, according to one legend, was cast away by the other gods for sharing chocolate with humans,<ref name="kerr" /> and identified its extrication from the pod with the removal of the human heart in sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | title = Aztecs and Cacao: the bittersweet past of chocolate | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 15 September 2009 | access-date = 8 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418180336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | archive-date = 18 April 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In contrast to the Maya, who liked their chocolate warm, the Aztecs drank it cold, seasoning it with a broad variety of additives, including the petals of the ''[[Cymbopetalum penduliflorum]]'' tree, [[chile pepper]], [[allspice]], [[vanilla]], and [[honey]].

The Aztecs were unable to grow cocoa themselves, as their home in the Mexican highlands was unsuitable for it, so chocolate was a luxury imported into the empire.<ref name="kerr" /> Those who lived in areas ruled by the Aztecs were required to offer cocoa seeds in payment of the tax they deemed "tribute".<ref name="kerr">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/chocolate/history.html |title=History of Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Cocoa beans were often used as currency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527012838/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2012 |title=When cocoa was used as currency – pre-Columbian America – The Fortunes of Money |last=Peniche Rivero |first=Piedad |access-date=26 June 2008 |newspaper=[[UNESCO Courier]] |year=1990}}</ref> For example, the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost 100 cocoa beans and one fresh [[avocado]] was worth three beans.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Bill|last=Buford|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|title=Notes of a Gastronome: Extreme Chocolate|magazine=The New Yorker|date=29 October 2007|access-date=17 May 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616173209/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>

The Maya and Aztecs associated cocoa with [[human sacrifice]], and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human [[blood]].{{sfnp|Coe|Coe|2013|p=46}}{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}
The Spanish royal chronicler [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] described a chocolate drink he had seen in [[Nicaragua]] in 1528, mixed with [[achiote]]: "because those people are fond of drinking human blood, to make this beverage seem like blood, they add a little achiote, so that it then turns red. ... and part of that foam is left on the lips and around the mouth, and when it is red for having achiote, it seems a horrific thing, because it seems like blood itself."{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}[[File:Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg|right|thumb|300px|upright|Mayan tile drawing (painting) of chocolate.]]
===Colonialism (Plunder)===
The first crimes against Indigenous Peoples were those made in the name of the imperialism of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, within 30 years of the discovery of the Americas the plant species found to be in use by Indigenous peoples were being cultivated by the territorial settlers. Peanuts, vanilla, chili, potatoes, papaya, corn, sunflower, tomato, pepper, eggplant and cacao were all being grown, distributed, and exploited by the European settlers. (This is before the Italians had pizza or tomato sauce for their pasta.) There are more than 100 food items that have been taken and converted into the cultural heritage of at least 8 European countries unlawfully based on their plunder of the cultural heritage if Indigenous peoples tribes. It becomes biocolonialism (biopiracy) because it was the Indigenous peoples that took the 3,000 previous years to learn which foods they should eat to develop the original genetic species of origin. It is an act of biopiracy to take cultural and intellectual property without free, prior and informed consent from the Indigenous tribes who were the originating sources of Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum.

===Biocolonial Era (Discovery) ===
Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the Central American peoples.<ref name="kerr" /> Christopher Columbus and his son Ferdinand encountered the cocoa bean on Columbus's fourth mission to the Americas on 15 August 1502, when he and his crew stole a large native canoe that proved to contain cocoa beans among other goods for trade.<ref name="Exploratorium">{{cite journal| url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| title=The Sweet Lure of Chocolate| first=Jim| last=Spadaccini| access-date=3 March 2014| journal=[[Exploratorium]]| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314112753/http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| archive-date=14 March 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés may have been the first European to encounter it, as the frothy drink was part of the after-dinner routine of Montezuma.<ref name="Riches" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Solís y Ribadeneyra|first=Antonio de|author-link=Antonio de Solís|translator=Thomas Townsend|title=The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, done into English by Thomas Townsend|date=1685 |location=London|chapter=Book III Chapter XV|pages=336–38}}</ref> José de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, wrote of its growing influence on the Spaniards:
<blockquote>Although bananas are more profitable, cocoa is more highly esteemed in Mexico. . . Cocoa is a smaller fruit than almonds and thicker, which toasted do not taste bad. It is so prized among the Indians and even among Spaniards. . . because since it is a dried fruit it can be stored for a long time without deterioration, and they brings ships loaded with them from the province of Guatemala. . . It also serves as currency, because with five cocoas you can buy one thing, with thirty another, and with a hundred something else, without there being contradiction; and they give these cocoas as alms to the poor who beg for them. The principal product of this cocoa is a concoction which they make that they call “chocolate,” which is a crazy thing treasured in that land, and those who are not accustomed are disgusted by it, because it has a foam on top and a bubbling like that of feces, which certainly takes a lot to put up with. Anyway, it is the prized beverage which the Indians offer to nobles who come to or pass through their lands; and the Spaniards, especially Spanish women born in those lands die for black chocolate. This aforementioned chocolate is said to be made in various forms and temperaments, hot, cold, and lukewarm. They are wont to use spices and much chili; they also make it into a paste, and it is said that it is a medicine to treat coughs, the stomach, and colds. Whatever may be the case, in fact those who have not been reared on this opinion are not appetized by it.<ref name="Originarios">{{cite web |last1=de Acosta |first1=José |title=Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias |url=https://pueblosoriginarios.com/textos/acosta/4-22.html |website=Pueblos Originarios |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

While Columbus had taken cocoa beans with him back to Spain,<ref name="Exploratorium" /> chocolate made no impact until Spanish friars introduced it to the Spanish court.<ref name="kerr" /> After the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe. There, it quickly became a court favorite. It was still served as a beverage, but the Spanish added sugar, as well as honey (the original sweetener used by the Aztecs for chocolate), to counteract the natural bitterness.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite journal | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/?no-ist | title = A Brief History of Chocolate | first =Amanda |last=Bensen|journal=Smithsonian Magazine | date = 1 March 2008 | access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> [[Vanilla]], another indigenous American introduction, was also a popular additive, with pepper and other spices sometimes used to give the illusion of a more potent vanilla flavor. Unfortunately, these spices tended to unsettle the European constitution; the ''Encyclopédie'' states, "The pleasant scent and sublime taste it imparts to chocolate have made it highly recommended; but a long experience having shown that it could potentially upset one's stomach", which is why chocolate without vanilla was sometimes referred to as "healthy chocolate".<ref>Diderot, Denis. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.474 "Chocolate."] in The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Colleen Oberc, Samantha Schaeffer, and Courtney Wilder. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 2015. Trans. of "Chocolat," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 3. Paris, 1753."</ref> By 1602, chocolate had made its way from Spain to Austria.<ref name="Szogyi1997">{{cite book|last=Szogyi|first=Alex|title=Chocolate: Food of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30506-1|page=199|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093210/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> By 1662, [[Pope Alexander VII]] had declared that religious fasts were not broken by consuming chocolate drinks. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a foothold throughout Europe.<ref name="kerr" />

The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 1600s and late 1800s, the laborious and slow processing of the cocoa bean was manual.<ref name="kerr" /> Cocoa plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves. Wind-powered and horse-drawn mills were used to speed production, augmenting human labor. Heating the working areas of the table-mill, an innovation that emerged in France in 1732, also assisted in extraction.<ref>{{cite book|page=219|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Philip K.|editor2-last=Hurst|editor2-first=W. Jeffrey |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|doi=10.1039/9781782622802|title=Chocolate and Health|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84973-912-2}}</ref>

===Medicinal Use and Nutrition===
A 100-gram serving of milk chocolate supplies 540 [[calories]]. It is 59% [[carbohydrates]] (52% as [[sugar]] and 3% as [[dietary fiber]]), 30% fat and 8% [[protein]] (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is [[saturated fat|saturated]], mainly [[palmitic acid]] and [[stearic acid]], while the predominant [[unsaturated fat]] is [[oleic acid]] (table).

100-grams of milk chocolate is an ''excellent source'' (over 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B12]] and the [[dietary minerals]], [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]] and [[zinc]]. Chocolate is a ''good source'' (10–19% DV) of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]].

==See also==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Almond|title=Candyfreak: A Journey Through the Chocolate Underbelly of America|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-56512-421-9|title-link=Candyfreak}}
*{{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470411315|title=Chocolate|year=2009|isbn=9780470411315|editor1-last=Grivetti|editor1-first=Louis Evan|editor2-last=Shapiro|editor2-first=Howard-Yana}}
*Norton, Marcy. ''Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World'' (Cornell UP, 2008)
*{{Cite book|last=Off|first=Carol|author-link=Carol Off|title=Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59558-330-7|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc}}
*Rosenblum, Mort (2006). ''Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light''. North Point Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86547-730-8}}
*Ryan, Órla (2011). ''Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa''. Zed Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84813-005-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Squicciarini |first1=Mara P. |last2=Swinnen |first2=Johan |date=2016 |title=The Economics of Chocolate |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198726449}}
*Young, Allen M. (2007). ''The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao'' (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3044-9}}
*{{cite book |first1=Sophie D.|last1= Coe |first2=Michael D.|last2= Coe |title=The True History of Chocolate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v86CwAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77093-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chinchilla Mazariegos|first=Oswaldo|title=Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya|publisher=Yale University|year=2017|isbn=9780300207170|location=USA}}

==External links==

*[http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea "Chocolate and Tea"], American Enterprise Exhibition, National Museum of American History (exhibit on 18th century American trade)

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Indigenous Chocolate

2022-09-24T02:26:39Z

Colonel: Removed irrelevant information

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indigenous Chocolate (Chocolata Inda)}}
{{Infobox alternative medicine
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Poseidon taking chocolate from Mexico to Europe (from Chocolata Inda, 1644).png
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = 1644 Woodcut print of Neptune graciously receiving chocolate in maritime law
| pronounce =
| classification =
| modality =
| claims =
| topics =
| origyear = Prior to 1522
| origprop = Huottuja (Piaroa Tribe)
| laterprop = Biocolonialism
| seealso =
| MeshID = D000069956
}}

{{Infobox brand
| name =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype =
| currentowner =
| producedby =
| country = 
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets =
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
| module = Trademark <ref>[https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-15-4-c-laws-of-the-indies-spain-and-the-native-peoples-of-the-new-world | Constitutional Rights Foundation]</ref>
| module1 = 
}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Aztec. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440-1521.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Evidence of Pre-Columbian civilizations' discovery and use of cacao
| region = Mesoamerica
| image_alt =
| alternate_name =
| type =
| course =
| place_of_origin =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Cacao
| minor_ingredient=
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
| no_commons = true
}}

{{Infobox nutritional value|name = Theobroma cacao, whole kernel
| kJ = 954
| carbs = 57.90 g
| fat = 13.70 g
| protein = 19.60 g
| water = 3.00 g
| calcium_mg = 128
| iron_mg = 13.86
| phosphorus_mg = 734
| magnesium_mg = 499
| manganese_mg = 3.837
| sodium_mg = 21
| potassium_mg = 1524
| zinc_mg = 6.81
| Selenium_iu = 14.3
| caffeine = 230 mg
| opt1n = [[Theobromine]]
| opt1v = 2060 mg
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.1
| riboflavin_mg = 0.3
| niacin_mg = 0.4
| vitB6_mg = 0.0
| folate_ug = 11
| vitB12_ug = 0.7
| vitB5_mg = 0.5
| choline_mg = 46.1
| vitA_iu = 195
| vitE_mg = 0.5
| vitK_ug = 5.7
| cholesterol = 23 mg
| source_usda = 1
| bodystyle = width:300px
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169593/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Indigenous Chocolate''' or '''Chocolata Inda''' (1644) is a traditional medicine, religious sacrament, and wholesome functional food that is very versatile; it is used today around the world in thousands of different products. Indigenous chocolate was created, discovered, invented and prepared by the Indigenous Peoples of South America over 5,000 years ago. Recently, it was discovered that it was used in North America as early as 1,500 years ago in Chaco Canyon and discoveries of ceramic vessels in Ecuador have been dated to be at least 4,000 years old.

Indigenous chocolate is made from fermented, dried, toasted and ground or pulverized seeds of the 'chocolate tree', known to botanists since 1753 as ''Theobroma cacao'' (L.). When the Spanish arrived in Mexico in 1519 they found the people of the Aztec Empire using it extensively as their currency and drinking it for good health and prosperity.

Chocolate was first described in detail publicly by Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma in 1644 in his book "Chocolata Inda". This is not the first factual documentation of chocolate, the New Laws of the Indies were created by the the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1542 for fair treatment of the Indigenous people and to maintain the cacao trade with the encomienda system. The subject of cacao was discussed between Charles V and Hernando Cortes in 1522 when biocolonialism began following the conquest of Montezuma.

Experts mostly agree that ''Theobroma cacao'' originated in South America approximately ten million years ago, somewhere on the Guiana Shield after the division of the Pangea supercontinent to form Africa and South America. The Piaroa, Yanomami and Yekuana tribes of the region have been growing and harvesting wild cacao from their trees since the Spanish arrived ay the Upper Orinoco Valley in 1533.

The seeds of the cacao tree have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavor. After fermentation, the seeds are dried, cleaned, and roasted. The shell is removed to produce cacao nibs, which are then ground to cacao mass, unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it is called chocolate liquor.

== Origin ==
The natural wild Theobroma cacao genome is the most complex of Theobroma genus, all the cacao in the world is traced back to this species. This original cacao is known to be found recently in the Upper Orinoco and French Guiana, this species was also found in Ecuador and Peru where it hybridized with other Theobroma species and a great deal of genetic diversity occurred over time.

==History==
Cacao has been consumed in some form since at least the Olmec civilization (19th-11th century BCE),<ref name="powis">{{Cite journal |last1=Powis |first1=Terry G. |last2=Cyphers |first2=Ann |last3=Gaikwad |first3=Nilesh W. |last4=Grivetti |first4=Louis |last5=Cheong |first5=Kong |date=24 May 2011 |title=Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=21 |pages=8595–8600 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100620108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=21555564 |pmc=3102397|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8595P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=El Universal (Mexico City) |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html |title=Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000 años |date=29 July 2008 |location=Mexico City}}</ref> and the majority of Mesoamerican people (including the Maya and Aztecs) made chocolate beverages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican7.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=Field Museum |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref>

=== Cultural Heritage ===
Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for nearly all of its history. For example, one vessel found at an [[Olmec]] archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, dates chocolate's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC.<ref name="aj200712">{{cite journal |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |title=Oldest chocolate in the New World |author1=Terry G. Powis |author2=W. Jeffrey Hurst |author3=María del Carmen Rodríguez |author4=Ponciano Ortíz C. |author5=Michael Blake |author6=David Cheetham |author7=Michael D. Coe |author8=John G. Hodgson |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=81 |issue=314 |date=December 2007 |issn=0003-598X |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175643/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> On the Pacific coast of [[Chiapas]], Mexico, a [[Mokaya]] archaeological site provides evidence of cocoa beverages dating even earlier to 1900 BC.<ref name="sciencenow">{{cite news | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | first = Traci | last = Watson | title = Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America | date = 22 January 2013 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043647/http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/01/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | archive-date = 6 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="aj200712" /> The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found indicate the initial use of cocoa was not simply as a beverage, but the white pulp around the cocoa beans was likely used as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.<ref name="alc">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095415/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=New Chemical Analyses Take Confirmation Back 500 Years and Reveal that the Impetus for Cacao Cultivation was an Alcoholic Beverage|publisher=Penn Museum|year=2007|access-date=13 November 2007}}</ref>

An early Classic-period (460–480 AD) Maya tomb from the site in Rio Azul had vessels with the [[Maya script|Maya glyph]] for cocoa on them with residue of a chocolate drink, suggests the Maya were drinking chocolate around 400 AD.<ref name="Riches">{{Cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Robert|title=Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Ins., Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8109-5734-3}}</ref> Documents in [[Maya hieroglyphs]] stated chocolate was used for ceremonial purposes in addition to everyday life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican5.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Using Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The Maya grew cacao trees in their backyards<ref name="mayarule">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican3.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> and used the cocoa seeds the trees produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican4.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Making Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>

By the 15th century, the Aztecs had gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica and had adopted cocoa into their culture. They associated chocolate with [[Quetzalcoatl]], who, according to one legend, was cast away by the other gods for sharing chocolate with humans,<ref name="kerr"/> and identified its extrication from the pod with the removal of the human heart in sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | title = Aztecs and Cacao: the bittersweet past of chocolate | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 15 September 2009 | access-date = 8 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418180336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | archive-date = 18 April 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In contrast to the Maya, who liked their chocolate warm, the Aztecs drank it cold, seasoning it with a broad variety of additives, including the petals of the ''[[Cymbopetalum penduliflorum]]'' tree, [[chile pepper]], [[allspice]], [[vanilla]], and [[honey]].

The Aztecs were unable to grow cocoa themselves, as their home in the Mexican highlands was unsuitable for it, so chocolate was a luxury imported into the empire.<ref name="kerr"/> Those who lived in areas ruled by the Aztecs were required to offer cocoa seeds in payment of the tax they deemed "tribute".<ref name="kerr">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/chocolate/history.html |title=History of Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Cocoa beans were often used as currency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527012838/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2012 |title=When cocoa was used as currency – pre-Columbian America – The Fortunes of Money |last=Peniche Rivero |first=Piedad |access-date=26 June 2008 |newspaper=[[UNESCO Courier]] |year=1990}}</ref> For example, the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost 100 cocoa beans and one fresh [[avocado]] was worth three beans.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Bill|last=Buford|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|title=Notes of a Gastronome: Extreme Chocolate|magazine=The New Yorker|date=29 October 2007|access-date=17 May 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616173209/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>

The Maya and Aztecs associated cocoa with [[human sacrifice]], and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human [[blood]].{{sfnp|Coe|Coe|2013|p=46}}{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}
The Spanish royal chronicler [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] described a chocolate drink he had seen in [[Nicaragua]] in 1528, mixed with [[achiote]]: "because those people are fond of drinking human blood, to make this beverage seem like blood, they add a little achiote, so that it then turns red. ... and part of that foam is left on the lips and around the mouth, and when it is red for having achiote, it seems a horrific thing, because it seems like blood itself."{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}[[File:Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg|right|thumb|300px|upright|Mayan tile drawing (painting) of chocolate.]]
===Colonialism (Plunder)===
The first crimes against Indigenous Peoples were those made in the name of the imperialism of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, within 30 years of the discovery of the Americas the plant species found to be in use by Indigenous peoples were being cultivated by the territorial settlers. Peanuts, vanilla, chili, potatoes, papaya, corn, sunflower, tomato, pepper, eggplant and cacao were all being grown, distributed, and exploited by the European settlers. (This is before the Italians had pizza or tomato sauce for their pasta.) There are more than 100 food items that have been taken and converted into the cultural heritage of at least 8 European countries unlawfully based on their plunder of the cultural heritage if Indigenous peoples tribes. It becomes biocolonialism (biopiracy) because it was the Indigenous peoples that took the 3,000 previous years to learn which foods they should eat to develop the original genetic species of origin. It is an act of biopiracy to take cultural and intellectual property without free, prior and informed consent from the Indigenous tribes who were the originating sources of Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum.

=== Biocolonial Era (Discovery) ===
Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the Central American peoples.<ref name="kerr" /> Christopher Columbus and his son Ferdinand encountered the cocoa bean on Columbus's fourth mission to the Americas on 15 August 1502, when he and his crew stole a large native canoe that proved to contain cocoa beans among other goods for trade.<ref name="Exploratorium">{{cite journal| url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| title=The Sweet Lure of Chocolate| first=Jim| last=Spadaccini| access-date=3 March 2014| journal=[[Exploratorium]]| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314112753/http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| archive-date=14 March 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés may have been the first European to encounter it, as the frothy drink was part of the after-dinner routine of Montezuma.<ref name="Riches" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Solís y Ribadeneyra|first=Antonio de|author-link=Antonio de Solís|translator=Thomas Townsend|title=The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, done into English by Thomas Townsend|date=1685 |location=London|chapter=Book III Chapter XV|pages=336–38}}</ref> José de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, wrote of its growing influence on the Spaniards:
<blockquote>Although bananas are more profitable, cocoa is more highly esteemed in Mexico. . . Cocoa is a smaller fruit than almonds and thicker, which toasted do not taste bad. It is so prized among the Indians and even among Spaniards. . . because since it is a dried fruit it can be stored for a long time without deterioration, and they brings ships loaded with them from the province of Guatemala. . . It also serves as currency, because with five cocoas you can buy one thing, with thirty another, and with a hundred something else, without there being contradiction; and they give these cocoas as alms to the poor who beg for them. The principal product of this cocoa is a concoction which they make that they call “chocolate,” which is a crazy thing treasured in that land, and those who are not accustomed are disgusted by it, because it has a foam on top and a bubbling like that of feces, which certainly takes a lot to put up with. Anyway, it is the prized beverage which the Indians offer to nobles who come to or pass through their lands; and the Spaniards, especially Spanish women born in those lands die for black chocolate. This aforementioned chocolate is said to be made in various forms and temperaments, hot, cold, and lukewarm. They are wont to use spices and much chili; they also make it into a paste, and it is said that it is a medicine to treat coughs, the stomach, and colds. Whatever may be the case, in fact those who have not been reared on this opinion are not appetized by it.<ref name="Originarios">{{cite web |last1=de Acosta |first1=José |title=Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias |url=https://pueblosoriginarios.com/textos/acosta/4-22.html |website=Pueblos Originarios |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

While Columbus had taken cocoa beans with him back to Spain,<ref name="Exploratorium" /> chocolate made no impact until Spanish friars introduced it to the Spanish court.<ref name="kerr" /> After the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe. There, it quickly became a court favorite. It was still served as a beverage, but the Spanish added sugar, as well as honey (the original sweetener used by the Aztecs for chocolate), to counteract the natural bitterness.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite journal | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/?no-ist | title = A Brief History of Chocolate | first =Amanda |last=Bensen|journal=Smithsonian Magazine | date = 1 March 2008 | access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> [[Vanilla]], another indigenous American introduction, was also a popular additive, with pepper and other spices sometimes used to give the illusion of a more potent vanilla flavor. Unfortunately, these spices tended to unsettle the European constitution; the ''Encyclopédie'' states, "The pleasant scent and sublime taste it imparts to chocolate have made it highly recommended; but a long experience having shown that it could potentially upset one's stomach", which is why chocolate without vanilla was sometimes referred to as "healthy chocolate".<ref>Diderot, Denis. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.474 "Chocolate."] in The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Colleen Oberc, Samantha Schaeffer, and Courtney Wilder. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 2015. Trans. of "Chocolat," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 3. Paris, 1753."</ref> By 1602, chocolate had made its way from Spain to Austria.<ref name="Szogyi1997">{{cite book|last=Szogyi|first=Alex|title=Chocolate: Food of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30506-1|page=199|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093210/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> By 1662, [[Pope Alexander VII]] had declared that religious fasts were not broken by consuming chocolate drinks. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a foothold throughout Europe.<ref name="kerr" />

The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 1600s and late 1800s, the laborious and slow processing of the cocoa bean was manual.<ref name="kerr"/> Cocoa plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves. Wind-powered and horse-drawn mills were used to speed production, augmenting human labor. Heating the working areas of the table-mill, an innovation that emerged in France in 1732, also assisted in extraction.<ref>{{cite book|page=219|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Philip K.|editor2-last=Hurst|editor2-first=W. Jeffrey |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|doi=10.1039/9781782622802|title=Chocolate and Health|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84973-912-2}}</ref>

===Nutrition===
A 100-gram serving of milk chocolate supplies 540 [[calories]]. It is 59% [[carbohydrates]] (52% as [[sugar]] and 3% as [[dietary fiber]]), 30% fat and 8% [[protein]] (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is [[saturated fat|saturated]], mainly [[palmitic acid]] and [[stearic acid]], while the predominant [[unsaturated fat]] is [[oleic acid]] (table).

100-grams of milk chocolate is an ''excellent source'' (over 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B12]] and the [[dietary minerals]], [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]] and [[zinc]]. Chocolate is a ''good source'' (10–19% DV) of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]].

==See also==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Almond|title=Candyfreak: A Journey Through the Chocolate Underbelly of America|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-56512-421-9|title-link=Candyfreak}}
* {{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470411315|title=Chocolate|year=2009|isbn=9780470411315|editor1-last=Grivetti|editor1-first=Louis Evan|editor2-last=Shapiro|editor2-first=Howard-Yana}}
* Norton, Marcy. ''Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World'' (Cornell UP, 2008)
* {{Cite book|last=Off|first=Carol|author-link=Carol Off|title=Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59558-330-7|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc}}
* Rosenblum, Mort (2006). ''Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light''. North Point Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86547-730-8}}
* Ryan, Órla (2011). ''Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa''. Zed Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84813-005-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Squicciarini |first1=Mara P. |last2=Swinnen |first2=Johan |date=2016 |title=The Economics of Chocolate |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198726449}}
* Young, Allen M. (2007). ''The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao'' (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3044-9}}
*{{cite book |first1=Sophie D.|last1= Coe |first2=Michael D.|last2= Coe |title=The True History of Chocolate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v86CwAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77093-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chinchilla Mazariegos|first=Oswaldo|title=Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya|publisher=Yale University|year=2017|isbn=9780300207170|location=USA}}

==External links==

* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea "Chocolate and Tea"], American Enterprise Exhibition, National Museum of American History (exhibit on 18th century American trade)

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Indigenous Chocolate

2022-09-22T16:47:40Z

Colonel: Updating the article

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indigenous Chocolate (Chocolata Inda)}}
{{Infobox alternative medicine
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Poseidon taking chocolate from Mexico to Europe (from Chocolata Inda, 1644).png
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = 1644 Woodcut print of Neptune graciously receiving chocolate in maritime law
| pronounce =
| classification =
| modality =
| claims =
| topics =
| origyear = Prior to 1522
| origprop = Huottuja (Piaroa Tribe)
| laterprop = Biocolonialism
| seealso =
| MeshID = D000069956
}}

{{Infobox brand
| name =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype =
| currentowner =
| producedby =
| country = 
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets =
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
| module = Trademark <ref>[https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-15-4-c-laws-of-the-indies-spain-and-the-native-peoples-of-the-new-world | Constitutional Rights Foundation]</ref>
| module1 = 
}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Aztec. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440-1521.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Evidence of Pre-Columbian civilizations' discovery and use of cacao
| region = Mesoamerica
| image_alt =
| alternate_name =
| type =
| course =
| place_of_origin =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Cacao
| minor_ingredient=
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
| no_commons = true
}}

{{Infobox nutritional value|name = Theobroma cacao, whole kernel
| kJ = 954
| carbs = 57.90 g
| fat = 13.70 g
| protein = 19.60 g
| water = 3.00 g
| calcium_mg = 128
| iron_mg = 13.86
| phosphorus_mg = 734
| magnesium_mg = 499
| manganese_mg = 3.837
| sodium_mg = 21
| potassium_mg = 1524
| zinc_mg = 6.81
| Selenium_iu = 14.3
| caffeine = 230 mg
| opt1n = [[Theobromine]]
| opt1v = 2060 mg
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.1
| riboflavin_mg = 0.3
| niacin_mg = 0.4
| vitB6_mg = 0.0
| folate_ug = 11
| vitB12_ug = 0.7
| vitB5_mg = 0.5
| choline_mg = 46.1
| vitA_iu = 195
| vitE_mg = 0.5
| vitK_ug = 5.7
| cholesterol = 23 mg
| source_usda = 1
| bodystyle = width:300px
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169593/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Indigenous Chocolate''' or '''Chocolata Inda''' (1644) is a traditional medicine, religious sacrament, and wholesome functional food that is very versatile; it is used today around the world in thousands of different products. Chocolate was created, discovered, invented and first prepared by the Indigenous Peoples of South America over 5,000 years ago. Chocolate is made from fermented, dried, toasted and ground seeds of the 'chocolate tree', known to botanists since 1753 as ''Theobroma cacao'' (L.). When the Spanish arrived in Mexico in 1519 they found the people of the Aztec Empire using it extensively as their currency and drinking it for good health and prosperity.

Chocolate was first described in detail publicly by Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma in 1644 in his book "Chocolata Inda". This is not the first factual documentation of chocolate, the New Laws of the Indies were created by the the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1542 for fair treatment of the Indigenous people and to maintain the cacao trade with the encomienda system. The subject of cacao was discussed between Charles V and Hernando Cortes in 1522 when biocolonialism began following the conquest of Montezuma.

Experts all agree that Theobroma cacao originated in South America approximately ten million years ago, somewhere on the Guiana Shield after the division of the Pangea supercontinent to form Africa and South America. The Piaroa, Yanomami and Yekuana tribes of the region have been growing and harvesting wild cacao from their trees since the Spanish arrived ay the Upper Orinoco Valley in 1533.

Cacao has been consumed in some form since at least the Olmec civilization (19th-11th century BCE),<ref name="powis">{{Cite journal |last1=Powis |first1=Terry G. |last2=Cyphers |first2=Ann |last3=Gaikwad |first3=Nilesh W. |last4=Grivetti |first4=Louis |last5=Cheong |first5=Kong |date=24 May 2011 |title=Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=21 |pages=8595–8600 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100620108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=21555564 |pmc=3102397|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8595P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=El Universal (Mexico City) |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html |title=Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000 años |date=29 July 2008 |location=Mexico City}}</ref> and the majority of Mesoamerican people ─ including the Maya and Aztecs ─ made chocolate beverages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican7.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=Field Museum |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref>Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world, and many foodstuffs involving chocolate exist, particularly [[dessert]]s, including [[chocolate cake|cakes]], [[chocolate pudding|pudding]], [[chocolate mousse|mousse]], [[chocolate brownie]]s, and [[chocolate chip cookie]]s. Many [[candy|candies]] are filled with or coated with sweetened chocolate. [[Chocolate bar]]s, either made of solid chocolate or other ingredients coated in chocolate, are eaten as [[snack]]s. Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes (such as eggs, hearts, coins) are traditional on certain Western holidays, including [[Christmas]], [[Easter egg#Chocolate eggs|Easter]], [[Valentine's Day]], and [[Hanukkah gelt|Hanukkah]]. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages, such as [[chocolate milk]] and [[hot chocolate]], and in some alcoholic drinks, such as [[creme de cacao]].

Although cocoa originated in the Americas, [[West Africa|West African countries]], particularly [[Côte d'Ivoire]] and [[Ghana]], are the leading producers of cocoa in the 21st century, accounting for some 60% of the world cocoa supply.

With some two million [[Child labour in cocoa production|children involved in the farming of cocoa]] in West Africa, [[Child labour in cocoa production#Child slavery and trafficking|child slavery and trafficking]] associated with the cocoa trade remain major concerns.<ref name="balch">{{cite web |author1=Oliver Balch |title=Child labour: the true cost of chocolate production |url=https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/child-labour-cocoa-production |publisher=Raconteur |access-date=7 January 2019 |date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="reuters2017">{{cite news |author1=Kieran Guilbert |title=Falling cocoa prices threaten child labor spike in Ghana, Ivory Coast |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-westafrica-cocoa-children/falling-cocoa-prices-threaten-child-labor-spike-in-ghana-ivory-coast-idUSKBN1931ZQ |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=Reuters |date=12 June 2017}}</ref> A 2018 report argued that international attempts to improve conditions for children were doomed to failure because of persistent poverty, absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more [[intensive farming]] of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor.<ref name=balch/>

The seeds of the cacao tree have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavor. After fermentation, the seeds are dried, cleaned, and roasted. The shell is removed to produce cacao nibs, which are then ground to cacao mass, unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it is called chocolate liquor.

==History==

===Mesoamerican usage===
Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for nearly all of its history. For example, one vessel found at an [[Olmec]] archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, dates chocolate's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC.<ref name="aj200712">{{cite journal |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |title=Oldest chocolate in the New World |author1=Terry G. Powis |author2=W. Jeffrey Hurst |author3=María del Carmen Rodríguez |author4=Ponciano Ortíz C. |author5=Michael Blake |author6=David Cheetham |author7=Michael D. Coe |author8=John G. Hodgson |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=81 |issue=314 |date=December 2007 |issn=0003-598X |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175643/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> On the Pacific coast of [[Chiapas]], Mexico, a [[Mokaya]] archaeological site provides evidence of cocoa beverages dating even earlier to 1900 BC.<ref name="sciencenow">{{cite news | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | first = Traci | last = Watson | title = Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America | date = 22 January 2013 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043647/http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/01/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | archive-date = 6 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="aj200712" /> The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found indicate the initial use of cocoa was not simply as a beverage, but the white pulp around the cocoa beans was likely used as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.<ref name="alc">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095415/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=New Chemical Analyses Take Confirmation Back 500 Years and Reveal that the Impetus for Cacao Cultivation was an Alcoholic Beverage|publisher=Penn Museum|year=2007|access-date=13 November 2007}}</ref>

An early Classic-period (460–480 AD) Maya tomb from the site in Rio Azul had vessels with the [[Maya script|Maya glyph]] for cocoa on them with residue of a chocolate drink, suggests the Maya were drinking chocolate around 400 AD.<ref name="Riches">{{Cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Robert|title=Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Ins., Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8109-5734-3}}</ref> Documents in [[Maya hieroglyphs]] stated chocolate was used for ceremonial purposes in addition to everyday life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican5.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Using Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The Maya grew cacao trees in their backyards<ref name="mayarule">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican3.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> and used the cocoa seeds the trees produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican4.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Making Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>

By the 15th century, the Aztecs had gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica and had adopted cocoa into their culture. They associated chocolate with [[Quetzalcoatl]], who, according to one legend, was cast away by the other gods for sharing chocolate with humans,<ref name="kerr"/> and identified its extrication from the pod with the removal of the human heart in sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | title = Aztecs and Cacao: the bittersweet past of chocolate | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 15 September 2009 | access-date = 8 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418180336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | archive-date = 18 April 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In contrast to the Maya, who liked their chocolate warm, the Aztecs drank it cold, seasoning it with a broad variety of additives, including the petals of the ''[[Cymbopetalum penduliflorum]]'' tree, [[chile pepper]], [[allspice]], [[vanilla]], and [[honey]].

The Aztecs were unable to grow cocoa themselves, as their home in the Mexican highlands was unsuitable for it, so chocolate was a luxury imported into the empire.<ref name="kerr"/> Those who lived in areas ruled by the Aztecs were required to offer cocoa seeds in payment of the tax they deemed "tribute".<ref name="kerr">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/chocolate/history.html |title=History of Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Cocoa beans were often used as currency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527012838/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2012 |title=When cocoa was used as currency – pre-Columbian America – The Fortunes of Money |last=Peniche Rivero |first=Piedad |access-date=26 June 2008 |newspaper=[[UNESCO Courier]] |year=1990}}</ref> For example, the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost 100 cocoa beans and one fresh [[avocado]] was worth three beans.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Bill|last=Buford|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|title=Notes of a Gastronome: Extreme Chocolate|magazine=The New Yorker|date=29 October 2007|access-date=17 May 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616173209/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>

The Maya and Aztecs associated cocoa with [[human sacrifice]], and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human [[blood]].{{sfnp|Coe|Coe|2013|p=46}}{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}
The Spanish royal chronicler [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] described a chocolate drink he had seen in [[Nicaragua]] in 1528, mixed with [[achiote]]: "because those people are fond of drinking human blood, to make this beverage seem like blood, they add a little achiote, so that it then turns red. ... and part of that foam is left on the lips and around the mouth, and when it is red for having achiote, it seems a horrific thing, because it seems like blood itself."{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}

===European adaptation===
[[File:Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg|right|thumb|300px|upright|Mayan tile drawing (painting) of chocolate.]]
Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the [[Central America]]n peoples.<ref name="kerr"/> [[Christopher Columbus]] and his son [[Ferdinand Columbus|Ferdinand]] encountered the cocoa bean on Columbus's fourth mission to the Americas on 15 August 1502, when he and his crew stole a large native canoe that proved to contain cocoa beans among other goods for trade.<ref name=Exploratorium>{{cite journal| url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| title=The Sweet Lure of Chocolate| first=Jim| last=Spadaccini| access-date=3 March 2014| journal=[[Exploratorium]]| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314112753/http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| archive-date=14 March 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] may have been the first European to encounter it, as the frothy drink was part of the after-dinner routine of [[Montezuma II|Montezuma]].<ref name="Riches" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Solís y Ribadeneyra|first=Antonio de|author-link=Antonio de Solís|translator=Thomas Townsend|title=The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, done into English by Thomas Townsend|date=1685 |location=London|chapter=Book III Chapter XV|pages=336–38}}</ref> [[José de Acosta]], a Spanish [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, wrote of its growing influence on the Spaniards:
<blockquote>Although bananas are more profitable, cocoa is more highly esteemed in Mexico. . . Cocoa is a smaller fruit than almonds and thicker, which toasted do not taste bad. It is so prized among the Indians and even among Spaniards. . . because since it is a dried fruit it can be stored for a long time without deterioration, and they brings ships loaded with them from the [[Captaincy General of Guatemala|province of Guatemala]]. . . It also serves as currency, because with five cocoas you can buy one thing, with thirty another, and with a hundred something else, without there being contradiction; and they give these cocoas as alms to the poor who beg for them. The principal product of this cocoa is a concoction which they make that they call “chocolate,” which is a crazy thing treasured in that land, and those who are not accustomed are disgusted by it, because it has a foam on top and a bubbling like that of feces, which certainly takes a lot to put up with. Anyway, it is the prized beverage which the Indians offer to nobles who come to or pass through their lands; and the Spaniards, especially Spanish women born in those lands die for black chocolate. This aforementioned chocolate is said to be made in various forms and temperaments, hot, cold, and lukewarm. They are wont to use spices and much chili; they also make it into a paste, and it is said that it is a medicine to treat coughs, the stomach, and colds. Whatever may be the case, in fact those who have not been reared on this opinion are not appetized by it.<ref name="Originarios">{{cite web |last1=de Acosta |first1=José |title=Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias |url=https://pueblosoriginarios.com/textos/acosta/4-22.html |website=Pueblos Originarios |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

While Columbus had taken cocoa beans with him back to Spain,<ref name=Exploratorium/> chocolate made no impact until Spanish friars introduced it to the Spanish court.<ref name="kerr"/> After the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe. There, it quickly became a court favorite. It was still served as a beverage, but the Spanish added sugar, as well as honey (the original sweetener used by the Aztecs for chocolate), to counteract the natural bitterness.<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite journal | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/?no-ist | title = A Brief History of Chocolate | first =Amanda |last=Bensen|journal=Smithsonian Magazine | date = 1 March 2008 | access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> [[Vanilla]], another indigenous American introduction, was also a popular additive, with pepper and other spices sometimes used to give the illusion of a more potent vanilla flavor. Unfortunately, these spices tended to unsettle the European constitution; the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' states, "The pleasant scent and sublime taste it imparts to chocolate have made it highly recommended; but a long experience having shown that it could potentially upset one's stomach", which is why chocolate without vanilla was sometimes referred to as "healthy chocolate".<ref>Diderot, Denis. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.474 "Chocolate."] in The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Colleen Oberc, Samantha Schaeffer, and Courtney Wilder. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 2015. Trans. of "Chocolat," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 3. Paris, 1753."</ref> By 1602, chocolate had made its way from Spain to Austria.<ref name="Szogyi1997">{{cite book|last=Szogyi|first=Alex|title=Chocolate: Food of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30506-1|page=199|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093210/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> By 1662, [[Pope Alexander VII]] had declared that religious fasts were not broken by consuming chocolate drinks. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a foothold throughout Europe.<ref name="kerr"/>

The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 1600s and late 1800s, the laborious and slow processing of the cocoa bean was manual.<ref name="kerr"/> Cocoa plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves. Wind-powered and horse-drawn mills were used to speed production, augmenting human labor. Heating the working areas of the table-mill, an innovation that emerged in France in 1732, also assisted in extraction.<ref>{{cite book|page=219|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Philip K.|editor2-last=Hurst|editor2-first=W. Jeffrey |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|doi=10.1039/9781782622802|title=Chocolate and Health|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84973-912-2}}</ref>

===Nutrition===
A 100-gram serving of milk chocolate supplies 540 [[calories]]. It is 59% [[carbohydrates]] (52% as [[sugar]] and 3% as [[dietary fiber]]), 30% fat and 8% [[protein]] (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is [[saturated fat|saturated]], mainly [[palmitic acid]] and [[stearic acid]], while the predominant [[unsaturated fat]] is [[oleic acid]] (table).

100-grams of milk chocolate is an ''excellent source'' (over 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B12]] and the [[dietary minerals]], [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]] and [[zinc]]. Chocolate is a ''good source'' (10–19% DV) of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]].

==See also==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Almond|title=Candyfreak: A Journey Through the Chocolate Underbelly of America|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-56512-421-9|title-link=Candyfreak}}
* {{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470411315|title=Chocolate|year=2009|isbn=9780470411315|editor1-last=Grivetti|editor1-first=Louis Evan|editor2-last=Shapiro|editor2-first=Howard-Yana}}
* Norton, Marcy. ''Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World'' (Cornell UP, 2008)
* {{Cite book|last=Off|first=Carol|author-link=Carol Off|title=Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59558-330-7|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc}}
* Rosenblum, Mort (2006). ''Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light''. North Point Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86547-730-8}}
* Ryan, Órla (2011). ''Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa''. Zed Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84813-005-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Squicciarini |first1=Mara P. |last2=Swinnen |first2=Johan |date=2016 |title=The Economics of Chocolate |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198726449}}
* Young, Allen M. (2007). ''The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao'' (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3044-9}}
*{{cite book |first1=Sophie D.|last1= Coe |first2=Michael D.|last2= Coe |title=The True History of Chocolate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v86CwAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77093-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chinchilla Mazariegos|first=Oswaldo|title=Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya|publisher=Yale University|year=2017|isbn=9780300207170|location=USA}}

==External links==

* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea "Chocolate and Tea"], American Enterprise Exhibition, National Museum of American History (exhibit on 18th century American trade)

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Indigenous Chocolate

2022-09-22T01:58:57Z

Colonel:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indigenous Chocolate (Chocolata Inda)}}
{{Infobox alternative medicine
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Poseidon taking chocolate from Mexico to Europe (from Chocolata Inda, 1644).png
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = 1644 Woodcut print of Neptune graciously receiving chocolate in maritime law
| pronounce =
| classification =
| modality =
| claims =
| topics =
| origyear = Prior to 1522
| origprop = Huottuja (Piaroa Tribe)
| laterprop = Biocolonialism
| seealso =
| MeshID = D000069956
}}

{{Infobox brand
| name =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype =
| currentowner =
| producedby =
| country = 
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets =
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
| module = Trademark <ref>[https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-15-4-c-laws-of-the-indies-spain-and-the-native-peoples-of-the-new-world | Constitutional Rights Foundation]</ref>
| module1 = 
}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Aztec. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440-1521.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Evidence of Pre-Columbian civilizations' discovery and use of cacao
| region = Mesoamerica
| image_alt =
| alternate_name =
| type =
| course =
| place_of_origin =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Cacao
| minor_ingredient=
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
| no_commons = true
}}

{{Infobox nutritional value|name = Theobroma cacao, whole kernel
| kJ = 954
| carbs = 57.90 g
| fat = 13.70 g
| protein = 19.60 g
| water = 3.00 g
| calcium_mg = 128
| iron_mg = 13.86
| phosphorus_mg = 734
| magnesium_mg = 499
| manganese_mg = 3.837
| sodium_mg = 21
| potassium_mg = 1524
| zinc_mg = 6.81
| Selenium_iu = 14.3
| caffeine = 230 mg
| opt1n = [[Theobromine]]
| opt1v = 2060 mg
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.1
| riboflavin_mg = 0.3
| niacin_mg = 0.4
| vitB6_mg = 0.0
| folate_ug = 11
| vitB12_ug = 0.7
| vitB5_mg = 0.5
| choline_mg = 46.1
| vitA_iu = 195
| vitE_mg = 0.5
| vitK_ug = 5.7
| cholesterol = 23 mg
| source_usda = 1
| bodystyle = width:300px
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169593/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Chocolata Inda''' or '''Indigenous Chocolate''' is a functional food, traditional medicine, religious sacrament made by the Indigenous Peoples of South America from fermented, dried, toasted and ground endemic wild Theobroma cacao (L.) seed kernels. Chocolate was first described in detail by Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma in 1644 in his book "Chocolata Inda". This is not the first factual documentation of chocolate, the New Laws of the Indies were created by the the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1542. The subject of cacao was discussed between Charles V and Hernan Cortes in 1522.

The seeds of the cacao tree have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavor. After fermentation, the seeds are dried, cleaned, and roasted. The shell is removed to produce cacao nibs, which are then ground to cacao mass, unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it is called chocolate liquor.

Cacao has been consumed in some form since at least the Olmec civilization (19th-11th century BCE),<ref name="powis">{{Cite journal |last1=Powis |first1=Terry G. |last2=Cyphers |first2=Ann |last3=Gaikwad |first3=Nilesh W. |last4=Grivetti |first4=Louis |last5=Cheong |first5=Kong |date=24 May 2011 |title=Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=21 |pages=8595–8600 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100620108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=21555564 |pmc=3102397|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8595P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=El Universal (Mexico City) |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html |title=Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000 años |date=29 July 2008 |location=Mexico City}}</ref> and the majority of Mesoamerican people ─ including the Maya and Aztecs ─ made chocolate beverages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican7.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=Field Museum |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref>Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world, and many foodstuffs involving chocolate exist, particularly [[dessert]]s, including [[chocolate cake|cakes]], [[chocolate pudding|pudding]], [[chocolate mousse|mousse]], [[chocolate brownie]]s, and [[chocolate chip cookie]]s. Many [[candy|candies]] are filled with or coated with sweetened chocolate. [[Chocolate bar]]s, either made of solid chocolate or other ingredients coated in chocolate, are eaten as [[snack]]s. Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes (such as eggs, hearts, coins) are traditional on certain Western holidays, including [[Christmas]], [[Easter egg#Chocolate eggs|Easter]], [[Valentine's Day]], and [[Hanukkah gelt|Hanukkah]]. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages, such as [[chocolate milk]] and [[hot chocolate]], and in some alcoholic drinks, such as [[creme de cacao]].

Although cocoa originated in the Americas, [[West Africa|West African countries]], particularly [[Côte d'Ivoire]] and [[Ghana]], are the leading producers of cocoa in the 21st century, accounting for some 60% of the world cocoa supply.

With some two million [[Child labour in cocoa production|children involved in the farming of cocoa]] in West Africa, [[Child labour in cocoa production#Child slavery and trafficking|child slavery and trafficking]] associated with the cocoa trade remain major concerns.<ref name="balch">{{cite web |author1=Oliver Balch |title=Child labour: the true cost of chocolate production |url=https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/child-labour-cocoa-production |publisher=Raconteur |access-date=7 January 2019 |date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="reuters2017">{{cite news |author1=Kieran Guilbert |title=Falling cocoa prices threaten child labor spike in Ghana, Ivory Coast |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-westafrica-cocoa-children/falling-cocoa-prices-threaten-child-labor-spike-in-ghana-ivory-coast-idUSKBN1931ZQ |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=Reuters |date=12 June 2017}}</ref> A 2018 report argued that international attempts to improve conditions for children were doomed to failure because of persistent poverty, absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more [[intensive farming]] of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor.<ref name=balch/>

==History==

===Mesoamerican usage===
Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for nearly all of its history. For example, one vessel found at an [[Olmec]] archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, dates chocolate's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC.<ref name="aj200712">{{cite journal |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |title=Oldest chocolate in the New World |author1=Terry G. Powis |author2=W. Jeffrey Hurst |author3=María del Carmen Rodríguez |author4=Ponciano Ortíz C. |author5=Michael Blake |author6=David Cheetham |author7=Michael D. Coe |author8=John G. Hodgson |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=81 |issue=314 |date=December 2007 |issn=0003-598X |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175643/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> On the Pacific coast of [[Chiapas]], Mexico, a [[Mokaya]] archaeological site provides evidence of cocoa beverages dating even earlier to 1900 BC.<ref name="sciencenow">{{cite news | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | first = Traci | last = Watson | title = Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America | date = 22 January 2013 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043647/http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/01/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | archive-date = 6 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="aj200712" /> The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found indicate the initial use of cocoa was not simply as a beverage, but the white pulp around the cocoa beans was likely used as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.<ref name="alc">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095415/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=New Chemical Analyses Take Confirmation Back 500 Years and Reveal that the Impetus for Cacao Cultivation was an Alcoholic Beverage|publisher=Penn Museum|year=2007|access-date=13 November 2007}}</ref>

An early Classic-period (460–480 AD) Maya tomb from the site in Rio Azul had vessels with the [[Maya script|Maya glyph]] for cocoa on them with residue of a chocolate drink, suggests the Maya were drinking chocolate around 400 AD.<ref name="Riches">{{Cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Robert|title=Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Ins., Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8109-5734-3}}</ref> Documents in [[Maya hieroglyphs]] stated chocolate was used for ceremonial purposes in addition to everyday life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican5.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Using Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The Maya grew cacao trees in their backyards<ref name="mayarule">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican3.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> and used the cocoa seeds the trees produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican4.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Making Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>

By the 15th century, the Aztecs had gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica and had adopted cocoa into their culture. They associated chocolate with [[Quetzalcoatl]], who, according to one legend, was cast away by the other gods for sharing chocolate with humans,<ref name="kerr"/> and identified its extrication from the pod with the removal of the human heart in sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | title = Aztecs and Cacao: the bittersweet past of chocolate | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 15 September 2009 | access-date = 8 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418180336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | archive-date = 18 April 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In contrast to the Maya, who liked their chocolate warm, the Aztecs drank it cold, seasoning it with a broad variety of additives, including the petals of the ''[[Cymbopetalum penduliflorum]]'' tree, [[chile pepper]], [[allspice]], [[vanilla]], and [[honey]].

The Aztecs were unable to grow cocoa themselves, as their home in the Mexican highlands was unsuitable for it, so chocolate was a luxury imported into the empire.<ref name="kerr"/> Those who lived in areas ruled by the Aztecs were required to offer cocoa seeds in payment of the tax they deemed "tribute".<ref name="kerr">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/chocolate/history.html |title=History of Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Cocoa beans were often used as currency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527012838/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2012 |title=When cocoa was used as currency – pre-Columbian America – The Fortunes of Money |last=Peniche Rivero |first=Piedad |access-date=26 June 2008 |newspaper=[[UNESCO Courier]] |year=1990}}</ref> For example, the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost 100 cocoa beans and one fresh [[avocado]] was worth three beans.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Bill|last=Buford|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|title=Notes of a Gastronome: Extreme Chocolate|magazine=The New Yorker|date=29 October 2007|access-date=17 May 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616173209/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>

The Maya and Aztecs associated cocoa with [[human sacrifice]], and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human [[blood]].{{sfnp|Coe|Coe|2013|p=46}}{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}
The Spanish royal chronicler [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] described a chocolate drink he had seen in [[Nicaragua]] in 1528, mixed with [[achiote]]: "because those people are fond of drinking human blood, to make this beverage seem like blood, they add a little achiote, so that it then turns red. ... and part of that foam is left on the lips and around the mouth, and when it is red for having achiote, it seems a horrific thing, because it seems like blood itself."{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}

===European adaptation===
[[File:Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg|right|thumb|300px|upright|Mayan tile drawing (painting) of chocolate.]]
Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the [[Central America]]n peoples.<ref name="kerr"/> [[Christopher Columbus]] and his son [[Ferdinand Columbus|Ferdinand]] encountered the cocoa bean on Columbus's fourth mission to the Americas on 15 August 1502, when he and his crew stole a large native canoe that proved to contain cocoa beans among other goods for trade.<ref name=Exploratorium>{{cite journal| url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| title=The Sweet Lure of Chocolate| first=Jim| last=Spadaccini| access-date=3 March 2014| journal=[[Exploratorium]]| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314112753/http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| archive-date=14 March 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] may have been the first European to encounter it, as the frothy drink was part of the after-dinner routine of [[Montezuma II|Montezuma]].<ref name="Riches" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Solís y Ribadeneyra|first=Antonio de|author-link=Antonio de Solís|translator=Thomas Townsend|title=The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, done into English by Thomas Townsend|date=1685 |location=London|chapter=Book III Chapter XV|pages=336–38}}</ref> [[José de Acosta]], a Spanish [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, wrote of its growing influence on the Spaniards:
<blockquote>Although bananas are more profitable, cocoa is more highly esteemed in Mexico. . . Cocoa is a smaller fruit than almonds and thicker, which toasted do not taste bad. It is so prized among the Indians and even among Spaniards. . . because since it is a dried fruit it can be stored for a long time without deterioration, and they brings ships loaded with them from the [[Captaincy General of Guatemala|province of Guatemala]]. . . It also serves as currency, because with five cocoas you can buy one thing, with thirty another, and with a hundred something else, without there being contradiction; and they give these cocoas as alms to the poor who beg for them. The principal product of this cocoa is a concoction which they make that they call “chocolate,” which is a crazy thing treasured in that land, and those who are not accustomed are disgusted by it, because it has a foam on top and a bubbling like that of feces, which certainly takes a lot to put up with. Anyway, it is the prized beverage which the Indians offer to nobles who come to or pass through their lands; and the Spaniards, especially Spanish women born in those lands die for black chocolate. This aforementioned chocolate is said to be made in various forms and temperaments, hot, cold, and lukewarm. They are wont to use spices and much chili; they also make it into a paste, and it is said that it is a medicine to treat coughs, the stomach, and colds. Whatever may be the case, in fact those who have not been reared on this opinion are not appetized by it.<ref name="Originarios">{{cite web |last1=de Acosta |first1=José |title=Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias |url=https://pueblosoriginarios.com/textos/acosta/4-22.html |website=Pueblos Originarios |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

While Columbus had taken cocoa beans with him back to Spain,<ref name=Exploratorium/> chocolate made no impact until Spanish friars introduced it to the Spanish court.<ref name="kerr"/> After the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe. There, it quickly became a court favorite. It was still served as a beverage, but the Spanish added sugar, as well as honey (the original sweetener used by the Aztecs for chocolate), to counteract the natural bitterness.<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite journal | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/?no-ist | title = A Brief History of Chocolate | first =Amanda |last=Bensen|journal=Smithsonian Magazine | date = 1 March 2008 | access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> [[Vanilla]], another indigenous American introduction, was also a popular additive, with pepper and other spices sometimes used to give the illusion of a more potent vanilla flavor. Unfortunately, these spices tended to unsettle the European constitution; the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' states, "The pleasant scent and sublime taste it imparts to chocolate have made it highly recommended; but a long experience having shown that it could potentially upset one's stomach", which is why chocolate without vanilla was sometimes referred to as "healthy chocolate".<ref>Diderot, Denis. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.474 "Chocolate."] in The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Colleen Oberc, Samantha Schaeffer, and Courtney Wilder. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 2015. Trans. of "Chocolat," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 3. Paris, 1753."</ref> By 1602, chocolate had made its way from Spain to Austria.<ref name="Szogyi1997">{{cite book|last=Szogyi|first=Alex|title=Chocolate: Food of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30506-1|page=199|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093210/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> By 1662, [[Pope Alexander VII]] had declared that religious fasts were not broken by consuming chocolate drinks. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a foothold throughout Europe.<ref name="kerr"/>

The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 1600s and late 1800s, the laborious and slow processing of the cocoa bean was manual.<ref name="kerr"/> Cocoa plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves. Wind-powered and horse-drawn mills were used to speed production, augmenting human labor. Heating the working areas of the table-mill, an innovation that emerged in France in 1732, also assisted in extraction.<ref>{{cite book|page=219|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Philip K.|editor2-last=Hurst|editor2-first=W. Jeffrey |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|doi=10.1039/9781782622802|title=Chocolate and Health|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84973-912-2}}</ref>

===Nutrition===
A 100-gram serving of milk chocolate supplies 540 [[calories]]. It is 59% [[carbohydrates]] (52% as [[sugar]] and 3% as [[dietary fiber]]), 30% fat and 8% [[protein]] (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is [[saturated fat|saturated]], mainly [[palmitic acid]] and [[stearic acid]], while the predominant [[unsaturated fat]] is [[oleic acid]] (table).

100-grams of milk chocolate is an ''excellent source'' (over 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B12]] and the [[dietary minerals]], [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]] and [[zinc]]. Chocolate is a ''good source'' (10–19% DV) of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]].

==See also==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Almond|title=Candyfreak: A Journey Through the Chocolate Underbelly of America|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-56512-421-9|title-link=Candyfreak}}
* {{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470411315|title=Chocolate|year=2009|isbn=9780470411315|editor1-last=Grivetti|editor1-first=Louis Evan|editor2-last=Shapiro|editor2-first=Howard-Yana}}
* Norton, Marcy. ''Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World'' (Cornell UP, 2008)
* {{Cite book|last=Off|first=Carol|author-link=Carol Off|title=Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59558-330-7|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc}}
* Rosenblum, Mort (2006). ''Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light''. North Point Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86547-730-8}}
* Ryan, Órla (2011). ''Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa''. Zed Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84813-005-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Squicciarini |first1=Mara P. |last2=Swinnen |first2=Johan |date=2016 |title=The Economics of Chocolate |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198726449}}
* Young, Allen M. (2007). ''The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao'' (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3044-9}}
*{{cite book |first1=Sophie D.|last1= Coe |first2=Michael D.|last2= Coe |title=The True History of Chocolate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v86CwAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77093-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chinchilla Mazariegos|first=Oswaldo|title=Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya|publisher=Yale University|year=2017|isbn=9780300207170|location=USA}}

==External links==

* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea "Chocolate and Tea"], American Enterprise Exhibition, National Museum of American History (exhibit on 18th century American trade)

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Indigenous Chocolate

2022-09-22T00:38:38Z

Colonel: More updates to the article

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indigenous Chocolate (Chocolata Inda)}}
{{Infobox alternative medicine
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption =
| pronounce =
| classification =
| modality =
| claims =
| topics =
| origyear = Prior to 1522
| origprop = Huottuja (Piaroa Tribe)
| laterprop = Biocolonialism
| seealso =
| MeshID = D002099
}}

{{Infobox brand
| name =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype =
| currentowner =
| producedby =
| country = 
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets =
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
| module = 
| module1 = 
}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Aztec. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440-1521.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Evidence of Pre-Columbian civilizations' discovery and use of cacao
| region = Mesoamerica
| image_alt =
| alternate_name =
| type =
| course =
| place_of_origin =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Cacao
| minor_ingredient=
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
| no_commons = true
}}

{{Infobox nutritional value|name = Theobroma cacao, whole kernel
| kJ = 954
| carbs = 57.90 g
| fat = 13.70 g
| protein = 19.60 g
| water = 3.00 g
| calcium_mg = 128
| iron_mg = 13.86
| phosphorus_mg = 734
| magnesium_mg = 499
| manganese_mg = 3.837
| sodium_mg = 21
| potassium_mg = 1524
| zinc_mg = 6.81
| Selenium_iu = 14.3
| caffeine = 230 mg
| opt1n = [[Theobromine]]
| opt1v = 2060 mg
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.1
| riboflavin_mg = 0.3
| niacin_mg = 0.4
| vitB6_mg = 0.0
| folate_ug = 11
| vitB12_ug = 0.7
| vitB5_mg = 0.5
| choline_mg = 46.1
| vitA_iu = 195
| vitE_mg = 0.5
| vitK_ug = 5.7
| cholesterol = 23 mg
| source_usda = 1
|bodystyle = width:300px
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169593/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Chocolata Inda''' or '''Indigenous Chocolate''' is a functional food, traditional medicine and religious sacrament made by the Indigenous Peoples of South America from fermented, dried, toasted and ground ''Theobroma cacao'' seed kernels. Cacao has been consumed in some form since at least the [[Olmec]] civilization (19th-11th century BCE),<ref name="powis">{{Cite journal |last1=Powis |first1=Terry G. |last2=Cyphers |first2=Ann |last3=Gaikwad |first3=Nilesh W. |last4=Grivetti |first4=Louis |last5=Cheong |first5=Kong |date=24 May 2011 |title=Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=21 |pages=8595–8600 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100620108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=21555564 |pmc=3102397|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8595P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=El Universal (Mexico City) |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html |title=Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000 años |date=29 July 2008 |location=Mexico City}}</ref> and the majority of Mesoamerican people ─ including the Maya and Aztecs ─ made chocolate beverages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican7.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=Field Museum |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Chocolate was first described in detail by Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma in 1631 in his book "Chocolata Inda".

The seeds of the cacao tree have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavor. After fermentation, the seeds are dried, cleaned, and roasted. The shell is removed to produce cacao nibs, which are then ground to cacao mass, unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it is called chocolate liquor.

Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world, and many foodstuffs involving chocolate exist, particularly [[dessert]]s, including [[chocolate cake|cakes]], [[chocolate pudding|pudding]], [[chocolate mousse|mousse]], [[chocolate brownie]]s, and [[chocolate chip cookie]]s. Many [[candy|candies]] are filled with or coated with sweetened chocolate. [[Chocolate bar]]s, either made of solid chocolate or other ingredients coated in chocolate, are eaten as [[snack]]s. Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes (such as eggs, hearts, coins) are traditional on certain Western holidays, including [[Christmas]], [[Easter egg#Chocolate eggs|Easter]], [[Valentine's Day]], and [[Hanukkah gelt|Hanukkah]]. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages, such as [[chocolate milk]] and [[hot chocolate]], and in some alcoholic drinks, such as [[creme de cacao]].

Although cocoa originated in the Americas, [[West Africa|West African countries]], particularly [[Côte d'Ivoire]] and [[Ghana]], are the leading producers of cocoa in the 21st century, accounting for some 60% of the world cocoa supply.

With some two million [[Child labour in cocoa production|children involved in the farming of cocoa]] in West Africa, [[Child labour in cocoa production#Child slavery and trafficking|child slavery and trafficking]] associated with the cocoa trade remain major concerns.<ref name="balch">{{cite web |author1=Oliver Balch |title=Child labour: the true cost of chocolate production |url=https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/child-labour-cocoa-production |publisher=Raconteur |access-date=7 January 2019 |date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="reuters2017">{{cite news |author1=Kieran Guilbert |title=Falling cocoa prices threaten child labor spike in Ghana, Ivory Coast |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-westafrica-cocoa-children/falling-cocoa-prices-threaten-child-labor-spike-in-ghana-ivory-coast-idUSKBN1931ZQ |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=Reuters |date=12 June 2017}}</ref> A 2018 report argued that international attempts to improve conditions for children were doomed to failure because of persistent poverty, absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more [[intensive farming]] of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor.<ref name=balch/>

==History==

===Mesoamerican usage===
Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for nearly all of its history. For example, one vessel found at an [[Olmec]] archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, dates chocolate's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC.<ref name="aj200712">{{cite journal |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |title=Oldest chocolate in the New World |author1=Terry G. Powis |author2=W. Jeffrey Hurst |author3=María del Carmen Rodríguez |author4=Ponciano Ortíz C. |author5=Michael Blake |author6=David Cheetham |author7=Michael D. Coe |author8=John G. Hodgson |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=81 |issue=314 |date=December 2007 |issn=0003-598X |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175643/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> On the Pacific coast of [[Chiapas]], Mexico, a [[Mokaya]] archaeological site provides evidence of cocoa beverages dating even earlier to 1900 BC.<ref name="sciencenow">{{cite news | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | first = Traci | last = Watson | title = Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America | date = 22 January 2013 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043647/http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/01/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | archive-date = 6 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="aj200712" /> The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found indicate the initial use of cocoa was not simply as a beverage, but the white pulp around the cocoa beans was likely used as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.<ref name="alc">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095415/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=New Chemical Analyses Take Confirmation Back 500 Years and Reveal that the Impetus for Cacao Cultivation was an Alcoholic Beverage|publisher=Penn Museum|year=2007|access-date=13 November 2007}}</ref>

An early Classic-period (460–480 AD) Maya tomb from the site in Rio Azul had vessels with the [[Maya script|Maya glyph]] for cocoa on them with residue of a chocolate drink, suggests the Maya were drinking chocolate around 400 AD.<ref name="Riches">{{Cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Robert|title=Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Ins., Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8109-5734-3}}</ref> Documents in [[Maya hieroglyphs]] stated chocolate was used for ceremonial purposes in addition to everyday life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican5.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Using Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The Maya grew cacao trees in their backyards<ref name="mayarule">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican3.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> and used the cocoa seeds the trees produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican4.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Making Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>

By the 15th century, the Aztecs had gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica and had adopted cocoa into their culture. They associated chocolate with [[Quetzalcoatl]], who, according to one legend, was cast away by the other gods for sharing chocolate with humans,<ref name="kerr"/> and identified its extrication from the pod with the removal of the human heart in sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | title = Aztecs and Cacao: the bittersweet past of chocolate | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 15 September 2009 | access-date = 8 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418180336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | archive-date = 18 April 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In contrast to the Maya, who liked their chocolate warm, the Aztecs drank it cold, seasoning it with a broad variety of additives, including the petals of the ''[[Cymbopetalum penduliflorum]]'' tree, [[chile pepper]], [[allspice]], [[vanilla]], and [[honey]].

The Aztecs were unable to grow cocoa themselves, as their home in the Mexican highlands was unsuitable for it, so chocolate was a luxury imported into the empire.<ref name="kerr"/> Those who lived in areas ruled by the Aztecs were required to offer cocoa seeds in payment of the tax they deemed "tribute".<ref name="kerr">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/chocolate/history.html |title=History of Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Cocoa beans were often used as currency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527012838/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2012 |title=When cocoa was used as currency – pre-Columbian America – The Fortunes of Money |last=Peniche Rivero |first=Piedad |access-date=26 June 2008 |newspaper=[[UNESCO Courier]] |year=1990}}</ref> For example, the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost 100 cocoa beans and one fresh [[avocado]] was worth three beans.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Bill|last=Buford|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|title=Notes of a Gastronome: Extreme Chocolate|magazine=The New Yorker|date=29 October 2007|access-date=17 May 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616173209/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>

The Maya and Aztecs associated cocoa with [[human sacrifice]], and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human [[blood]].{{sfnp|Coe|Coe|2013|p=46}}{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}
The Spanish royal chronicler [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] described a chocolate drink he had seen in [[Nicaragua]] in 1528, mixed with [[achiote]]: "because those people are fond of drinking human blood, to make this beverage seem like blood, they add a little achiote, so that it then turns red. ... and part of that foam is left on the lips and around the mouth, and when it is red for having achiote, it seems a horrific thing, because it seems like blood itself."{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}

===European adaptation===
{{See also|History of chocolate in Spain}}
[[File:Ca' Rezzonico - La cioccolata del mattino - Pietro Longhi.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Chocolate soon became a fashionable drink of the European nobility after the discovery of the Americas. ''The morning chocolate'' by [[Pietro Longhi]]; Venice, 1775–1780]]

Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the [[Central America]]n peoples.<ref name="kerr"/> [[Christopher Columbus]] and his son [[Ferdinand Columbus|Ferdinand]] encountered the cocoa bean on Columbus's fourth mission to the Americas on 15 August 1502, when he and his crew stole a large native canoe that proved to contain cocoa beans among other goods for trade.<ref name=Exploratorium>{{cite journal| url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| title=The Sweet Lure of Chocolate| first=Jim| last=Spadaccini| access-date=3 March 2014| journal=[[Exploratorium]]| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314112753/http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| archive-date=14 March 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] may have been the first European to encounter it, as the frothy drink was part of the after-dinner routine of [[Montezuma II|Montezuma]].<ref name="Riches" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Solís y Ribadeneyra|first=Antonio de|author-link=Antonio de Solís|translator=Thomas Townsend|title=The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, done into English by Thomas Townsend|date=1685 |location=London|chapter=Book III Chapter XV|pages=336–38}}</ref> [[José de Acosta]], a Spanish [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, wrote of its growing influence on the Spaniards:
<blockquote>Although bananas are more profitable, cocoa is more highly esteemed in Mexico. . . Cocoa is a smaller fruit than almonds and thicker, which toasted do not taste bad. It is so prized among the Indians and even among Spaniards. . . because since it is a dried fruit it can be stored for a long time without deterioration, and they brings ships loaded with them from the [[Captaincy General of Guatemala|province of Guatemala]]. . . It also serves as currency, because with five cocoas you can buy one thing, with thirty another, and with a hundred something else, without there being contradiction; and they give these cocoas as alms to the poor who beg for them. The principal product of this cocoa is a concoction which they make that they call “chocolate,” which is a crazy thing treasured in that land, and those who are not accustomed are disgusted by it, because it has a foam on top and a bubbling like that of feces, which certainly takes a lot to put up with. Anyway, it is the prized beverage which the Indians offer to nobles who come to or pass through their lands; and the Spaniards, especially Spanish women born in those lands die for black chocolate. This aforementioned chocolate is said to be made in various forms and temperaments, hot, cold, and lukewarm. They are wont to use spices and much chili; they also make it into a paste, and it is said that it is a medicine to treat coughs, the stomach, and colds. Whatever may be the case, in fact those who have not been reared on this opinion are not appetized by it.<ref name="Originarios">{{cite web |last1=de Acosta |first1=José |title=Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias |url=https://pueblosoriginarios.com/textos/acosta/4-22.html |website=Pueblos Originarios |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

While Columbus had taken cocoa beans with him back to Spain,<ref name=Exploratorium/> chocolate made no impact until Spanish friars introduced it to the Spanish court.<ref name="kerr"/> After the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe. There, it quickly became a court favorite. It was still served as a beverage, but the Spanish added sugar, as well as honey (the original sweetener used by the Aztecs for chocolate), to counteract the natural bitterness.<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite journal | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/?no-ist | title = A Brief History of Chocolate | first =Amanda |last=Bensen|journal=Smithsonian Magazine | date = 1 March 2008 | access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> [[Vanilla]], another indigenous American introduction, was also a popular additive, with pepper and other spices sometimes used to give the illusion of a more potent vanilla flavor. Unfortunately, these spices tended to unsettle the European constitution; the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' states, "The pleasant scent and sublime taste it imparts to chocolate have made it highly recommended; but a long experience having shown that it could potentially upset one's stomach", which is why chocolate without vanilla was sometimes referred to as "healthy chocolate".<ref>Diderot, Denis. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.474 "Chocolate."] in The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Colleen Oberc, Samantha Schaeffer, and Courtney Wilder. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 2015. Trans. of "Chocolat," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 3. Paris, 1753."</ref> By 1602, chocolate had made its way from Spain to Austria.<ref name="Szogyi1997">{{cite book|last=Szogyi|first=Alex|title=Chocolate: Food of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30506-1|page=199|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093210/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> By 1662, [[Pope Alexander VII]] had declared that religious fasts were not broken by consuming chocolate drinks. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a foothold throughout Europe.<ref name="kerr"/>

The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 1600s and late 1800s, the laborious and slow processing of the cocoa bean was manual.<ref name="kerr"/> Cocoa plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves. Wind-powered and horse-drawn mills were used to speed production, augmenting human labor. Heating the working areas of the table-mill, an innovation that emerged in France in 1732, also assisted in extraction.<ref>{{cite book|page=219|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Philip K.|editor2-last=Hurst|editor2-first=W. Jeffrey |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|doi=10.1039/9781782622802|title=Chocolate and Health|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84973-912-2}}</ref>

===Nutrition===
A 100-gram serving of milk chocolate supplies 540 [[calories]]. It is 59% [[carbohydrates]] (52% as [[sugar]] and 3% as [[dietary fiber]]), 30% fat and 8% [[protein]] (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is [[saturated fat|saturated]], mainly [[palmitic acid]] and [[stearic acid]], while the predominant [[unsaturated fat]] is [[oleic acid]] (table).

100-grams of milk chocolate is an ''excellent source'' (over 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B12]] and the [[dietary minerals]], [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]] and [[zinc]]. Chocolate is a ''good source'' (10–19% DV) of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]].

==See also==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Almond|title=Candyfreak: A Journey Through the Chocolate Underbelly of America|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-56512-421-9|title-link=Candyfreak}}
* {{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470411315|title=Chocolate|year=2009|isbn=9780470411315|editor1-last=Grivetti|editor1-first=Louis Evan|editor2-last=Shapiro|editor2-first=Howard-Yana}}
* Norton, Marcy. ''Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World'' (Cornell UP, 2008)
* {{Cite book|last=Off|first=Carol|author-link=Carol Off|title=Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59558-330-7|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc}}
* Rosenblum, Mort (2006). ''Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light''. North Point Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86547-730-8}}
* Ryan, Órla (2011). ''Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa''. Zed Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84813-005-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Squicciarini |first1=Mara P. |last2=Swinnen |first2=Johan |date=2016 |title=The Economics of Chocolate |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198726449}}
* Young, Allen M. (2007). ''The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao'' (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3044-9}}
*{{cite book |first1=Sophie D.|last1= Coe |first2=Michael D.|last2= Coe |title=The True History of Chocolate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v86CwAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77093-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chinchilla Mazariegos|first=Oswaldo|title=Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya|publisher=Yale University|year=2017|isbn=9780300207170|location=USA}}

==External links==

* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea "Chocolate and Tea"], American Enterprise Exhibition, National Museum of American History (exhibit on 18th century American trade)

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Indigenous Chocolate

2022-09-22T00:09:21Z

Colonel:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indigenous Chocolate (Chocolata Inda)}}
{{Infobox alternative medicine
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption =
| pronounce =
| classification =
| modality =
| claims =
| topics =
| origyear = Prior to 1522
| origprop = Huottuja (Piaroa Tribe)
| laterprop = Biocolonialism
| seealso =
| MeshID = D002099, D000069956
}}

{{Infobox brand
| name =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype =
| currentowner =
| producedby =
| country = 
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets =
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
| module = 
| module1 = 
}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Aztec. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440-1521.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Evidence of Pre-Columbian civilizations' discovery and use of cacao
| region = Mesoamerica
| image_alt =
| alternate_name =
| type =
| course =
| place_of_origin =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Cacao
| minor_ingredient=
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
| no_commons = true
}}

{{Nutritional value|name = Theobroma cacao, whole kernel
| kJ = 954
| carbs = 57.90 g of which fibre approx. 33 g
| fat = 13.70 g
| protein = 19.60 g
| water = 3.00 g
| calcium_mg = 128
| iron_mg = 13.86
| phosphorus_mg = 734
| magnesium_mg = 499
| manganese_mg = 3.837
| sodium_mg = 21
| potassium_mg = 1524
| zinc_mg = 6.81
| Selenium_iu = 14.3
| caffeine = 230 mg
| opt1n = [[Theobromine]]
| opt1v = 2060 mg
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.1
| riboflavin_mg = 0.3
| niacin_mg = 0.4
| vitB6_mg = 0.0
| folate_ug = 11
| vitB12_ug = 0.7
| vitB5_mg = 0.5
| choline_mg = 46.1
| vitA_iu = 195
| vitE_mg = 0.5
| vitK_ug = 5.7
| cholesterol = 23 mg
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169593/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Chocolata Inda''' or '''Indigenous Chocolate''' is a functional food and traditional medicine made by the Indigenous Peoples of South America from fermented, dried, toasted and ground ''Theobroma cacao'' seed kernels. Cacao has been consumed in some form since at least the [[Olmec]] civilization (19th-11th century BCE),<ref name="powis">{{Cite journal |last1=Powis |first1=Terry G. |last2=Cyphers |first2=Ann |last3=Gaikwad |first3=Nilesh W. |last4=Grivetti |first4=Louis |last5=Cheong |first5=Kong |date=24 May 2011 |title=Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=21 |pages=8595–8600 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100620108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=21555564 |pmc=3102397|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8595P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html |title=Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000 años |date=29 July 2008 |location=Mexico City}}</ref> and the majority of [[Mesoamerican]] people ─ including the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] and [[Aztec]]s ─ made chocolate beverages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican7.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Chocolate was first described in detail by Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma in 1631 in his book "Chocolata Inda".

The seeds of the [[cacao tree]] have an intense [[bitter (taste)|bitter]] taste and must be [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] to develop the flavor. After fermentation, the seeds are dried, cleaned, and roasted. The shell is removed to produce cocoa nibs, which are then ground to [[cocoa mass]], unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it is called [[chocolate liquor]]. The liquor may also be cooled and processed into its two components: [[cocoa solids]] and [[cocoa butter]]. [[Baking chocolate]], also called bitter chocolate, contains cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions, without any [[added sugar]]. Powdered baking cocoa, which contains more [[dietary fiber|fiber]] than cocoa butter, can be processed with [[alkali]] to produce [[dutch process chocolate|dutch cocoa]]. Much of the chocolate consumed today is in the form of [[sweet chocolate]], a combination of cocoa solids, cocoa butter or added vegetable oils, and sugar. [[Milk chocolate]] is sweet chocolate that additionally contains [[milk powder]] or [[condensed milk]]. [[White chocolate]] contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk, but no cocoa solids.

Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world, and many foodstuffs involving chocolate exist, particularly [[dessert]]s, including [[chocolate cake|cakes]], [[chocolate pudding|pudding]], [[chocolate mousse|mousse]], [[chocolate brownie]]s, and [[chocolate chip cookie]]s. Many [[candy|candies]] are filled with or coated with sweetened chocolate. [[Chocolate bar]]s, either made of solid chocolate or other ingredients coated in chocolate, are eaten as [[snack]]s. Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes (such as eggs, hearts, coins) are traditional on certain Western holidays, including [[Christmas]], [[Easter egg#Chocolate eggs|Easter]], [[Valentine's Day]], and [[Hanukkah gelt|Hanukkah]]. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages, such as [[chocolate milk]] and [[hot chocolate]], and in some alcoholic drinks, such as [[creme de cacao]].

Although cocoa originated in the Americas, [[West Africa|West African countries]], particularly [[Côte d'Ivoire]] and [[Ghana]], are the leading producers of cocoa in the 21st century, accounting for some 60% of the world cocoa supply.

With some two million [[Child labour in cocoa production|children involved in the farming of cocoa]] in West Africa, [[Child labour in cocoa production#Child slavery and trafficking|child slavery and trafficking]] associated with the cocoa trade remain major concerns.<ref name="balch">{{cite web |author1=Oliver Balch |title=Child labour: the true cost of chocolate production |url=https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/child-labour-cocoa-production |publisher=Raconteur |access-date=7 January 2019 |date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="reuters2017">{{cite news |author1=Kieran Guilbert |title=Falling cocoa prices threaten child labor spike in Ghana, Ivory Coast |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-westafrica-cocoa-children/falling-cocoa-prices-threaten-child-labor-spike-in-ghana-ivory-coast-idUSKBN1931ZQ |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=Reuters |date=12 June 2017}}</ref> A 2018 report argued that international attempts to improve conditions for children were doomed to failure because of persistent poverty, absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more [[intensive farming]] of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor.<ref name=balch/>

==History==

===Mesoamerican usage===
Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for nearly all of its history. For example, one vessel found at an [[Olmec]] archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, dates chocolate's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC.<ref name="aj200712">{{cite journal |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |title=Oldest chocolate in the New World |author1=Terry G. Powis |author2=W. Jeffrey Hurst |author3=María del Carmen Rodríguez |author4=Ponciano Ortíz C. |author5=Michael Blake |author6=David Cheetham |author7=Michael D. Coe |author8=John G. Hodgson |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=81 |issue=314 |date=December 2007 |issn=0003-598X |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175643/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> On the Pacific coast of [[Chiapas]], Mexico, a [[Mokaya]] archaeological site provides evidence of cocoa beverages dating even earlier to 1900 BC.<ref name="sciencenow">{{cite news | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | first = Traci | last = Watson | title = Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America | date = 22 January 2013 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043647/http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/01/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | archive-date = 6 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="aj200712" /> The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found indicate the initial use of cocoa was not simply as a beverage, but the white pulp around the cocoa beans was likely used as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.<ref name="alc">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095415/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=New Chemical Analyses Take Confirmation Back 500 Years and Reveal that the Impetus for Cacao Cultivation was an Alcoholic Beverage|publisher=Penn Museum|year=2007|access-date=13 November 2007}}</ref>

An early Classic-period (460–480 AD) Maya tomb from the site in Rio Azul had vessels with the [[Maya script|Maya glyph]] for cocoa on them with residue of a chocolate drink, suggests the Maya were drinking chocolate around 400 AD.<ref name="Riches">{{Cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Robert|title=Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Ins., Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8109-5734-3}}</ref> Documents in [[Maya hieroglyphs]] stated chocolate was used for ceremonial purposes in addition to everyday life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican5.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Using Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The Maya grew cacao trees in their backyards<ref name="mayarule">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican3.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> and used the cocoa seeds the trees produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican4.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Making Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>

By the 15th century, the Aztecs had gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica and had adopted cocoa into their culture. They associated chocolate with [[Quetzalcoatl]], who, according to one legend, was cast away by the other gods for sharing chocolate with humans,<ref name="kerr"/> and identified its extrication from the pod with the removal of the human heart in sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | title = Aztecs and Cacao: the bittersweet past of chocolate | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 15 September 2009 | access-date = 8 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418180336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | archive-date = 18 April 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In contrast to the Maya, who liked their chocolate warm, the Aztecs drank it cold, seasoning it with a broad variety of additives, including the petals of the ''[[Cymbopetalum penduliflorum]]'' tree, [[chile pepper]], [[allspice]], [[vanilla]], and [[honey]].

The Aztecs were unable to grow cocoa themselves, as their home in the Mexican highlands was unsuitable for it, so chocolate was a luxury imported into the empire.<ref name="kerr"/> Those who lived in areas ruled by the Aztecs were required to offer cocoa seeds in payment of the tax they deemed "tribute".<ref name="kerr">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/chocolate/history.html |title=History of Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Cocoa beans were often used as currency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527012838/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2012 |title=When cocoa was used as currency – pre-Columbian America – The Fortunes of Money |last=Peniche Rivero |first=Piedad |access-date=26 June 2008 |newspaper=[[UNESCO Courier]] |year=1990}}</ref> For example, the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost 100 cocoa beans and one fresh [[avocado]] was worth three beans.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Bill|last=Buford|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|title=Notes of a Gastronome: Extreme Chocolate|magazine=The New Yorker|date=29 October 2007|access-date=17 May 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616173209/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>

The Maya and Aztecs associated cocoa with [[human sacrifice]], and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human [[blood]].{{sfnp|Coe|Coe|2013|p=46}}{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}
The Spanish royal chronicler [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] described a chocolate drink he had seen in [[Nicaragua]] in 1528, mixed with [[achiote]]: "because those people are fond of drinking human blood, to make this beverage seem like blood, they add a little achiote, so that it then turns red. ... and part of that foam is left on the lips and around the mouth, and when it is red for having achiote, it seems a horrific thing, because it seems like blood itself."{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}

===European adaptation===
{{See also|History of chocolate in Spain}}
[[File:Ca' Rezzonico - La cioccolata del mattino - Pietro Longhi.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Chocolate soon became a fashionable drink of the European nobility after the discovery of the Americas. ''The morning chocolate'' by [[Pietro Longhi]]; Venice, 1775–1780]]

Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the [[Central America]]n peoples.<ref name="kerr"/> [[Christopher Columbus]] and his son [[Ferdinand Columbus|Ferdinand]] encountered the cocoa bean on Columbus's fourth mission to the Americas on 15 August 1502, when he and his crew stole a large native canoe that proved to contain cocoa beans among other goods for trade.<ref name=Exploratorium>{{cite journal| url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| title=The Sweet Lure of Chocolate| first=Jim| last=Spadaccini| access-date=3 March 2014| journal=[[Exploratorium]]| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314112753/http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| archive-date=14 March 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] may have been the first European to encounter it, as the frothy drink was part of the after-dinner routine of [[Montezuma II|Montezuma]].<ref name="Riches" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Solís y Ribadeneyra|first=Antonio de|author-link=Antonio de Solís|translator=Thomas Townsend|title=The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, done into English by Thomas Townsend|date=1685 |location=London|chapter=Book III Chapter XV|pages=336–38}}</ref> [[José de Acosta]], a Spanish [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, wrote of its growing influence on the Spaniards:
<blockquote>Although bananas are more profitable, cocoa is more highly esteemed in Mexico. . . Cocoa is a smaller fruit than almonds and thicker, which toasted do not taste bad. It is so prized among the Indians and even among Spaniards. . . because since it is a dried fruit it can be stored for a long time without deterioration, and they brings ships loaded with them from the [[Captaincy General of Guatemala|province of Guatemala]]. . . It also serves as currency, because with five cocoas you can buy one thing, with thirty another, and with a hundred something else, without there being contradiction; and they give these cocoas as alms to the poor who beg for them. The principal product of this cocoa is a concoction which they make that they call “chocolate,” which is a crazy thing treasured in that land, and those who are not accustomed are disgusted by it, because it has a foam on top and a bubbling like that of feces, which certainly takes a lot to put up with. Anyway, it is the prized beverage which the Indians offer to nobles who come to or pass through their lands; and the Spaniards, especially Spanish women born in those lands die for black chocolate. This aforementioned chocolate is said to be made in various forms and temperaments, hot, cold, and lukewarm. They are wont to use spices and much chili; they also make it into a paste, and it is said that it is a medicine to treat coughs, the stomach, and colds. Whatever may be the case, in fact those who have not been reared on this opinion are not appetized by it.<ref name="Originarios">{{cite web |last1=de Acosta |first1=José |title=Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias |url=https://pueblosoriginarios.com/textos/acosta/4-22.html |website=Pueblos Originarios |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

While Columbus had taken cocoa beans with him back to Spain,<ref name=Exploratorium/> chocolate made no impact until Spanish friars introduced it to the Spanish court.<ref name="kerr"/> After the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe. There, it quickly became a court favorite. It was still served as a beverage, but the Spanish added sugar, as well as honey (the original sweetener used by the Aztecs for chocolate), to counteract the natural bitterness.<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite journal | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/?no-ist | title = A Brief History of Chocolate | first =Amanda |last=Bensen|journal=Smithsonian Magazine | date = 1 March 2008 | access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> [[Vanilla]], another indigenous American introduction, was also a popular additive, with pepper and other spices sometimes used to give the illusion of a more potent vanilla flavor. Unfortunately, these spices tended to unsettle the European constitution; the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' states, "The pleasant scent and sublime taste it imparts to chocolate have made it highly recommended; but a long experience having shown that it could potentially upset one's stomach", which is why chocolate without vanilla was sometimes referred to as "healthy chocolate".<ref>Diderot, Denis. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.474 "Chocolate."] in The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Colleen Oberc, Samantha Schaeffer, and Courtney Wilder. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 2015. Trans. of "Chocolat," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 3. Paris, 1753."</ref> By 1602, chocolate had made its way from Spain to Austria.<ref name="Szogyi1997">{{cite book|last=Szogyi|first=Alex|title=Chocolate: Food of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30506-1|page=199|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093210/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> By 1662, [[Pope Alexander VII]] had declared that religious fasts were not broken by consuming chocolate drinks. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a foothold throughout Europe.<ref name="kerr"/>

The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 1600s and late 1800s, the laborious and slow processing of the cocoa bean was manual.<ref name="kerr"/> Cocoa plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves. Wind-powered and horse-drawn mills were used to speed production, augmenting human labor. Heating the working areas of the table-mill, an innovation that emerged in France in 1732, also assisted in extraction.<ref>{{cite book|page=219|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Philip K.|editor2-last=Hurst|editor2-first=W. Jeffrey |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|doi=10.1039/9781782622802|title=Chocolate and Health|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84973-912-2}}</ref>

===Nutrition===
A 100-gram serving of milk chocolate supplies 540 [[calories]]. It is 59% [[carbohydrates]] (52% as [[sugar]] and 3% as [[dietary fiber]]), 30% fat and 8% [[protein]] (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is [[saturated fat|saturated]], mainly [[palmitic acid]] and [[stearic acid]], while the predominant [[unsaturated fat]] is [[oleic acid]] (table).

100-grams of milk chocolate is an ''excellent source'' (over 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B12]] and the [[dietary minerals]], [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]] and [[zinc]]. Chocolate is a ''good source'' (10–19% DV) of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]].

==See also==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Almond|title=Candyfreak: A Journey Through the Chocolate Underbelly of America|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-56512-421-9|title-link=Candyfreak}}
* {{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470411315|title=Chocolate|year=2009|isbn=9780470411315|editor1-last=Grivetti|editor1-first=Louis Evan|editor2-last=Shapiro|editor2-first=Howard-Yana}}
* Norton, Marcy. ''Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World'' (Cornell UP, 2008)
* {{Cite book|last=Off|first=Carol|author-link=Carol Off|title=Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59558-330-7|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc}}
* Rosenblum, Mort (2006). ''Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light''. North Point Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86547-730-8}}
* Ryan, Órla (2011). ''Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa''. Zed Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84813-005-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Squicciarini |first1=Mara P. |last2=Swinnen |first2=Johan |date=2016 |title=The Economics of Chocolate |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198726449}}
* Young, Allen M. (2007). ''The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao'' (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3044-9}}
*{{cite book |first1=Sophie D.|last1= Coe |first2=Michael D.|last2= Coe |title=The True History of Chocolate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v86CwAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77093-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chinchilla Mazariegos|first=Oswaldo|title=Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya|publisher=Yale University|year=2017|isbn=9780300207170|location=USA}}

==External links==

* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea "Chocolate and Tea"], American Enterprise Exhibition, National Museum of American History (exhibit on 18th century American trade)

Indigenous Chocolate

2022-09-21T22:46:07Z

Colonel: Protected "Indigenous Chocolate": This is a special article that will be used to prove that Indigenous Peoples invented and discovered chocolate before the invention was misappropriated and biocolonialized. ([Edit=Protect from non-authors] (indefinite) [Move=Protect from non-authors] (indefinite))

{{Infobox alternative medicine
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption =
| pronounce =
| classification =
| modality =
| claims =
| topics =
| origyear = Prior to 1522
| origprop = Huottuja (Piaroa Tribe)
| laterprop = Biocolonialism
| seealso =
| MeshID =
}}

{{Infobox brand
| name =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype =
| currentowner =
| producedby =
| country = 
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets =
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
| module = 
| module1 = 
}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Indigenous Chocolate
| image = File:Aztec. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440-1521.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Evidence of Pre-Columbian civilizations' discovery and use of cacao
| region = Mesoamerica
| image_alt =
| alternate_name =
| type =
| course =
| place_of_origin =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Cacao
| minor_ingredient=
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
| no_commons = true
}}

'''Chocolate''' is a [[food]] made from roasted and ground [[cacao seed]] kernels, that is available as a liquid, solid or paste, on its own or as a [[flavoring agent]] in other foods. Cacao has been consumed in some form since at least the [[Olmec]] civilization (19th-11th century BCE),<ref name="powis">{{Cite journal |last1=Powis |first1=Terry G. |last2=Cyphers |first2=Ann |last3=Gaikwad |first3=Nilesh W. |last4=Grivetti |first4=Louis |last5=Cheong |first5=Kong |date=24 May 2011 |title=Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=21 |pages=8595–8600 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100620108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=21555564 |pmc=3102397|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8595P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html |title=Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000 años |date=29 July 2008 |location=Mexico City}}</ref> and the majority of [[Mesoamerican]] people ─ including the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] and [[Aztec]]s ─ made chocolate beverages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican7.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref>

The seeds of the [[cacao tree]] have an intense [[bitter (taste)|bitter]] taste and must be [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] to develop the flavor. After fermentation, the seeds are dried, cleaned, and roasted. The shell is removed to produce cocoa nibs, which are then ground to [[cocoa mass]], unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it is called [[chocolate liquor]]. The liquor may also be cooled and processed into its two components: [[cocoa solids]] and [[cocoa butter]]. [[Baking chocolate]], also called bitter chocolate, contains cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions, without any [[added sugar]]. Powdered baking cocoa, which contains more [[dietary fiber|fiber]] than cocoa butter, can be processed with [[alkali]] to produce [[dutch process chocolate|dutch cocoa]]. Much of the chocolate consumed today is in the form of [[sweet chocolate]], a combination of cocoa solids, cocoa butter or added vegetable oils, and sugar. [[Milk chocolate]] is sweet chocolate that additionally contains [[milk powder]] or [[condensed milk]]. [[White chocolate]] contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk, but no cocoa solids.

Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world, and many foodstuffs involving chocolate exist, particularly [[dessert]]s, including [[chocolate cake|cakes]], [[chocolate pudding|pudding]], [[chocolate mousse|mousse]], [[chocolate brownie]]s, and [[chocolate chip cookie]]s. Many [[candy|candies]] are filled with or coated with sweetened chocolate. [[Chocolate bar]]s, either made of solid chocolate or other ingredients coated in chocolate, are eaten as [[snack]]s. Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes (such as eggs, hearts, coins) are traditional on certain Western holidays, including [[Christmas]], [[Easter egg#Chocolate eggs|Easter]], [[Valentine's Day]], and [[Hanukkah gelt|Hanukkah]]. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages, such as [[chocolate milk]] and [[hot chocolate]], and in some alcoholic drinks, such as [[creme de cacao]].

Although cocoa originated in the Americas, [[West Africa|West African countries]], particularly [[Côte d'Ivoire]] and [[Ghana]], are the leading producers of cocoa in the 21st century, accounting for some 60% of the world cocoa supply.

With some two million [[Child labour in cocoa production|children involved in the farming of cocoa]] in West Africa, [[Child labour in cocoa production#Child slavery and trafficking|child slavery and trafficking]] associated with the cocoa trade remain major concerns.<ref name="balch">{{cite web |author1=Oliver Balch |title=Child labour: the true cost of chocolate production |url=https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/child-labour-cocoa-production |publisher=Raconteur |access-date=7 January 2019 |date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="reuters2017">{{cite news |author1=Kieran Guilbert |title=Falling cocoa prices threaten child labor spike in Ghana, Ivory Coast |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-westafrica-cocoa-children/falling-cocoa-prices-threaten-child-labor-spike-in-ghana-ivory-coast-idUSKBN1931ZQ |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=Reuters |date=12 June 2017}}</ref> A 2018 report argued that international attempts to improve conditions for children were doomed to failure because of persistent poverty, absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more [[intensive farming]] of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor.<ref name=balch/>

==History==

===Mesoamerican usage===
Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for nearly all of its history. For example, one vessel found at an [[Olmec]] archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, dates chocolate's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC.<ref name="aj200712">{{cite journal |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |title=Oldest chocolate in the New World |author1=Terry G. Powis |author2=W. Jeffrey Hurst |author3=María del Carmen Rodríguez |author4=Ponciano Ortíz C. |author5=Michael Blake |author6=David Cheetham |author7=Michael D. Coe |author8=John G. Hodgson |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=81 |issue=314 |date=December 2007 |issn=0003-598X |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175643/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/powis/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> On the Pacific coast of [[Chiapas]], Mexico, a [[Mokaya]] archaeological site provides evidence of cocoa beverages dating even earlier to 1900 BC.<ref name="sciencenow">{{cite news | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | first = Traci | last = Watson | title = Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America | date = 22 January 2013 | work = Science | access-date = 3 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043647/http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/01/earliest-evidence-chocolate-north-america | archive-date = 6 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="aj200712" /> The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found indicate the initial use of cocoa was not simply as a beverage, but the white pulp around the cocoa beans was likely used as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.<ref name="alc">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095415/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/news/fullrelease.php?which=306|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=New Chemical Analyses Take Confirmation Back 500 Years and Reveal that the Impetus for Cacao Cultivation was an Alcoholic Beverage|publisher=Penn Museum|year=2007|access-date=13 November 2007}}</ref>

An early Classic-period (460–480 AD) Maya tomb from the site in Rio Azul had vessels with the [[Maya script|Maya glyph]] for cocoa on them with residue of a chocolate drink, suggests the Maya were drinking chocolate around 400 AD.<ref name="Riches">{{Cite book|last=Burleigh|first=Robert|title=Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Ins., Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8109-5734-3}}</ref> Documents in [[Maya hieroglyphs]] stated chocolate was used for ceremonial purposes in addition to everyday life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican5.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Using Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The Maya grew cacao trees in their backyards<ref name="mayarule">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican3.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Obtaining Cacao |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> and used the cocoa seeds the trees produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican4.html |title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. (A.D.) – Making Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>

By the 15th century, the Aztecs had gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica and had adopted cocoa into their culture. They associated chocolate with [[Quetzalcoatl]], who, according to one legend, was cast away by the other gods for sharing chocolate with humans,<ref name="kerr"/> and identified its extrication from the pod with the removal of the human heart in sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | title = Aztecs and Cacao: the bittersweet past of chocolate | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 15 September 2009 | access-date = 8 March 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418180336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/6194447/Aztecs-and-cacao-the-bittersweet-past-of-chocolate.html | archive-date = 18 April 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In contrast to the Maya, who liked their chocolate warm, the Aztecs drank it cold, seasoning it with a broad variety of additives, including the petals of the ''[[Cymbopetalum penduliflorum]]'' tree, [[chile pepper]], [[allspice]], [[vanilla]], and [[honey]].

The Aztecs were unable to grow cocoa themselves, as their home in the Mexican highlands was unsuitable for it, so chocolate was a luxury imported into the empire.<ref name="kerr"/> Those who lived in areas ruled by the Aztecs were required to offer cocoa seeds in payment of the tax they deemed "tribute".<ref name="kerr">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/chocolate/history.html |title=History of Chocolate |publisher=[[Field Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Cocoa beans were often used as currency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527012838/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_Jan/ai_8560999 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2012 |title=When cocoa was used as currency – pre-Columbian America – The Fortunes of Money |last=Peniche Rivero |first=Piedad |access-date=26 June 2008 |newspaper=[[UNESCO Courier]] |year=1990}}</ref> For example, the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost 100 cocoa beans and one fresh [[avocado]] was worth three beans.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Bill|last=Buford|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|title=Notes of a Gastronome: Extreme Chocolate|magazine=The New Yorker|date=29 October 2007|access-date=17 May 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616173209/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_buford|archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>

The Maya and Aztecs associated cocoa with [[human sacrifice]], and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human [[blood]].{{sfnp|Coe|Coe|2013|p=46}}{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}
The Spanish royal chronicler [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] described a chocolate drink he had seen in [[Nicaragua]] in 1528, mixed with [[achiote]]: "because those people are fond of drinking human blood, to make this beverage seem like blood, they add a little achiote, so that it then turns red. ... and part of that foam is left on the lips and around the mouth, and when it is red for having achiote, it seems a horrific thing, because it seems like blood itself."{{sfnp|Chinchilla Mazariegos|2017|p=361}}

===European adaptation===
{{See also|History of chocolate in Spain}}
[[File:Ca' Rezzonico - La cioccolata del mattino - Pietro Longhi.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Chocolate soon became a fashionable drink of the European nobility after the discovery of the Americas. ''The morning chocolate'' by [[Pietro Longhi]]; Venice, 1775–1780]]

Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the [[Central America]]n peoples.<ref name="kerr"/> [[Christopher Columbus]] and his son [[Ferdinand Columbus|Ferdinand]] encountered the cocoa bean on Columbus's fourth mission to the Americas on 15 August 1502, when he and his crew stole a large native canoe that proved to contain cocoa beans among other goods for trade.<ref name=Exploratorium>{{cite journal| url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| title=The Sweet Lure of Chocolate| first=Jim| last=Spadaccini| access-date=3 March 2014| journal=[[Exploratorium]]| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314112753/http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/| archive-date=14 March 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] may have been the first European to encounter it, as the frothy drink was part of the after-dinner routine of [[Montezuma II|Montezuma]].<ref name="Riches" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Solís y Ribadeneyra|first=Antonio de|author-link=Antonio de Solís|translator=Thomas Townsend|title=The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, done into English by Thomas Townsend|date=1685 |location=London|chapter=Book III Chapter XV|pages=336–38}}</ref> [[José de Acosta]], a Spanish [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, wrote of its growing influence on the Spaniards:
<blockquote>Although bananas are more profitable, cocoa is more highly esteemed in Mexico. . . Cocoa is a smaller fruit than almonds and thicker, which toasted do not taste bad. It is so prized among the Indians and even among Spaniards. . . because since it is a dried fruit it can be stored for a long time without deterioration, and they brings ships loaded with them from the [[Captaincy General of Guatemala|province of Guatemala]]. . . It also serves as currency, because with five cocoas you can buy one thing, with thirty another, and with a hundred something else, without there being contradiction; and they give these cocoas as alms to the poor who beg for them. The principal product of this cocoa is a concoction which they make that they call “chocolate,” which is a crazy thing treasured in that land, and those who are not accustomed are disgusted by it, because it has a foam on top and a bubbling like that of feces, which certainly takes a lot to put up with. Anyway, it is the prized beverage which the Indians offer to nobles who come to or pass through their lands; and the Spaniards, especially Spanish women born in those lands die for black chocolate. This aforementioned chocolate is said to be made in various forms and temperaments, hot, cold, and lukewarm. They are wont to use spices and much chili; they also make it into a paste, and it is said that it is a medicine to treat coughs, the stomach, and colds. Whatever may be the case, in fact those who have not been reared on this opinion are not appetized by it.<ref name="Originarios">{{cite web |last1=de Acosta |first1=José |title=Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias |url=https://pueblosoriginarios.com/textos/acosta/4-22.html |website=Pueblos Originarios |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

While Columbus had taken cocoa beans with him back to Spain,<ref name=Exploratorium/> chocolate made no impact until Spanish friars introduced it to the Spanish court.<ref name="kerr"/> After the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe. There, it quickly became a court favorite. It was still served as a beverage, but the Spanish added sugar, as well as honey (the original sweetener used by the Aztecs for chocolate), to counteract the natural bitterness.<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite journal | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/?no-ist | title = A Brief History of Chocolate | first =Amanda |last=Bensen|journal=Smithsonian Magazine | date = 1 March 2008 | access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> [[Vanilla]], another indigenous American introduction, was also a popular additive, with pepper and other spices sometimes used to give the illusion of a more potent vanilla flavor. Unfortunately, these spices tended to unsettle the European constitution; the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' states, "The pleasant scent and sublime taste it imparts to chocolate have made it highly recommended; but a long experience having shown that it could potentially upset one's stomach", which is why chocolate without vanilla was sometimes referred to as "healthy chocolate".<ref>Diderot, Denis. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.474 "Chocolate."] in The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Colleen Oberc, Samantha Schaeffer, and Courtney Wilder. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 2015. Trans. of "Chocolat," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 3. Paris, 1753."</ref> By 1602, chocolate had made its way from Spain to Austria.<ref name="Szogyi1997">{{cite book|last=Szogyi|first=Alex|title=Chocolate: Food of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30506-1|page=199|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093210/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2LX4Zekxl8C&pg=PA199|archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> By 1662, [[Pope Alexander VII]] had declared that religious fasts were not broken by consuming chocolate drinks. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a foothold throughout Europe.<ref name="kerr"/>

The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 1600s and late 1800s, the laborious and slow processing of the cocoa bean was manual.<ref name="kerr"/> Cocoa plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves. Wind-powered and horse-drawn mills were used to speed production, augmenting human labor. Heating the working areas of the table-mill, an innovation that emerged in France in 1732, also assisted in extraction.<ref>{{cite book|page=219|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Philip K.|editor2-last=Hurst|editor2-first=W. Jeffrey |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|doi=10.1039/9781782622802|title=Chocolate and Health|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84973-912-2}}</ref>

==See also==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Almond|title=Candyfreak: A Journey Through the Chocolate Underbelly of America|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-56512-421-9|title-link=Candyfreak}}
* {{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470411315|title=Chocolate|year=2009|isbn=9780470411315|editor1-last=Grivetti|editor1-first=Louis Evan|editor2-last=Shapiro|editor2-first=Howard-Yana}}
* Norton, Marcy. ''Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World'' (Cornell UP, 2008)
* {{Cite book|last=Off|first=Carol|author-link=Carol Off|title=Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59558-330-7|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc}}
* Rosenblum, Mort (2006). ''Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light''. North Point Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86547-730-8}}
* Ryan, Órla (2011). ''Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa''. Zed Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84813-005-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Squicciarini |first1=Mara P. |last2=Swinnen |first2=Johan |date=2016 |title=The Economics of Chocolate |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198726449}}
* Young, Allen M. (2007). ''The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao'' (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3044-9}}
*{{cite book |first1=Sophie D.|last1= Coe |first2=Michael D.|last2= Coe |title=The True History of Chocolate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v86CwAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77093-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chinchilla Mazariegos|first=Oswaldo|title=Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya|publisher=Yale University|year=2017|isbn=9780300207170|location=USA}}

==External links==

* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea "Chocolate and Tea"], American Enterprise Exhibition, National Museum of American History (exhibit on 18th century American trade)

Indigenous Chocolate

2022-09-21T22:43:06Z

Colonel: Indigenous Chocolate Article

Ecology Crossroads

2022-09-18T01:00:38Z

Colonel: Links

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation, Inc.
| logo = File:Ecology_Crossroads_Trademark_512.png
| logo_size = 275px
| logo_caption = [[Ecology Crossroads]] by '''[[Globcal International]]'''
| logo_alt = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation
| nickname = Ecology Crossroads
| abbreviation = ECCFUS (US) & ECCFI (INT)
| named_after = Ecology at the Cross-Roads <ref>{{cite journal|name=Dr. Henry Neville Southern|title=Ecology at the Cross-Roads|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=11|publisher=British Ecological Society|date=April 1970 |language=English|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2401608}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| founding_location = Commonwealth of Kentucky
| established = {{start date and age|1994|04|12}}
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO) under the name [[Globcal International]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665 |url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=United Nations|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| headquarters = Madison County
| location = Kentucky
| location_city = Richmond
| location_country = [[United States]]
| coordinates = 
| map = {{Location map|United States|AlternativeMap=Usa edcp relief location map.png|width=300|float=none|caption=<center>Location of Ecology Crossroads (ECCFUS)<center/>|alt=Map of USA with mark showing location of Ecology Crossroads|label=Richmond, Kentucky|lat_deg=37.66|lon_deg=-84.26}}
| map_size = 100%
| map_alt = Usa edcp relief location map.png
| map_caption =
| language =
| tax_id = 61-1259384 (IRS)
| registration_id = 0329183 (KYSOS)
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Executive Council
| founder = Hon. David J. Wright
| merger = [[Globcal International]]
| type = Nonprofit, NGO, Charity
| purpose = 
| focus = Ecosystem services, Indigenous peoples rights, Ecosystem restoration, Biodiversity conservation
| professional_title = Honorable
| origins =
| region_served = 
| products = Initiatives, Missions and Programs
| services =
| methods = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaties, Multilateral diplomacy, International cooperation, Public diplomacy
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Col. David J. Wright
| leader_title2 = Treasurer
| leader_name2 = Col. Nicholas A. Wright
| leader_title3 = Registrar
| leader_name3 = Col. Maria Veneke Ylikomi
| leader_title4 = Gavelman
| leader_name4 = Col. Godfrey Brock-Gadd
| key_people = Board of Trustees
| subsidiaries = [[Globcal International]]
| affiliations = {{unbulleted list|Ekobius International|Indigenous Unity Flag|Huottuja Foundation|Theobroma Labs||Goodwill Ambassadors}}
| budget = <$50,000 USD
| budget_year =
| revenue = <$50,000 USD
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses = >$25,000 USD
| expenses_year =
| endowment = <$25,000 USD
| endowment_year =
| funding =
| staff = <3
| staff_year =
| volunteers = >100
| volunteers_year =
| awards =
| remarks =
| footnotes = Kentucky Nonprofit Corporation
| bodystyle =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ecooperator.org|'''Ecology Crossroads'''}}
}}

'''Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation''' is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable organization founded in Kentucky in 1994<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenCorporates|date=April 12, 1994|title=ECOLOGY CROSSROADS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0329183|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to address the Earth Charter which began in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro as Agenda 21.<ref>{{cite web|author=GuideStar|title=Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation - Candid|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/61-1259384|url-status=live|website=GuideStar|publisher=Candid|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> The organization made a significant impact on the American landscape between 1994 and 2000 by distributing nearly 10 million trees across the United States in a number of large scale events aimed at assisting victims of natural disasters caused by climate change related weather events. Today, according to their website the organization is dedicated to preserving biodiversity, environmental conservation and defending the rights of Indigenous peoples in the Americas through an array of programs and objectives it sponsors or manages through [[Globcal International]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Globcal International - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11bc63stqn|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref> which became its subsidiary in 2020 when it was backflipped into Ecology Crossroads in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecology Crossroads - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11r2j2xx1t|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref>

The COVID pandemic dramatically hampered the organization's plans in 2020 and it took more than nine months to get the nonprofit status back as a charity, finally in November they could begin raising funds and accepting donations, but were still under limited public and social places amenable to any of the programs during the pandemic precautions. Finally in December of 2021, enough of the organization's credentials were returned to receive a Platinum Seal on GuideStar by Candid.

== Mission Related Investments ==
Instead of collecting donations Ecology Crossroads called for some reorganization of membership policies with its new subsidiary to make it easier for student interns, professionals, volunteers and writers to become engaged in the Globcal International Cooperative Society which now overlaps with Ecology Crossroads providing its professional and administrative services. The Globcal International decentralized infrastructure uses Google Cloud Identity and Google for Nonprofits.

In 2021-2022 the organization worked to develop an Indigenous standard for cacao, cupuacu, medicinal plants and fair-wild collection; this led to delving deeper into the law when it was discovered that there were many more intellectual property discoveries; this has evolved to the development of carbon offset credits that can be registered as "clean development mechanisms" (CDMs) by corporations through Globcal International establishing a Mission-Related Investment and Charitable Activity Bonds to create sustainable financing for ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. Investors are essentially leasing forest land to watch the trees, their trees.

== Three Decades of History ==
'''ECCFUS (US)''' or '''ECCFI (INT)''' (2022) or just simply '''Ecology Crossroads''' was started to address climate-change long before the term was created.<ref name="sos">{{cite web|date=April 12, 1994|title=Articles of Incorporation|url=https://web.sos.ky.gov/corpscans/83/0329183-09-99999-19940412-ART-2291972-PU.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Kentucky Secretary of State|publisher=Secretary of State of Kentucky Corporation Register|type=Constitutional Document|format=PDF}}</ref> It is clear the organization was developed to plant a forest of trees according to the Washington Post<ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Steve|date=February 23, 1995|title=Saving a Forest of Surplus Trees|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/02/23/saving-a-forest-of-surplus-trees/25ef2283-d7cb-4345-a99e-b8894f31cd2a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and to serve as one responsible for delivering aid to disaster victims by helping them recover urban landscapes in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 29, 1996|title=Branching Out to North Carolina|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/691058939|page=33|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|type=Feature article.|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The organization was founded by Col. David Wright, an American conservationist responsible for coordinating and organizing the Earth Day Society in Delaware in 1990. Wright took up the public charge founded by Gaylord Nelson under Denis Hayes at Earth Day Headquarters in San Francisco by setting up an Earth Day campaign office with friend, Michael S. Gallagher from the University of Delaware to coordinate activities from April 22 until April 29 which reached over 800,000 people from the top to the bottom of the small state followed by a four-day exposition at the Cristiana Mall which attracted nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 28, 1990|title=Earth Expo at Christiana Mall|page=5|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159594034|url-status=live|work=|type=Announcement.|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> His Earth Week program was started based on his connections in the state with wealthy estate owners, corporate executives and politicians after founding the Endangered Turtle Protection Foundation of the Americas in 1989<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 1989|title=ENDANGERED TURTLE PROTECTION FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAS :: Delaware (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2205842|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to protect native endangered turtle species on their estates and within the adjacent countryside of Greenville, Delaware.<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=January 01, 1990|title=New Group Seeks to Protect Turtles|page=11|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159552299|url-status=live|work=|type=|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

=== Community Tree Distribution Program ===
The organization was started by carrying on the legacy of the success Wright had in Delaware, the popularity of Earth Day and Arbor Day ideas to Kentucky, he organized similar events in 1993 in Louisville and Lexington that were not so well attended, reviewed or of much interest in the bluegrass and bourbon state. In 1994 Wright had the foresight to add natural disaster recovery efforts following ice storms, tornadoes and hurricanes, rural beautification and suburban forestry together in a perfect storm in the months following areas impacted by distributing trees. It started with ice, falling trees and the goodwill of tree farmers in Western Pennsylvania in 1994. Wright founded the organization in Lexington based on a grant he received from the City Council to distribute 100,000 tree saplings from 18-36" tall, with their support, the organization managed to recruit major sponsors and received the support of the Lexington Herald-Leader to run public service announcements in the newspaper. The organization distributed 97,000 trees and repeated the program the following weekend distributing 50,000 more.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 27, 1994|title=Ice Storms Could Have a Silver Lining for Trees|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/690507295|page=49|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Free Trees: Community Tree Program|page=21|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/178108027|url-status=live|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|access-date=2022-02-10|language=en-US|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

=== Defending the Right to Celebrate Arbor Day ===
Ecology Crossroads repeated its routine in Sewell, Southern New Jersey in the Fall which was also greatly affected by the ice-storms in 1994, the event drew people from New York, Philadelphia and Delaware having heard about it on the radio. In 1995, the organization opened an office in Delaware focusing the tree program on the ideas of Spring, urban forestry and beautification of home landscapes. The '''"Community Tree Distribution Program"''' was held in Washington DC, Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia. After distributing several million trees everything was leafy for the organization until 1996 when the National Arbor Day Foundation sued Ecology Crossroads for trademark infringement after the organization launched websites using the generic TLDs '''arborday.com''' and '''freetrees.com''' to distribute trees to anyone-anywhere under the trade names Arbor Day, Arbor Day USA and Arbor Day Free Tree Program. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) weighed in with its opinion on May 03, 1999 calling the lawsuit frivolous and a "crying shame" favoring an positive outcome for Ecology Crossroads and the "Arbor Day Free Tree Program" it developed.

Ecology Crossroads was cornering the market on Arbor Day by using the presidentially proclaimed celebratory observance<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation 6554—National Arbor Day, 1993 {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-6554-national-arbor-day-1993|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> from within the realm of the public domain with Arbor Day and tapping into the traditional history going back to 1872 by questioning who made the tree planting holiday a national and international concept J. Sterling Morton or Birdsey Northrup?

The lawsuit was settled when Ecology Crossroads agreed to sell the websites to the nonprofit for an undisclosed sum (<$50,000 plus court costs) and the dismissal of the case with prejudice in 1999. In 2000 some of the directors branched off to start a new program called Trees4Tomorrow in San Bernardino, California; but the program did not grow roots because of high California agricultural standards and the organization's source of trees being in Pennsylvania. Since California prefers its own trees, they were forced to hold their first program in Reno, Nevada in April.

=== Sacrificing the letter "S" for Kentucky Colonels ===
In 2020, Ecology Crossroads returned to Kentucky to make it home once again, reinstating the nonprofit and filing assumed name certificates to do business as Globcal International (established in 2009) and Kentucky Colonels International (unincorporated civil society online since 1998). Less than a month later, Ecology Crossroads found itself named in another trademark dispute, this time with the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (HOKC) claiming that the organization was confusing its members by using the trademark KENTUCKY COLONELS both online and under Kentucky common law, after a year of litigation in the U.S. District Court the case was settled by the parties in a court ordered settlement conference, resulting in a mediated settlement agreement and permanent injunction over use of the HOKC trademark with a negotiated paragraph dedicated to the protection of the Kentucky Colonel Honorable Title. Ecology Crossroads converted the unnamed online association to Commonwealth Colonels then Kentucky Colonelcy, which since the lawsuit ended in February 2021, has become the most authoritative historical creative commons work ever prepared about the founders of Kentucky starting in 1775 and proving false the story of the aide-de-camp and the first colonel appearing in 1813. It is clear from reviewing the Kentucky Colonelcy website that Kentucky was founded by colonels and so was America, half of the Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence held the title of colonel according to the new group, American Colonels.

==See also==
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[Globcal International]]
*[[Kentucky Colonelcy]] (Website)
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]

[[Category:Nonprofit organizations]]
[[Category:Goodwill ambassador programmes]]
[[Category:Carbon capture and sequestration]]
[[Category:Charitable organizations]]

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Globcal International

2022-09-18T00:42:58Z

Colonel: Clean up

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Globcal International (Cooperative Society)}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = {{resize|1.2em|Globcal International}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Appel|first=Benjamin J.|date=January 2018|title=Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=1|pages=274–287|doi=10.1086/694256}}</ref><ref name="Website">{{cite web|author1=David J. Wright|author2=Maria Veneke Ylikomi|author3=Luis Cruz Diaz|author4=Nicholas Wright|title=Globcal International (WebSite)|url=https://www.globcal.net/|website=Globcal International|accessdate=2020-04-22|language=English|format=HTML|date=2013-09-09}}</ref>
| formerly = Model United Nations Social Network Embassy (MUNSNE)<ref name="MUNSNE">{{cite news|title=Model United Nations Social Networking Embassy|url=https://blog.globcal.net/2009/05/model-united-nations-social-network.html|accessdate=2017-11-05|via=Blogger News|publisher=Globcal International|language=English|date=2009-05-09}}</ref>
| predecessor = Globcal International LLC<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2011|title=GLOBCAL INTERNATIONAL LLC :: District of Columbia (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_4105489|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref>
| logo = Globcal Logo 2021.png
| logo_size = 275px
| logo_caption = '''Globcal International Logo''' Our world from a different perspective. 
| logo_alt = Globcal International Logo and Icon Graphic
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|05|09}}
| type = DAO, INGO, CO-OP
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO).<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=United Nations|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| parent_organization = [https://ecooperator.org/globcal-international Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]
| nickname =
| abbreviation = GLOBCAL
| named_after = Global + Local (Neologism)
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| headquarters = Madison County
| location = Kentucky
| location_city = Richmond
| location_country = [[United States]]
| coordinates = 
| map = {{Location map|United States|AlternativeMap=Usa edcp relief location map.png|width=300|float=none|caption=<center>Location of Globcal International (Globcal)<center/>|alt=Map of USA with mark showing location of Globcal International|label=Globcal International|lat_deg=37.66|lon_deg=-84.26}}
| map_size = 100%
| map_alt = Usa edcp relief location map.png
| map_caption =
| language = English Spanish
| tax_id = 84-4622213 (IRS)
| registration_id = ASN-7810863 (KYSOS)
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Executive Officer (XO), Commissioners, Cooperative Voting Membership
| merged = [[Ecology Crossroads]] (2020)
| founder = 
| merger = 
| purpose = 
| focus = Ecosystem services provisioning, Indigenous protectorates, Natural capital management, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and IP Think-tank
| professional_title = 
| origins =
| region_served = 3rd World Nations, Fourth World, Developing Countries
| region = International (Global)
| products = 
| services = SDGs Project Development, Indigenous Government, International Foundations
| methods = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaties, Multilateral diplomacy, International cooperation, Public diplomacy
| fields = 
| membership = <250
| membership_year =
| motto = One good turn deserves another, and another.
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = Vice-Chair
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = Secretary
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = Treasurer
| leader_name4 =
| key_people = Col. David J. Wright, XO
| affiliations = {{unbulleted list|Huottuja Foundation|Indigenous Chocolate|Knights and Ladies of Honor|Transylvania Company|Piaroa Tribe & People}}
| subsidiaries = {{unbulleted list|Ekobius International|Indigenous Unity Flag|Huottuja Foundation|Theobroma Labs|American Colonels|Kentucky Colonelcy|Goodwill Ambassadors}}
| secessions =
| budget = <$25,000 USD
| budget_year =
| revenue = <$20,000 USD
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses = >$18,000 USD
| expenses_year =
| funding = 
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| awards =
| remarks =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
| website = {{URL|www.globcal.net|Globcal International}}<ref name="Website" />
}}

'''Globcal International''' is a membership cooperative, international non-governmental organization, and research development commission of independently recognized goodwill ambassadors from embassies, states, cities, and international organizations.<ref>{{cite conference|date=1988|author=Council of Europe|url=https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11|book-title=International Associations Statutes Series|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs|institution=Union of International Associations (UIA)|location=Palace of Europe}}</ref><ref name="UNSDGs">{{cite web|title=ACT4SDGs - Globcal International|url=https://act4sdgs.org/profile/Globcal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=SDGs Action Campaign|publisher=United Nations|language=English}}</ref> The organization's founding members are professionals with social media advocacy skills and backgrounds in foreign relations, diplomacy, [[sociology]], psychology, [[philosophy]], [[law]], conservation and other academic disciplines.<ref name="UNSDGs" /><ref name="Website" />

==Non-governmental organization==
The organization's creation is based on the hybridization of the social media business environment, the philosophy of community cooperation, and the development of an international non-governmental organization<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2018|author=Council of Europe|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=124|website=Council of Europe}}</ref> composed of activists involved in philanthropy, fundraising, peacebuilding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-studies/what-is-strategic-peacebuilding/|title=What is Strategic Peacebuilding?|website=Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame|date=2018|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.</ref> and individual (unilateral) bridge-building.<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web|last=Balkanska|date=July 24, 2020|trans-title=Boban Jovanović: Urgently establish the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights|title=Boban Jovanović: Hitno formirati Ministarstvo za ljudska i manjinska prava|url=https://balkanskapravila.com/boban-jovanovic-hitno-formirati-ministarstvo-za-ljudska-i-manjinska-prava|access-date=2022-02-14|work=Balkan Free Speech|language=sr-RS}}</ref> The name of the organization was developed through the fusion of the words '''global''' and '''local'''.<ref name="Jedda">{{cite news|date=December 2011|title=Globcal:Starting Locally...Thinking Globally|page=24|url=https://issuu.com/djmagzine/docs/binder35/24|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|magazine=Destination Jedda|location=Jedda, Saudi Arabia|language=English|type=|via=Issuu}}</ref>

Each program cooperator is an independent agent trained in social network ethics, public diplomacy 2.0 (sometimes called Facebook diplomacy or [[Twitter]] diplomacy)<ref name="Facebook Diplomacy">{{cite magazine|magazine=Newsweek|title=Facebook Diplomacy|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Twitter Diplomacy">{{cite news |publisher=NPR |title=State Department Guru talks Twitter Diplomacy |author=Scott Simon|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> as '''[[ambassador]]s''' of organizations or '''social network protagonists''' their presence is seen on networks like [[Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]], InterNations, TakingITGlobal, XING where they affect public policy by stimulating social reform and [[social change|change]] by maximizing social networking potential through promoting particular themes, ideals, and genres to create and assimilate an understood global world-view.

The organization bases some of its idealism in Buddhist teaching by generating non-possession wealth and social capital through systematic regular posting of general interest information of feeds and other new media forms as would a news agency about meritorious individual people, celebrities, notable public figures and organizations dedicated to doing deeds for the common good through public awareness campaigns, peace activism, educational events, causes, and the development of humanitarian and environmental agendas of with others that they recognize.<ref>Hanifan, L. J. (1916) "The Rural School Community Center", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 67: 130-138. Also see Hanifan, L. J. (1920) ''The Community Center'', Boston: Silver Burdett.</ref> Globcal ambassadors and the members of their diplomatic corps identify [[social media]] items like articles, digital videos, live feeds, blogs, and news items to moderate discussions from their geographical regions or within particular organizational groups and further identify others that have performed meritorious deeds<ref>{{cite web|author=Duke|date=November 29, 2021|title=IGO-NGO Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)|url=https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435|website=Duke University Library Guide|publisher=Duke University|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-02-14|language=en-US|format=HTML}}</ref> for others without any other motive than goodwill or kindness toward their fellow man. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, country of origin, or political affiliation.

==Mission purpose==
The purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders on-line within social network platforms to distribute and/or share social capital, promote social enterprises, provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in on-line communication, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members meet online to organize work on their public service goals and discuss the distribution of social capital by the Ambassadors and cooperative program members.

Globcal is an umbrella group and task force promoting the use of diplomatic protocol in public diplomacy to develop goodwill and social well-being. Their goals involve following an established standard for professional presentation and etiquette on-line in [[social networking]] communities using the individual ambassadors that promote their public diplomacy ideals and serve as personal examples for good use of social network profiles for effective and professional communication to accomplish shared goals through special pages set-up through Facebook and at their websites. The organization allows individual organizations to present one or more ambassadors to represent their causes in the further presentation within their organization, network, blog, and news service.<ref name="Jedda" />

==Cooperative model==
The organization is different from others because it operates as an international cooperative, is all volunteer, and it has little or no operational expenses centrally.<ref>{{cite web|title=Globcal International - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11bc63stqn|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref> Each individual ambassador is a licensed online agent (co-operator), is responsible for their own time and expenses relative to promotion of their causes and for their operation and presentation within the network. The organization collects no funds except through grants that are directed toward administration of ambassador causes and which benefit the cooperative consortium structure online.

The organization helps to plan, elaborate and improve on the articulation and presentation of grant proposals to international missions to sponsors. Members can create their own incentives and microbudgets through developing well-organized and connected initiatives and events to fulfill their personal interests or to engage themselves. Some members take advantage of the cooperative infrastructure, while others use it as a way of supporting fellow members objectives as both professionals and pro-bono volunteers. In a sense the organization serves as an incubator and support group.

The cooperative business structure was selected to create an open forum many organizations, countries, states, cities, that share the mission of promoting goodwill and cooperation and permit any qualified individuals to raise funds on the behalf of their favorite causes, promote cooperative interaction, and their individual organizations transparently. Each ambassador is generally registered with their individual organization and is normally authorized by the founder, executive director, president or the board chair to serve their own group using Workplace by Meta.

==Ambassador activists==
Globcal International engages trained citizen diplomats known as cultural ambassadors, goodwill ambassadors, good neighbor ambassadors, peace ambassadors, and missionary ambassadors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.facebook.com/Globcal|title=Globcal International|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Meta Platforms}}</ref> world-wide connected through groups, pages and applications on Facebook. The members of the ambassador groups are individual people that are working with a particular ambassador (or group) on their projects and causes. The colloquial term of Facebook ambassador has become a popular idiom and neologism<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Facebook Diplomacy: Peace may be Just a Click Away|url=http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Kioskea.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101154421/http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|archivedate=2009-11-01|accessdate=2022-02-12}}</ref> that has been identified with the Globcal INGO program development of Facebook diplomacy (open public and citizen diplomacy).

Each independent social network ambassador maintains an individual constituency,<ref name="Serbia" /> promotes selected causes, interacts cooperatively with the public based on direct democracy to tell others in general about what others are doing to make the world a better place. In 2020 the organization was landed in the United States by a Kentucky non-profit charity as an 'assumed name corporation' which absorbed 70-90% of its cooperative assets including non-US real estate and its programs.

==See also==
*[[Ecology Crossroads|Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]]
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[Kentucky Colonelcy]] (Website)
*[[United Nations in popular culture|United Nations]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

* Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.

==External links==
*[https://www.globcal.net/ Globcal International (Website)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/Globcal Globcal International (Meta)]
*[https://twitter.com/Globcal Globcal International (Twitter)]
*[https://www.linkedin.com/company/globcal Globcal International (LinkedIn)]

[[Category:Goodwill ambassador programmes]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
[[Category:Nonprofit institutes based in the United States]]

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__

Ecology Crossroads

2022-09-17T23:32:01Z

Colonel:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation, Inc.
| logo = File:Ecology_Crossroads_Trademark_512.png
| logo_size = 275px
| logo_caption = [[Ecology Crossroads]] by '''[[Globcal International]]'''
| logo_alt = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation
| nickname = Ecology Crossroads
| abbreviation = ECCFUS (US) & ECCFI (INT)
| named_after = Ecology at the Cross-Roads <ref>{{cite journal|name=Dr. Henry Neville Southern|title=Ecology at the Cross-Roads|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=11|publisher=British Ecological Society|date=April 1970 |language=English|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2401608}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| founding_location = Commonwealth of Kentucky
| established = {{start date and age|1994|04|12}}
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO) under the name [[Globcal International]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=United Nations|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| headquarters = Madison County
| location = Kentucky
| location_city = Richmond
| location_country = [[United States]]
| coordinates = 
| map = {{Location map|United States|AlternativeMap=Usa edcp relief location map.png|width=300|float=none|caption=<center>Location of Ecology Crossroads (ECCFUS)<center/>|alt=Map of USA with mark showing location of Ecology Crossroads|label=Richmond, Kentucky|lat_deg=37.66|lon_deg=-84.26}}
| map_size = 100%
| map_alt = Usa edcp relief location map.png
| map_caption =
| language =
| tax_id = 61-1259384 (IRS)
| registration_id = 0329183 (KYSOS)
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Executive Council
| founder = Hon. David J. Wright
| merger = [[Globcal International]]
| type = Nonprofit, NGO, Charity
| purpose = 
| focus = Ecosystem services, Indigenous peoples rights, Ecosystem restoration, Biodiversity conservation
| professional_title = Honorable
| origins =
| region_served = 
| products = Initiatives, Missions and Programs
| services =
| methods = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaties, Multilateral diplomacy, International cooperation, Public diplomacy
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Col. David J. Wright
| leader_title2 = Treasurer
| leader_name2 = Col. Nicholas A. Wright
| leader_title3 = Registrar
| leader_name3 = Col. Maria Veneke Ylikomi
| leader_title4 = Gavelman
| leader_name4 = Col. Godfrey Brock-Gadd
| key_people = Board of Trustees
| subsidiaries = [[Globcal International]]
| affiliations = {{unbulleted list|Ekobius International|Indigenous Unity Flag|Huottuja Foundation|Theobroma Labs|American Colonels|Kentucky Colonelcy|Goodwill Ambassadors}}
| budget = <$50,000 USD
| budget_year =
| revenue = <$50,000 USD
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses = >$25,000 USD
| expenses_year =
| endowment = <$25,000 USD
| endowment_year =
| funding =
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| awards =
| remarks =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle = Kentucky Corporation
| website = {{URL|https://www.ecooperator.org|'''Ecology Crossroads'''}}
}}

'''Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation''' is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable organization founded in Kentucky in 1994<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenCorporates|date=April 12, 1994|title=ECOLOGY CROSSROADS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0329183|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to address the Earth Charter which began in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro as Agenda 21.<ref>{{cite web|author=GuideStar|title=Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation - Candid|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/61-1259384|url-status=live|website=GuideStar|publisher=Candid|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> The organization made a significant impact on the American landscape between 1994 and 2000 by distributing nearly 10 million trees across the United States in a number of large scale events aimed at assisting victims of natural disasters caused by climate change related weather events. Today, according to their website the organization is dedicated to preserving biodiversity, environmental conservation and defending the rights of Indigenous peoples in the Americas through an array of programs and objectives it sponsors or manages through [[Globcal International]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Globcal International - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11bc63stqn|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref> which became its subsidiary in 2020 when it was backflipped into Ecology Crossroads in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecology Crossroads - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11r2j2xx1t|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref>

The COVID pandemic dramatically hampered the organization's plans in 2020 and it took more than nine months to get the nonprofit status back as a charity, finally in November they could begin raising funds and accepting donations, but were still under limited public and social places amenable to any of the programs during the pandemic precautions. Finally in December of 2021, enough of the organization's credentials were returned to receive a Platinum Seal on GuideStar by Candid.

== Mission Related Investments ==
Instead of collecting donations Ecology Crossroads called for some reorganization of membership policies with its new subsidiary to make it easier for student interns, professionals, volunteers and writers to become engaged in the Globcal International Cooperative Society which now overlaps with Ecology Crossroads providing its professional and administrative services. The Globcal International decentralized infrastructure uses Google Cloud Identity and Google for Nonprofits.

In 2021-2022 the organization worked to develop an Indigenous standard for cacao, cupuacu, medicinal plants and fair-wild collection; this led to delving deeper into the law when it was discovered that there were many more intellectual property discoveries; this has evolved to the development of carbon offset credits that can be registered as "clean development mechanisms" (CDMs) by corporations through Globcal International establishing a Mission-Related Investment and Charitable Activity Bonds to create sustainable financing for ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. Investors are essentially leasing forest land to watch the trees, their trees.

== Three Decades of History ==
'''ECCFUS (US)''' or '''ECCFI (INT)''' (2022) or just simply '''Ecology Crossroads''' was started to address climate-change long before the term was created.<ref name="sos">{{cite web|date=April 12, 1994|title=Articles of Incorporation|url=https://web.sos.ky.gov/corpscans/83/0329183-09-99999-19940412-ART-2291972-PU.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Kentucky Secretary of State|publisher=Secretary of State of Kentucky Corporation Register|type=Constitutional Document|format=PDF}}</ref> It is clear the organization was developed to plant a forest of trees according to the Washington Post<ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Steve|date=February 23, 1995|title=Saving a Forest of Surplus Trees|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/02/23/saving-a-forest-of-surplus-trees/25ef2283-d7cb-4345-a99e-b8894f31cd2a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and to serve as one responsible for delivering aid to disaster victims by helping them recover urban landscapes in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 29, 1996|title=Branching Out to North Carolina|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/691058939|page=33|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|type=Feature article.|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The organization was founded by Col. David Wright, an American conservationist responsible for coordinating and organizing the Earth Day Society in Delaware in 1990. Wright took up the public charge founded by Gaylord Nelson under Denis Hayes at Earth Day Headquarters in San Francisco by setting up an Earth Day campaign office with friend, Michael S. Gallagher from the University of Delaware to coordinate activities from April 22 until April 29 which reached over 800,000 people from the top to the bottom of the small state followed by a four-day exposition at the Cristiana Mall which attracted nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 28, 1990|title=Earth Expo at Christiana Mall|page=5|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159594034|url-status=live|work=|type=Announcement.|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> His Earth Week program was started based on his connections in the state with wealthy estate owners, corporate executives and politicians after founding the Endangered Turtle Protection Foundation of the Americas in 1989<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 1989|title=ENDANGERED TURTLE PROTECTION FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAS :: Delaware (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2205842|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to protect native endangered turtle species on their estates and within the adjacent countryside of Greenville, Delaware.<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=January 01, 1990|title=New Group Seeks to Protect Turtles|page=11|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159552299|url-status=live|work=|type=|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

=== Community Tree Distribution Program ===
The organization was started by carrying on the legacy of the success Wright had in Delaware, the popularity of Earth Day and Arbor Day ideas to Kentucky, he organized similar events in 1993 in Louisville and Lexington that were not so well attended, reviewed or of much interest in the bluegrass and bourbon state. In 1994 Wright had the foresight to add natural disaster recovery efforts following ice storms, tornadoes and hurricanes, rural beautification and suburban forestry together in a perfect storm in the months following areas impacted by distributing trees. It started with ice, falling trees and the goodwill of tree farmers in Western Pennsylvania in 1994. Wright founded the organization in Lexington based on a grant he received from the City Council to distribute 100,000 tree saplings from 18-36" tall, with their support, the organization managed to recruit major sponsors and received the support of the Lexington Herald-Leader to run public service announcements in the newspaper. The organization distributed 97,000 trees and repeated the program the following weekend distributing 50,000 more.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 27, 1994|title=Ice Storms Could Have a Silver Lining for Trees|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/690507295|page=49|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Free Trees: Community Tree Program|page=21|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/178108027|url-status=live|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|access-date=2022-02-10|language=en-US|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

=== Defending the Right to Celebrate Arbor Day ===
Ecology Crossroads repeated its routine in Sewell, Southern New Jersey in the Fall which was also greatly affected by the ice-storms in 1994, the event drew people from New York, Philadelphia and Delaware having heard about it on the radio. In 1995, the organization opened an office in Delaware focusing the tree program on the ideas of Spring, urban forestry and beautification of home landscapes. The '''"Community Tree Distribution Program"''' was held in Washington DC, Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia. After distributing several million trees everything was leafy for the organization until 1996 when the National Arbor Day Foundation sued Ecology Crossroads for trademark infringement after the organization launched websites using the generic TLDs '''arborday.com''' and '''freetrees.com''' to distribute trees to anyone-anywhere under the trade names Arbor Day, Arbor Day USA and Arbor Day Free Tree Program. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) weighed in with its opinion on May 03, 1999 calling the lawsuit frivolous and a "crying shame" favoring an positive outcome for Ecology Crossroads and the "Arbor Day Free Tree Program" it developed.

Ecology Crossroads was cornering the market on Arbor Day by using the presidentially proclaimed celebratory observance<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation 6554—National Arbor Day, 1993 {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-6554-national-arbor-day-1993|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> from within the realm of the public domain with Arbor Day and tapping into the traditional history going back to 1872 by questioning who made the tree planting holiday a national and international concept J. Sterling Morton or Birdsey Northrup?

The lawsuit was settled when Ecology Crossroads agreed to sell the websites to the nonprofit for an undisclosed sum (<$50,000 plus court costs) and the dismissal of the case with prejudice in 1999. In 2000 some of the directors branched off to start a new program called Trees4Tomorrow in San Bernardino, California; but the program did not grow roots because of high California agricultural standards and the organization's source of trees being in Pennsylvania. Since California prefers its own trees, they were forced to hold their first program in Reno, Nevada in April.

=== Sacrificing the letter "S" for Kentucky Colonels ===
In 2020, Ecology Crossroads returned to Kentucky to make it home once again, reinstating the nonprofit and filing assumed name certificates to do business as Globcal International (established in 2009) and Kentucky Colonels International (unincorporated civil society online since 1998). Less than a month later, Ecology Crossroads found itself named in another trademark dispute, this time with the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (HOKC) claiming that the organization was confusing its members by using the trademark KENTUCKY COLONELS both online and under Kentucky common law, after a year of litigation in the U.S. District Court the case was settled by the parties in a court ordered settlement conference, resulting in a mediated settlement agreement and permanent injunction over use of the HOKC trademark with a negotiated paragraph dedicated to the protection of the Kentucky Colonel Honorable Title. Ecology Crossroads converted the unnamed online association to Commonwealth Colonels then Kentucky Colonelcy, which since the lawsuit ended in February 2021, has become the most authoritative historical creative commons work ever prepared about the founders of Kentucky starting in 1775 and proving false the story of the aide-de-camp and the first colonel appearing in 1813. It is clear from reviewing the Kentucky Colonelcy website that Kentucky was founded by colonels and so was America, half of the Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence held the title of colonel according to the new group, American Colonels.

==See also==
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[Globcal International]]
*[[Kentucky Colonelcy]] (Website)
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]

[[Category:Nonprofit organizations]]
[[Category:Goodwill ambassador programmes]]
[[Category:Carbon capture and sequestration]]
[[Category:Charitable organizations]]

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Globcal International

2022-09-17T22:42:41Z

Colonel: Added a search reference for pioneers

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Globcal International}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = {{resize|1.2em|Globcal International}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Appel|first=Benjamin J.|date=January 2018|title=Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=1|pages=274–287|doi=10.1086/694256}}</ref><ref name="Website">{{cite web|author1=David J. Wright|author2=Maria Veneke Ylikomi|author3=Luis Cruz Diaz|author4=Nicholas Wright|title=Globcal International (WebSite)|url=https://www.globcal.net/|website=Globcal International|accessdate=2020-04-22|language=English|format=HTML|date=2013-09-09}}</ref>
| formerly = Model United Nations Social Network Embassy (MUNSNE)<ref name="MUNSNE">{{cite news|title=Model United Nations Social Networking Embassy|url=https://blog.globcal.net/2009/05/model-united-nations-social-network.html|accessdate=2017-11-05|via=Blogger News|publisher=Globcal International|language=English|date=2009-05-09}}</ref>
| predecessor = Globcal International LLC<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2011|title=GLOBCAL INTERNATIONAL LLC :: District of Columbia (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_4105489|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref>
| logo = Globcal Logo 2021.png
| logo_size = 275px
| logo_caption = '''Globcal International Logo''' Our world from a different perspective. 
| logo_alt = Globcal International Logo and Icon Graphic
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|05|09}}
| type = DAO, INGO, CO-OP
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO).<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=United Nations|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| parent_organization = [https://ecooperator.org/globcal-international Ecology Crossroads]

| nickname =
| abbreviation = GLOBCAL
| named_after = Global + Local Neologism
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| headquarters = Madison County
| location = Kentucky
| location_city = Richmond
| location_country = [[United States]]
| coordinates = {{coord|37|39|59|N|84|15|46|W|region:US-KY_type:landmark|display=inline}}
| map = {{Location map|United States|AlternativeMap=Usa edcp relief location map.png|width=300|float=none|caption=<center>Location of Globcal International (Globcal)<center/>|alt=Map of USA with mark showing location of Globcal International|label=Globcal International|lat_deg=37.66|lon_deg=-84.26}}
| map_size = 100%
| map_alt = Usa edcp relief location map.png
| map_caption =

| language = English, Spanish
| tax_id = 84-4622213 (IRS)
| registration_id = ASN-7810863 (KYSOS)
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Executive Officer (XO), Commissioners, Cooperative Members
| merged = [[Ecology Crossroads]] (2020)
| founder = 
| merger = 
| purpose = 
| focus = Ecosystem services provisioning, Indigenous protectorates, Natural capital management, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Creative Commons Think-tank
| professional_title = 
| origins =
| region_served = 3rd World Nations, Fourth World, Developing Countries
| region = International (Global)
| products = 
| services = SDGs Project Development, Indigenous Government, International Foundations
| methods = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaties, Multilateral diplomacy, International cooperation, Public diplomacy
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| affiliations = Goodwill Ambassador Commission, Huottuja Foundation, Indigenous Chocolate, Kentucky Colonelcy, Knights and Ladies of Honor, Transylvania Company, Piaroa People
| motto = One good turn deserves another, and another.

| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| funding = 
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| awards =

| remarks =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
| website = {{URL|www.globcal.net|Globcal International}}<ref name="Website" />
}}

'''Globcal International''' is a membership cooperative, international non-governmental organization, and research development commission of independently recognized goodwill ambassadors from embassies, states, cities, and international organizations.<ref>{{cite conference|date=1988|author=Council of Europe|url=https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11|book-title=International Associations Statutes Series|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs|institution=Union of International Associations (UIA)|location=Palace of Europe}}</ref><ref name="UNSDGs">{{cite web|title=ACT4SDGs - Globcal International|url=https://act4sdgs.org/profile/Globcal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=SDGs Action Campaign|publisher=United Nations|language=English}}</ref> The organization's founding members are professionals with social media advocacy skills and backgrounds in foreign relations, diplomacy, [[sociology]], psychology, [[philosophy]], [[law]], conservation and other academic disciplines.<ref name="UNSDGs" /><ref name="Website" />

==Non-governmental organization==
The organization's creation is based on the hybridization of the social media business environment, the philosophy of community cooperation, and the development of an international non-governmental organization<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2018|author=Council of Europe|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=124|website=Council of Europe}}</ref> composed of activists involved in philanthropy, fundraising, peacebuilding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-studies/what-is-strategic-peacebuilding/|title=What is Strategic Peacebuilding?|website=Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame|date=2018|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.</ref> and individual (unilateral) bridge-building.<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web|last=Balkanska|date=July 24, 2020|trans-title=Boban Jovanović: Urgently establish the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights|title=Boban Jovanović: Hitno formirati Ministarstvo za ljudska i manjinska prava|url=https://balkanskapravila.com/boban-jovanovic-hitno-formirati-ministarstvo-za-ljudska-i-manjinska-prava|access-date=2022-02-14|work=Balkan Free Speech|language=sr-RS}}</ref> The name of the organization was developed through the fusion of the words '''global''' and '''local'''.<ref name="Jedda">{{cite news|date=December 2011|title=Globcal:Starting Locally...Thinking Globally|page=24|url=https://issuu.com/djmagzine/docs/binder35/24|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|magazine=Destination Jedda|location=Jedda, Saudi Arabia|language=English|type=|via=Issuu}}</ref>

Each program cooperator is an independent agent trained in social network ethics, public diplomacy 2.0 (sometimes called Facebook diplomacy or [[Twitter]] diplomacy)<ref name="Facebook Diplomacy">{{cite magazine|magazine=Newsweek|title=Facebook Diplomacy|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Twitter Diplomacy">{{cite news |publisher=NPR |title=State Department Guru talks Twitter Diplomacy |author=Scott Simon|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> as '''[[ambassador]]s''' of organizations or '''social network protagonists''' their presence is seen on networks like [[Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]], InterNations, TakingITGlobal, XING where they affect public policy by stimulating social reform and [[social change|change]] by maximizing social networking potential through promoting particular themes, ideals, and genres to create and assimilate an understood global world-view.

The organization bases some of its idealism in Buddhist teaching by generating non-possession wealth and social capital through systematic regular posting of general interest information of feeds and other new media forms as would a news agency about meritorious individual people, celebrities, notable public figures and organizations dedicated to doing deeds for the common good through public awareness campaigns, peace activism, educational events, causes, and the development of humanitarian and environmental agendas of with others that they recognize.<ref>Hanifan, L. J. (1916) "The Rural School Community Center", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 67: 130-138. Also see Hanifan, L. J. (1920) ''The Community Center'', Boston: Silver Burdett.</ref> Globcal ambassadors and the members of their diplomatic corps identify [[social media]] items like articles, digital videos, live feeds, blogs, and news items to moderate discussions from their geographical regions or within particular organizational groups and further identify others that have performed meritorious deeds<ref>{{cite web|author=Duke|date=November 29, 2021|title=IGO-NGO Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)|url=https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435|website=Duke University Library Guide|publisher=Duke University|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-02-14|language=en-US|format=HTML}}</ref> for others without any other motive than goodwill or kindness toward their fellow man. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, country of origin, or political affiliation.

==Mission purpose==
The purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders on-line within social network platforms to distribute and/or share social capital, promote social enterprises, provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in on-line communication, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members meet online to organize work on their public service goals and discuss the distribution of social capital by the Ambassadors and cooperative program members.

Globcal is an umbrella group and task force promoting the use of diplomatic protocol in public diplomacy to develop goodwill and social well-being. Their goals involve following an established standard for professional presentation and etiquette on-line in [[social networking]] communities using the individual ambassadors that promote their public diplomacy ideals and serve as personal examples for good use of social network profiles for effective and professional communication to accomplish shared goals through special pages set-up through Facebook and at their websites. The organization allows individual organizations to present one or more ambassadors to represent their causes in the further presentation within their organization, network, blog, and news service.<ref name="Jedda" />

==Cooperative model==
The organization is different from others because it operates as an international cooperative, is all volunteer, and it has little or no operational expenses centrally.<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11bc63stqn Google Knowledge Panel]</ref> Each individual ambassador is a licensed online agent (co-operator), is responsible for their own time and expenses relative to promotion of their causes and for their operation and presentation within the network. The organization collects no funds except through grants that are directed toward administration of ambassador causes and which benefit the cooperative consortium structure online.

The organization helps to plan, elaborate and improve on the articulation and presentation of grant proposals to international missions to sponsors. Members can create their own incentives and microbudgets through developing well-organized and connected initiatives and events to fulfill their personal interests or to engage themselves. Some members take advantage of the cooperative infrastructure, while others use it as a way of supporting fellow members objectives as both professionals and pro-bono volunteers. In a sense the organization serves as an incubator and support group.

The cooperative business structure was selected to create an open forum many organizations, countries, states, cities, that share the mission of promoting goodwill and cooperation and permit any qualified individuals to raise funds on the behalf of their favorite causes, promote cooperative interaction, and their individual organizations transparently. Each ambassador is generally registered with their individual organization and is normally authorized by the founder, executive director, president or the board chair to serve their own group using Workplace by Meta.

==Ambassador activists==
Globcal International engages trained citizen diplomats known as cultural ambassadors, goodwill ambassadors, good neighbor ambassadors, peace ambassadors, and missionary ambassadors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.facebook.com/Globcal|title=Globcal International|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Meta Platforms}}</ref> world-wide connected through groups, pages and applications on Facebook. The members of the ambassador groups are individual people that are working with a particular ambassador (or group) on their projects and causes. The colloquial term of Facebook ambassador has become a popular idiom and neologism<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Facebook Diplomacy: Peace may be Just a Click Away|url=http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Kioskea.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101154421/http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|archivedate=2009-11-01|accessdate=2022-02-12}}</ref> that has been identified with the Globcal INGO program development of Facebook diplomacy (open public and citizen diplomacy).

Each independent social network ambassador maintains an individual constituency,<ref name="Serbia" /> promotes selected causes, interacts cooperatively with the public based on direct democracy to tell others in general about what others are doing to make the world a better place. In 2020 the organization was landed in the United States by a Kentucky non-profit charity as an 'assumed name corporation' which absorbed 70-90% of its cooperative assets including non-US real estate and its programs.

==See also==
*[[United Nations in popular culture|United Nations]]
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

* Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.

==External links==
*[https://www.globcal.net/ Globcal International (Website)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/Globcal Globcal International (Meta)]
*[https://twitter.com/Globcal Globcal International (Twitter)]
*[https://www.linkedin.com/company/globcal Globcal International (LinkedIn)]

[[Category:Goodwill ambassador programmes]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
[[Category:Nonprofit institutes based in the United States]]
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__

Kentucky Colonel

2022-09-17T15:26:10Z

Colonel: Protected "Kentucky Colonel": Highest recognized title holder authority of the US Federal Court ([Edit=Protect from non-authors] (indefinite) [Move=Protect from non-authors] (indefinite))

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kentucky Colonel (Honorable Title)}}
[[File:Kentucky-colonel.png|200px|frame|right|alt=Making a Kentucky Colonel|Kentucky Colonel and a Statesman. Thanking the Colonel for his "Deeds of Service with an Honorable Title" based on his work to form the Government.]]

'''Kentucky Colonel''' is the highest title of honor bestowed by the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and is the most well-known of a number of honorary colonelcies conferred by United States governors under common-law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colonels.net/states/kentucky|title=Kentucky Colonel|website=American Colonels|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> A Kentucky Colonel Commission (the paper certificate) is awarded in the name of the Commonwealth by the Governor to individuals with "Honorable" titular style recognition preceding the names of civilians, for noteworthy accomplishments, contributions to civil society, remarkable deeds, or outstanding service to the community, state, or a nation. The Governor of Kentucky bestows the honorable title with a colonelcy commission, by issuance of letters patent under "Common Law" upon nomination by another Kentucky colonel, or by being recognized with the "Honorable Title" directly by the Governor upon the recommendation of another.

Many famous and noteworthy people have received commissions and been recognized as Kentucky colonels. The award is distributed indiscriminately to people from many walks of life based on their actions and deeds; it does not matter what race, religion, sex, or socioeconomic status a person has, and anyone 18 years of age or older can be recommended to become a Kentucky colonel based on their deeds. It was widely understood in throughout the 20th century that, "if you could be recognized as a Kentucky colonel then you could do anything." A person who is recognized as a Kentucky Colonel or obliged to the idea of using the honorable title styling of 'Col.' is reciprocally acknowledged in being officially known by the state as the goodwill ambassador of Kentucky culture, folklore, traditions and values.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wright|first=David|date=2021-02-25|orig-year=1998|title=Kentucky Colonels|url=https://kycolonelcy.us|url-status=live|website=Kentucky Colonelcy|publisher=[[Ecology Crossroads]]}}</ref>

== Intellectual Property ==
From a legal perspective a "Kentucky Colonel" (the person) is created and originated when "letters patent" are bestowed upon them with the "Honorable Title" with a "Colonel" Commission in common-law based on the presentation of their "Deeds" to the Governor or one of "his Colonels." The tradition and customs which allow the Governor to take the actions he does today are not stated in law, some governors make a few colonels and others make a lot, what is true is that the special rights that are granted are also based in common-law.

As a term, reference point, in a generic sense and legally in a descriptive sense the "Kentucky Colonel" came on the stage as an entity, "icon of Kentucky Culture" with a definable character in the 1870s with his long-goatee and string tie with a bottle of bourbon nearby. Two films were made, one in 1920 including the Kentucky colonel, there were dozens of books and newspaper articles before the 20th century began. "Kentucky Colonels" and "Kentucky Colonel" became popular names to associate with businesses, brands, bars, hotels, tourist venues, beer, tobacco and even sweet treats chocolates before 1950.

In 1933, the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels was incorporated in New York with a friendly Governor in Kentucky, Ruby Laffoon, the Governor during the depression as the United States moved off of the gold-standard calling in the gold for certificates used his ability to make Kentucky Colonels into a fundraising opportunity and a way to reach out to the most powerful people from all states. In 1934 they held their first super high class socialite event and in 1939 the businessman J. Fred Miles decided to call himself a General and he took charge of the organization, by 1941 they were creating a proprietary pseudohistory about the Kentucky Colonel. Their formula worked for the most part and they incorporated with a national idea to form a network using generals in each state, but of course it is only mythical and does not align with the common-law or with have precedent. The only one who can lead a Colonel is his creator and maker which assigned the Honorable Order.

In 2020, the matter of Intellectual Property came to light when the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (demonstrated their authority) in law by trademarking "KENTUCKY COLONELS" for additional commercial exploitation representative of their legal incorporated name. Within a year it was shown an extensive bibliographic expose on [[Kentucky Colonelcy]] put the HOKC in a position to dismiss the case after recognizing that they could not sue one of their own members or a Kentucky Colonel that is exercising their duty and responsibility of the office; it was also clear that they could not create a Kentucky Colonel or have a title revoked.

== Kentucky colonel nominations ==
Each governor decides to whom, how, under what conditions, the selection process and the frequently he/she will issue colonelcies. Since the late 1890s only a colonel could nominate another colonel or the governor had to independently recognize the individual. Under the current process established by Governor Andy Beshear (elected 2019), nominations and recommendations for the honorable title can be submitted by both Kentucky colonels and members of the general public. The nomination form solicits the recipient's name, telephone number, email, birthdate, detailed information about "any active or previous service in a charitable organization or community service and/or any military service", and a statement of the "noteworthy deed", stating why the person deserves to be recognized as "honorable" without requiring an affiliation with (or donation to) any particular organization. Individuals may not nominate themselves and many applications are rejected for not providing the proper details or being considered noteworthy enough, applications are expected to say much more than "good person".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kentucky Colonels|url=https://governor.ky.gov/services/kentucky-colonels|website=Official Website of the Commonwealth of Kentucky}}</ref>

== See also ==

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== General bibliography ===

=== External links ===
; Kentucky Colonelcy Creative Commons
* [https://kycolonelcy.us/ American Colonels: Kentucky Colonelcy]

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__

Kentucky Colonel

2022-09-17T15:23:13Z

Colonel: Preview

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kentucky Colonel (Honorable Title)}}
[[File:Kentucky-colonel.png|200px|frame|right|alt=Making a Kentucky Colonel|Kentucky Colonel and a Statesman. Thanking the Colonel for his "Deeds of Service with an Honorable Title" based on his work to form the Government.]]

'''Kentucky Colonel''' is the highest title of honor bestowed by the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and is the most well-known of a number of honorary colonelcies conferred by United States governors under common-law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colonels.net/states/kentucky|title=Kentucky Colonel|website=American Colonels|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> A Kentucky Colonel Commission (the paper certificate) is awarded in the name of the Commonwealth by the Governor to individuals with "Honorable" titular style recognition preceding the names of civilians, for noteworthy accomplishments, contributions to civil society, remarkable deeds, or outstanding service to the community, state, or a nation. The Governor of Kentucky bestows the honorable title with a colonelcy commission, by issuance of letters patent under "Common Law" upon nomination by another Kentucky colonel, or by being recognized with the "Honorable Title" directly by the Governor upon the recommendation of another.

Many famous and noteworthy people have received commissions and been recognized as Kentucky colonels. The award is distributed indiscriminately to people from many walks of life based on their actions and deeds; it does not matter what race, religion, sex, or socioeconomic status a person has, and anyone 18 years of age or older can be recommended to become a Kentucky colonel based on their deeds. It was widely understood in throughout the 20th century that, "if you could be recognized as a Kentucky colonel then you could do anything." A person who is recognized as a Kentucky Colonel or obliged to the idea of using the honorable title styling of 'Col.' is reciprocally acknowledged in being officially known by the state as the goodwill ambassador of Kentucky culture, folklore, traditions and values.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wright|first=David|date=2021-02-25|orig-year=1998|title=Kentucky Colonels|url=https://kycolonelcy.us|url-status=live|website=Kentucky Colonelcy|publisher=[[Ecology Crossroads]]}}</ref>

== Intellectual Property ==
From a legal perspective a "Kentucky Colonel" (the person) is created and originated when "letters patent" are bestowed upon them with the "Honorable Title" with a "Colonel" Commission in common-law based on the presentation of their "Deeds" to the Governor or one of "his Colonels." The tradition and customs which allow the Governor to take the actions he does today are not stated in law, some governors make a few colonels and others make a lot, what is true is that the special rights that are granted are also based in common-law.

As a term, reference point, in a generic sense and legally in a descriptive sense the "Kentucky Colonel" came on the stage as an entity, "icon of Kentucky Culture" with a definable character in the 1870s with his long-goatee and string tie with a bottle of bourbon nearby. Two films were made, one in 1920 including the Kentucky colonel, there were dozens of books and newspaper articles before the 20th century began. "Kentucky Colonels" and "Kentucky Colonel" became popular names to associate with businesses, brands, bars, hotels, tourist venues, beer, tobacco and even sweet treats chocolates before 1950.

In 1933, the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels was incorporated in New York with a friendly Governor in Kentucky, Ruby Laffoon, the Governor during the depression as the United States moved off of the gold-standard calling in the gold for certificates used his ability to make Kentucky Colonels into a fundraising opportunity and a way to reach out to the most powerful people from all states. In 1934 they held their first super high class socialite event and in 1939 the businessman J. Fred Miles decided to call himself a General and he took charge of the organization, by 1941 they were creating a proprietary pseudohistory about the Kentucky Colonel. Their formula worked for the most part and they incorporated with a national idea to form a network using generals in each state, but of course it is only mythical and does not align with the common-law or with have precedent. The only one who can lead a Colonel is his creator and maker which assigned the Honorable Order.

In 2020, the matter of Intellectual Property came to light when the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (demonstrated their authority) in law by trademarking "KENTUCKY COLONELS" for additional commercial exploitation representative of their legal incorporated name. Within a year it was shown an extensive bibliographic expose on [[Kentucky Colonelcy]] put the HOKC in a position to dismiss the case after recognizing that they could not sue one of their own members or a Kentucky Colonel that is exercising their duty and responsibility of the office; it was also clear that they could not create a Kentucky Colonel or have a title revoked.

== Kentucky colonel nominations ==
Each governor decides to whom, how, under what conditions, the selection process and the frequently he/she will issue colonelcies. Since the late 1890s only a colonel could nominate another colonel or the governor had to independently recognize the individual. Under the current process established by Governor Andy Beshear (elected 2019), nominations and recommendations for the honorable title can be submitted by both Kentucky colonels and members of the general public. The nomination form solicits the recipient's name, telephone number, email, birthdate, detailed information about "any active or previous service in a charitable organization or community service and/or any military service", and a statement of the "noteworthy deed", stating why the person deserves to be recognized as "honorable" without requiring an affiliation with (or donation to) any particular organization. Individuals may not nominate themselves and many applications are rejected for not providing the proper details or being considered noteworthy enough, applications are expected to say much more than "good person".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kentucky Colonels|url=https://governor.ky.gov/services/kentucky-colonels|website=Official Website of the Commonwealth of Kentucky}}</ref>

== See also ==

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== General bibliography ===

=== External links ===
; Kentucky Colonelcy Creative Commons
* [https://kycolonelcy.us/ American Colonels: Kentucky Colonelcy]

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__

Ecology Crossroads

2022-09-17T02:48:08Z

Colonel: Short edits

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation, Inc.
| logo = File:Ecology_Crossroads_Trademark_512.png
| logo_size = 275px
| logo_caption = [[Ecology Crossroads]] by '''[[Globcal International]]'''
| logo_alt = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation
| nickname = Ecology Crossroads
| abbreviation = ECCFUS (US) & ECCFI (INT)
| named_after = Ecology at the Cross-Roads <ref>{{cite journal|name=Dr. Henry Neville Southern|title=Ecology at the Cross-Roads|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=11|publisher=British Ecological Society|date=April 1970 |language=English|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2401608}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =

| founding_location = Commonwealth of Kentucky
| established = {{start date and age|1994|04|12}}
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO) under the name [[Globcal International]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=United Nations|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>

| headquarters = Madison County
| location = Kentucky
| location_city = Richmond
| location_country = [[United States]]
| coordinates = 
| map = {{Location map|United States|AlternativeMap=Usa edcp relief location map.png|width=300|float=none|caption=<center>Location of Ecology Crossroads (ECCFUS)<center/>|alt=Map of USA with mark showing location of Ecology Crossroads|label=Richmond, Kentucky|lat_deg=37.66|lon_deg=-84.26}}
| map_size = 100%
| map_alt = Usa edcp relief location map.png
| map_caption =

| language =
| tax_id = 61-1259384 (IRS)
| registration_id = 0329183 (KYSOS)
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Executive Council
| founder = Hon. David J. Wright
| merger = [[Globcal International]]
| type = Nonprofit, NGO, Charity
| purpose = 
| focus = Ecosystem services, Indigenous peoples rights, Ecosystem restoration, Biodiversity conservation
| professional_title = Honorable
| origins =
| region_served = 
| products = Initiatives, Missions and Programs
| services =
| methods = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaties, Multilateral diplomacy, International cooperation, Public diplomacy
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 

| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Col. David J. Wright
| leader_title2 = Treasurer
| leader_name2 = Col. Nicholas A. Wright
| leader_title3 = Registrar
| leader_name3 = Col. Maria Veneke Ylikomi
| leader_title4 = Gavelman
| leader_name4 = Col. Godfrey Brock-Gadd

| key_people = Board of Trustees
| subsidiaries = [[Globcal International]]

| affiliations = {{unbulleted list|Ekobius International|Indigenous Unity Flag|Huottuja Foundation|Theobroma Labs|American Colonels|Kentucky Colonelcy|Goodwill Ambassadors}}
| budget = <$50,000 USD
| budget_year =
| revenue = <$50,000 USD
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses = >$25,000 USD
| expenses_year =
| endowment = <$25,000 USD
| endowment_year =
| funding =
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| awards =
| remarks =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle = Kentucky Corporation
| website = {{URL|https://www.ecooperator.org|'''Ecology Crossroads'''}}
}}

'''Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation''' is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable organization founded in Kentucky in 1994<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenCorporates|date=April 12, 1994|title=ECOLOGY CROSSROADS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0329183|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to address the Earth Charter which began in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro as Agenda 21.<ref>{{cite web|author=GuideStar|title=Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation - Candid|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/61-1259384|url-status=live|website=GuideStar|publisher=Candid|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> The organization made a significant impact on the American landscape between 1994 and 2000 by distributing nearly 10 million trees across the United States in a number of large scale events aimed at assisting victims of natural disasters caused by climate change related weather events. Today, according to their website the organization is dedicated to preserving biodiversity, environmental conservation and defending the rights of Indigenous peoples in the Americas through an array of programs and objectives it sponsors or manages through [[Globcal International]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Globcal International - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11bc63stqn|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref> which became its subsidiary in 2020 when it was backflipped into Ecology Crossroads in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecology Crossroads - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11r2j2xx1t|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref>

The COVID pandemic dramatically hampered the organization's plans in 2020 and it took more than nine months to get the nonprofit status back as a charity, finally in November they could begin raising funds and accepting donations, but were still under limited public and social places amenable to any of the programs during the pandemic precautions. Finally in December of 2021, enough of the organization's credentials were returned to receive a Platinum Seal on GuideStar by Candid.

== Mission Related Investments ==
Instead of collecting donations Ecology Crossroads called for some reorganization of membership policies with its new subsidiary to make it easier for student interns, professionals, volunteers and writers to become engaged in the Globcal International Cooperative Society which now overlaps with Ecology Crossroads providing its professional and administrative services. The Globcal International decentralized infrastructure uses Google Cloud Identity and Google for Nonprofits.

In 2021-2022 the organization worked to develop an Indigenous standard for cacao, cupuacu, medicinal plants and fair-wild collection; this led to delving deeper into the law when it was discovered that there were many more intellectual property discoveries; this has evolved to the development of carbon offset credits that can be registered as "clean development mechanisms" (CDMs) by corporations through Globcal International establishing a Mission-Related Investment and Charitable Activity Bonds to create sustainable financing for ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. Investors are essentially leasing forest land to watch the trees, their trees.

== Three Decades of History ==
'''ECCFUS (US)''' or '''ECCFI (INT)''' (2022) or just simply '''Ecology Crossroads''' was started to address climate-change long before the term was created.<ref name="sos">{{cite web|date=April 12, 1994|title=Articles of Incorporation|url=https://web.sos.ky.gov/corpscans/83/0329183-09-99999-19940412-ART-2291972-PU.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Kentucky Secretary of State|publisher=Secretary of State of Kentucky Corporation Register|type=Constitutional Document|format=PDF}}</ref> It is clear the organization was developed to plant a forest of trees according to the Washington Post<ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Steve|date=February 23, 1995|title=Saving a Forest of Surplus Trees|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/02/23/saving-a-forest-of-surplus-trees/25ef2283-d7cb-4345-a99e-b8894f31cd2a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and to serve as one responsible for delivering aid to disaster victims by helping them recover urban landscapes in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 29, 1996|title=Branching Out to North Carolina|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/691058939|page=33|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|type=Feature article.|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The organization was founded by Col. David Wright, an American conservationist responsible for coordinating and organizing the Earth Day Society in Delaware in 1990. Wright took up the public charge founded by Gaylord Nelson under Denis Hayes at Earth Day Headquarters in San Francisco by setting up an Earth Day campaign office with friend, Michael S. Gallagher from the University of Delaware to coordinate activities from April 22 until April 29 which reached over 800,000 people from the top to the bottom of the small state followed by a four-day exposition at the Cristiana Mall which attracted nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 28, 1990|title=Earth Expo at Christiana Mall|page=5|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159594034|url-status=live|work=|type=Announcement.|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> His Earth Week program was started based on his connections in the state with wealthy estate owners, corporate executives and politicians after founding the Endangered Turtle Protection Foundation of the Americas in 1989<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 1989|title=ENDANGERED TURTLE PROTECTION FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAS :: Delaware (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2205842|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to protect native endangered turtle species on their estates and within the adjacent countryside of Greenville, Delaware.<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=January 01, 1990|title=New Group Seeks to Protect Turtles|page=11|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159552299|url-status=live|work=|type=|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

=== Community Tree Distribution Program ===
The organization was started by carrying on the legacy of the success Wright had in Delaware, the popularity of Earth Day and Arbor Day ideas to Kentucky, he organized similar events in 1993 in Louisville and Lexington that were not so well attended, reviewed or of much interest in the bluegrass and bourbon state. In 1994 Wright had the foresight to add natural disaster recovery efforts following ice storms, tornadoes and hurricanes, rural beautification and suburban forestry together in a perfect storm in the months following areas impacted by distributing trees. It started with ice, falling trees and the goodwill of tree farmers in Western Pennsylvania in 1994. Wright founded the organization in Lexington based on a grant he received from the City Council to distribute 100,000 tree saplings from 18-36" tall, with their support, the organization managed to recruit major sponsors and received the support of the Lexington Herald-Leader to run public service announcements in the newspaper. The organization distributed 97,000 trees and repeated the program the following weekend distributing 50,000 more.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 27, 1994|title=Ice Storms Could Have a Silver Lining for Trees|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/690507295|page=49|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Free Trees: Community Tree Program|page=21|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/178108027|url-status=live|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|access-date=2022-02-10|language=en-US|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

=== Defending the Right to Celebrate Arbor Day ===
Ecology Crossroads repeated its routine in Sewell, Southern New Jersey in the Fall which was also greatly affected by the ice-storms in 1994, the event drew people from New York, Philadelphia and Delaware having heard about it on the radio. In 1995, the organization opened an office in Delaware focusing the tree program on the ideas of Spring, urban forestry and beautification of home landscapes. The '''"Community Tree Distribution Program"''' was held in Washington DC, Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia. After distributing several million trees everything was leafy for the organization until 1996 when the National Arbor Day Foundation sued Ecology Crossroads for trademark infringement after the organization launched websites using the generic TLDs '''arborday.com''' and '''freetrees.com''' to distribute trees to anyone-anywhere under the trade names Arbor Day, Arbor Day USA and Arbor Day Free Tree Program. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) weighed in with its opinion on May 03, 1999 calling the lawsuit frivolous and a "crying shame" favoring an positive outcome for Ecology Crossroads and the "Arbor Day Free Tree Program" it developed.

Ecology Crossroads was cornering the market on Arbor Day by using the presidentially proclaimed celebratory observance<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation 6554—National Arbor Day, 1993 {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-6554-national-arbor-day-1993|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> from within the realm of the public domain with Arbor Day and tapping into the traditional history going back to 1872 by questioning who made the tree planting holiday a national and international concept J. Sterling Morton or Birdsey Northrup?

The lawsuit was settled when Ecology Crossroads agreed to sell the websites to the nonprofit for an undisclosed sum (<$50,000 plus court costs) and the dismissal of the case with prejudice in 1999. In 2000 some of the directors branched off to start a new program called Trees4Tomorrow in San Bernardino, California; but the program did not grow roots because of high California agricultural standards and the organization's source of trees being in Pennsylvania. Since California prefers its own trees, they were forced to hold their first program in Reno, Nevada in April.

=== Sacrificing the letter "S" for Kentucky Colonels ===
In 2020, Ecology Crossroads returned to Kentucky to make it home once again, reinstating the nonprofit and filing assumed name certificates to do business as Globcal International (established in 2009) and Kentucky Colonels International (unincorporated civil society online since 1998). Less than a month later, Ecology Crossroads found itself named in another trademark dispute, this time with the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (HOKC) claiming that the organization was confusing its members by using the trademark KENTUCKY COLONELS both online and under Kentucky common law, after a year of litigation in the U.S. District Court the case was settled by the parties in a court ordered settlement conference, resulting in a mediated settlement agreement and permanent injunction over use of the HOKC trademark with a negotiated paragraph dedicated to the protection of the Kentucky Colonel Honorable Title. Ecology Crossroads converted the unnamed online association to Commonwealth Colonels then Kentucky Colonelcy, which since the lawsuit ended in February 2021, has become the most authoritative historical creative commons work ever prepared about the founders of Kentucky starting in 1775 and proving false the story of the aide-de-camp and the first colonel appearing in 1813. It is clear from reviewing the Kentucky Colonelcy website that Kentucky was founded by colonels and so was America, half of the Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence held the title of colonel according to the new group, American Colonels.

==See also==

*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[Globcal International]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]

[[Category:Nonprofit organizations]]
[[Category:Goodwill ambassador programmes]]
[[Category:Carbon capture and sequestration]]
[[Category:Charitable organizations]]

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

File:Kentucky-colonel.png

2022-09-16T23:26:57Z

Colonel:

Globcal International

2022-09-16T21:39:13Z

Colonel: Added some details looking for new references.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Globcal International}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = {{resize|1.2em|Globcal International}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Appel|first=Benjamin J.|date=January 2018|title=Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=1|pages=274–287|doi=10.1086/694256}}</ref><ref name="Website">{{cite web|author1=David J. Wright|author2=Maria Veneke Ylikomi|author3=Luis Cruz Diaz|author4=Nicholas Wright|title=Globcal International (WebSite)|url=https://www.globcal.net/|website=Globcal International|accessdate=2020-04-22|language=English|format=HTML|date=2013-09-09}}</ref>
| formerly = Model United Nations Social Network Embassy (MUNSNE)<ref name="MUNSNE">{{cite news|title=Model United Nations Social Networking Embassy|url=https://blog.globcal.net/2009/05/model-united-nations-social-network.html|accessdate=2017-11-05|via=Blogger News|publisher=Globcal International|language=English|date=2009-05-09}}</ref>
| predecessor = Globcal International LLC<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2011|title=GLOBCAL INTERNATIONAL LLC :: District of Columbia (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_4105489|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref>
| logo = Globcal Logo 2021.png
| logo_size = 275px
| logo_caption = '''Globcal International Logo''' Our world from a different perspective. 
| logo_alt = Globcal International Logo and Icon Graphic
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|05|09}}
| type = DAO, INGO, CO-OP
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO).<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=United Nations|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| parent_organization = [https://ecooperator.org/globcal-international Ecology Crossroads]

| nickname =
| abbreviation = GLOBCAL
| named_after = Global + Local Neologism
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| headquarters = Madison County
| location = Kentucky
| location_city = Richmond
| location_country = [[United States]]
| coordinates = {{coord|37|39|59|N|84|15|46|W|region:US-KY_type:landmark|display=inline}}
| map = {{Location map|United States|AlternativeMap=Usa edcp relief location map.png|width=300|float=none|caption=<center>Location of Globcal International (Globcal)<center/>|alt=Map of USA with mark showing location of Globcal International|label=Globcal International|lat_deg=37.66|lon_deg=-84.26}}
| map_size = 100%
| map_alt = Usa edcp relief location map.png
| map_caption =

| language = English, Spanish
| tax_id = 84-4622213 (IRS)
| registration_id = ASN-7810863 (KYSOS)
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Executive Officer (XO), Commissioners, Cooperative Members
| merged = [[Ecology Crossroads]] (2020)
| founder = 
| merger = 
| purpose = 
| focus = Ecosystem services provisioning, Indigenous protectorates, Natural capital management, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Creative Commons Think-tank
| professional_title = 
| origins =
| region_served = 3rd World Nations, Fourth World, Developing Countries
| region = International (Global)
| products = 
| services = SDGs Project Development, Indigenous Government, International Foundations
| methods = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaties, Multilateral diplomacy, International cooperation, Public diplomacy
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| affiliations = Goodwill Ambassador Commission, Huottuja Foundation, Indigenous Chocolate, Kentucky Colonelcy, Knights and Ladies of Honor, Transylvania Company, Piaroa People
| motto = One good turn deserves another, and another.

| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| funding = 
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| awards =

| remarks =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
| website = {{URL|www.globcal.net|Globcal International}}<ref name="Website" />
}}

'''Globcal International''' is a membership cooperative, international non-governmental organization, and research development commission of independently recognized goodwill ambassadors from embassies, states, cities, and international organizations.<ref>{{cite conference|date=1988|author=Council of Europe|url=https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11|book-title=International Associations Statutes Series|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs|institution=Union of International Associations (UIA)|location=Palace of Europe}}</ref><ref name="UNSDGs">{{cite web|title=ACT4SDGs - Globcal International|url=https://act4sdgs.org/profile/Globcal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=SDGs Action Campaign|publisher=United Nations|language=English}}</ref> The organization's founding members are professionals with social media advocacy skills and backgrounds in foreign relations, diplomacy, [[sociology]], psychology, [[philosophy]], [[law]], conservation and other academic disciplines.<ref name="UNSDGs" /><ref name="Website" />

==Non-governmental organization==
The organization's creation is based on the hybridization of the social media business environment, the philosophy of community cooperation, and the development of an international non-governmental organization<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2018|author=Council of Europe|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=124|website=Council of Europe}}</ref> composed of activists involved in philanthropy, fundraising, peacebuilding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-studies/what-is-strategic-peacebuilding/|title=What is Strategic Peacebuilding?|website=Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame|date=2018|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.</ref> and individual (unilateral) bridge-building.<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web|last=Balkanska|date=July 24, 2020|trans-title=Boban Jovanović: Urgently establish the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights|title=Boban Jovanović: Hitno formirati Ministarstvo za ljudska i manjinska prava|url=https://balkanskapravila.com/boban-jovanovic-hitno-formirati-ministarstvo-za-ljudska-i-manjinska-prava|access-date=2022-02-14|work=Balkan Free Speech|language=sr-RS}}</ref> The name of the organization was developed through the fusion of the words '''global''' and '''local'''.<ref name="Jedda">{{cite news|date=December 2011|title=Globcal:Starting Locally...Thinking Globally|page=24|url=https://issuu.com/djmagzine/docs/binder35/24|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|magazine=Destination Jedda|location=Jedda, Saudi Arabia|language=English|type=|via=Issuu}}</ref>

Each program cooperator is an independent agent trained in social network ethics, public diplomacy 2.0 (sometimes called Facebook diplomacy or [[Twitter]] diplomacy)<ref name="Facebook Diplomacy">{{cite magazine|magazine=Newsweek|title=Facebook Diplomacy|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Twitter Diplomacy">{{cite news |publisher=NPR |title=State Department Guru talks Twitter Diplomacy |author=Scott Simon|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> as '''[[ambassador]]s''' of organizations or '''social network protagonists''' their presence is seen on networks like [[Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]], InterNations, TakingITGlobal, XING where they affect public policy by stimulating social reform and [[social change|change]] by maximizing social networking potential through promoting particular themes, ideals, and genres to create and assimilate an understood global world-view.

The organization bases some of its idealism in Buddhist teaching by generating non-possession wealth and social capital through systematic regular posting of general interest information of feeds and other new media forms as would a news agency about meritorious individual people, celebrities, notable public figures and organizations dedicated to doing deeds for the common good through public awareness campaigns, peace activism, educational events, causes, and the development of humanitarian and environmental agendas of with others that they recognize.<ref>Hanifan, L. J. (1916) "The Rural School Community Center", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 67: 130-138. Also see Hanifan, L. J. (1920) ''The Community Center'', Boston: Silver Burdett.</ref> Globcal ambassadors and the members of their diplomatic corps identify [[social media]] items like articles, digital videos, live feeds, blogs, and news items to moderate discussions from their geographical regions or within particular organizational groups and further identify others that have performed meritorious deeds<ref>{{cite web|author=Duke|date=November 29, 2021|title=IGO-NGO Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)|url=https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435|website=Duke University Library Guide|publisher=Duke University|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-02-14|language=en-US|format=HTML}}</ref> for others without any other motive than goodwill or kindness toward their fellow man. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, country of origin, or political affiliation.

==Mission purpose==
The purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders on-line within social network platforms to distribute and/or share social capital, promote social enterprises, provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in on-line communication, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members meet online to organize work on their public service goals and discuss the distribution of social capital by the Ambassadors and cooperative program members.

Globcal is an umbrella group and task force promoting the use of diplomatic protocol in public diplomacy to develop goodwill and social well-being. Their goals involve following an established standard for professional presentation and etiquette on-line in [[social networking]] communities using the individual ambassadors that promote their public diplomacy ideals and serve as personal examples for good use of social network profiles for effective and professional communication to accomplish shared goals through special pages set-up through Facebook and at their websites. The organization allows individual organizations to present one or more ambassadors to represent their causes in the further presentation within their organization, network, blog, and news service.<ref name="Jedda" />

==Cooperative model==
The organization is different from others because it operates as an international cooperative, is all volunteer, and it has little or no operational expenses centrally. Each individual ambassador is a licensed online agent (co-operator), is responsible for their own time and expenses relative to promotion of their causes and for their operation and presentation within the network. The organization collects no funds except through grants that are directed toward administration of ambassador causes and which benefit the cooperative consortium structure online.

The organization helps to plan, elaborate and improve on the articulation and presentation of grant proposals to international missions to sponsors. Members can create their own incentives and microbudgets through developing well-organized and connected initiatives and events to fulfill their personal interests or to engage themselves. Some members take advantage of the cooperative infrastructure, while others use it as a way of supporting fellow members objectives as both professionals and pro-bono volunteers. In a sense the organization serves as an incubator and support group.

The cooperative business structure was selected to create an open forum many organizations, countries, states, cities, that share the mission of promoting goodwill and cooperation and permit any qualified individuals to raise funds on the behalf of their favorite causes, promote cooperative interaction, and their individual organizations transparently. Each ambassador is generally registered with their individual organization and is normally authorized by the founder, executive director, president or the board chair to serve their own group using Workplace by Meta.

==Ambassador activists==
Globcal International engages trained citizen diplomats known as cultural ambassadors, goodwill ambassadors, good neighbor ambassadors, peace ambassadors, and missionary ambassadors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.facebook.com/Globcal|title=Globcal International|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Meta Platforms}}</ref> world-wide connected through groups, pages and applications on Facebook. The members of the ambassador groups are individual people that are working with a particular ambassador (or group) on their projects and causes. The colloquial term of Facebook ambassador has become a popular idiom and neologism<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Facebook Diplomacy: Peace may be Just a Click Away|url=http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Kioskea.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101154421/http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|archivedate=2009-11-01|accessdate=2022-02-12}}</ref> that has been identified with the Globcal INGO program development of Facebook diplomacy (open public and citizen diplomacy).

Each independent social network ambassador maintains an individual constituency,<ref name="Serbia" /> promotes selected causes, interacts cooperatively with the public based on direct democracy to tell others in general about what others are doing to make the world a better place. In 2020 the organization was landed in the United States by a Kentucky non-profit charity as an 'assumed name corporation' which absorbed 70-90% of its cooperative assets including non-US real estate and its programs.

==See also==
*[[United Nations in popular culture|United Nations]]
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

* Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.

==External links==
*[https://www.globcal.net/ Globcal International (Website)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/Globcal Globcal International (Meta)]
*[https://twitter.com/Globcal Globcal International (Twitter)]
*[https://www.linkedin.com/company/globcal Globcal International (LinkedIn)]

[[Category:Goodwill ambassador programmes]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
[[Category:Nonprofit institutes based in the United States]]
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__

Globcal International

2022-09-16T18:01:52Z

Colonel: Update settings

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Globcal International}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = {{resize|1.2em|Globcal International}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Appel|first=Benjamin J.|date=January 2018|title=Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=1|pages=274–287|doi=10.1086/694256}}</ref><ref name="Website">{{cite web|author1=David J. Wright|author2=Maria Veneke Ylikomi|author3=Luis Cruz Diaz|author4=Nicholas Wright|title=Globcal International (WebSite)|url=https://www.globcal.net/|website=Globcal International|accessdate=2020-04-22|language=English|format=HTML|date=2013-09-09}}</ref>
| formerly = Model United Nations Social Network Embassy (MUNSNE)<ref name="MUNSNE">{{cite news|title=Model United Nations Social Networking Embassy|url=https://blog.globcal.net/2009/05/model-united-nations-social-network.html|accessdate=2017-11-05|via=Blogger News|publisher=Globcal International|language=English|date=2009-05-09}}</ref>
| predecessor = Globcal International LLC<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2011|title=GLOBCAL INTERNATIONAL LLC :: District of Columbia (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_4105489|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref>
| logo = Globcal Logo 2021.png
| logo_size = 275px
| logo_caption = '''Globcal International Logo''' Our world from a different perspective. 
| logo_alt = Globcal International Logo and Icon Graphic
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|05|09}}
| type = DAO, INGO, CO-OP
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO).<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=United Nations|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| parent_organization = [https://ecooperator.org/globcal-international Ecology Crossroads]

| nickname =
| abbreviation = GLOBCAL
| named_after = Global + Local Neologism
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| headquarters = Madison County
| location = Kentucky
| location_city = Richmond
| location_country = [[United States]]
| coordinates = {{coord|37|39|59|N|84|15|46|W|region:US-KY_type:landmark|display=inline}}
| map = {{Location map|United States|AlternativeMap=Usa edcp relief location map.png|width=300|float=none|caption=<center>Location of Globcal International (Globcal)<center/>|alt=Map of USA with mark showing location of Globcal International|label=Globcal International|lat_deg=37.66|lon_deg=-84.26}}
| map_size = 100%
| map_alt = Usa edcp relief location map.png
| map_caption =

| language = English, Spanish
| tax_id = 84-4622213 (IRS)
| registration_id = ASN-7810863 (KYSOS)
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Executive Officer (XO), Commissioners, Cooperative Members
| merged = [[Ecology Crossroads]] (2020)
| founder = 
| merger = 
| purpose = 
| focus = Ecosystem services provisioning, Indigenous protectorates, Natural capital management, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Creative Commons Think-tank
| professional_title = 
| origins =
| region_served = 3rd World Nations, Fourth World, Developing Countries
| region = International (Global)
| products = 
| services = SDGs Project Development, Indigenous Government, International Foundations
| methods = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaties, Multilateral diplomacy, International cooperation, Public diplomacy
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| affiliations = Goodwill Ambassador Commission, Huottuja Foundation, Indigenous Chocolate, Kentucky Colonelcy, Knights and Ladies of Honor, Transylvania Company, Piaroa People
| motto = One good turn deserves another, and another.

| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| funding = 
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| awards =

| remarks =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
| website = {{URL|www.globcal.net|Globcal International}}<ref name="Website" />
}}

'''Globcal International''' is a membership cooperative, international non-governmental organization, and research development commission of independently recognized goodwill ambassadors from embassies, states, cities, and international organizations.<ref>{{cite conference|date=1988|author=Council of Europe|url=https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11|book-title=International Associations Statutes Series|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs|institution=Union of International Associations (UIA)|location=Palace of Europe}}</ref><ref name="UNSDGs" /> The organization's founding members are professionals with social media advocacy skills and backgrounds in foreign relations, diplomacy, [[sociology]], psychology, [[philosophy]], [[law]], conservation and other academic disciplines.<ref name="Website" /><ref name="UNSDGs">{{cite web|title=ACT4SDGs - Globcal International|url=https://act4sdgs.org/profile/Globcal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=SDGs Action Campaign|publisher=United Nations|language=English}}</ref>

==Non-governmental organization==
The organization's creation is based on the hybridization of the social media business environment, the philosophy of community cooperation, and the development of an international non-governmental organization<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2018|author=Council of Europe|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=124|website=Council of Europe}}</ref> composed of activists involved in philanthropy, fundraising, peacebuilding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-studies/what-is-strategic-peacebuilding/|title=What is Strategic Peacebuilding?|website=Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame|date=2018|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.</ref> and individual bridge-building.<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web|last=Balkanska|date=July 24, 2020|trans-title=Boban Jovanović: Urgently establish the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights|title=Boban Jovanović: Hitno formirati Ministarstvo za ljudska i manjinska prava|url=https://balkanskapravila.com/boban-jovanovic-hitno-formirati-ministarstvo-za-ljudska-i-manjinska-prava|access-date=2022-02-14|work=Balkan Free Speech|language=sr-RS}}</ref> The name of the organization was developed through the fusion of the words global and local.<ref name="Jedda">{{cite news|date=December 2011|title=Globcal:Starting Locally...Thinking Globally|page=24|url=https://issuu.com/djmagzine/docs/binder35/24|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|magazine=Destination Jedda|location=Jedda, Saudi Arabia|language=English|type=|via=Issuu}}</ref>

Each program cooperator is an independent agent trained in social network ethics, public diplomacy 2.0 (sometimes called Facebook diplomacy or [[Twitter]] diplomacy)<ref name="Facebook Diplomacy">{{cite magazine|magazine=Newsweek|title=Facebook Diplomacy|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Twitter Diplomacy">{{cite news |publisher=NPR |title=State Department Guru talks Twitter Diplomacy |author=Scott Simon|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> as '''[[ambassador]]s''' or '''social network protagonists''' their presence is seen on networks like [[Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]], InterNations, TakingITGlobal, XING where they affect public policy by stimulating social reform and [[social change|change]] by maximizing social networking potential through promoting particular themes, ideals, and genres to create and assimilate an understood global world-view.

The organization bases some of its idealism in Buddhist teaching by generating non-possession wealth and social capital through systematic regular posting of general interest information of feeds and other new media forms as would a news agency about meritorious individual people, celebrities, notable public figures and organizations dedicated to doing deeds for the common good through public awareness campaigns, peace activism, educational events, causes, and the development of humanitarian and environmental agendas of with others that they recognize.<ref>Hanifan, L. J. (1916) "The Rural School Community Center", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 67: 130-138. Also see Hanifan, L. J. (1920) ''The Community Center'', Boston: Silver Burdett.</ref> Globcal ambassadors and the members of their diplomatic corps identify [[social media]] items like articles, digital videos, live feeds, blogs, and news items to moderate discussions from their geographical regions or within particular organizational groups and further identify others that have performed meritorious deeds<ref>{{cite web|author=Duke|date=November 29, 2021|title=IGO-NGO Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)|url=https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435|website=Duke University Library Guide|publisher=Duke University|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-02-14|language=en-US|format=HTML}}</ref> for others without any other motive than goodwill or kindness toward their fellow man. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, country of origin, or political affiliation.

==Mission purpose==
The purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders on-line within social network platforms to distribute and/or share social capital, promote social enterprises, provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in on-line communication, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members meet online to organize work on their public service goals and discuss the distribution of social capital by the Ambassadors and cooperative program members.

Globcal is an umbrella group and task force promoting the use of diplomatic protocol in public diplomacy to develop goodwill and social well-being. Their goals involve following an established standard for professional presentation and etiquette on-line in [[social networking]] communities using the individual ambassadors that promote their public diplomacy ideals and serve as personal examples for good use of social network profiles for effective and professional communication to accomplish shared goals through special pages set-up through Facebook and at their websites. The organization allows individual organizations to present one or more ambassadors to represent their causes in the further presentation within their organization, network, blog, and news service.<ref name="Jedda" />

==Cooperative model==
The organization is different from others because it operates as an international cooperative, is all volunteer, and it has little or no operational expenses centrally. Each individual ambassador is a licensed online agent (co-operator), is responsible for their own time and expenses relative to promotion of their causes and for their operation and presentation within the network. The organization collects no funds except through grants that are directed toward administration of ambassador causes and which benefit the cooperative consortium structure on-line.

The cooperative business structure was selected to create an open forum many organizations, countries, states, cities, that share the mission of promoting goodwill and cooperation and permit any qualified individuals to raise funds on the behalf of their favorite causes, promote cooperative interaction, and their individual organizations transparently. Each ambassador is generally registered with their individual organization and is normally authorized by the founder, executive director, president or the board chair to serve their own group using Workplace by Meta.

==Ambassador activists==
Globcal International engages trained citizen diplomats known as cultural ambassadors, goodwill ambassadors, good neighbor ambassadors, peace ambassadors, and missionary ambassadors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.facebook.com/Globcal|title=Globcal International|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Meta Platforms}}</ref> world-wide connected through groups, pages and applications on Facebook. The members of the ambassador groups are individual people that are working with a particular ambassador (or group) on their projects and causes. The colloquial term of Facebook ambassador has become a popular idiom and neologism<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Facebook Diplomacy: Peace may be Just a Click Away|url=http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Kioskea.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101154421/http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|archivedate=2009-11-01|accessdate=2022-02-12}}</ref> that has been identified with the Globcal INGO program development of Facebook diplomacy (open public and citizen diplomacy).

Each independent social network ambassador maintains an individual constituency,<ref name="Serbia" /> promotes selected causes, interacts cooperatively with the public based on direct democracy to tell others in general about what others are doing to make the world a better place. In 2020 the organization was landed in the United States by a Kentucky non-profit charity as an 'assumed name corporation' which absorbed 70-90% of its cooperative assets including non-US real estate and its programs.

==See also==
*[[United Nations in popular culture|United Nations]]
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

* Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.

==External links==
*[https://www.globcal.net/ Globcal International (Website)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/Globcal Globcal International (Meta)]
*[https://twitter.com/Globcal Globcal International (Twitter)]
*[https://www.linkedin.com/company/globcal Globcal International (LinkedIn)]

[[Category:Goodwill ambassador programmes]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
[[Category:Nonprofit institutes based in the United States]]
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__

Ecology Crossroads

2022-09-16T16:03:39Z

Colonel: Updated Info box

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation. Inc.
| logo = File:Ecology_Crossroads_Trademark_512.png
| logo_size = 275px
| logo_caption = [[Ecology Crossroads]] by '''[[Globcal International]]'''
| logo_alt = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation

| nickname = Ecology Crossroads
| abbreviation = ECCFUS (US) & ECCFI (INT)
| named_after = Ecology at the Cross-Roads <ref>{{cite journal|name=Dr. Henry Neville Southern|title=Ecology at the Cross-Roads|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=11|publisher=British Ecological Society|date=April 1970 |language=English|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2401608}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =

| founding_location = Commonwealth of Kentucky
| established = {{start date and age|1994|04|12}}
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO) under the name [[Globcal International]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=United Nations|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>

| focus = Ecosystem services, Indigenous peoples, Ecosystem restoration, Biodiversity conservation
| headquarters = Madison County
| location = Kentucky
| location_city = Richmond
| location_country = [[United States]]
| coordinates = {{coord|37|39|59|N|84|15|46|W|region:US-KY_type:landmark|display=inline}}
| map = {{Location map|United States|AlternativeMap=Usa edcp relief location map.png|width=300|float=none|caption=<center>Location of Ecology Crossroads (ECCFUS)<center/>|alt=Map of USA with mark showing location of Ecology Crossroads|label=Richmond, Kentucky|lat_deg=37.66|lon_deg=-84.26}}
| map_size = 100%
| map_alt = Usa edcp relief location map.png
| map_caption =

| language = English
| tax_id = 61-1259384 (IRS)
| registration_id = 0329183 (KYSOS)
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Executive Council, Board of Trustees, Members
| merged = 
| founder = 
| merger = 
| type = Nonprofit, NGO, Charity
| purpose = 
| professional_title = 
| origins =
| region_served = 
| products = 
| services =
| methods = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaties, Multilateral diplomacy, International cooperation, Public diplomacy
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 

| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| funding = 
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| awards =

| remarks =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ecooperator.org|Ecology Crossroads}}
}}

'''Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation''' is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable organization founded in Kentucky in 1994<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenCorporates|date=April 12, 1994|title=ECOLOGY CROSSROADS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0329183|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to address the Earth Charter which began in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro as Agenda 21.<ref>{{cite web|author=GuideStar|title=Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation - Candid|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/61-1259384|url-status=live|website=GuideStar|publisher=Candid|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> The organization made a significant impact on the American landscape between 1994 and 2000 by distributing nearly 10 million trees across the United States in a number of large scale events aimed at assisting victims of natural disasters caused by climate change related weather events. Today, according to their website the organization is dedicated to preserving biodiversity, environmental conservation and defending the rights of Indigenous peoples in the Americas through an array of programs and objectives it sponsors or manages through Globcal International which became its subsidiary in 2020 when it was backflipped into Ecology Crossroads in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecology Crossroads - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11r2j2xx1t|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref>

== Introduction and history ==

'''ECCFUS (US)''' or '''ECCFI (International)''' (2022) or just simply '''Ecology Crossroads''' was started to address climate-change long before the term was created.<ref name="sos">{{cite web|date=April 12, 1994|title=Articles of Incorporation|url=https://web.sos.ky.gov/corpscans/83/0329183-09-99999-19940412-ART-2291972-PU.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Kentucky Secretary of State|publisher=Secretary of State of Kentucky Corporation Register|type=Constitutional Document|format=PDF}}</ref> It is clear the organization was developed to plant a forest of trees according to the Washington Post<ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Steve|date=February 23, 1995|title=Saving a Forest of Surplus Trees|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/02/23/saving-a-forest-of-surplus-trees/25ef2283-d7cb-4345-a99e-b8894f31cd2a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and to serve as one responsible for delivering aid to disaster victims by helping them recover urban landscapes in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 29, 1996|title=Branching Out to North Carolina|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/691058939|page=33|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|type=Feature article.|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The organization was founded by Col. David Wright, an American conservationist responsible for coordinating and organizing the Earth Day Society in Delaware in 1990. Wright took up the public charge founded by Gaylord Nelson under Denis Hayes at Earth Day Headquarters in San Francisco by setting up an Earth Day campaign office with friend, Michael S. Gallagher from the University of Delaware to coordinate activities from April 22 until April 29 which reached over 800,000 people from the top to the bottom of the small state followed by a four-day exposition at the Cristiana Mall which attracted nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 28, 1990|title=Earth Expo at Christiana Mall|page=5|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159594034|url-status=live|work=|type=Announcement.|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> His Earth Week program was started based on his connections in the state with wealthy estate owners, corporate executives and politicians after founding the Endangered Turtle Protection Foundation of the Americas in 1989<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 1989|title=ENDANGERED TURTLE PROTECTION FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAS :: Delaware (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2205842|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to protect native endangered turtle species on their estates and within the adjacent countryside of Greenville, Delaware.<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=January 01, 1990|title=New Group Seeks to Protect Turtles|page=11|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159552299|url-status=live|work=|type=|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

The organization was started by carrying on the legacy of the success Wright had in Delaware and the popularity of Earth Day and Arbor Day ideas to Kentucky, he organized similar events in 1993 in Louisville and Lexington that were not so well attended, reviewed or of much interest in the bluegrass and bourbon state. In 1994 Wright had the foresight to add natural disaster recovery efforts following ice storms, tornadoes and hurricanes, rural beautification and suburban forestry together in a perfect storm in the months following areas impacted by distributing trees. It started with ice, falling trees and the goodwill of tree farmers in Western Pennsylvania in 1994. Wright founded the organization in Lexington based on a grant he received from the City to distribute 100,000 tree saplings from 18-36" tall, with their support, the organization managed to recruit major sponsors and received the support of the Lexington Herald-Leader to run public service announcements in the newspaper. The organization distributed 97,000 trees and repeated the program the following weekend distributing 50,000 more.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 27, 1994|title=Ice Storms Could Have a Silver Lining for Trees|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/690507295|page=49|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Free Trees: Community Tree Program|page=21|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/178108027|url-status=live|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|access-date=2022-02-10|language=en-US|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

Ecology Crossroads repeated its routine in Sewell, Southern New Jersey in the Fall which was also greatly affected by the ice-storms in 1994, the event drew people from New York, Philadelphia and Delaware having heard about it on the radio. In 1995, the organization opened an office in Delaware focusing the tree program on the ideas of Spring, urban forestry and beautification of home landscapes. The "Community Tree Program" was held in Washington DC, Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia. After distributing several million trees everything was leafy for the organization until 1996 when the National Arbor Day Foundation sued Ecology Crossroads for trademark infringement after the organization launched websites using the generic TLDs '''arborday.com''' and '''freetrees.com''' to distribute trees to anyone-anywhere under the trade names Arbor Day, Arbor Day USA and Arbor Day Free Tree Program. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) weighed in with its opinion on May 03, 1999 calling the lawsuit frivolous and a "crying shame" favoring an positive outcome for Ecology Crossroads and the "Arbor Day Free Tree Program" it developed.

Ecology Crossroads was cornering the market on Arbor Day by using the presidentially proclaimed celebratory observance<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation 6554—National Arbor Day, 1993 {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-6554-national-arbor-day-1993|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> from within the realm of the public domain with Arbor Day and tapping into the traditional history going back to 1872 by questioning who made the tree planting holiday a national and international concept J. Sterling Morton or Birdsey Northrup?

The lawsuit was settled when Ecology Crossroads agreed to sell the websites to the nonprofit for an undisclosed sum and the dismissal of the case with prejudice in 1999. In 2000 some of the directors branched off to start a new program called Trees4Tomorrow in San Bernardino, California; but the program did not grow roots because of high California agricultural standards and the organization's source of trees being in Pennsylvania. Since California prefers its own trees, they were forced to hold their first program in Reno, Nevada in April.

In 2020, Ecology Crossroads returned to Kentucky to make it home once again reinstating the nonprofit and filing assumed name certificates to do business as Globcal International (established in 2009) and Kentucky Colonels International (based online since 1998). Less than a month later, Ecology Crossroads found itself named in another trademark dispute, this time with the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (HOKC) claiming that the organization was confusing its members by using the trademark KENTUCKY COLONELS both online and under Kentucky common law, after a year of litigation in the U.S. District Court the case was settled by the parties in a court ordered settlement conference, resulting in a mediated settlement agreement and permanent injunction over use of the HOKC trademark with a paragraph dedicated to the protection of the Kentucky Colonel title. Ecology Crossroads converted the unnamed online association to Kentucky Colonelcy, which since the lawsuit ended in February 2021, has become the most authoritative historical creative commons work ever prepared about the founders of Kentucky starting in 1775 and proving false the story of the aide-de-camp and the first colonel appearing in 1813. It is clear from reviewing the Kentucky Colonelcy website that Kentucky was founded by colonels and so was America, half of the Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence held the title of colonel.

==See also==

*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[Globcal International]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]
[[Category:Nonprofit organizations]]
[[Category:Goodwill ambassador programmes]]
[[Category:Carbon capture and sequestration]]
[[Category:Charitable organizations]]
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Ecology Crossroads

2022-09-16T11:02:32Z

Colonel: Changed title to legal name

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo = File:Ecology_Crossroads_Trademark_512.png
| name = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation, Inc
| founding_location = Lexington, Kentucky
| abbreviation = ECCFUSA
| website = [http://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = '''Ecology Crossroads Logo''' Which Road Will You Take? 
| logo_alt = Ecology Crossroads
| founded = {{start date and age|1994|04|12}}
| type = Nonprofit corporation (charity)
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO) under the name [[Globcal International]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=[[United Nations]]|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| focus = Ecosystem services, Indigenous peoples, Ecosystem restoration, Biodiversity conservation
| headquarters = [[Richmond, Kentucky]]
| location =
| coords =
| location2 =
| additional_location =
| additional_location2=
| method = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaty, Bilateralism, Multilateral Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Public diplomacy
| language = English
| region_served = Madison County, Kentucky, United States
| tax_id = 61-1259384 (IRS)
| registration_id = 0329183 (KYSOS)
| origins =
| region =
| products =
| fields =
| services = Indigenous Philanthropy
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Board of Trustees
| subsidiaries = [[Globcal International]]
| affiliations = [[Kentucky]]
| num_staff = 3
| num_volunteers = 27
| membership =
| motto =
| slogan =
| key_people =
| budget =
| remarks =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation''' is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable organization founded in Kentucky in 1994<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenCorporates|date=April 12, 1994|title=ECOLOGY CROSSROADS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0329183|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to address the Earth Charter which began in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro as Agenda 21.<ref>{{cite web|author=GuideStar|title=Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation - Candid|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/61-1259384|url-status=live|website=GuideStar|publisher=Candid|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> The organization made a significant impact on the American landscape between 1994 and 2000 by distributing nearly 10 million trees across the United States in a number of large scale events aimed at assisting victims of natural disasters caused by climate change related weather events. Today, according to their website the organization is dedicated to preserving biodiversity, environmental conservation and defending the rights of Indigenous peoples in the Americas through an array of programs and objectives it sponsors or manages through Globcal International which became its subsidiary in 2020 when it was backflipped into Ecology Crossroads in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecology Crossroads - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11r2j2xx1t|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref>

== Introduction and history ==

'''Ecology Crossroads''' or '''ECCFUSA''' was started to address climate-change long before the term was created.<ref name="sos">{{cite web|date=April 12, 1994|title=Articles of Incorporation|url=https://web.sos.ky.gov/corpscans/83/0329183-09-99999-19940412-ART-2291972-PU.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Kentucky Secretary of State|publisher=Secretary of State of Kentucky Corporation Register|type=Constitutional Document|format=PDF}}</ref> It is clear the organization was developed to plant a forest of trees according to the Washington Post<ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Steve|date=February 23, 1995|title=Saving a Forest of Surplus Trees|language=en-US|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/02/23/saving-a-forest-of-surplus-trees/25ef2283-d7cb-4345-a99e-b8894f31cd2a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and to serve as one responsible for delivering aid to disaster victims by helping them recover urban landscapes in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 29, 1996|title=Branching Out to North Carolina|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/691058939|page=33|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|type=Feature article.|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The organization was founded by Col. David Wright, an American conservationist responsible for coordinating and organizing the Earth Day Society in Delaware in 1990. Wright took up the public charge founded by Gaylord Nelson under Denis Hayes at Earth Day Headquarters in San Francisco by setting up an Earth Day campaign office to coordinate activities from April 22 until April 29 which reached over 800,000 people from the top to the bottom of the small state followed by a four-day exposition at the Cristiana Mall which attracted nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 28, 1990|title=Earth Expo at Christiana Mall|page=5|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159594034|url-status=live|work=|type=Announcement.|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> His Earth Week program was started based on his connections in the state with wealthy estate owners, corporate executives and politicians after founding the Endangered Turtle Protection Foundation of the Americas in 1989<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 1989|title=ENDANGERED TURTLE PROTECTION FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAS :: Delaware (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2205842|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to protect native endangered turtle species on their estates and within the adjacent countryside of Greenville, Delaware.<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=January 01, 1990|title=New Group Seeks to Protect Turtles|page=11|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159552299|url-status=live|work=|type=|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

The organization was started by carrying on the legacy of the success Wright had in Delaware and the popularity of Earth Day and Arbor Day ideas to Kentucky, he organized similar events in 1993 in Louisville and Lexington that were not so well attended, reviewed or of much interest in the bluegrass and bourbon state. In 1994 Wright had the foresight to add natural disaster recovery efforts following ice storms, tornadoes and hurricanes, rural beautification and suburban forestry together in a perfect storm in the months following areas impacted by distributing trees. It started with ice, falling trees and the goodwill of tree farmers in Western Pennsylvania in 1994. Wright founded the organization in Lexington based on a grant he received from the City to distribute 100,000 tree saplings from 18-36" tall, with their support, the organization managed to recruit major sponsors and received the support of the Lexington Herald-Leader to run public service announcements in the newspaper. The organization distributed 97,000 trees and repeated the program the following weekend distributing 50,000 more.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 27, 1994|title=Ice Storms Could Have a Silver Lining for Trees|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/690507295|page=49|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Free Trees: Community Tree Program|page=21|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/178108027|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|access-date=2022-02-10|language=en-US|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Ecology Crossroads repeated its routine in Sewell, Southern New Jersey in the Fall which was also greatly effected by the ice-storms in 1994, the event drew people from New York, Philadelphia and Delaware having heard about it on the radio.*** In 1995, the organization opened an office in Delaware focusing the tree program on the ideas of Spring, urban forestry and beautification of home landscapes. The "Community Tree Program" was held in Washington DC, Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia. After distributing several million trees everything was leafy for the organization until 1996 when the National Arbor Day Foundation sued Ecology Crossroads for trademark infringement after the organization launched websites using the generic TLDs '''arborday.com''' and '''freetrees.com''' to distribute trees to anyone-anywhere under the trade names Arbor Day, Arbor Day USA and Arbor Day Free Tree Program. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) weighed in with its opinion on May 03, 1999 calling the lawsuit frivolous and a "crying shame" favoring an positive outcome for Ecology Crossroads and the "Arbor Day Free Tree Program" it developed.

Ecology Crossroads was cornering the market on Arbor Day by using the presidentially proclaimed celebratory observance<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation 6554—National Arbor Day, 1993 {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-6554-national-arbor-day-1993|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> from within the realm of the public domain with Arbor Day and tapping into the traditional history going back to 1872 by questioning who made the tree planting holiday a national and international concept J. Sterling Morton or Birdsey Northrup?

The lawsuit was settled when Ecology Crossroads agreed to sell the websites to the nonprofit for an undisclosed sum and the dismissal of the case with prejudice in 1999. In 2000 some of the directors branched off to start a new program called Trees4Tomorrow in San Bernardino, California; but the program did not grow roots because of high California agricultural standards and the organization's source of trees being in Pennsylvania. Since California prefers its own trees, they were forced to hold their first program in Reno, Nevada in April.

In 2020, Ecology Crossroads returned to Kentucky to make it home once again reinstating the nonprofit and filing assumed name certificates to do business as Globcal International (established in 2009) and Kentucky Colonels International (based online since 1998). Less than a month later, Ecology Crossroads found itself named in another trademark dispute, this time with the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (HOKC) claiming that the organization was confusing its members by using the trademark KENTUCKY COLONELS both online and under Kentucky common law, after a year of litigation in the U.S. District Court the case was settled by the parties in a court ordered settlement conference, resulting in a mediated settlement agreement and permanent injunction over use of the HOKC trademark with a paragraph dedicated to the protection of the Kentucky Colonel title. Ecology Crossroads converted the unnamed online association to Kentucky Colonelcy, which since the lawsuit ended in February 2021, has become the most authoritative historical creative commons work ever prepared about the founders of Kentucky starting in 1775 and proving false the story of the aide-de-camp and the first colonel appearing in 1813. It is clear from reviewing the Kentucky Colonelcy website that Kentucky was founded by colonels and so was America, half of the Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence held the title of colonel.

==See also==

*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[Globcal International]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]
[[Category:Nonprofit organizations]]
[[Category:Goodwill ambassador programmes]]
[[Category:Carbon capture and sequestration]]
[[Category:Charitable organizations]]
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

Ecology Crossroads

2022-09-16T10:31:53Z

Colonel: Changed protection settings for "Ecology Crossroads" ([Edit=Protect from non-authors] (indefinite))

{{Infobox organization
| logo = File:Ecology_Crossroads_Trademark_512.png
| name = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation, Inc
| founding_location = Lexington, Kentucky
| abbreviation = ECCFUSA
| website = [http://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = '''Ecology Crossroads Logo''' Which Road Will You Take? 
| logo_alt = Ecology Crossroads
| founded = {{start date and age|1994|04|12}}
| type = Nonprofit corporation (charity)
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO) under the name [[Globcal International]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=[[United Nations]]|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| focus = Ecosystem services, Indigenous peoples, Ecosystem restoration, Biodiversity conservation
| headquarters = [[Richmond, Kentucky]]
| location =
| coords =
| location2 =
| additional_location =
| additional_location2=
| method = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaty, Bilateralism, Multilateral Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Public diplomacy
| language = English
| region_served = Madison County, Kentucky, United States
| tax_id = 61-1259384 (IRS)
| registration_id = 0329183 (KYSOS)
| origins =
| region =
| products =
| fields =
| services = Indigenous Philanthropy
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Board of Trustees
| subsidiaries = [[Globcal International]]
| affiliations = [[Kentucky]]
| num_staff = 3
| num_volunteers = 27
| membership =
| motto =
| slogan =
| key_people =
| budget =
| remarks =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation''' is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable organization founded in Kentucky in 1994<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenCorporates|date=April 12, 1994|title=ECOLOGY CROSSROADS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0329183|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to address the Earth Charter which began in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro as Agenda 21.<ref>{{cite web|author=GuideStar|title=Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation - Candid|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/61-1259384|url-status=live|website=GuideStar|publisher=Candid|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> The organization made a significant impact on the American landscape between 1994 and 2000 by distributing nearly 10 million trees across the United States in a number of large scale events aimed at assisting victims of natural disasters caused by climate change related weather events. Today, according to their website the organization is dedicated to preserving biodiversity, environmental conservation and defending the rights of Indigenous peoples in the Americas through an array of programs and objectives it sponsors or manages through Globcal International which became its subsidiary in 2020 when it was backflipped into Ecology Crossroads in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecology Crossroads - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11r2j2xx1t|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Google Knowledge Graph}}</ref>

== Introduction and history ==

'''Ecology Crossroads''' or '''ECCFUSA''' was started to address climate-change long before the term was created.<ref name="sos">{{cite web|date=April 12, 1994|title=Articles of Incorporation|url=https://web.sos.ky.gov/corpscans/83/0329183-09-99999-19940412-ART-2291972-PU.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Kentucky Secretary of State|publisher=Secretary of State of Kentucky Corporation Register|type=Constitutional Document|format=PDF}}</ref> It is clear the organization was developed to plant a forest of trees according to the Washington Post<ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Steve|date=February 23, 1995|title=Saving a Forest of Surplus Trees|language=en-US|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/02/23/saving-a-forest-of-surplus-trees/25ef2283-d7cb-4345-a99e-b8894f31cd2a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and to serve as one responsible for delivering aid to disaster victims by helping them recover urban landscapes in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 29, 1996|title=Branching Out to North Carolina|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/691058939|page=33|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|type=Feature article.|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The organization was founded by Col. David Wright, an American conservationist responsible for coordinating and organizing the Earth Day Society in Delaware in 1990. Wright took up the public charge founded by Gaylord Nelson under Denis Hayes at Earth Day Headquarters in San Francisco by setting up an Earth Day campaign office to coordinate activities from April 22 until April 29 which reached over 800,000 people from the top to the bottom of the small state followed by a four-day exposition at the Cristiana Mall which attracted nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 28, 1990|title=Earth Expo at Christiana Mall|page=5|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159594034|url-status=live|work=|type=Announcement.|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> His Earth Week program was started based on his connections in the state with wealthy estate owners, corporate executives and politicians after founding the Endangered Turtle Protection Foundation of the Americas in 1989<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 1989|title=ENDANGERED TURTLE PROTECTION FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAS :: Delaware (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2205842|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to protect native endangered turtle species on their estates and within the adjacent countryside of Greenville, Delaware.<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=January 01, 1990|title=New Group Seeks to Protect Turtles|page=11|newspaper=The News-Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159552299|url-status=live|work=|type=|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

The organization was started by carrying on the legacy of the success Wright had in Delaware and the popularity of Earth Day and Arbor Day ideas to Kentucky, he organized similar events in 1993 in Louisville and Lexington that were not so well attended, reviewed or of much interest in the bluegrass and bourbon state. In 1994 Wright had the foresight to add natural disaster recovery efforts following ice storms, tornadoes and hurricanes, rural beautification and suburban forestry together in a perfect storm in the months following areas impacted by distributing trees. It started with ice, falling trees and the goodwill of tree farmers in Western Pennsylvania in 1994. Wright founded the organization in Lexington based on a grant he received from the City to distribute 100,000 tree saplings from 18-36" tall, with their support, the organization managed to recruit major sponsors and received the support of the Lexington Herald-Leader to run public service announcements in the newspaper. The organization distributed 97,000 trees and repeated the program the following weekend distributing 50,000 more.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 27, 1994|title=Ice Storms Could Have a Silver Lining for Trees|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/690507295|page=49|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Free Trees: Community Tree Program|page=21|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/178108027|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|access-date=2022-02-10|language=en-US|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Ecology Crossroads repeated its routine in Sewell, Southern New Jersey in the Fall which was also greatly effected by the ice-storms in 1994, the event drew people from New York, Philadelphia and Delaware having heard about it on the radio.*** In 1995, the organization opened an office in Delaware focusing the tree program on the ideas of Spring, urban forestry and beautification of home landscapes. The "Community Tree Program" was held in Washington DC, Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia. After distributing several million trees everything was leafy for the organization until 1996 when the National Arbor Day Foundation sued Ecology Crossroads for trademark infringement after the organization launched websites using the generic TLDs '''arborday.com''' and '''freetrees.com''' to distribute trees to anyone-anywhere under the trade names Arbor Day, Arbor Day USA and Arbor Day Free Tree Program. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) weighed in with its opinion on May 03, 1999 calling the lawsuit frivolous and a "crying shame" favoring an positive outcome for Ecology Crossroads and the "Arbor Day Free Tree Program" it developed.

Ecology Crossroads was cornering the market on Arbor Day by using the presidentially proclaimed celebratory observance<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation 6554—National Arbor Day, 1993 {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-6554-national-arbor-day-1993|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> from within the realm of the public domain with Arbor Day and tapping into the traditional history going back to 1872 by questioning who made the tree planting holiday a national and international concept J. Sterling Morton or Birdsey Northrup?

The lawsuit was settled when Ecology Crossroads agreed to sell the websites to the nonprofit for an undisclosed sum and the dismissal of the case with prejudice in 1999. In 2000 some of the directors branched off to start a new program called Trees4Tomorrow in San Bernardino, California; but the program did not grow roots because of high California agricultural standards and the organization's source of trees being in Pennsylvania. Since California prefers its own trees, they were forced to hold their first program in Reno, Nevada in April.

In 2020, Ecology Crossroads returned to Kentucky to make it home once again reinstating the nonprofit and filing assumed name certificates to do business as Globcal International (established in 2009) and Kentucky Colonels International (based online since 1998). Less than a month later, Ecology Crossroads found itself named in another trademark dispute, this time with the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (HOKC) claiming that the organization was confusing its members by using the trademark KENTUCKY COLONELS both online and under Kentucky common law, after a year of litigation in the U.S. District Court the case was settled by the parties in a court ordered settlement conference, resulting in a mediated settlement agreement and permanent injunction over use of the HOKC trademark with a paragraph dedicated to the protection of the Kentucky Colonel title. Ecology Crossroads converted the unnamed online association to Kentucky Colonelcy, which since the lawsuit ended in February 2021, has become the most authoritative historical creative commons work ever prepared about the founders of Kentucky starting in 1775 and proving false the story of the aide-de-camp and the first colonel appearing in 1813. It is clear from reviewing the Kentucky Colonelcy website that Kentucky was founded by colonels and so was America, half of the Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence held the title of colonel.

==See also==

*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[Globcal International]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]

Globcal International

2022-09-16T10:23:44Z

Colonel:

{{Infobox Organization
| name = {{resize|1.2em|Globcal International}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Appel|first=Benjamin J.|date=January 2018|title=Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=1|pages=274–287|doi=10.1086/694256}}</ref><ref name="Website">{{cite web|author1=David J. Wright|author2=Maria Veneke Ylikomi|author3=Luis Cruz Diaz|author4=Nicholas Wright|title=Globcal International (WebSite)|url=https://www.globcal.net/|website=Globcal International|accessdate=2020-04-22|language=English|format=HTML|date=2013-09-09}}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| formerly = Model United Nations Social Network Embassy (MUNSNE)<ref name="MUNSNE">{{cite news|title=Model United Nations Social Networking Embassy|url=https://blog.globcal.net/2009/05/model-united-nations-social-network.html|accessdate=2017-11-05|via=Blogger News|publisher=Globcal International|language=English|date=2009-05-09}}</ref>
| logo = Globcal Logo 2021.png
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_caption = '''Globcal International Logo''' Our world from a different perspective. 
| logo_alt = Globcal International Logo and Icon Graphic
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|05|09}}
| type = DAO, INGO, CO-OP
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO).<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=United Nations|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| focus = Ecosystem services provisioning, Indigenous protectorates, Natural capital management, Sustainable Development Goals and Think-tank
| headquarters = '''Decentralized Online''' Richmond, Kentucky
| location =
| coords =
| location2 =
| additional_location =
| additional_location2=
| method = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaty, Bilateralism, Multilateral Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Public diplomacy
| abbreviation = Globcal
| language = English
| region_served = Worldwide serving 3rd World Nations, Fourth World, Developing Countries
| predecessor = Globcal International LLC<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2011|title=GLOBCAL INTERNATIONAL LLC :: District of Columbia (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_4105489|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref>
| merged = [[Ecology Crossroads]] (2020)
| tax_id = 84-4622213 (IRS)
| registration_id = ASN-7810863 (KYSOS)
| origins =
| region = International (Global)
| products =
| fields =
| services = SDGs Project Development, Indigenous Government, International Foundations
| main_organ = Commission, Cooperative
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations = Goodwill Ambassador Commission, Huottuja Foundation, Indigenous Chocolate, Kentucky Colonelcy, Knights and Ladies of Honor, Transylvania Company
| parent_organization = [https://ecooperator.org/globcal-international Ecology Crossroads]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| membership =
| motto = One good turn deserves another, and another.
| slogan =
| key_people =
| budget =
| remarks =
| website = {{URL|www.globcal.net|Globcal International}}<ref name="Website" />
| footnotes =
}}
'''Globcal International''' is a membership cooperative, international non-governmental organization, and research development commission of independently recognized goodwill ambassadors from embassies, states, cities, and international organizations.<ref>{{cite conference|date=1988|author=Council of Europe|url=https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11|book-title=International Associations Statutes Series|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs|institution=Union of International Associations (UIA)|location=Palace of Europe}}</ref><ref name="UNSDGs" /> The organization's founding members are professionals with social media advocacy skills and backgrounds in foreign relations, diplomacy, [[sociology]], psychology, [[philosophy]], [[law]], conservation and other academic disciplines.<ref name="Website" /><ref name="UNSDGs">{{cite web|title=ACT4SDGs - Globcal International|url=https://act4sdgs.org/profile/Globcal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=SDGs Action Campaign|publisher=United Nations|language=English}}</ref>

==Non-governmental organization==
The organization's creation is based on the hybridization of the social media business environment, the philosophy of community cooperation, and the development of an international non-governmental organization<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2018|author=Council of Europe|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=124|website=Council of Europe}}</ref> composed of activists involved in philanthropy, fundraising, peacebuilding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-studies/what-is-strategic-peacebuilding/|title=What is Strategic Peacebuilding?|website=Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame|date=2018|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.</ref> and individual bridge-building.<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web|last=Balkanska|date=July 24, 2020|trans-title=Boban Jovanović: Urgently establish the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights|title=Boban Jovanović: Hitno formirati Ministarstvo za ljudska i manjinska prava|url=https://balkanskapravila.com/boban-jovanovic-hitno-formirati-ministarstvo-za-ljudska-i-manjinska-prava|access-date=2022-02-14|work=Balkan Free Speech|language=sr-RS}}</ref> The name of the organization was developed through the fusion of the words global and local.<ref name="Jedda">{{cite news|date=December 2011|title=Globcal:Starting Locally...Thinking Globally|page=24|url=https://issuu.com/djmagzine/docs/binder35/24|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|magazine=Destination Jedda|location=Jedda, Saudi Arabia|language=English|type=|via=Issuu}}</ref>

Each program cooperator is an independent agent trained in social network ethics, public diplomacy 2.0 (sometimes called Facebook diplomacy or [[Twitter]] diplomacy)<ref name="Facebook Diplomacy">{{cite magazine|magazine=Newsweek|title=Facebook Diplomacy|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Twitter Diplomacy">{{cite news |publisher=NPR |title=State Department Guru talks Twitter Diplomacy |author=Scott Simon|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> as '''[[ambassador]]s''' or '''social network protagonists''' their presence is seen on networks like [[Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]], InterNations, TakingITGlobal, XING where they affect public policy by stimulating social reform and [[social change|change]] by maximizing social networking potential through promoting particular themes, ideals, and genres to create and assimilate an understood global world-view.

The organization bases some of its idealism in Buddhist teaching by generating non-possession wealth and social capital through systematic regular posting of general interest information of feeds and other new media forms as would a news agency about meritorious individual people, celebrities, notable public figures and organizations dedicated to doing deeds for the common good through public awareness campaigns, peace activism, educational events, causes, and the development of humanitarian and environmental agendas of with others that they recognize.<ref>Hanifan, L. J. (1916) "The Rural School Community Center", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 67: 130-138. Also see Hanifan, L. J. (1920) ''The Community Center'', Boston: Silver Burdett.</ref> Globcal ambassadors and the members of their diplomatic corps identify [[social media]] items like articles, digital videos, live feeds, blogs, and news items to moderate discussions from their geographical regions or within particular organizational groups and further identify others that have performed meritorious deeds<ref>{{cite web|author=Duke|date=November 29, 2021|title=IGO-NGO Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)|url=https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435|website=Duke University Library Guide|publisher=Duke University|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-02-14|language=en-US|format=HTML}}</ref> for others without any other motive than goodwill or kindness toward their fellow man. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, country of origin, or political affiliation.

==Mission purpose==
The purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders on-line within social network platforms to distribute and/or share social capital, promote social enterprises, provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in on-line communication, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members meet online to organize work on their public service goals and discuss the distribution of social capital by the Ambassadors and cooperative program members.

Globcal is an umbrella group and task force promoting the use of diplomatic protocol in public diplomacy to develop goodwill and social well-being. Their goals involve following an established standard for professional presentation and etiquette on-line in [[social networking]] communities using the individual ambassadors that promote their public diplomacy ideals and serve as personal examples for good use of social network profiles for effective and professional communication to accomplish shared goals through special pages set-up through Facebook and at their websites. The organization allows individual organizations to present one or more ambassadors to represent their causes in the further presentation within their organization, network, blog, and news service.<ref name="Jedda" />

==Cooperative model==
The organization is different from others because it operates as an international cooperative, is all volunteer, and it has little or no operational expenses centrally. Each individual ambassador is a licensed online agent (co-operator), is responsible for their own time and expenses relative to promotion of their causes and for their operation and presentation within the network. The organization collects no funds except through grants that are directed toward administration of ambassador causes and which benefit the cooperative consortium structure on-line.

The cooperative business structure was selected to create an open forum many organizations, countries, states, cities, that share the mission of promoting goodwill and cooperation and permit any qualified individuals to raise funds on the behalf of their favorite causes, promote cooperative interaction, and their individual organizations transparently. Each ambassador is generally registered with their individual organization and is normally authorized by the founder, executive director, president or the board chair to serve their own group using Workplace by Meta.

==Ambassador activists==
Globcal International engages trained citizen diplomats known as cultural ambassadors, goodwill ambassadors, good neighbor ambassadors, peace ambassadors, and missionary ambassadors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.facebook.com/Globcal|title=Globcal International|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Meta Platforms}}</ref> world-wide connected through groups, pages and applications on Facebook. The members of the ambassador groups are individual people that are working with a particular ambassador (or group) on their projects and causes. The colloquial term of Facebook ambassador has become a popular idiom and neologism<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Facebook Diplomacy: Peace may be Just a Click Away|url=http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Kioskea.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101154421/http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|archivedate=2009-11-01|accessdate=2022-02-12}}</ref> that has been identified with the Globcal INGO program development of Facebook diplomacy (open public and citizen diplomacy).

Each independent social network ambassador maintains an individual constituency,<ref name="Serbia" /> promotes selected causes, interacts cooperatively with the public based on direct democracy to tell others in general about what others are doing to make the world a better place. In 2020 the organization was landed in the United States by a Kentucky non-profit charity as an 'assumed name corporation' which absorbed 70-90% of its cooperative assets including non-US real estate and its programs.

==See also==
*[[United Nations in popular culture|United Nations]]
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

* Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.

==External links==
*[https://www.globcal.net/ Globcal International (Website)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/Globcal Globcal International (Meta)]
*[https://twitter.com/Globcal Globcal International (Twitter)]
*[https://www.linkedin.com/company/globcal Globcal International (LinkedIn)]

Globcal International

2022-09-16T09:34:54Z

Colonel: Redlinks

{{Infobox Organization
| name = {{resize|1.2em|Globcal International}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Appel|first=Benjamin J.|date=January 2018|title=Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=1|pages=274–287|doi=10.1086/694256}}</ref><ref name="Website">{{cite web|author1=David J. Wright|author2=Maria Veneke Ylikomi|author3=Luis Cruz Diaz|author4=Nicholas Wright|title=Globcal International (WebSite)|url=https://www.globcal.net/|website=Globcal International|accessdate=2020-04-22|language=English|format=HTML|date=2013-09-09}}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| formerly = Model United Nations Social Network Embassy (MUNSNE)<ref name="MUNSNE">{{cite news|title=Model United Nations Social Networking Embassy|url=https://blog.globcal.net/2009/05/model-united-nations-social-network.html|accessdate=2017-11-05|via=Blogger News|publisher=Globcal International|language=English|date=2009-05-09}}</ref>
| logo = Globcal Logo 2021.png
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_caption = '''Globcal International Logo''' Our world from a different perspective. 
| logo_alt = Globcal International Logo and Icon Graphic
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|05|09}}
| type = DAO, INGO, CO-OP
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO).<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=[[United Nations]]|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| focus = [[Ecosystem services|Ecosystem services provisioning]], [[Protectorate|Indigenous protectorates]], [[Natural capital|Natural capital management]], [[Sustainable Development Goals]] and [[Think-tank|Research and policy institute]]
| headquarters = '''Decentralized Online''' [[Richmond, Kentucky]]
| location =
| coords =
| location2 =
| additional_location =
| additional_location2=
| method = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaty, Bilateralism, Multilateral Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Public diplomacy
| abbreviation = [[Globcal]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| region_served = Worldwide serving 3rd World Nations, Fourth World, Developing Countries
| predecessor = Globcal International LLC<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2011|title=GLOBCAL INTERNATIONAL LLC :: District of Columbia (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_4105489|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref>
| merged = Ecology Crossroads (2020)
| tax_id = 84-4622213 (IRS)
| registration_id = ASN-7810863 (KYSOS)
| origins =
| region =
| products =
| fields =
| services = SDGs Project Development, Indigenous Government, International Foundations
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Commission
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations = [[United Nations]] [[SDG]]s [[Partnership]], [[Kentucky]]
| parent_organization = [https://ecooperator.org/ Ecology Crossroads]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| membership =
| motto = One good turn deserves another, and another.
| slogan =
| key_people =
| budget =
| remarks =
| website = {{URL|www.globcal.net}}<ref name="Website" />
| footnotes =
}}
'''Globcal International''' is a membership cooperative, international non-governmental organization, and research development commission of independently recognized goodwill ambassadors from embassies, states, cities, and international organizations.<ref>{{cite conference|date=1988|author=Council of Europe|url=https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11|book-title=International Associations Statutes Series|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs|institution=Union of International Associations (UIA)|location=[[Palace of Europe]]}}</ref><ref name="UNSDGs" /> The organization's founding members are professionals with social media advocacy skills and backgrounds in foreign relations, diplomacy, [[sociology]], psychology, [[philosophy]], [[law]], conservation and other academic disciplines.<ref name="Website" /><ref name="UNSDGs">{{cite web|title=ACT4SDGs - Globcal International|url=https://act4sdgs.org/profile/Globcal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=SDGs Action Campaign|publisher=[[United Nations]]|language=English}}</ref>

==Non-governmental organization==
The organization's creation is based on the hybridization of the social media business environment, the philosophy of community cooperation, and the development of an international non-governmental organization<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2018|author=Council of Europe|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=124|website=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref> composed of activists involved in philanthropy, fundraising, peacebuilding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-studies/what-is-strategic-peacebuilding/|title=What is Strategic Peacebuilding?|website=[[Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies]], University of Notre Dame|date=2018|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.</ref> and individual bridge-building.<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web|last=Balkanska|date=July 24, 2020|trans-title=Boban Jovanović: Urgently establish the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights|title=Boban Jovanović: Hitno formirati Ministarstvo za ljudska i manjinska prava|url=https://balkanskapravila.com/boban-jovanovic-hitno-formirati-ministarstvo-za-ljudska-i-manjinska-prava|access-date=2022-02-14|work=Balkan Free Speech|language=sr-RS}}</ref> The name of the organization was developed through the fusion of the words global and local.<ref name="Jedda">{{cite news|date=December 2011|title=Globcal:Starting Locally...Thinking Globally|page=24|url=https://issuu.com/djmagzine/docs/binder35/24|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|magazine=Destination Jedda|location=Jedda, Saudi Arabia|language=English|type=|via=[[Issuu]]}}</ref>

Each program cooperator is an independent agent trained in social network ethics, public diplomacy 2.0 (sometimes called Facebook diplomacy or [[Twitter]] diplomacy)<ref name="Facebook Diplomacy">{{cite magazine|magazine=Newsweek|title=Facebook Diplomacy|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Twitter Diplomacy">{{cite news |publisher=[[NPR]] |title=State Department Guru talks Twitter Diplomacy |author=Scott Simon|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> as '''[[ambassador]]s''' or '''social network protagonists''' their presence is seen on networks like [[Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]], InterNations, TakingITGlobal, XING where they affect public policy by stimulating social reform and [[social change|change]] by maximizing social networking potential through promoting particular themes, ideals, and genres to create and assimilate an understood global world-view.

The organization bases some of its idealism in Buddhist teaching by generating non-possession wealth and social capital through systematic regular posting of general interest information of feeds and other new media forms as would a news agency about meritorious individual people, celebrities, notable [[public figure]]s and organizations dedicated to doing deeds for the common good through public awareness campaigns, peace activism, educational events, causes, and the development of humanitarian and environmental agendas of with others that they recognize.<ref>[[L. J. Hanifan|Hanifan, L. J.]] (1916) "The Rural School Community Center", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 67: 130-138. Also see [[L. J. Hanifan|Hanifan, L. J.]] (1920) ''The Community Center'', Boston: Silver Burdett.</ref> Globcal ambassadors and the members of their diplomatic corps identify [[social media]] items like articles, digital videos, live feeds, blogs, and news items to moderate discussions from their geographical regions or within particular organizational groups and further identify others that have performed meritorious deeds<ref>{{cite web|author=Duke|date=November 29, 2021|title=IGO-NGO Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)|url=https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435|website=Duke University Library Guide|publisher=[[Duke University]]|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-02-14|language=en-US|format=HTML}}</ref> for others without any other motive than goodwill or kindness toward their fellow man. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, country of origin, or political affiliation.

==Mission purpose==
The purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders on-line within social network platforms to distribute and/or share social capital, promote social enterprises, provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in on-line communication, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members meet on-line to organize work on their public service goals and discuss the distribution of social capital by the Ambassadors and cooperative program members.

Globcal is an umbrella group and task force promoting the use of diplomatic protocol in public diplomacy to develop goodwill and social well-being. Their goals involve following an established standard for professional presentation and etiquette on-line in [[social networking]] communities using the individual ambassadors that promote their public diplomacy ideals and serve as personal examples for good use of social network profiles for effective and professional communication to accomplish shared goals through special pages set-up through Facebook and at their websites. The organization allows individual organizations to present one or more ambassadors to represent their causes in the further presentation within their organization, network, blog, and news service.<ref name="Jedda" />

==Cooperative model==
The organization is different from others because it operates as an international cooperative, is all volunteer, and it has little or no operational expenses centrally. Each individual ambassador is a licensed online agent (co-operator), is responsible for their own time and expenses relative to promotion of their causes and for their operation and presentation within the network. The organization collects no funds except through grants that are directed toward administration of ambassador causes and which benefit the cooperative consortium structure on-line.

The cooperative business structure was selected to create an open forum many organizations, countries, states, cities, that share the mission of promoting goodwill and cooperation and permit any qualified individuals to raise funds on the behalf of their favorite causes, promote cooperative interaction, and their individual organizations transparently. Each ambassador is generally registered with their individual organization and is normally authorized by the founder, executive director, president or the board chair to serve their own group using Workplace by Meta.

==Ambassador activists==
Globcal International engages trained citizen diplomats known as cultural ambassadors, goodwill ambassadors, good neighbor ambassadors, peace ambassadors, and missionary ambassadors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.facebook.com/Globcal|title=Globcal International|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=[[Meta Platforms]]}}</ref> world-wide connected through groups, pages and applications on Facebook. The members of the ambassador groups are individual people that are working with a particular ambassador (or group) on their projects and causes. The colloquial term of Facebook ambassador has become a popular idiom and neologism<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Facebook Diplomacy: Peace may be Just a Click Away|url=http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|work=Kioskea.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101154421/http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|archivedate=2009-11-01|accessdate=2022-02-12}}</ref> that has been identified with the Globcal INGO program development of Facebook diplomacy (open public and citizen diplomacy).

Each independent social network ambassador maintains an individual constituency,<ref name="Serbia" /> promotes selected causes, interacts cooperatively with the public based on direct democracy to tell others in general about what others are doing to make the world a better place. In 2020 the organization was landed in the United States by a Kentucky non-profit charity as an 'assumed name corporation' which absorbed 70-90% of its cooperative assets including non-US real estate and its programs.

==See also==
*[[United Nations in popular culture|United Nations]]
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

* Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.

==External links==
*[https://www.globcal.net/ Globcal International Website]

Ecology Crossroads

2022-08-23T23:54:32Z

Colonel: Cleaned red links

Ecology Crossroads

2022-08-23T23:35:23Z

Colonel:

{{Infobox organization
| logo = File:Ecology_Crossroads_Trademark_512.png
| name = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation, Inc
| founding_location = Lexington, Kentucky
| abbreviation = ECCFUSA
| website = [http://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = '''Ecology Crossroads Logo''' Which Road Will You Take? 
| logo_alt = Ecology Crossroads
| founded = {{start date and age|1994|04|12}}
| type = Nonprofit corporation (charity)
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO) under the name [[Globcal International]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=[[United Nations]]|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| focus = Ecosystem services, Indigenous peoples, Ecosystem restoration, Biodiversity conservation
| headquarters = [[Richmond, Kentucky]]
| location =
| coords =
| location2 =
| additional_location =
| additional_location2=
| method = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaty, Bilateralism, Multilateral Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Public diplomacy
| language = English
| region_served = Madison County, Kentucky, United States
| tax_id = 61-1259384 (IRS)
| registration_id = 0329183 (KYSOS)
| origins =
| region =
| products =
| fields =
| services = Indigenous Philanthropy
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Board of Trustees
| subsidiaries = [[Globcal International]]
| affiliations = [[Kentucky]]
| num_staff = 3
| num_volunteers = 27
| membership =
| motto =
| slogan =
| key_people =
| budget =
| remarks =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation''' is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable organization founded in Kentucky in 1994<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenCorporates|date=April 12, 1994|title=ECOLOGY CROSSROADS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0329183|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to address the Earth Charter which began in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro as Agenda 21.<ref>{{cite web|author=GuideStar|title=Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation - Candid|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/61-1259384|url-status=live|website=GuideStar|publisher=Candid|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> The organization made a significant impact on the American landscape between 1994 and 2000 by distributing nearly 10 million trees across the United States in a number of large scale events aimed at assisting victims of natural disasters caused by climate change related weather events. Today, according to their website the organization is dedicated to preserving [[biodiversity]], [[environmental conservation]] and defending the rights of [[Indigenous peoples]] in the Americas through an array of programs and objectives it sponsors or manages through Globcal International which became its subsidiary in 2020 when it was backflipped into Ecology Crossroads in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecology Crossroads - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11r2j2xx1t|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=[[Google Knowledge Graph]]}}</ref>

== Introduction and history ==

'''Ecology Crossroads''' or '''ECCFUSA''' was started to address climate-change long before the term was created.<ref name="sos">{{cite web|date=April 12, 1994|title=Articles of Incorporation|url=https://web.sos.ky.gov/corpscans/83/0329183-09-99999-19940412-ART-2291972-PU.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Kentucky Secretary of State|publisher=Secretary of State of Kentucky Corporation Register|type=Constitutional Document|format=PDF}}</ref> It is clear the organization was developed to plant a forest of trees according to the Washington Post<ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Steve|date=February 23, 1995|title=Saving a Forest of Surplus Trees|language=en-US|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/02/23/saving-a-forest-of-surplus-trees/25ef2283-d7cb-4345-a99e-b8894f31cd2a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and to serve as one responsible for delivering aid to disaster victims by helping them recover urban landscapes in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 29, 1996|title=Branching Out to North Carolina|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/691058939|page=33|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]|work=|type=Feature article.|publisher=[[Gannett]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The organization was founded by Col. David Wright, an American conservationist responsible for coordinating and organizing the [[Earth Day]] Society in Delaware in 1990. Wright took up the public charge founded by [[Gaylord Nelson]] under [[Denis Hayes]] at Earth Day Headquarters in [[San Francisco]] by setting up an Earth Day campaign office to coordinate activities from April 22 until April 29 which reached over 800,000 people from the top to the bottom of the small state followed by a four-day exposition at the Cristiana Mall which attracted nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 28, 1990|title=Earth Expo at Christiana Mall|page=5|newspaper=[[The News-Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159594034|url-status=live|work=|type=Announcement.|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=[[Gannett]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> His Earth Week program was started based on his connections in the state with wealthy estate owners, corporate executives and politicians after founding the Endangered Turtle Protection Foundation of the Americas in 1989<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 1989|title=ENDANGERED TURTLE PROTECTION FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAS :: Delaware (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2205842|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=[[OpenCorporates]] Database}}</ref> to protect native endangered turtle species on their estates and within the adjacent countryside of [[Greenville, Delaware|Greenville]].<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=January 01, 1990|title=New Group Seeks to Protect Turtles|page=11|newspaper=[[The News-Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159552299|url-status=live|work=|type=|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

The organization was started by carrying on the legacy of the success Wright had in Delaware and the popularity of Earth Day and Arbor Day ideas to Kentucky, he organized similar events in 1993 in Louisville and Lexington that were not so well attended, reviewed or of much interest in the bluegrass and bourbon state. In 1994 Wright had the foresight to add natural disaster recovery efforts following ice storms, tornadoes and hurricanes, rural beautification and suburban forestry together in a perfect storm in the months following areas impacted by distributing trees. It started with ice, falling trees and the goodwill of tree farmers in Western Pennsylvania in 1994. Wright founded the organization in Lexington based on a grant he received from the City to distribute 100,000 tree saplings from 18-36" tall, with their support, the organization managed to recruit major sponsors and received the support of the [[Lexington Herald-Leader]] to run public service announcements in the newspaper. The organization distributed 97,000 trees and repeated the program the following weekend distributing 50,000 more.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 27, 1994|title=Ice Storms Could Have a Silver Lining for Trees|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/690507295|page=49|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Free Trees: Community Tree Program|page=21|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/178108027|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|access-date=2022-02-10|language=en-US|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Ecology Crossroads repeated its routine in Sewell, Southern New Jersey in the Fall which was also greatly effected by the ice-storms in 1994, the event drew people from New York, Philadelphia and Delaware having heard about it on the radio.*** In 1995, the organization opened an office in Delaware focusing the tree program on the ideas of Spring, urban forestry and beautification of home landscapes. The "Community Tree Program" was held in Washington DC, Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia.*** After distributing several million trees everything was leafy for the organization until 1996 when the National Arbor Day Foundation sued Ecology Crossroads for trademark infringement after the organization launched websites using the generic TLDs '''arborday.com''' and '''freetrees.com''' to distribute trees to anyone-anywhere under the trade names Arbor Day, Arbor Day USA and Arbor Day Free Tree Program.*** The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) weighed in with its opinion on May 03, 1999 calling the lawsuit frivolous and a "crying shame" favoring an positive outcome for Ecology Crossroads and the "Arbor Day Free Tree Program" it developed.

Ecology Crossroads was cornering the market on [[Arbor Day]] by using the presidentially proclaimed celebratory observance<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation 6554—National Arbor Day, 1993 {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-6554-national-arbor-day-1993|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> from within the realm of the public domain with Arbor Day and tapping into the traditional history going back to 1872 by questioning who made the tree planting holiday a national and international concept J. Sterling Morton or Birdsey Northrup?

The lawsuit was settled when Ecology Crossroads agreed to sell the websites to the nonprofit for an undisclosed sum and the dismissal of the case with prejudice in 1999. In 2000 some of the directors branched off to start a new program called Trees4Tomorrow in San Bernardino, California; but the program did not grow roots because of high California agricultural standards and the organization's source of trees being in Pennsylvania. Since California prefers its own trees, they were forced to hold their first program in Reno, Nevada in April.

In 2020, Ecology Crossroads returned to Kentucky to make it home once again reinstating the nonprofit and filing assumed name certificates to do business as Globcal International (established in 2009) and Kentucky Colonels International (based online since 1998). Less than a month later, Ecology Crossroads found itself named in another trademark dispute, this time with the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (HOKC) claiming that the organization was confusing its members by using the trademark KENTUCKY COLONELS both online and under Kentucky common law, after a year of litigation in the U.S. District Court the case was settled by the parties in a court ordered settlement conference, resulting in a mediated settlement agreement and permanent injunction over use of the HOKC trademark with a paragraph dedicated to the protection of the Kentucky Colonel title. Ecology Crossroads converted the unnamed online association to Kentucky Colonelcy, which since the lawsuit ended in February 2021, has become the most authoritative historical creative commons work ever prepared about the founders of Kentucky starting in 1775 and proving false the story of the aide-de-camp and the first colonel appearing in 1813. It is clear from reviewing the Kentucky Colonelcy website that Kentucky was founded by colonels and so was America, half of the Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence held the title of colonel.

==See also==

*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[United Nations Development Program]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]

Ecology Crossroads

2022-08-23T23:23:32Z

Colonel: Fixed some errors

{{Infobox organization
| logo = File:Ecology_Crossroads_Trademark_512.png
| name = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation, Inc
| founding_location = Lexington, Kentucky
| abbreviation = ECCFUSA
| website = [http://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = '''Ecology Crossroads Logo''' Which Road Will You Take? 
| logo_alt = Ecology Crossroads
| founded = {{start date and age|1994|04|12}}
| type = DAO, INGO, CO-OP
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO) under the name [[Globcal International]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=[[United Nations]]|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| focus = Ecosystem services
| headquarters = [[Richmond, Kentucky]]
| location =
| coords =
| location2 =
| additional_location =
| additional_location2=
| method = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaty, Bilateralism, Multilateral Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Public diplomacy
| language = [[English language|English]]
| region_served = Madison County, Kentucky, United States
| tax_id = 61-1259384 (IRS)
| registration_id = 0329183 (KYSOS)
| origins =
| region =
| products =
| fields =
| services = Indigenous Philanthropy
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Board of Trustees
| subsidiaries = [[Globcal International]]
| affiliations = [[Kentucky]]
| num_staff = 3
| num_volunteers = 27
| membership =
| motto =
| slogan =
| key_people =
| budget =
| remarks =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation''' is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable organization founded in Kentucky in 1994<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenCorporates|date=April 12, 1994|title=ECOLOGY CROSSROADS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0329183|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref> to address the Earth Charter which began in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro as Agenda 21.<ref>{{cite web|author=GuideStar|title=Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation - Candid|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/61-1259384|url-status=live|website=GuideStar|publisher=Candid|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> The organization made a significant impact on the American landscape between 1994 and 2000 by distributing nearly 10 million trees across the United States in a number of large scale events aimed at assisting victims of natural disasters caused by climate change related weather events. Today, according to their website the organization is dedicated to preserving [[biodiversity]], [[environmental conservation]] and defending the rights of [[Indigenous peoples]] in the Americas through an array of programs and objectives it sponsors or manages through Globcal International which became its subsidiary in 2020 when it was backflipped into Ecology Crossroads in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecology Crossroads - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11r2j2xx1t|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=[[Google Knowledge Graph]]}}</ref>

== Introduction and history ==

'''Ecology Crossroads''' or '''ECCFUSA''' was started to address climate-change long before the term was created.<ref name="sos">{{cite web|date=April 12, 1994|title=Articles of Incorporation|url=https://web.sos.ky.gov/corpscans/83/0329183-09-99999-19940412-ART-2291972-PU.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Kentucky Secretary of State|publisher=Secretary of State of Kentucky Corporation Register|type=Constitutional Document|format=PDF}}</ref> It is clear the organization was developed to plant a forest of trees according to the Washington Post<ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Steve|date=February 23, 1995|title=Saving a Forest of Surplus Trees|language=en-US|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/02/23/saving-a-forest-of-surplus-trees/25ef2283-d7cb-4345-a99e-b8894f31cd2a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and to serve as one responsible for delivering aid to disaster victims by helping them recover urban landscapes in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 29, 1996|title=Branching Out to North Carolina|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/691058939|page=33|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]|work=|type=Feature article.|publisher=[[Gannett]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The organization was founded by Col. David Wright, an American conservationist responsible for coordinating and organizing the [[Earth Day]] Society in Delaware in 1990. Wright took up the public charge founded by [[Gaylord Nelson]] under [[Denis Hayes]] at Earth Day Headquarters in [[San Francisco]] by setting up an Earth Day campaign office to coordinate activities from April 22 until April 29 which reached over 800,000 people from the top to the bottom of the small state followed by a four-day exposition at the Cristiana Mall which attracted nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 28, 1990|title=Earth Expo at Christiana Mall|page=5|newspaper=[[The News-Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159594034|url-status=live|work=|type=Announcement.|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=[[Gannett]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> His Earth Week program was started based on his connections in the state with wealthy estate owners, corporate executives and politicians after founding the Endangered Turtle Protection Foundation of the Americas in 1989<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 1989|title=ENDANGERED TURTLE PROTECTION FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAS :: Delaware (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2205842|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=[[OpenCorporates]] Database}}</ref> to protect native endangered turtle species on their estates and within the adjacent countryside of [[Greenville, Delaware|Greenville]].<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=January 01, 1990|title=New Group Seeks to Protect Turtles|page=11|newspaper=[[The News-Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159552299|url-status=live|work=|type=|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

The organization was started by carrying on the legacy of the success Wright had in Delaware and the popularity of Earth Day and Arbor Day ideas to Kentucky, he organized similar events in 1993 in Louisville and Lexington that were not so well attended, reviewed or of much interest in the bluegrass and bourbon state. In 1994 Wright had the foresight to add natural disaster recovery efforts following ice storms, tornadoes and hurricanes, rural beautification and suburban forestry together in a perfect storm in the months following areas impacted by distributing trees. It started with ice, falling trees and the goodwill of tree farmers in Western Pennsylvania in 1994. Wright founded the organization in Lexington based on a grant he received from the City to distribute 100,000 tree saplings from 18-36" tall, with their support, the organization managed to recruit major sponsors and received the support of the [[Lexington Herald-Leader]] to run public service announcements in the newspaper. The organization distributed 97,000 trees and repeated the program the following weekend distributing 50,000 more.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 27, 1994|title=Ice Storms Could Have a Silver Lining for Trees|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/690507295|page=49|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|work=|publisher=Gannett|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Free Trees: Community Tree Program|page=21|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/178108027|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|access-date=2022-02-10|language=en-US|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Ecology Crossroads repeated its routine in Sewell, Southern New Jersey in the Fall which was also greatly effected by the ice-storms in 1994, the event drew people from New York, Philadelphia and Delaware having heard about it on the radio.*** In 1995, the organization opened an office in Delaware focusing the tree program on the ideas of Spring, urban forestry and beautification of home landscapes. The "Community Tree Program" was held in Washington DC, Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia.*** After distributing several million trees everything was leafy for the organization until 1996 when the National Arbor Day Foundation sued Ecology Crossroads for trademark infringement after the organization launched websites using the generic TLDs '''arborday.com''' and '''freetrees.com''' to distribute trees to anyone-anywhere under the trade names Arbor Day, Arbor Day USA and Arbor Day Free Tree Program.*** The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) weighed in with its opinion on May 03, 1999 calling the lawsuit frivolous and a "crying shame" favoring an positive outcome for Ecology Crossroads and the "Arbor Day Free Tree Program" it developed.

Ecology Crossroads was cornering the market on [[Arbor Day]] by using the presidentially proclaimed celebratory observance<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation 6554—National Arbor Day, 1993 {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-6554-national-arbor-day-1993|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> from within the realm of the public domain with Arbor Day and tapping into the traditional history going back to 1872 by questioning who made the tree planting holiday a national and international concept J. Sterling Morton or Birdsey Northrup?

The lawsuit was settled when Ecology Crossroads agreed to sell the websites to the nonprofit for an undisclosed sum and the dismissal of the case with prejudice in 1999. In 2000 some of the directors branched off to start a new program called Trees4Tomorrow in San Bernardino, California; but the program did not grow roots because of high California agricultural standards and the organization's source of trees being in Pennsylvania. Since California prefers its own trees, they were forced to hold their first program in Reno, Nevada in April.

In 2020, Ecology Crossroads returned to Kentucky to make it home once again reinstating the nonprofit and filing assumed name certificates to do business as Globcal International (established in 2009) and Kentucky Colonels International (based online since 1998). Less than a month later, Ecology Crossroads found itself named in another trademark dispute, this time with the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (HOKC) claiming that the organization was confusing its members by using the trademark KENTUCKY COLONELS both online and under Kentucky common law, after a year of litigation in the U.S. District Court the case was settled by the parties in a court ordered settlement conference, resulting in a mediated settlement agreement and permanent injunction over use of the HOKC trademark with a paragraph dedicated to the protection of the Kentucky Colonel title. Ecology Crossroads converted the unnamed online association to Kentucky Colonelcy, which since the lawsuit ended in February 2021, has become the most authoritative historical creative commons work ever prepared about the founders of Kentucky starting in 1775 and proving false the story of the aide-de-camp and the first colonel appearing in 1813. It is clear from reviewing the Kentucky Colonelcy website that Kentucky was founded by colonels and so was America, half of the Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence held the title of colonel.

==See also==

*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[United Nations Development Program]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]

Globcal International

2022-08-23T16:54:39Z

Colonel:

{{Infobox Organization
| name = {{resize|1.2em|Globcal International}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Appel|first=Benjamin J.|date=January 2018|title=Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=1|pages=274–287|doi=10.1086/694256}}</ref><ref name="Website">{{cite web|author1=David J. Wright|author2=Maria Veneke Ylikomi|author3=Luis Cruz Diaz|author4=Nicholas Wright|title=Globcal International (WebSite)|url=https://www.globcal.net/|website=Globcal International|accessdate=2020-04-22|language=English|format=HTML|date=2013-09-09}}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| formerly = Model United Nations Social Network Embassy (MUNSNE)<ref name="MUNSNE">{{cite news|title=Model United Nations Social Networking Embassy|url=https://blog.globcal.net/2009/05/model-united-nations-social-network.html|accessdate=2017-11-05|via=Blogger News|publisher=Globcal International|language=English|date=2009-05-09}}</ref>
| logo = Globcal Logo 2021.png
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_caption = '''Globcal International Logo''' Our world from a different perspective. 
| logo_alt = Globcal International Logo and Icon Graphic
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|05|09}}
| type = DAO, INGO, CO-OP
| status = Registered with UN DESA as an International Civil Society Organization (iCSO).<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=[[United Nations]]|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| focus = [[Ecosystem services|Ecosystem services provisioning]], [[Protectorate|Indigenous protectorates]], [[Natural capital|Natural capital management]], [[Sustainable Development Goals]] and [[Think-tank|Research and policy institute]]
| headquarters = '''Decentralized Online''' [[Richmond, Kentucky]]
| location =
| coords =
| location2 =
| additional_location =
| additional_location2=
| method = Popular Education, Scouting, Treaty, Bilateralism, Multilateral Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Public diplomacy
| abbreviation = [[Globcal]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| region_served = Worldwide serving 3rd World Nations, Fourth World, Developing Countries
| predecessor = Globcal International LLC<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2011|title=GLOBCAL INTERNATIONAL LLC :: District of Columbia (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_4105489|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=OpenCorporates Database}}</ref>
| merged = Ecology Crossroads (2020)
| tax_id = 84-4622213 (IRS)
| registration_id = ASN-7810863 (KYSOS)
| origins =
| region =
| products =
| fields =
| services = SDGs Project Development, Indigenous Government, International Foundations
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = Commission
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations = [[United Nations]] [[SDG]]s [[Partnership]], [[Kentucky]]
| parent_organization = [https://ecooperator.org/ Ecology Crossroads]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| membership =
| motto = One good turn deserves another, and another.
| slogan =
| key_people =
| budget =
| remarks =
| website = {{URL|www.globcal.net}}<ref name="Website" />
| footnotes =
}}
'''Globcal International''' is a membership cooperative, international non-governmental organization, and research development commission of independently recognized goodwill ambassadors from embassies, states, cities, and international organizations.<ref>{{cite conference|date=1988|author=Council of Europe|url=https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11|book-title=International Associations Statutes Series|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs|institution=Union of International Associations (UIA)|location=[[Palace of Europe]]}}</ref><ref name="UNSDGs" /> The organization's founding members are professionals with social media advocacy skills and backgrounds in foreign relations, diplomacy, [[sociology]], [[psychology]], [[philosophy]], [[law]], conservation and other academic disciplines.<ref name="Website" /><ref name="UNSDGs">{{cite web|title=ACT4SDGs - Globcal International|url=https://act4sdgs.org/profile/Globcal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=SDGs Action Campaign|publisher=[[United Nations]]|language=English}}</ref>

==Non-governmental organization==
The organization's creation is based on the hybridization of the social media business environment, the philosophy of community cooperation, and the development of an international non-governmental organization<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2018|author=Council of Europe|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=124|website=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref> composed of activists involved in philanthropy, fundraising, peacebuilding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-studies/what-is-strategic-peacebuilding/|title=What is Strategic Peacebuilding?|website=[[Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies]], University of Notre Dame|date=2018|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.</ref> and individual bridge-building.<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web|last=Balkanska|date=July 24, 2020|trans-title=Boban Jovanović: Urgently establish the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights|title=Boban Jovanović: Hitno formirati Ministarstvo za ljudska i manjinska prava|url=https://balkanskapravila.com/boban-jovanovic-hitno-formirati-ministarstvo-za-ljudska-i-manjinska-prava|access-date=2022-02-14|work=Balkan Free Speech|language=sr-RS}}</ref> The name of the organization was developed through the fusion of the words global and local.<ref name="Jedda">{{cite news|date=December 2011|title=Globcal:Starting Locally...Thinking Globally|page=24|url=https://issuu.com/djmagzine/docs/binder35/24|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|magazine=Destination Jedda|location=Jedda, Saudi Arabia|language=English|type=|via=[[Issuu]]}}</ref>

Each program cooperator is an independent agent trained in social network ethics, public diplomacy 2.0 (sometimes called Facebook diplomacy or [[Twitter]] diplomacy)<ref name="Facebook Diplomacy">{{cite magazine|magazine=Newsweek|title=Facebook Diplomacy|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Twitter Diplomacy">{{cite news |publisher=[[NPR]] |title=State Department Guru talks Twitter Diplomacy |author=Scott Simon|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> as '''[[ambassador]]s''' or '''social network protagonists''' their presence is seen on networks like [[Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]], InterNations, TakingITGlobal, XING where they affect public policy by stimulating social reform and [[social change|change]] by maximizing social networking potential through promoting particular themes, ideals, and genres to create and assimilate an understood global world-view.

The organization bases some of its idealism in Buddhist teaching by generating non-possession wealth and social capital through systematic regular posting of general interest information of feeds and other new media forms as would a news agency about meritorious individual people, celebrities, notable [[public figure]]s and organizations dedicated to doing deeds for the common good through public awareness campaigns, peace activism, educational events, causes, and the development of humanitarian and environmental agendas of with others that they recognize.<ref>[[L. J. Hanifan|Hanifan, L. J.]] (1916) "The Rural School Community Center", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 67: 130-138. Also see [[L. J. Hanifan|Hanifan, L. J.]] (1920) ''The Community Center'', Boston: Silver Burdett.</ref> Globcal ambassadors and the members of their diplomatic corps identify [[social media]] items like articles, digital videos, live feeds, blogs, and news items to moderate discussions from their geographical regions or within particular organizational groups and further identify others that have performed meritorious deeds<ref>{{cite web|author=Duke|date=November 29, 2021|title=IGO-NGO Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)|url=https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435|website=Duke University Library Guide|publisher=[[Duke University]]|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-02-14|language=en-US|format=HTML}}</ref> for others without any other motive than goodwill or kindness toward their fellow man. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, country of origin, or political affiliation.

==Mission purpose==
The purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders on-line within social network platforms to distribute and/or share social capital, promote [[social enterprise]]s, provide [[humanitarian service]], encourage high ethical standards in on-line communication, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members meet on-line to organize work on their [[public services|public service]] goals and discuss the distribution of [[social capital]] by the Ambassadors and cooperative program members.

Globcal is an [[umbrella group]] and [[task force]] promoting the use of [[diplomatic protocol]] in [[public diplomacy]] to develop goodwill and social [[well-being]]. Their goals involve following an established standard for professional presentation and etiquette on-line in [[social networking]] communities using the individual ambassadors that promote their public diplomacy ideals and serve as personal examples for good use of social network profiles for effective and [[professional communication]] to accomplish shared goals through special pages set-up through Facebook and at their websites. The organization allows individual organizations to present one or more ambassadors to represent their causes in the further presentation within their organization, network, blog, and news service.<ref name="Jedda" />

==Cooperative model==
The organization is different from others because it operates as an international cooperative, is all volunteer, and it has little or no operational expenses centrally. Each individual ambassador is a licensed on-line agent ([[co-operator]]), is responsible for their own time and expenses relative to promotion of their causes and for their operation and presentation within the network. The organization collects no funds except through grants that are directed toward administration of ambassador causes and which benefit the cooperative consortium structure on-line.

The cooperative business structure was selected to create an open forum many organizations, countries, states, cities, that share the mission of promoting goodwill and cooperation and permit any qualified individuals to raise funds on the behalf of their favorite causes, promote cooperative interaction, and their individual organizations transparently. Each ambassador is generally registered with their individual organization and is normally authorized by the founder, executive director, president or the board chair to serve their own group using [[Meta_Platforms|Workplace by Meta]].

==Ambassador activists==
Globcal International engages trained [[citizen diplomat]]s known as [[cultural diplomacy|cultural ambassadors]], [[goodwill ambassador]]s, [[good neighbor]] ambassadors, [[peacemaking|peace ambassadors]], and [[missionary diplomacy|missionary ambassadors]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.facebook.com/Globcal|title=Globcal International|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=[[Meta Platforms]]}}</ref> world-wide connected through groups, pages and applications on Facebook. The members of the ambassador groups are individual people that are working with a particular ambassador (or group) on their projects and causes. The colloquial term of [[Facebook ambassador]] has become a popular idiom and neologism<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Facebook Diplomacy: Peace may be Just a Click Away|url=http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|work=Kioskea.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101154421/http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|archivedate=2009-11-01|accessdate=2022-02-12}}</ref> that has been identified with the Globcal INGO program development of Facebook diplomacy (open public and citizen diplomacy).

Each independent social network ambassador maintains an individual constituency,<ref name="Serbia" /> promotes selected causes, interacts cooperatively with the public based on [[direct democracy]] to tell others in general about what others are doing to make the world a better place. In 2020 the organization was landed in the United States by a Kentucky non-profit charity as an 'assumed name corporation' which absorbed 70-90% of its cooperative assets including non-US real estate and its programs.

==See also==
*[[Social Capital]]
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

* Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.

==External links==
*[https://www.globcal.net/ Globcal International Website]

Globcal International

2022-08-23T12:32:49Z

Colonel: Removed red links

{{Infobox Organization
| name = {{resize|1.2em|Globcal International}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Appel|first=Benjamin J.|date=January 2018|title=Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=1|pages=274–287|doi=10.1086/694256}}</ref><ref name="Website">{{cite web|author1=David J. Wright|author2=Maria Veneke Ylikomi|author3=Luis Cruz Diaz|author4=Nicholas Wright|title=Globcal International (WebSite)|url=https://www.globcal.net/|website=Globcal International|accessdate=2020-04-22|language=English|format=HTML|date=2013-09-09}}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| formerly = Model United Nations Social Network Embassy (MUNSNE)<ref name="MUNSNE">{{cite news|title=Model United Nations Social Networking Embassy|url=https://blog.globcal.net/2009/05/model-united-nations-social-network.html|accessdate=2017-11-05|via=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] News|publisher=Globcal International|language=English|date=2009-05-09}}</ref>
| logo = Globcal Logo 2021.png
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_caption = '''Globcal International Logo''' Our world from a different perspective. 
| logo_alt = Globcal International Logo and Icon Graphic
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|05|09}}
| type = [[Decentralized autonomous organization|DAO]], [[International non-governmental organization|INGO]], [[Non-state actor|NSA]], [[Cooperative|CO-OP]]
| status = Registered with [[UN DESA]] as an [[civil society|International Civil Society Organization (iCSO)]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=[[United Nations]]|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| focus = [[Ecosystem services|Ecosystem services provisioning]], [[Protectorate|Indigenous protectorates]], [[Natural capital|Natural capital management]], [[Sustainable Development Goals]] and [[Think-tank|Research and policy institute]]
| headquarters = '''[[Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized Online]]''' [[Richmond, Kentucky]]
| location =
| coords =
| location2 =
| additional_location =
| additional_location2=
| method = [[Popular Education]], [[Scouting]], [[Treaty]], [[Bilateralism]], [[Multilateralism|Multilateral Diplomacy]], [[International Cooperation]], [[Public diplomacy]]
| abbreviation = [[Globcal]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| region_served = Worldwide serving [[Third World|3rd World Nations]], [[Fourth World|Fourth World Territories]], [[Developing country|Developing Countries]]
| predecessor = Globcal International LLC<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2011|title=GLOBCAL INTERNATIONAL LLC :: District of Columbia (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_4105489|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=[[OpenCorporates]] Database}}</ref>
| merged = Ecology Crossroads (2020)
| tax_id = 84-4622213
| registration_id = ASN-7810863 [[Secretary_of_State_of_Kentucky|(KYSOS)]]
| origins =
| region =
| products =
| fields =
| services = [[Sustainable Development Goals|SDGs Project Development]]
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = [[Committee|Commission]]
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations = [[United Nations]] [[SDG]]s [[Partnership]] [[Agenda 2030]] [[Kentucky]]
| parent_organization = [https://ecooperator.org/ Ecology Crossroads]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| membership =
| motto = One good turn deserves another, and another.
| slogan =
| key_people =
| budget =
| remarks =
| website = {{URL|www.globcal.net}}<ref name="Website" />
| footnotes =
}}
'''Globcal International''' is a membership cooperative, international non-governmental organization, and research development commission of independently recognized goodwill ambassadors from embassies, states, cities, and international organizations.<ref>{{cite conference|date=1988|author=Council of Europe|url=https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11|book-title=International Associations Statutes Series|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs|institution=Union of International Associations (UIA)|location=[[Palace of Europe]]}}</ref><ref name="UNSDGs" /> The organization's founding members are professionals with social media advocacy skills and backgrounds in foreign relations, diplomacy, [[sociology]], [[psychology]], [[philosophy]], [[law]], conservation and other academic disciplines.<ref name="Website" /><ref name="UNSDGs">{{cite web|title=ACT4SDGs - Globcal International|url=https://act4sdgs.org/profile/Globcal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=SDGs Action Campaign|publisher=[[United Nations]]|language=English}}</ref>

==Non-governmental organization==
The organization's creation is based on the hybridization of the social media business environment, the philosophy of community cooperation, and the development of an international non-governmental organization<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2018|author=Council of Europe|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=124|website=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref> composed of activists involved in philanthropy, fundraising, peacebuilding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-studies/what-is-strategic-peacebuilding/|title=What is Strategic Peacebuilding?|website=[[Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies]], University of Notre Dame|date=2018|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.</ref> and individual bridge-building.<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web|last=Balkanska|date=July 24, 2020|trans-title=Boban Jovanović: Urgently establish the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights|title=Boban Jovanović: Hitno formirati Ministarstvo za ljudska i manjinska prava|url=https://balkanskapravila.com/boban-jovanovic-hitno-formirati-ministarstvo-za-ljudska-i-manjinska-prava|access-date=2022-02-14|work=Balkan Free Speech|language=sr-RS}}</ref> The name of the organization was developed through the fusion of the words global and local.<ref name="Jedda">{{cite news|date=December 2011|title=Globcal:Starting Locally...Thinking Globally|page=24|url=https://issuu.com/djmagzine/docs/binder35/24|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|magazine=Destination Jedda|location=Jedda, Saudi Arabia|language=English|type=|via=[[Issuu]]}}</ref>

Each program cooperator is an independent agent trained in social network ethics, public diplomacy 2.0 (sometimes called Facebook diplomacy or [[Twitter]] diplomacy)<ref name="Facebook Diplomacy">{{cite magazine|magazine=Newsweek|title=Facebook Diplomacy|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Twitter Diplomacy">{{cite news |publisher=[[NPR]] |title=State Department Guru talks Twitter Diplomacy |author=Scott Simon|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> as '''[[ambassador]]s''' or '''social network protagonists''' their presence is seen on networks like [[Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]], InterNations, TakingITGlobal, XING where they affect public policy by stimulating social reform and [[social change|change]] by maximizing social networking potential through promoting particular themes, ideals, and genres to create and assimilate an understood global world-view.

The organization bases some of its idealism in Buddhist teaching by generating non-possession wealth and social capital through systematic regular posting of general interest information of feeds and other new media forms as would a news agency about meritorious individual people, celebrities, notable [[public figure]]s and organizations dedicated to doing deeds for the common good through public awareness campaigns, peace activism, educational events, causes, and the development of humanitarian and environmental agendas of with others that they recognize.<ref>[[L. J. Hanifan|Hanifan, L. J.]] (1916) "The Rural School Community Center", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 67: 130-138. Also see [[L. J. Hanifan|Hanifan, L. J.]] (1920) ''The Community Center'', Boston: Silver Burdett.</ref> Globcal ambassadors and the members of their diplomatic corps identify [[social media]] items like articles, digital videos, live feeds, blogs, and news items to moderate discussions from their geographical regions or within particular organizational groups and further identify others that have performed meritorious deeds<ref>{{cite web|author=Duke|date=November 29, 2021|title=IGO-NGO Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)|url=https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435|website=Duke University Library Guide|publisher=[[Duke University]]|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-02-14|language=en-US|format=HTML}}</ref> for others without any other motive than goodwill or kindness toward their fellow man. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, country of origin, or political affiliation.

==Mission purpose==
The purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders on-line within social network platforms to distribute and/or share social capital, promote [[social enterprise]]s, provide [[humanitarian service]], encourage high ethical standards in on-line communication, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members meet on-line to organize work on their [[public services|public service]] goals and discuss the distribution of [[social capital]] by the Ambassadors and cooperative program members.

Globcal is an [[umbrella group]] and [[task force]] promoting the use of [[diplomatic protocol]] in [[public diplomacy]] to develop goodwill and social [[well-being]]. Their goals involve following an established standard for professional presentation and etiquette on-line in [[social networking]] communities using the individual ambassadors that promote their public diplomacy ideals and serve as personal examples for good use of social network profiles for effective and [[professional communication]] to accomplish shared goals through special pages set-up through Facebook and at their websites. The organization allows individual organizations to present one or more ambassadors to represent their causes in the further presentation within their organization, network, blog, and news service.<ref name="Jedda" />

==Cooperative model==
The organization is different from others because it operates as an international cooperative, is all volunteer, and it has little or no operational expenses centrally. Each individual ambassador is a licensed on-line agent ([[co-operator]]), is responsible for their own time and expenses relative to promotion of their causes and for their operation and presentation within the network. The organization collects no funds except through grants that are directed toward administration of ambassador causes and which benefit the cooperative consortium structure on-line.

The cooperative business structure was selected to create an open forum many organizations, countries, states, cities, that share the mission of promoting goodwill and cooperation and permit any qualified individuals to raise funds on the behalf of their favorite causes, promote cooperative interaction, and their individual organizations transparently. Each ambassador is generally registered with their individual organization and is normally authorized by the founder, executive director, president or the board chair to serve their own group using [[Meta_Platforms|Workplace by Meta]].

==Ambassador activists==
Globcal International engages trained [[citizen diplomat]]s known as [[cultural diplomacy|cultural ambassadors]], [[goodwill ambassador]]s, [[good neighbor]] ambassadors, [[peacemaking|peace ambassadors]], and [[missionary diplomacy|missionary ambassadors]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.facebook.com/Globcal|title=Globcal International|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=[[Meta Platforms]]}}</ref> world-wide connected through groups, pages and applications on Facebook. The members of the ambassador groups are individual people that are working with a particular ambassador (or group) on their projects and causes. The colloquial term of [[Facebook ambassador]] has become a popular idiom and neologism<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Facebook Diplomacy: Peace may be Just a Click Away|url=http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|work=Kioskea.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101154421/http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|archivedate=2009-11-01|accessdate=2022-02-12}}</ref> that has been identified with the Globcal INGO program development of Facebook diplomacy (open public and citizen diplomacy).

Each independent social network ambassador maintains an individual constituency,<ref name="Serbia" /> promotes selected causes, interacts cooperatively with the public based on [[direct democracy]] to tell others in general about what others are doing to make the world a better place. In 2020 the organization was landed in the United States by a Kentucky non-profit charity as an 'assumed name corporation' which absorbed 70-90% of its cooperative assets including non-US real estate and its programs.

==See also==
*[[Secular humanism|Scientific humanism]]
*[[Digital diplomacy]]
*[[People to People International]]
*[[Social Capital]]
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[United Nations Development Program]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

* Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.

==External links==
*[https://www.globcal.net/ Globcal International Website]

{{Authority control}}

Globcal International

2022-08-23T03:10:36Z

Colonel: Updated article, still needs work.

{{Infobox Organization
| name = {{resize|1.2em|Globcal International}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Appel|first=Benjamin J.|date=January 2018|title=Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=1|pages=274–287|doi=10.1086/694256}}</ref><ref name="Website">{{cite web|author1=David J. Wright|author2=Maria Veneke Ylikomi|author3=Luis Cruz Diaz|author4=Nicholas Wright|title=Globcal International (WebSite)|url=https://www.globcal.net/|website=Globcal International|accessdate=2020-04-22|language=English|format=HTML|date=2013-09-09}}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| formerly = Model United Nations Social Network Embassy (MUNSNE)<ref name="MUNSNE">{{cite news|title=Model United Nations Social Networking Embassy|url=https://blog.globcal.net/2009/05/model-united-nations-social-network.html|accessdate=2017-11-05|via=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] News|publisher=Globcal International|language=English|date=2009-05-09}}</ref>
| logo = Globcal Logo 2021.png
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_caption = '''Globcal International Logo''' Our world from a different perspective. 
| logo_alt = Globcal International Logo and Icon Graphic
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|05|09}}
| type = [[Decentralized autonomous organization|DAO]], [[International non-governmental organization|INGO]], [[Non-state actor|NSA]], [[Cooperative|CO-OP]]
| status = Registered with [[UN DESA]] as an [[civil society|International Civil Society Organization (iCSO)]].<ref name="Esango">{{cite web|title=United Nations Civil Society Participation (iCSO) № 649665|url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=649665|accessdate=2017-11-11|website=[[United Nations]]|date=2015-12-31}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| focus = [[Ecosystem services|Ecosystem services provisioning]], [[Protectorate|Indigenous protectorates]], [[Natural capital|Natural capital management]], [[Sustainable Development Goals]] and [[Think-tank|Research and policy institute]]
| headquarters = '''[[Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized Online]]''' [[Richmond, Kentucky]]
| location =
| coords =
| location2 =
| additional_location =
| additional_location2=
| method = [[Popular Education]], [[Scouting]], [[Treaty]], [[Bilateralism]], [[Multilateralism|Multilateral Diplomacy]], [[International Cooperation]], [[Public diplomacy]]
| abbreviation = [[Globcal]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| region_served = Worldwide serving [[Third World|3rd World Nations]], [[Fourth World|Fourth World Territories]], [[Developing country|Developing Countries]]
| predecessor = Globcal International LLC<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2011|title=GLOBCAL INTERNATIONAL LLC :: District of Columbia (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_4105489|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=[[OpenCorporates]] Database}}</ref>
| merged = Ecology Crossroads (2020)
| tax_id = 84-4622213
| registration_id = ASN-7810863 [[Secretary_of_State_of_Kentucky|(KYSOS)]]
| origins =
| region =
| products =
| fields =
| services = [[Sustainable Development Goals|SDGs Project Development]]
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ = [[Committee|Commission]]
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations = [[United Nations]] [[SDG]]s [[Partnership]] [[Agenda 2030]] [[Kentucky]]
| parent_organization = [https://ecooperator.org/ Ecology Crossroads]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| membership =
| motto = One good turn deserves another, and another.
| slogan =
| key_people =
| budget =
| remarks =
| website = {{URL|www.globcal.net}}<ref name="Website" />
| footnotes =
}}
'''Globcal International''' is a membership [[cooperative]], international non-governmental organization, and research development [[committee|commission]] of independently recognized [[goodwill ambassador]]s from embassies, states, cities, and [[international organizations]].<ref>{{cite conference|date=1988|author=Council of Europe|url=https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11|book-title=International Associations Statutes Series|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs|institution=Union of International Associations (UIA)|location=[[Palace of Europe]]}}</ref><ref name="UNSDGs" /> The organization's founding members are professionals with social media advocacy skills and backgrounds in [[foreign relations]], [[diplomacy]], [[sociology]], [[psychology]], [[philosophy]], [[law]], [[conservation movement|conservation]] and other academic disciplines.<ref name="Website" /><ref name="UNSDGs">{{cite web|title=ACT4SDGs - Globcal International|url=https://act4sdgs.org/profile/Globcal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=SDGs Action Campaign|publisher=[[United Nations]]|language=English}}</ref>

==Non-governmental organization==
The organization's creation is based on the hybridization of the social media business environment, the philosophy of community cooperation, and the development of an [[international non-governmental organization]]<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2018|author=Council of Europe|title=European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=124|website=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref> composed of activists involved in [[philanthropy]], fundraising, [[peacebuilding]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-studies/what-is-strategic-peacebuilding/|title=What is Strategic Peacebuilding?|website=[[Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies]], University of Notre Dame|date=2018|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.</ref> and individual [[bridge_(interpersonal)|bridge-building]].<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web|last=Balkanska|date=July 24, 2020|trans-title=Boban Jovanović: Urgently establish the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights|title=Boban Jovanović: Hitno formirati Ministarstvo za ljudska i manjinska prava|url=https://balkanskapravila.com/boban-jovanovic-hitno-formirati-ministarstvo-za-ljudska-i-manjinska-prava|access-date=2022-02-14|work=Balkan Free Speech|language=sr-RS}}</ref> The name of the organization was developed through the fusion of the words global and local.<ref name="Jedda">{{cite news|date=December 2011|title=Globcal:Starting Locally...Thinking Globally|page=24|url=https://issuu.com/djmagzine/docs/binder35/24|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|magazine=Destination Jedda|location=Jedda, Saudi Arabia|language=English|type=|via=[[Issuu]]}}</ref>

Each program cooperator is an independent agent trained in social network ethics, [[public diplomacy]] 2.0 (sometimes called [[Facebook diplomacy]] or [[Twitter]] diplomacy)<ref name="Facebook Diplomacy">{{cite magazine|magazine=Newsweek|title=Facebook Diplomacy|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Twitter Diplomacy">{{cite news |publisher=[[NPR]] |title=State Department Guru talks Twitter Diplomacy |author=Scott Simon|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> as '''[[ambassador]]s''' or '''social network protagonists''' their presence is seen on networks like [[Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]], InterNations, [[TakingITGlobal]], [[XING]] where they affect [[public policy]] by stimulating [[social reform]] and [[social change|change]] by maximizing [[social networking potential]] through promoting particular themes, ideals, and genres to create and assimilate an understood global [[world-view]].

The organization bases some of its idealism in Buddhist teaching by generating [[non-possession|non-possession wealth]] and [[social capital]] through systematic regular posting of general interest information of feeds and other [[new media]] forms as would a [[news agency]] about meritorious individual people, celebrities, notable [[public figure]]s and [[organization]]s dedicated to doing deeds for the [[common good]] through public [[awareness raising|awareness campaigns]], [[peace activist|peace activism]], educational events, causes, and the development of [[humanitarian]] and [[environmental movement|environmental]] agendas of with others that they recognize.<ref>[[L. J. Hanifan|Hanifan, L. J.]] (1916) "The Rural School Community Center", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 67: 130-138. Also see [[L. J. Hanifan|Hanifan, L. J.]] (1920) ''The Community Center'', Boston: Silver Burdett.</ref> Globcal ambassadors and the members of their [[diplomatic corps]] identify [[social media]] items like articles, [[digital video]]s, live feeds, [[blogs]], and news items to moderate discussions from their geographical regions or within particular organizational groups and further identify others that have performed meritorious deeds<ref>{{cite web|author=Duke|date=November 29, 2021|title=IGO-NGO Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)|url=https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435|website=Duke University Library Guide|publisher=[[Duke University]]|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-02-14|language=en-US|format=HTML}}</ref> for others without any other motive than [[good faith|goodwill]] or [[kindness]] toward their fellow man. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, country of origin, or political affiliation.

==Mission purpose==
The purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders on-line within social network platforms to distribute and/or share social capital, promote [[social enterprise]]s, provide [[humanitarian service]], encourage high ethical standards in on-line communication, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members meet on-line to organize work on their [[public services|public service]] goals and discuss the distribution of [[social capital]] by the Ambassadors and cooperative program members.

Globcal is an [[umbrella group]] and [[task force]] promoting the use of [[diplomatic protocol]] in [[public diplomacy]] to develop goodwill and social [[well-being]]. Their goals involve following an established standard for professional presentation and etiquette on-line in [[social networking]] communities using the individual ambassadors that promote their public diplomacy ideals and serve as personal examples for good use of social network profiles for effective and [[professional communication]] to accomplish shared goals through special pages set-up through Facebook and at their websites. The organization allows individual organizations to present one or more ambassadors to represent their causes in the further presentation within their organization, network, blog, and news service.<ref name="Jedda" />

==Cooperative model==
The organization is different from others because it operates as an international cooperative, is all volunteer, and it has little or no operational expenses centrally. Each individual ambassador is a licensed on-line agent ([[co-operator]]), is responsible for their own time and expenses relative to promotion of their causes and for their operation and presentation within the network. The organization collects no funds except through grants that are directed toward administration of ambassador causes and which benefit the cooperative consortium structure on-line.

The cooperative business structure was selected to create an open forum many organizations, countries, states, cities, that share the mission of promoting goodwill and cooperation and permit any qualified individuals to raise funds on the behalf of their favorite causes, promote cooperative interaction, and their individual organizations transparently. Each ambassador is generally registered with their individual organization and is normally authorized by the founder, executive director, president or the board chair to serve their own group using [[Meta_Platforms|Workplace by Meta]].

==Ambassador activists==
Globcal International engages trained [[citizen diplomat]]s known as [[cultural diplomacy|cultural ambassadors]], [[goodwill ambassador]]s, [[good neighbor]] ambassadors, [[peacemaking|peace ambassadors]], and [[missionary diplomacy|missionary ambassadors]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.facebook.com/Globcal|title=Globcal International|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=[[Meta Platforms]]}}</ref> world-wide connected through groups, pages and applications on Facebook. The members of the ambassador groups are individual people that are working with a particular ambassador (or group) on their projects and causes. The colloquial term of [[Facebook ambassador]] has become a popular idiom and neologism<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Facebook Diplomacy: Peace may be Just a Click Away|url=http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|work=Kioskea.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101154421/http://en.kioskea.net/actualites/facebook-diplomacy-peace-may-be-just-a-click-away-11032-actualite.php3|archivedate=2009-11-01|accessdate=2022-02-12}}</ref> that has been identified with the Globcal INGO program development of Facebook diplomacy (open public and citizen diplomacy).

Each independent social network ambassador maintains an individual constituency,<ref name="Serbia" /> promotes selected causes, interacts cooperatively with the public based on [[direct democracy]] to tell others in general about what others are doing to make the world a better place. In 2020 the organization was landed in the United States by a Kentucky non-profit charity as an 'assumed name corporation' which absorbed 70-90% of its cooperative assets including non-US real estate and its programs.

==See also==
*[[Secular humanism|Scientific humanism]]
*[[Digital diplomacy]]
*[[People to People International]]
*[[Social Capital]]
*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[United Nations Development Program]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

* Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy," in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.

==External links==
*[https://www.globcal.net/ Globcal International Website]

{{Authority control}}

Ecology Crossroads

2022-08-23T02:40:21Z

Colonel: New artile still being worked on

{{Infobox organization
| logo = File:Ecology_Crossroads_Trademark_512.png
| motto =
| type =
| affiliations =
| name = Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation, Inc
| founded = 1994
| founding_location = Lexington, Kentucky
| abbreviation = ECCFUSA
| website = [http://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads]
| membership =
}}

'''Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation''' is a [[501(c)(3) nonprofit]] charitable organization founded in [[Kentucky]] in 1994<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenCorporates|date=April 12, 1994|title=ECOLOGY CROSSROADS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0329183|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|website=[[OpenCorporates]] Database}}</ref> to address the [[Earth Charter|United Nations Sustainable Development Goals]] which began in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro as [[Agenda 21]].<ref>{{cite web|author=GuideStar|title=Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation - Candid|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/61-1259384|url-status=live|website=[[GuideStar]]|publisher=Candid|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> The organization made a significant impact on the American landscape between 1994 and 2000 by distributing nearly 10 million trees across the United States in a number of large scale events aimed at assisting victims of natural disasters caused by climate change related weather events. Today, according to their website the organization is dedicated to preserving [[biodiversity]], [[environmental conservation]] and defending the rights of [[Indigenous peoples]] in the Americas through an array of programs and objectives it sponsors or manages through Globcal International which became its subsidiary in 2020 when it was backflipped into Ecology Crossroads in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecology Crossroads - Knowledge Panel|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11r2j2xx1t|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=[[Google Knowledge Graph]]}}</ref>

== Introduction and history ==

'''Ecology Crossroads''' or '''ECCFUSA''' was started to address climate-change long before the term was created.<ref name="sos">{{cite web|date=April 12, 1994|title=Articles of Incorporation|url=https://web.sos.ky.gov/corpscans/83/0329183-09-99999-19940412-ART-2291972-PU.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Kentucky Secretary of State|publisher=[[Secretary of State of Kentucky]] Corporation Register|type=Constitutional Document|format=PDF}}</ref> It is clear the organization was developed to plant a forest of trees according to the Washington Post<ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Steve|date=February 23, 1995|title=Saving a Forest of Surplus Trees|language=en-US|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/02/23/saving-a-forest-of-surplus-trees/25ef2283-d7cb-4345-a99e-b8894f31cd2a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and to serve as one responsible for delivering aid to disaster victims by helping them recover urban landscapes in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 29, 1996|title=Branching Out to North Carolina|url-status=live|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/691058939|page=33|access-date=2022-02-11|newspaper=[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]|work=|type=Feature article.|publisher=[[Gannett]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The organization was founded by Col. David Wright, an American conservationist responsible for coordinating and organizing the [[Earth Day]] Society in Delaware in 1990. Wright took up the public charge founded by [[Gaylord Nelson]] under [[Denis Hayes]] at Earth Day Headquarters in [[San Francisco]] by setting up an Earth Day campaign office to coordinate activities from April 22 until April 29 which reached over 800,000 people from the top to the bottom of the small state followed by a four-day exposition at the Cristiana Mall which attracted nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 28, 1990|title=Earth Expo at Christiana Mall|page=5|newspaper=[[The News-Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159594034|url-status=live|work=|type=Announcement.|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=[[Gannett]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> His Earth Week program was started based on his connections in the state with wealthy estate owners, corporate executives and politicians after founding the Endangered Turtle Protection Foundation of the Americas in 1989<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 1989|title=ENDANGERED TURTLE PROTECTION FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAS :: Delaware (US)|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2205842|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=[[OpenCorporates]] Database}}</ref> to protect native endangered turtle species on their estates and within the adjacent countryside of [[Greenville, Delaware|Greenville]].<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=January 01, 1990|title=New Group Seeks to Protect Turtles|page=11|newspaper=[[The News-Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/159552299|url-status=live|work=|type=|access-date=2022-02-11|publisher=[[Gannett]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

The organization was started by carrying on the legacy of the success Wright had in Delaware and the popularity of Earth Day and Arbor Day ideas to Kentucky, he organized similar events in 1993 in Lousiville and Lexington that were not so well attended, reviewed or of much interest in the bluegrass and bourbon state. In 1994 Wright had the foresight to add natural disaster recovery efforts following ice storms, tornadoes and hurricanes, rural beautification and suburban forestry together in a perfect storm in the months following areas impacted by distributing trees. It started with ice, falling trees and the goodwill of tree farmers in Western Pennsylvania in 1994. Wright founded the organization in Lexington based on a grant he recieved from the City to distribute 100,000 tree saplings from 18-36" tall, with their support, the organization managed to recruit major sponsors and received the support of the [[Lexington Herald-Leader]] to run public service announcements in the newspaper. The organization distributed 97,000 trees and repeated the program the following weekend distributing 50,000 more.

Ecology Crossroads repeated its routine in [[Sewell,_New_Jersey|Sewell, Southern New Jersey]] in the Fall which was also greatly effected by the ice-storms in 1994, the event drew people from New York, Philadelphia and Delaware having heard about it on the radio.*** In 1995, the organization opened an office in Delaware focusing the tree program on the ideas of Spring, urban forestry and beautification of home landscapes. The "Community Tree Program" was held in Washington DC, Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia.*** After distributing several million trees everything was leafy for the organization until 1996 when the [[National Arbor Day Foundation]] sued Ecology Crossroads for [[trademark infringement]] after the organization launched websites using the generic TLDs '''arborday.com''' and '''freetrees.com''' to distribute trees to anyone-anywhere under the trade names Arbor Day, Arbor Day USA and Arbor Day Free Tree Program.*** The [[National Federation of Independent Business]] (NFIB) weighed in with its opinion on May 03, 1999 calling the lawsuit frivolous and a "crying shame" favoring an positive outcome for Ecology Crossroads and the "Arbor Day Free Tree Program" it developed.

Ecology Crossroads was cornering the market on [[Arbor Day]] by using the presidentially proclaimed celebratory observance<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation 6554—National Arbor Day, 1993 {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-6554-national-arbor-day-1993|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> from within the realm of the public domain with Arbor Day and tapping into the traditional history going back to 1872 by questioning who made the tree planting holiday a national and international concept [[Arbor Day#Origins and history|J. Sterling Morton]] or [[Arbor Day#Origins and history|Birdsey Northrup]]?***

The lawsuit was settled when Ecology Crossroads agreed to sell the websites to the nonprofit for an undisclosed sum and the dismissal of the case with prejudice in 1999.*** In 2000 some of the directors branched off to start a new program called Trees4Tomorrow in San Bernadino, California; but the program did not grow roots because of high California agricultural standards and the organization's source of trees being in Pennsylvania. Since California prefers its own trees, they were forced to hold their first program in Reno, Nevada in April.***

In 2020, Ecology Crossroads returned to Kentucky to make it home once again reinstating the nonprofit and filing assumed name certificates to do business as Globcal International (established in 2009)*** and Kentucky Colonels International (based online since 1998). Less than a month later, Ecology Crossroads found itself named in another trademark dispute, this time with the [[Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels]] (HOKC) claiming that the organization was confusing its members by using the trademark KENTUCKY COLONELS both online and under Kentucky common law, after a year of litigation in the [[U.S. District Court]] the case was settled by the parties in a court ordered settlement conference, resulting in a mediated settlement agreement and permanent injunction over use of the HOKC trademark with a paragraph dedicated to the protection of the [[Kentucky Colonel]] title. Ecology Crossroads converted the unnamed online association to Kentucky Colonelcy, which since the lawsuit ended in February 2021, has become the most authoritative historical creative commons work ever prepared about the founders of Kentucky starting in 1775 and proving false the story of the aide-de-camp and the first colonel appearing in 1813. It is clear from reviewing the Kentucky Colonelcy website that Kentucky was founded by colonels and so was America, half of the Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence held the title of colonel.***

==See also==

*[[Goodwill Ambassador]]
*[[United Nations Development Program]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ecooperator.org Ecology Crossroads Cooperative Foundation]

Ecology Crossroads

2022-08-23T01:44:47Z

Colonel: Protected "Ecology Crossroads": Company page is not an article. ([Edit=Protect from non-authors] (indefinite) [Move=Protect from non-authors] (indefinite))

Ecology Crossroads is a recognized 501(c)(3) non-profit public charity dedicated to the sustainable preservation of biodiversity, forests, habitat, land and natural heritage using Indigenous philanthropy. Donations are tax-exempt under IRS EIN 61-1259384.

Ecology Crossroads

2022-08-23T01:41:29Z

Colonel: New Organization Page for Ecology Crossroads

File:Ecology Crossroads Trademark 512.png

2022-08-23T00:15:48Z

Colonel:

User:Colonel

2022-08-22T23:26:42Z

Colonel: create user page