EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki - User contributions [en]

Christian Wood (soccer)

2026-07-17T08:12:41Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|American soccer player}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Christian Wood
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|2|23}}
| birth_place = [[Corona, California|Corona]], [[California]], United States
| height = 6 ft 1 in
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| college1 = [[Cal State Monterey Bay Otters]]
| collegecaps1 = 6
| collegegoals1 = 0
| collegeyears1 = 2016-2017
| college2 = [[Fullerton College|Fullerton College Hornets]]
| collegecaps2 = 21
| collegegoals2 = 0
| collegeyears2 = 2018
| college3 = [[Loyola Marymount Lions]]
| collegecaps3 = 34
| collegegoals3 = 0
| collegeyears3 = 2019-2021
| years1 = 2022
| clubs1 = [[Rochester New York FC]]
| caps1 = 19
| goals1 = 0
| club-update = August 9, 2024
}}

'''Christian Wood''' (born February 23, 1998) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a [[left-back]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=USA - C. Wood - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/christian-wood/823840/ |access-date=August 9, 2024 |website=us.soccerway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Wood - Men's Soccer |url=https://lmulions.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/christian-wood/11629 |access-date=August 9, 2024 |website=Loyola Marymount University Athletics |language=en}}</ref> He played most recently with [[MLS Next Pro]] side Rochester New York FC.

== Career ==

After playing at Fullerton College for the 2018 season,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fullerton College Athletics |date=February 8, 2022 |title=Wood Signs With RNY FC |url=https://www.fchornets.com/sports/msoc/2021-22/releases/20220208narhso |access-date=August 9, 2024 |website=}}</ref> Wood earned a scholarship at Loyola Marymount University, where he spent the next three seasons.

On February 6, 2022, Wood signed his first professional contract with MLS Next Pro independent club Rochester New York FC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rochester New York FC |date=February 6, 2022 |title=Loyola Marymount Left Back Christian Wood Joins RNY FC with License to Attack {{!}} MLSNEXTPro.com |url=https://www.mlsnextpro.com/news/loyola-marymount-left-back-christian-wood-joins-rny-fc-with-license-to-attack |access-date=August 9, 2024 |website=mlsnextpro.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.mlsnextpro.com/rny-fc/news/loyola-marymount-left-back-christian-wood-joins-rny-fc-with-license-to-attack</ref> Although Wood was under contract for the [[2023 MLS Next Pro season|2023 season]], Rochester ceased operations<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rochester New York FC |first= |date=March 10, 2023 |title=Rochester NY Football Club Statement on 2023 MLS NEXT Pro Season |url=https://www.mlsnextpro.com/rny-fc/news/rochester-ny-football-club-statement-on-2023-mls-next-pro-season |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=mlsnextpro.com |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313235029/https://www.mlsnextpro.com/rny-fc/news/rochester-ny-football-club-statement-on-2023-mls-next-pro-season |dead-url=yes }}</ref> on March 10, 2023, leaving him without a club.

== Career Statistics ==
{{Updated|August 9, 2024}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Club
! rowspan="2" |Season
! colspan="3" |League
! colspan="2" |Cup
! colspan="2" |Playoffs
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Rochester New York
|[[2022 MLS Next Pro season|2022]]
|MLS Next Pro
|19
|0
|2
|0
|1
|0
|22
|0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career Total
!19
!0
!2
!0
!1
!0
!22
!0
|}

== References ==

<references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Wood, Christian}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American men's soccer players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Men's association football fullbacks]]
[[Category:MLS Next Pro players]]
[[Category:Rochester New York FC players]]
[[Category:Loyola Marymount Lions men's soccer players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Corona, California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Riverside County, California]]
[[Category:Soccer players from California]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Voss

2026-07-17T08:07:56Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Motorsport Team Manager}}
{{Draft topics|biography|sports}}
{{AfC topic|other}}


{{Notability|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Christian Voss
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Christian Voss 2021.jpg
| caption = Voss in 2021
| other_names =
| birth_name = Christian Voß
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|06|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Schmallenberg]], Germany
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Managing Director of CV Performance Group Racing (2010–present)
| known_for =
| title =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Christian Voß''' (born 14 June 1989) is a German former racing driver and current Managing Director of the CV Performance Group. He competed in karting actively until 2010, before founding the team, which currently competes in the [[ADAC GT4 Germany]], as well as in various karting series, such as the [[CIK-FIA Karting European Championship|CIK-FIA European]] and [[Karting World Championship|World]] championships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=CV Performance |title=FUTURE needs ORIGIN! - CV Performance Group Racing |url=https://racing.cvpg.de/en/team/history.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=CV Performance Group - Kart Racing |language=en}}</ref>

== Driving career ==
Voss made his name on the international karting scene, where he would win the World Cup in four-stroke karts in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Voß sichert sich Weltmeistertitel im Kart |url=https://www.sauerlandkurier.de/hochsauerlandkreis/schmallenberg/christian-sichert-sich-weltmeistertitel-kart-5805138.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.sauerlandkurier.de |language=de}}</ref> A year later, he also came out victorious in the ADAC Kart Masters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADAC Kart Masters - VT250 Senior 2008 standings {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/adac-kart-masters---vt250-senior/2008/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> The German also competed in various [[Formula Ford]] and [[Formula 3]] series, before quitting single-seater racing as a consequence of the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CV PERFORMANCE GROUP: “GIVING YOUNGSTERS A CHANCE” |url=https://www.dtm.com/en/news/cv-performance-group |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.dtm.com}}</ref>

== Team management ==
In 2010, Voss stepped back from actively competing in karts to found his own outfit, the HTP Kart Team, later renamed to CV Performance Group Kart Racing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=CV Performance |title=FUTURE needs ORIGIN! - CV Performance Group Racing |url=https://racing.cvpg.de/en/team/history.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=CV Performance Group - Kart Racing |language=en}}</ref>

2019 proved to be a particularly successful season in karting for Voss and his squad, as after winning the [[WSK Euro Series]] and CIK-FIA European Championship,<ref>{{Cite web |title=CV Performance Group: FIA Karting Europameister 2019 |url=https://www.motorsport-xl.de/news/2019/CIK-FIA/CV-Performance-Group-FIA-Karting-Europameister-2019-36116.html |website=motorsport-xl.de}}</ref> Lorenzo Travisanutto brought home the Karting World Championship in the [[OK (karting)|OK Senior]] category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=CV Performance |title=CVPG: We are CIK FIA WORLD CHAMPION! - CV Performance Group Racing |url=https://racing.cvpg.de/en/kartracing-news/details/we-are-cik-fia-world-champion-2019.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=CV Performance Group - Kart Racing |language=en}}</ref>

Having established a [[GT racing]] branch of the team in cooperation with [[Mercedes-AMG]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=GROUP |first=CV PERFORMANCE |title=CV - AMG GT4 - ADAC GT4 Germany {{!}} NLS/VLN - CV Performance Group |url=https://cvperformance.group/en/cv-amg-gt4-adac-gt4-germany-nls-vln.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=CV PERFORMANCE GROUP - RACING / DRIVING / EVENTS / CORSES |language=en}}</ref> Voss fielded CV Performance in the [[2021 DTM Trophy|DTM Trophy]] in 2021, where driver William Tregurtha narrowly missed out on the title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ben Green und William Tregurtha kämpfen beide um den Titel |url=https://www.motorsport-xl.de/news/2021/DTM-Trophy/Ben-Green-und-William-Tregurtha-kaempfen-beide-um-den-Titel-43804.html |website=motorsport-xl.de}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Saisonrückblick DTM Trophy 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qml-yuEkyqg |language=en |access-date=2023-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ben Green Takes 2021 DTM Trophy Title {{!}} dailysportscar.com |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2021/10/11/ben-green-takes-2021-dtm-trophy-title.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.dailysportscar.com}}</ref> Near the end of the following season, CV Performance would take part in a one-off guest start at the [[Hockenheimring]], a year in which the team also brought forward two full-time entries in the [[2022 ADAC GT4 Germany|ADAC GT4 Germany]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Plümer |first=Jonas |date=2022-10-03 |title=CV Performance Group startet in DTM Trophy |url=https://gt-place.com/2022/10/03/cv-performance-group-startet-in-dtm-trophy/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=gt-place.com |language=de-CH}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=CV Performance |title=CVPG in ADAC GT4 Germany 2022 - CV Performance Group Racing |url=https://racing.cvpg.de/de/kart-racing/cvpg-in-adac-gt4-germany-2022.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=CV Performance Group - Racing |language=de |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107200215/https://racing.cvpg.de/de/kart-racing/cvpg-in-adac-gt4-germany-2022.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Julian Hanses]] and Theo Oeverhaus took a pair of third places at [[Circuit Zandvoort|Zandvoort]], before Hanses and Tregurtha finished second in Race 1 at the [[Sachsenring]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=CV Performance |title=GT4 Podestergebnis für CVPG - CV Performance Group Racing |url=https://racing.cvpg.de/de/kart-racing/gt4-podestergebnis-fuer-cvpg.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=CV Performance Group - Racing |language=de}}</ref> As well as that, CV Performance Group took titles in the GTC Race in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=CV Performance |title=3 Siege & 3 Titelgewinne für CVPG - CV Performance Group Racing |url=https://racing.cvpg.de/de/kart-racing/3-siege-3-titelgewinne-fuer-cvpg.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=CV Performance Group - Racing |language=de}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* {{DriverDB driver|christian-goethe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Voss, Christian}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:German motorsport people]]
[[Category:German racing drivers]]
[[Category:Sports car racing team owners]]
{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=January 2023}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Van Horn

2026-07-17T08:03:37Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=Left a note at [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Opera#Draft%3AMaria_Nazarova]] ~[[User:Kvng|Kvng]] ([[User talk:Kvng|talk]]) 19:14, 21 June 2022 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Could be notable but any good sources are lost in the numerous [[WP:REFBOMB]] junk.

Worry less about awards and PR pieces and focus on what makes subject notable [[User:Slywriter|Slywriter]] ([[User talk:Slywriter|talk]]) 18:45, 27 December 2021 (UTC)}}

----

'''Christian Van Horn''' (born 1978) is an American operatic [[bass-baritone]].

== Education ==
Born in [[Rockville Centre, New York]], Van Horn began his music studies at the [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] earning a bachelor of arts degree and began his studies with his one and only voice teacher, [[Richard Cross (bass-baritone)|Richard Cross]]. Van Horn then earned his Master's degree in Voice/Opera at [[Yale School of Music|Yale University School of Music]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. He spent his summers during graduate school performing as a young artist with the [[Central City Opera]] and [[Opera Theatre of Saint Louis|Opera Theater of St. Louis]]. He then went on to continue his training as a member of the [[Lyric Opera of Chicago|Lyric Opera of Chicago’s Ryan Opera Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ryan Opera Center Alumni|url=https://www.lyricopera.org/ryan-opera-center/ryan-opera-center-alumni/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Professional career ==
Van Horn made his operatic debut in 2004 with the [[Florida Grand Opera]] as Lu Duc in Gounod's ''[[Roméo et Juliette|Romeo et Juliette]]'' and made his international debut at the [[Salzburg Festival]] in 2008 in the same role conducted by [[Yannick Nézet-Séguin|Yannick Nezet Seguin]]. In late 2008 Van Horn became an ensemble member with the [[Bavarian State Opera|Bayerische Staatsoper]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyerische Staatsoper - Van Horn, Christian|url=https://www.staatsoper.de/biographien/van-horn-christian|url-status=live}}</ref> accumulating over 100 performances in two seasons there, in roles including Oroveso in ''[[Norma (opera)|Norma]]'' and Colline in ''[[La bohème]]''. Van Horn returned to the United States in 2010 and went on to sing with some of the most prestigious opera companies in the world including [[Metropolitan Opera|The Metropolitan Opera]], [[San Francisco Opera]], [[Canadian Opera Company]], Lyric Opera of Chicago, [[Paris Opera]], [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]], [[Dutch National Opera]], [[Grand Théâtre de Genève]], [[Los Angeles Opera]], the opera festival of [[Bayerische Staatsoper]] and the Salzburg Festival.
Specialising in the "bad guys", Van Horn sang Mephistopheles in Gounod’s ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' with the Lyric Opera of Chicago<ref>{{Cite web|title=Splendid cast gives Gounod his due in muddled "Faust" at Lyric Opera|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/ct-ent-lyric-faust-review-0305-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Paris Opera<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opéra National de Paris 2020-21 Review: Faust|date=26 March 2021|url=https://operawire.com/opera-national-de-paris-review-2020-2021-faust/|url-status=live}}</ref> and also singing the 4 Villains with the San Francisco Opera<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Contes d'Hoffmann|url=http://archive.sfopera.com/reports/rptOpera-id1916.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>, Los Angeles Opera<ref>{{Cite web|title=The show must go on: How L.A. Opera is pushing ahead as illness strikes cast|date=30 March 2017|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-opera-hoffmann-cast-illness-20170330-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>, Bayerische Staatsoper<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Contes d'Hoffmann in Munich 2015-03-31|url=http://www.operaduetsphotos.com/Hoffmann/2015_0331.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. In 2018 Van Horn sang the title role in Boito’s ''[[Mefistofele]]'' with the Metropolitan Opera<ref>{{Cite news|title=Review: 'Mefistofele' at the Met Opera Is a Devil That Dances|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 November 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/09/arts/music/mefistofele-review-met-opera.html|url-status=live|last1=Woolfe|first1=Zachary}}</ref> being one of only 8 singers to have ever done so.

Van Horn has sung over 100 performances at the Lyric Opera of Chicago, San Francisco Opera and the Bayerische Staatsoper each. He has been represented by [[Opus 3 Artists]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Christian Van Horn, Bass-Baritone|newspaper=Opus 3 Artists|url=https://www.opus3artists.com/artists/christian-van-horn/|url-status=live}}</ref> for his entire career.

Van Horn made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 2013<ref>{{Cite news|title=Robert Carsen's 'Falstaff,' at the Metropolitan Opera - The New York Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 December 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/arts/music/in-carsens-falstaff-at-the-met-verdi-through-a-postwar-lens.html|url-status=live|last1=Tommasini|first1=Anthony}}</ref> performing the role of Pistola in Verdi’s ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]'' conducted by [[James Levine]]. Also at the Metropolitan Opera Van Horn has appeared as Colline in Puccini’s ''La bohème'' (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020), The Sprecher in Mozart’s ''[[Die Zauberflote]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Metropolitan Opera Live in HD Transmission: Die Zauberflöte|url=https://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2017/10/Departments/Broadcast__Die_Zauberflöte.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (Conducted by James Levine 2017), the American debut of Thomas Adès’ [[The Exterminating Angel (opera)|''The Exterminating Angel'']]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adès’ “Exterminating Angel” proves spellbinding in Met’s American premiere|url=https://newyorkclassicalreview.com/2017/10/ades-exterminating-angel-proves-spellbinding-in-american-premiere/|url-status=live}}</ref> in the role of Julio (2017), Publio in Mozart’s [[La clemenza di Tito]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: The Met Makes a Case for Mozart’s Least-Loved Opera|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/31/arts/music/met-opera-clemenza-di-tito-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2019), and the Doktor in Berg's [[Wozzeck]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: The Searing Beauty of Kentridge’s ‘Wozzeck’ at the Met|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/29/arts/music/wozzeck-review-met-opera.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (conducted by Yannick Nezet Seguin 2020). Future engagements at the Met include the title role in Mozart’s [[Le Nozze Di Figaro|Le nozze di Figaro]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Metropolitan Opera {{!}} Le Nozze di Figaro|url=https://www.metopera.org/season/2021-22-season/le-nozze-di-figaro/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Nick Shadow in Stavinsky’s ''[[The Rake's Progress|The Rake’s Progress]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Metropolitan Opera {{!}} The Rake's Progress|url=https://www.metopera.org/season/2021-22-season/the-rakes-progress/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109073420/https://www.metopera.org/season/2021-22-season/the-rakes-progress/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>.

In concert Van Horn has been a soloist with the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: Beethoven’s Ninth a joy as L.A. Phil’s Hollywood Bowl opener|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-xpm-2012-jul-11-la-et-cm-bowl-opening-review-20120712-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ([[Beethoven's 9th symphony|Beethoven’s 9th Symphony]] 2012), [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] (Tippet’s ''[[A Child of Our Time|A Child of our Time]]'' 2006), the [[New York Philharmonic]] (Wagner’s [[Das Rheingold]] 2017)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: The Philharmonic Makes Wagner’s Gods Chillingly Human|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/arts/music/review-the-philharmonic-makes-wagners-gods-chillingly-human.html|url-status=live}}</ref>, [[Royal Concertgebouw]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Concertgebouworkest: Stravinsky's Oedipus rex|url=https://www.concertgebouw.nl/en/page/42958|url-status=live}}</ref> (Stravinsky’s [[Oedipus rex (opera)|Oedipus rex]] 2020), The [[Berlin Philharmonic]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=“CARMEN” WITH SIMON RATTLE, MAGDALENA KOŽENÁ AND JONAS KAUFMANN|url=https://www.digitalconcerthall.com/en/concert/2565|url-status=live}}</ref> (Bizet’s [[Carmen]] conducted by [[Sir Simon Rattle]] 2012), the [[Cleveland Symphony]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cleveland Orchestra {{!}} 1/23/18 {{!}} Carnegie Hall|url=https://www.carnegiehall.org/Calendar/2018/01/24/THE-CLEVELAND-ORCHESTRA-0800PM|url-status=live}}</ref> (Haydn’s [[The Creation (Haydn)|The Creation]] conducted by [[Franz Welser-Möst|Franz Welser-Most]] 2018), The [[Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Missa Solemnis (Melbourne Symphony Orchestra)|url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/arts-update/arts/3567-missa-solemnis-melbourne-symphony-orchestra?tmpl=component&print=1|url-status=live}}</ref> (Beethoven’s [[Missa solemnis (Beethoven)|Missa Solemnis]] conducted by [[Sir Andrew Davis]] 2016) among many others.

== Personal life ==
Van Horn resides in [[Virginia]] with his wife and son. His bi-weekly podcast, “The CVH Podcast”<ref>{{Cite web|title=PODCAST {{!}} Christian Van Horn|url=https://www.christianvanhorn.com/podcast|url-status=live}}</ref>, is heard in over 50 different countries to over 1000 cities worldwide and follows his travels and performances through monologues and discussions with colleagues and friends.

== Awards ==

* [[Richard Tucker Award]] (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Richard Tucker Award|url=https://www.richardtucker.org/the-richard-tucker-award|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions|Metropolitan Opera National Council Finals Winner]] (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Metropolitan Opera {{!}} Winners|url=https://www.metopera.org/user-information/national-council-auditions/winners/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Metropolitan Opera National Council Winners|url=https://www.metopera.org/globalassets/about/auditions/national-council-auditions/winners-list-for-website.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sara Tucker Study Grant|Sarah Tucker Grant]] (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sara Tucker Study Grant|url=https://www.richardtucker.org/sara-tucker-study-grant|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Repertory ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Role
!Composer
!Opera
!Location
|-
|Oroveso
|Bellini
|Norma
|
* Bayerische Staatsoper (2008, 2019)
* San Francisco Opera (2014)
* Dallas Opera (2017)
|-
|Doktor
|Berg
|Wozzeck
|
* Virginia Opera (2008)
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2011)
* Santa Fe Opera (2017)
* Opera Company of Philadelphia (2018)
|-
|Narbal
|Berlioz
|Les Troyens
|
* San Francisco (2015)
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2016)
* Paris Opera (2019)
|-
|Escamillo
|Bizet
|Carmen
|
* Canadian Opera Company (2016)
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2017)
* Bayerische Staatsoper (2019)
|-
|Nourabad
|Bizet
|Pearl Fishers
|
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2010)
|-
|Mefistofele
|Boito
|Mefistofele
|
* Metropolitan Opera (2018)
|-
|Claggart
|Britten
|Billy Budd
|
* San Francisco Opera (2019)
|-
|Henry VIII
|Donizetti
|Anna Bolena
|
* Canadian Opera Company (2018)
|-
|Prefect
|Donizetti
|Linda di Chamonix
|
* Rome Opera (2016)
|-
|Raimondo
|Donizetti
|Lucia di Lammermoor
|
* Virginia Opera (2008)
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2011)
* Santa Fe Opera (2017)
* Opera Company of Philadelphia (2018)
|-
|Mefistopheles
|Gounod
|Faust
|
* Yale Opera (2001)
* North Carolina Opera (2011)
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2018)
* Paris Opera (2020)
|-
|Friar Laurent
|Gounod
|Romeo et Juliette
|
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2015)
|-
|Claudio
|Handel
|Agrippina
|
* Boston Lyric Opera (2011)
|-
|Melisso
|Handel
|Alcina
|
* Santa Fe Opera (2017)
|-
|Zoroastro
|Handel
|Orlando
|
* San Francisco Opera (2019)
|-
|Publio
|Mozart
|La Clemenza di Tito
|
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2014)
* Metropolitan Opera (2019)
|-
|Don Giovanni
|Mozart
|Don Giovanni
|
* Paris Opera (2022)
|-
|Figaro
|Mozart
|Le Nozze di Figaro
|
* Yale Opera (2003)
* Chicago Opera Theater (2004)
* Arizona Opera (2006)
* Perm Opera (2012)
* Metropolitan Opera (2022)
|-
|Sprecher
|Mozart
|Die Zauberflote
|
* Bayerische Staatsoper (2008, 2009)
* Metropolitan Opera (2017)
|-
|Four Villains
|Offenbach
|Les contes d’Hoffmann
|
* San Francisco Opera (2013)
* Bayerische Staatsoper (2015)
* Los Angeles Opera (2017)
|-
|Colline
|Puccini
|La Bohème
|
* Baltimore Opera (2006)
* Los Angeles Opera (2007)
* Bayerische Staatsoper (2008, 2009, 2010,2011)
* Santa Fe Opera (2011)
* Canadian Opera Company (2013)
* San Francisco Opera (2014)
* San Diego Opera (2015)
* Metropolitan Opera(2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020)
|-
|Timur
|Puccini
|Turandot
|
* Fort Worth Opera (2007)
* Portland Opera (2011)
* San Francisco Opera (2011)
* Dallas Opera (2013)
|-
|Alidoro
|Rossini
|La Cenerentola
|
* San Francisco Opera (2014)
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2015)
|-
|Gessler
|Rossini
|Guillaume Tell
|
* Netherlands Opera
|-
|Creon
|Stravinsky
|Oedipis Rex
|
* Concertgebouw (2020)
|-
|Nick Shadow
|Stravinsky
|The Rake’s Progress
|
* Metropolitan Opera (2022)
|-
|Attila
|Verdi
|Attila
|
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2021)
|-
|Pistola
|Verdi
|Falstaff
|
* Metropolitan Opera (2013)
|-
|Walter
|Verdi
|Luisa Miller
|
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2019)
|-
|Banco
|Verdi
|Macbeth
|
* Gran Theatre du Genieve (2012)
* Lyric Opera of Chicago (2021)
|-
|Zaccaria
|Verdi
|Nabucco
|
* Seattle Opera (2015)
|-
|Lodovico
|Verdi
|Otello
|
* Bayerische Staatsoper (2009)
|-
|Donner
|Wagner
|Das Rheingold
|
* Bayerische Rundfunk Orchester (2015)
* New York Philharmonic (2017)
|-
|Biterolf
|Wagner
|Tannhauser
|
* Bayerische Staatsoper (2010)
|}

== Discography ==

=== CD ===

*Carlson, Anna Karenina and Karenin (2007) with Stuart Robertson conducting the St Louis Symphony. Signum Classics<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carlson: Anna Karenina|url=https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_SIGCD154|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Summer, So Many Journeys (2008) Recital Recording. Albany Records<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joseph Summer - So Many Journeys Vocal & Song Piano Albany Records|url=https://www.chandos.net/products/catalogue/TR%201105|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Bizet, Carmen as Zuniga (2012) Sir Simon Rattle conducting the Berlin Philharmonic. EMI<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bizet - Magdalena Kožená, Jonas Kaufmann, Genia Kühmeier, Kostas Smoriginas, Berliner Philharmoniker, Simon Rattle – Carmen (2015, CD)|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/14651864-Bizet-Magdalena-Kožená-Jonas-Kaufmann-Genia-Kühmeier-Kostas-Smoriginas-2-Berliner-Philharmoniker-|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mozart, Le nozze di Figaro as Figaro (2012) Theodor Currentzis conducting the Perm Opera Orchestra. Sony Classical<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mozart — Le Nozze di Figaro – musicAeterna|url=https://musicaeterna.org/discover/record/mozart-le-nozze-di-figaro/?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Summer, Tempest as Prospero (2015) Stefan Lano conducting the Shakespeare Concerts Ensemble. Albany<ref>{{Cite web|title=Albany Records: The Tempest: A Chamber Opera|url=https://www.albanyrecords.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=TROY1609-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Puccini, La Boheme (2017) Carlo Rizzi conducting the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra. Recorded Live Met Opera<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puccini: La Bohème (Recorded Live at the Met January 14, 2017) [Live]|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/puccini-la-bohème-recorded-live-at-met-january-14-2017/1311692829|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== DVD ===

*Gounod, Romeo et Juliette as Le Duc (2008) with Yannick Nezet Seguin conducting the Berlin Philharmonic at the Salzburg Festival Recorded Live. Deutsche Grammaphon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Product Family {{!}} GOUNOD Roméo et Juliette|url=https://www.deutschegrammophon.com/en/catalogue/products/gounod-romeo-et-juliette-8874|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Puccini, Tosca as Angelotti (2009) with Fabio Luisi conducting the Bayerische Staatsoper Orchestra. Unitel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tosca|url=http://www.unitel.de/en/product/do/detail.html?id=2969|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Donizetti, Lucrezia Borgia as Astolfo (2010) with Bertrand de Billy conducting the Bayerische Staatsoper Orchestra. Unitel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lucrezia Borgia|url=http://www.unitel.de/en/product/do/detail.html?id=2319|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Verdi, Falstaff as Pistola (2013) James levine conducting the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra. Recorded live. Decca<ref>{{Cite web|title="The Metropolitan Opera HD Live" Verdi: Falstaff (TV Episode 2013) - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3385804/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ades, Exterminating Angel (2017) Thomas Ades conducting the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra. Recorded Live. Erato<ref>{{Cite web|title="The Metropolitan Opera HD Live" Thomas Adès: The Exterminating Angel (TV Episode 2017) - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6889834/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Digital/Streaming/Theater ===
* Beethoven, 9th Symphony (2011) with Leon Bottstein conducting the American Symphony Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beethoven: Symphony No. 9, Op. 125 American Symphony Orchestra|url=https://www.amazon.com/Beethoven-Symphony-No-Op-125/dp/B0058XBS6E|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mozart, Figaro as Figaro (2021) Best of Klassik. Echo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best of Klassik 2014 (Echo Klassick)|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4XxparjoB97MbTftTFApS7|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Berlioz, Les Troyens (2021) Sir Andrew Davis conducting the Lyric Opera of Chicago Orchestra. Recorded Live. Lyric Opera of Chicago<ref>{{Cite web|title=Berlioz: Les Troyens (Live) Lyric Opera of Chicago and Sir Andrew Davis|url=https://www.amazon.com/Berlioz-Lyric-Opera-Chicago-Andrew/dp/B091SJ61ZD|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Verdi, Luisa Miller (2021) Enrique Mazzola conducting the Lyric Opera of Chicago Orchestra. Recorded Live. Lyric Opera of Chicago<ref>{{Cite web|title=VERDI: LUISA MILLER (2019 LIVE RECORDING)|url=https://music.amazon.com/albums/B08YJKP1NC|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gounod, Faust (2021) Lorenzo Viotti conducting the Paris Opera Orchestra. Recorded live without audience. FraCinema<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faust {{!}} fracinema.com|url=https://fracinema.com/en/catalogue/faust|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian University GlobalNet

2026-07-17T08:01:33Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

<div class="invisble-on-vedit">{{⚠️🚨COPIED from en.EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}</div>
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Christian University GlobalNet|timestamp=20201229214247|year=2020|month=December|day=29|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{notability|date=September 2012}}
{{primary sources|date=September 2019}}

'''Our Daily Bread University''' (ODBU), formerly Christian University GlobalNet, is an online learning platform offering a collection of courses provided by [[Our Daily Bread Ministries]], based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It provides online resources for learners of all levels<ref>“[https://christianuniversity.org/about/ Who We Are] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126214224/https://christianuniversity.org/about/ |date=2020-11-26 }}.” ''Our Daily Bread University.'' Retrieved 2020-06-03.</ref> in topics such as Bible, Theology, Leadership, Christian Apologetics and more. Its courses are also offered on a [https://christianuniversitycertificates.org Premium site], which provides reflection questions, tests, and a Certificate of Completion for each completed course.<ref>“[https://christianuniversitycertificates.org/subscription-options/ Subscription Options].” ''Our Daily Bread University.'' Retrieved 2020-06-03.</ref> Lessons for most courses are available for students to watch (video), listen (audio), or read as a downloadable PDF transcript. Today over 75,000 people from over 150 countries visit the site each month and engage in online learning about the Bible, Theology, and the Christian faith and life.

ODBU partners with other organizations such as the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) in fulfilling Chrisitan Philosophy of Education and other Continuing Education requirements<ref>"[https://www.acsi.org/options_for_cpoe Options for Completing the Christian Philosophy of Education]." ''Association of Christian Schools International''. Retrieved 2020-07-06.</ref>, <ref>"[https://www.acsi.org/earning_bible_ceus How to Earn Bible CEUs]." ''Association of Christian Schools International''. Retrieved 2020-07-06.</ref> and NewWay Ministries.<ref>"[http://www.newwayministries.org/ssd_certif_requirements.php Requirements for the Certificate in Spiritual Direction]." ''NewWay Ministrie''s. Retrieved 2020-07-06.</ref>

==History==

1994

Efforts begin with research and testing of digital delivery methods, including CD-ROM.

1995—1998

Development of the first digital product, a multimedia Guided Tour of the Bible in 180 lessons on CD-ROM. The effort expands to other digital products.

1998—2002

Christian University GlobalNet (CUGN) is formed and later merges with RBC Ministries (now Our Daily Bread Ministries).

2002—2008

Under the umbrella of Our Daily Bread Ministries, the course database expands to over 70 courses with emphasis on the non-formal learner.

2008

Christian University GlobalNet acquires The Institute of Theological Studies (ITS), including a database of over 70 graduate-level courses from some of the world's leading scholars.

2008—2017

Multiple Certificate Programs are offered on the website. The ministry continues to grow with over 25,000 new students per year. The course database grows to over 200 courses. The courses are hosted on a new domain name, [https://ChristianUniversity.org www.ChristianUniversity.org].

2018 to Present

The ministry expands its reach under the name Our Daily Bread University by adding additional courses from global leaders, translation of the core curriculum into multiple languages, and through partnering with on-site education and training centers.<ref>“[https://dpz73qkr83w0p.cloudfront.net/en_US/whitepaper/ODBU_Brochure.pdf ODBU Brochure].” ''Our Daily Bread University.'' Retrieved 2020-06-03.</ref>

==Courses and Instructors==

As of June 2020, the organization offers the following categories and numbers of courses:

{{columns-list|colwidth=24em|
* Christian Apologetics (16)
* Christian Counseling (5)
* Church History (12)
* Hermeneutics (6)
* Ministry Leadership (17)
* New Testament (33)
* Old Testament (31)
* Spiritual Formation (10)
* Systematic Theology (14)
* Urban Youth (6)
* World Missions (11)
* Worldview & Ethics (5)<ref>“[https://christianuniversity.org/courses-by-topic/ Courses by Topic].” ''Our Daily Bread University''. Retrieved 2020-06-03.</ref>,<ref>“[https://christianuniversity.org/programs/legacy-lecture-library-series/ Legacy Lecture Library].” ''Our Daily Bread University''. Retrieved 2020-06-03.</ref>
}}

As of June 2020, the following scholars have authored courses:

{{columns-list|colwidth=24em|
* Pete Alwinson, DMin
* Vincent Bacote, PhD
* Hans F. Bayer, PhD
* John Beck, PhD
* [[Craig Blomberg|Craig L. Blomberg, PhD]]
* [[Steve Brown (author)|Steve Brown, LittD]]
* Sid Buzzell, PhD
* Constantine R. Campbell, PhD
* [[Henry Cloud|Henry Cloud, PhD]]
* Rodney Cox, PhD
* [[Larry Crabb|Larry J. Crabb, PhD]]
* Andrew Davis, PhD
* Martin Deacon
* Dan Doriani, PhD
* David Frees, ThM
* Matt Friedeman, PhD
* [[Paul Gardner (priest)|Paul Gardner, PhD]]
* Benjamin Gladd, PhD
* Rev. Michael J. Glodo
* Robert Harp, DMin
* D. A. Horton
* Reggie M. Kidd, PhD
* Alice Mathews, PhD
* Vincent Mathews, Jr., ThD
* Deb McCormick
* [[Richard L. Pratt Jr.|Richard L. Pratt, Jr., ThD]]
* Richard Ramesh, PhD
* Scott Redd, PhD
* Elisabeth Selzer, PhD
* Aaron Smith, PhD
* [[Douglas Stuart (biblical scholar)|Douglas K. Stuart, PhD]]
* Seth Tarrer, PhD
* [[John Townsend (author)|John Townsend, PhD]]
* [[John Trent (author)|John Trent, PhD]]
* Linda Triemstra Cook
* Stephen Um, PhD
* Simon Vibert, DMin
* [[Bruce Wilkinson|Bruce Wilkinson, DD]]
* Thurman Williams, DMin
* John Worgul, PhD
* Mark Young, PhD<ref>“[https://christianuniversity.org/api/grid/post_type/professors/term%5Bprofessors-category%5D%5Bnot-in%5D/legacy-professors/ Meet Our Professors].” ''Our Daily Bread University''. Retrieved 2020-06-03.</ref>
}}

Legacy Lecture Library Professors (authors of courses from Our Daily Bread University's Legacy Lecture Library):
{{columns-list|colwidth=24em|
* Richard E. Averbeck, PhD
* Wendell K. Babcock, PhD
* [[Darrell L. Bock|Darrell L. Bock, PhD]]
* [[J. Oliver Buswell|J. Oliver Buswell Jr., PhD, DD]]
* Samuel Canine, PhD
* Scott T. Carroll, PhD
* Patrick O. Cate, PhD
* Jonathan Chao, PhD
* [[Harvie M. Conn|Harvie M. Conn, LittD]]
* [[John J. Davis (theologian)|John J. Davis, ThD, DD]]
* C. Fred Dickason, ThD
* [[John Feinberg|John S. Feinberg, PhD]]
* [[John Frame (theologian)|John M. Frame, DD]]
* Abraham Friesen, PhD
* [[Richard C. Gamble|Richard C. Gamble, ThD]]
* Kenneth O. Gangel, PhD
* [[John Gerstner|John H. Gerstner, PhD, DD]]
* [[Robert Godfrey|W. Robert Godfrey, PhD]]
* Louis Goldberg, ThD
* Michael P. Green, PhD
* Roger S. Greenway, ThD
* James M. Grier, ThD
* [[John D. Hannah|John D. Hannah, PhD, ThD]]
* [[R. Laird Harris|R. Laird Harris, PhD]]
* [[Harold Hoehner|Harold W. Hoehner, PhD, ThD]]
* H. Phillip Hook, ThD
* Terry C. Hulbert, ThD
* Dennis E. Johnson, PhD
* [[Walter Kaiser Jr.|Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., PhD]]
* J. Herbert Kane, LHD
* [[Robert Kolb|Robert A. Kolb, PhD]]
* Stuart E. Lease, DD
* Gordon Lewis, PhD
* John R. Lillis, PhD
* Harold L. Longenecker, DD
* Lucy Mabery-Foster, PhD
* Victor M. Matthews, STD
* [[William D. Mounce|William D. Mounce, PhD]]
* Kenneth B. Mulholland, DTheo
* [[Roger Nicole|Roger R. Nicole, PhD, ThD]]
* Lubbertus Oostendorp, ThD
* Richard O. Rigsby, PhD, ThD
* [[Haddon Robinson|Haddon W. Robinson, PhD]]
* Garth M. Rosell, PhD
* Allen P. Ross, PhD
* Gordon T. Smith, PhD
* Glenn Smith, DMin
* [[Wilbur M. Smith|Wilbur M. Smith, DD]]
* [[John Stott|John R. W. Stott, DD]]
* Lehman Strauss, LittD
* William D. Taylor, PhD
* Tite Tiénou, PhD
* [[Peter Toon|Peter Toon, DPhil]]
* [[Bruce Waltke|Bruce K. Waltke, PhD]]
* [[John C. Whitcomb|John C. Whitcomb, ThD]]
* [[Leon J. Wood|Leon J. Wood, PhD]]<ref>“[https://christianuniversity.org/api/grid/post_type/professors/term%5bprofessors-category%5d%5bin%5d/legacy-professors/ Meet Our Legacy Professors].” ''Our Daily Bread University''. Retrieved 2020-06-03.</ref>
}}
==Languages==

While all courses are available in English, the organization also provides a number of its courses in Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese, Russian, and Arabic.<ref>"Language Options." ''Our Daily Bread University''. Retrieved 2020-06-03.</ref>

==Affiliates/Course Content Providers==
* Our Daily Bread Ministries
* [[Association of Christian Schools International]] (ACSI)
* Third Millennium Ministries
* [[Denver Seminary]]
* Urban Youth Workers Institute
* NewWay Ministries
* [[MOPS International]] (Mothers of Preschoolers)
* Compass: Finances God's Way
* Teach Every Nation

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Christian educational organizations]]
[[Category:Online colleges]]
[[Category:Educational technology companies of the United States]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Schoyen

2026-07-17T07:47:06Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Multiple issues|
{{Sections|date=September 2018}}
{{Improve categories|date=September 2018}}}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Christian Schoyen
| image = Christian schoyen.jpg
| image_size = 200 px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|02|13}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Recruiter|Headhunter]], [[Futurist]], [[Author]], [[Social entrepreneur]]
| website =[http://www.christianschoyen.com Christian Schoyen Home Page]
| spouse =
}}

'''Christian Schoyen''' (born February 13, 1966) is a headhunter, expert in human behavior, [[Futurist]] with a specialty in human behavior and [[futurology]], and social entrepreneur. He has since 1997 been the CEO for a headhunting company that he founded, with offices in the U.S. and Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rb.no/lokal_kultur/article2015573.ece |title=Kløfta-mann lagde Hollywood-film |language=nb |publisher=[[Romerikes Blad]] |date= |accessdate=2013-12-27 |trans-title=LaSalle man made Hollywood movie}}</ref>

On October 7, 2015, Christian received the honorary award, ‘Recognition of Your Contribution to the Community’ <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www5.lasvegasnevada.gov/sirepub/mtgviewer.aspx?meetid=1945&doctype=AGENDA|title=SIRE Public Access|website=5.lasvegasnevada.gov|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www5.lasvegasnevada.gov/sirepub/cache/2/3pqs1hdbjuklq1mjcbusdjc0/1068986510192015071510558.PDF]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
from [[Las Vegas]] Mayor [[Carolyn Goodman (politician)|Carolyn G. Goodman]] and the City Council as the founder for Heroes United and his work in Sierra Oeste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3599688/mediaviewer/rm3557551360|title=Vegas Vikings (2014)|publisher=|accessdate=28 September 2018|website=IMDb.com}}</ref>

On November 14, 2014, the film Vegas Vikings <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3599688/|title=Vegas Vikings|publisher=|accessdate=28 September 2018|website=IMDb.com}}</ref> by Christian Schoyen was announced as the Best Nevada Film for 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nevadafilmfestival.com/2014-winners|title=Nevada International Film Festival - Nevada Screenplay Contest - 2014 Winners|first=Super|last=User|website=Nevadafilmfestival.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref>, then on May 1, 2015, as winner of the 2015 Golden Palm Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mexicofilmfestival.com/2015-winners|title=Mexico International Film Festival - Mexico Film Festivals - 2015 Winners|first=Super|last=User|website=Mexicofilmfestival.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> at [[Mexico International Film Festival]], and on May 5, 2015, as winner of the Golden Kahuna Award <ref>{{cite web|url=http://honolulufilmawards.com/past-winners/2015-winners|title=Honolulu Film Awards - Screenplay Contest - Script Competitions - 2015 Winners|first=Super|last=User|website=Honolulufilmawards.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> at [[Honolulu Film Awards]]. The Vegas Vikings film <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNzBJKOOhao|title=YouTube|website=Youtube.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> documents the activities conducted in Las Vegas over 21 field days by Schoyen, taking place over a time period of two years, starting with the Introduction of the [[Leif Erikson Day]] and ending with the Hometown Heroes United project in Sierra Oeste, which resulted in violent crime being reduced by 75%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jrn.com/ktnv/news/Police-hold-block-party-to-celebrate-neighborhoods-transformation-286462871.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-12-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223204053/http://www.jrn.com/ktnv/news/Police-hold-block-party-to-celebrate-neighborhoods-transformation-286462871.html |archivedate=2015-02-23 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/las-vegas/sierre-oeste-has-seen-less-crime-more-community-year-photos |access-date=2018-09-08 |archive-date=2016-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208221022/http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/las-vegas/sierre-oeste-has-seen-less-crime-more-community-year-photos |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Christian said in an interview with [[Las Vegas Review Journal]]; “Making the community safer helped bring the neighborhood together. To us, it’s been exciting that we’ve been able to change a situation that’s been so bleak.” <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/las-vegas/sierre-oeste-has-seen-less-crime-more-community-year-photos |access-date=2018-09-08 |archive-date=2016-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208221022/http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/las-vegas/sierre-oeste-has-seen-less-crime-more-community-year-photos |dead-url=yes }}</ref> In an interview with Romerikes Blad, Schoyen said; “The success we achieved in Sierra Oeste means a lot to not just Nevada and Las Vegas, but also to the rest of America, as we through this collaborative initiative have proven what is possible, and that our blue-print can be applied to also other US cities.” <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rb.no/jessheim/article7712713.ece|title=Christian (48) forandret det verste nabolaget i Las Vegas til det bedre|date=28 November 2014|publisher=|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Dec19Sierra.jpg|thumb|left|Sierra Oeste parade and block party with [[McGruff the Crime Dog]], Santa Claus and Project Director Christian Schoyen.]]
On December 19, 2013, the parade and block party for the children of Sierra Oeste took place, launching the initiative of Hometown Heroes United, a group with Christian Schoyen as the project director, formed by the [[Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department]] and Hometown Heroes to fight crime and improve the conditions for children in poverty. The block party, which had Christmas music, free food, gifts, and a drawing contest, gathered hundreds of children in Sierra Oeste, which is considered to be the most dangerous place to live in Las Vegas. Over several weeks, Christian and others involved in the project knocked on every door to get to know the families and better understand what troubles the community.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lochheadlas |first=Colton |url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/police-community-mobilize-push-back-crime-northwest-community |title=Police, community mobilize to push back crime in northwest community |publisher=Las Vegas Review-Journal |date=2013-12-20 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.8newsnow.com/category/28259/8-news-now-video?clipId=9653842&autostart=true |title=Las Vegas News Video |publisher=8 News NOW |date=2013-01-02 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lvmpd.com/Portals/0/news/2013/121713ReleasePO291.pdf|title=LVMPD Home|website=Lvmpd.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review Journal; “We want to reduce crime and reach out to the children. We hope to bring a strong community spirit to the area, something that is vital for children to thrive and to break the cycle of violence that has plagued the neighborhood for years, and hope we can alter that life path. Transforming a neighborhood known to many as the “baby ghetto” won’t be easy. A drastic situation needs drastic measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/police-community-mobilize-push-back-crime-northwest|title=Las Vegas Review-Journal|website=Las Vegas Review-Journal|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref>

[[File:HometownHeroesLeifEriksonAward.jpg|thumb|left|Hometown Heroes Leif Erikson Award with Mayor Pro Tem Stavros Anthony, host Christian Schoyen and award recipients. Photo by Lollo Sievert]] On October 8, 2013, the Hometown Heroes Leif Erikson Awards took place at [[South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa]] in Las Vegas, hosted by Christian Schoyen, with awards presented by Las Vegas Mayor Pro Tem Stavros Anthony,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lasvegasnevada.gov/Government/councilman_anthony.htm |title=Mayor Pro Tem Stavros S. Anthony (Official City of Las Vegas Web Site) |publisher=Lasvegasnevada.gov |date=2009-06-02 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref> where the good deeds of nine Nevadans were recognized with the Hometown Heroes Leif Erikson Award and Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department with the Leif Erikson “Viking of honor” lifetime award.<ref>{{cite press release|author=Vegas Viking Lodge of the Sons of Norway |url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/community/press-releases/3751/ |title=Las Vegas Celebrates ‘Leif Erikson Day’ |publisher=Las Vegas Sun News |date=2013-10-09 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hometown-heroes.com|title=TAKE THE CHALLENGE|first=Neighborhood Rescue of|last=America|website=Neighborhood Rescue of America|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.vegasviking.com/pdf/VegasVikingNovDec2013.pdf]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The recipients have been featured on the “Hometown Heroes” television show appearing on [[KCLV Channel 2]].<ref name="reviewjournal1">{{cite news|author=Jan Hogan |url=http://www.lvrj.com/view/viking-lodge-reaches-out-to-younger-generation-through-leif-erikson-based-contest-176389661.html?ref=661 |title=Viking Lodge reaches out to younger generation through Leif Erikson-based contest |publisher=Las Vegas Review-Journal |date=2013-10-30 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref> The celebration of the modern-day Vikings of Las Vegas was done in conjunction with the 50-year celebration of when Leif Erikson Day was first suggested in Congress as a national observance.

[[File:HometownHeroes-Guest.jpg|thumb|left| Julie Murray, founder of Three Square Food Bank interviewed by Hometown Heroes (talk show) host Christian Schoyen]] On April 29, 2013, Hometown Heroes (talk show), hosted by Christian, which spotlights individuals in the [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] community who have made a difference in others' lives, premiered on KCLV Channel 2.<ref name="reviewjournal1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2934530/|title=Hometown Heroes|publisher=|accessdate=28 September 2018|website=IMDb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/4/prweb10646982.htm |title=HOMETOWN HEROES - LAS VEGAS Premiers on KCLV Channel 2 on April 29th at 10:15 AM |publisher=Prweb.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-27 |archive-date=2014-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307204608/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/4/prweb10646982.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review Journal; “I’m out to raise the social consciousness of the community by highlighting those who help others”. I found the same patterns in every person I interviewed for the show. They all had a mental fortitude that shrugged off temporary setbacks to continue moving forward. They saw their work not as a chore, but as their passion. With any recognition, they were quick to deflect the praise and characterize it as a team effort. They were meant to be here in Las Vegas. They’re high-energy, driven people who feel a responsibility to help others.” “I hope by showcasing people who have helped others, “Hometown Heroes” could inspire more people to become role models.<ref name="reviewjournal1"/>

[[File:Teaching elementary school children.jpg|thumb|left| Christian Schoyen teaching elementary school students in [[Clark County, Nevada]] about the Viking role models]]
On October 3, 2012, Christian accepted from Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn G. Goodman on behalf of the Vegas Viking Lodge.<ref>{{cite press release|author=Vegas Viking Lodge of the Sons of Norway |url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/community/press-releases/1134/ |title=Mayor Goodman Proclaims Oct. 9 'Leif Erikson Day' — Las Vegas Sun News |publisher=Lasvegassun.com |date=2012-10-01 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref> of [[Sons of Norway]] and the more than 50,000 Scandinavians in Las Vegas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/#hl=en&sclient=psyab&q=+u.s.+census+ethnic+origin+2000&oq=+u.s.+census+ethnic+origin+2000&gs_l=serp.3...34058.40604.1.41216.6.6.0.0.0.0.113.602.2j4.6.0...0.0...1c.1.-KRQTH5886s&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=7680231318a44bb0&bpcl=35466521&biw=1280&bih=929|title=Google|website=Google.co.uk|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> proclamation of October 9 being the official Leif Erikson Day throughout the city. The ceremony took place at City Hall<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lasvegasnevada.gov/Publications/27347.htm |title=City Council To Recognize Leif Erikson Day (Official City of Las Vegas Web Site) |publisher=Lasvegasnevada.gov |date=2012-10-02 |accessdate=2013-12-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019042525/http://www.lasvegasnevada.gov/Publications/27347.htm |archivedate=2013-10-19 |df= }}</ref> and was televised live on KCLV Channel 2. To nurture the core [[Viking]] traits in children growing up in Las Vegas represented by Leif Erikson’s legacy, a drawing competition sponsored by Vegas Viking lodge was announced in conjunction with the day. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vegasviking.com/news.html|title=Vegas Viking Måneds Avisen|first=Lollo|last=Sievert|website=Vegasviking.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> The lodge works with the [[Clark County School District]], and Christian said in an interview with [[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] ; "We can influence young minds, especially when they're the most open (under age 12) as eighty-five percent of your conditioning is fixed before you're 12. We want to further the understanding of what it meant to be a Viking and how that approach to life can apply to their lives. The Vikings represent role models, and we believe everybody needs role models. What stops people is fear; if you can overcome fear, your potential as a human being is much greater; it can open doors."<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|author=Jan Hogan |url=http://www.lvrj.com/view/viking-lodge-reaches-out-to-younger-generation-through-leif-erikson-based-contest-176389661.html?ref=661 |title=Viking Lodge reaches out to younger generation through Leif Erikson-based contest |publisher=Las Vegas Review-Journal |date=2013-10-30 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref>

In 2011, Christian's futuring project; "Las Vegas 2020" was selected for presentation at [[World Future Society]] international Conference in Vancouver, Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfs.org/content/las-vegas-2020 |title=Las Vegas 2020 | World Future Society |publisher=Wfs.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227082531/http://www.wfs.org/content/las-vegas-2020 |archivedate=2013-12-27 |df= }}</ref> The project, which was done in conjunction with futurist [[Nils Rasmussen]], introduced a new model for city government, together with a vision of how to ensure optimal allocation of resources to provide a higher quality of life for the citizens of Las Vegas.

He has written several books, including; Can People Change? - When trapped in a bubble,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/PEOPLE-CHANGE--When-trapped-bubble/dp/1467532355/ref=la_B001KHTLGG_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1353745610&sr=1-5&tag=everybodywikien-20 |title=Can People Change? -When Trapped in a Bubble |author=Christian Schoyen, Christin Tellefsen |isbn=9781467532358 |publisher= |date=2012-06-24 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref> which has its basis in his 17-year study in human behavior and predictability.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> His docudrama [[Living the Dream (film)|Living the Dream]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Living-The-Dream-Sean-Young/dp/B002BEXDWU/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1358372248&sr=8-4&keywords=christian+schoyen&tag=everybodywikien-20 |title=Living The Dream|publisher=|accessdate=28 September 2018|website=Amazon.com}}</ref> linking childhood conditioning to adulthood <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/24/entertainment/et-dream24|title=A `Dream' world of hustling, parties|first=Michael|last=Ordona|date=24 November 2006|website=Articles.latimes.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> plays an important part of his behavior study. Christian is also the author of the US bestselling book for companies on how to recruit; Secrets of the Executive Search Experts,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uol2QgAACAAJ&dq=secrets+of+the+executive+search+experts&hl=no&ei=OHZXToDPBsKl8QOLlMiMDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA |title=Secrets of the Executive Search Experts |author=Christian Schoyen, Nils Rasmussen |isbn=9780814404959 |publisher= |year=1999 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref> The Hidden Job Market: Secrets of an International Headhunter,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/THE-HIDDEN-MARKET-international-ebook/dp/B00B0X3NNW/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&qid=1358309299&sr=8-10&keywords=christian+schoyen&tag=everybodywikien-20 |title=THE HIDDEN JOB MARKET - Secrets of an international headhunter eBook: Christian Schoyen: Kindle Store |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref> Recruitment in the European Economic Area (EEA): Forecast of Future Labour Market (The Norwegian Government Research Council/ {{ISBN|978-1-4675-2151-2}}), How to Get the Job: A Handbook for International Job Seekers<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8q9COwAACAAJ&dq=Karriere+i+utlandet |title=How to Get a Job: A Handbook for International Job Seekers |author=Christian Schoyen |publisher=Christian Schoyen |year= |isbn=9788241703768 |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref> and A Second Life: Your Second Chance at Life.<ref>{{cite book|title=A SECOND LIFE: Your second chance at life |author=Christian Schoyen, Christin Tellefsen |isbn=9780578026107 |publisher=Gaia |date=2009-06-04 }}</ref>

Christian graduated with a BBA from [[Pacific Lutheran University]], Tacoma, WA in 1991<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.alumniconnections.com/olc/pub/PLU/register/register.cgi |access-date=2018-09-08 |archive-date=2013-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109044553/http://www.alumniconnections.com/olc/pub/PLU/register/register.cgi |dead-url=yes }}</ref> and conducted his [[ethnic studies]] at California State University, Northridge.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year(s)
! Title
! [[Film director|Director]]
! [[Film producer|Producer]]
! [[Screenwriter|Writer]]
|-
| [[2014 in film|2014]]
| ''Vegas Vikings''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[2013 in film|2013]]
| ''Hometown Heroes (talk show)''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[2006 in film|2006]]
| ''Living the Dream''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2006
| ''Living the Dream: Behind the Scenes''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[2004 in film|2004]]
| ''The Corner Office (film)|The Corner Office''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|}

==Bibliography==
*''Neighborhood Rescue 101: How to fix low-income Black and Hispanic communities'' (GAIA 2017). Softcover: 200 pages. {{ISBN|978-1-4675-8682-5}}
*''Change Your Life Change the World'' (GAIA 2015). Hardcover: 340 pages. {{ISBN|978-1495164804}}
*''The Life Trilogy'' (GAIA, 2013). Hardcover: 816 pages. {{ISBN|978-146755759-7}}
*''The Hidden Job Market: Secrets of an International Headhunter'' (GAIA, 2013). Kindle: 60 pages. {{ISBN|978-1-4675-6048-1}}
*''Can People Change?: When trapped in a bubble'' (GAIA, 2012). Softcover: 182 pages. {{ISBN|978-1467532358}}
*''A First Life: Why you keep repeating the same mistakes'' (GAIA, 2012). Softcover: 144 pages. {{ISBN|978-1-4675-3183-2}}
*''A Third Life: Glimpses of the Other Side'' (GAIA, 2010). Softcover: 274 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-615-40106-5}}
*''A Second Life: Your Second Chance at Life'' (GAIA, 2009). Softcover: 290 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-578-02610-7}}
*''Secrets of the Executive Search Experts'' (AMACOM, 1999) with Nils Rasmussen. Hardcover: 352 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-8144-0495-9}}
*''How to Get a Job: A Handbook for International Job Seekers'' (Ad Notam Gyldendal, 1994). Softcover: 320 pages. {{ISBN|978-82-417-0376-8}}
*''Recruitment in the European Economic Area (EEA): Forecast of Future Labour Market'' (The Research Council of Norway, 1994). Softcover: 117 pages. {{ISBN|978-1-4675-2151-2}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{linkfarm|date=September 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uol2QgAACAAJ&dq=secrets+of+the+executive+search+experts&hl=no&ei=OHZXToDPBsKl8QOLlMiMDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA|title=Secrets of the Executive Search Experts|first1=Christian|last1=Schoyen|first2=Nils|last2=Rasmussen|date=28 September 1999|publisher=AMACOM|accessdate=28 September 2018|via=Google Books}}
*{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/24/entertainment/et-dream24|title=A `Dream' world of hustling, parties|first=Michael|last=Ordona|date=24 November 2006|website=Articles.latimes.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.wfs.org/content/las-vegas-2020|title=Las Vegas 2020 - World Future Society|date=27 December 2013|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=28 September 2018|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227082531/http://www.wfs.org/content/las-vegas-2020|dead-url=unfit}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Living-Dream-Sean-Young/dp/B002BEXDWU/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1314186282&sr=8-2&tag=everybodywikien-20|title=Living The Dream|date=28 January 2011|publisher=|accessdate=28 September 2018|website=Amazon.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/SECOND-LIFE-Your-second-chance/dp/0578026104/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1314186448&sr=8-3&keywords=christian+schoyen&tag=everybodywikien-20|title=A SECOND LIFE: Your second chance at life|date=4 June 2009|publisher=GAIA|accessdate=28 September 2018|website=Amazon.com}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.plu.edu/alumni/|title=Alumni - Pacific Lutheran University|website=Plu.edu|accessdate=28 September 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=https://mynorthridge.csun.edu/psc/PANRPRD/EMPLOYEE/EMPL/c/NRPA_CSUN_APPS.NR_PEOPLESRCH_CMP.GBL?&|title=CSUN Directory|website=Mynorthridge.csun.edu|accessdate=28 September 2018}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schoyen, Christian}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Sandor

2026-07-17T07:40:57Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|bio|u=ChristianSandor|ns=118|decliner=MCE89|declinets=20251210173709|ts=20251118152848}} 

{{AFC comment|1=@[[User:NeoGaze|NeoGaze]] Thanks for flagging the copied text! Just for future reference, even if the person who added text to Wikipedia is also the original author, we still can't accept anything that has previously been published elsewhere unless it's been released under a compatible license. Since this text was first published on Sandor's website, he still holds the copyright and would need to go through the steps at [[WP:DONATETEXT]] to license it in order for us to be able to use it. [[User:MCE89|MCE89]] ([[User talk:MCE89|talk]]) 17:43, 10 December 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=For the reviewer, a part of this draft features copypasted text from this subject's own website, but since he's also the creator of the draft it doesn't appear to be violating copyright. [[User:NeoGaze|NeoGaze]] ([[User talk:NeoGaze|talk]]) 19:16, 22 November 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=In accordance with Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest policy|Conflict of interest policy]], I disclose that I have a conflict of interest regarding the subject of this article.  [[User:ChristianSandor|ChristianSandor]] ([[User talk:ChristianSandor|talk]]) 12:33, 18 November 2025 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|Computer Scientist}}
{{Draft topics|biography|stem}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}



{{Infobox scientist
| name = Christian Sandor
| image = File:Christian Sandor.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Christian Sandor in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|08|08}}
| birth_place = [[Munich]], Bavaria, Germany
| citizenship = Germany {{fact|date=November 2025}}
| fields = [[Augmented Reality]], [[Generative_artificial_intelligence|Generative Artificial Intelligence]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Technical University of Munich]] (Diplom Informatiker)
* [[Technical University of Munich]] (PhD)}}
| thesis_title = A Software Toolkit and Authoring Tools for User Interfaces in Ubiquitous Augmented Reality
| thesis_url = http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/download/601784/601784.pdf
| thesis_year = 2005
| website = https://drsandor.net
| doctoral_advisor = [[Gudrun Klinker]] & [[Steven Feiner]]
}}

'''Dr. Christian Sandor''' (born {{Birth date|1975|08|08}} is a German researcher specializing in [[Augmented Reality]] (since the year 2000) and [[Generative_artificial_intelligence|Generative Artificial Intelligence]] (since 2018).<ref name="web">{{cite web |title=Personal Webpage: Dr. Christian Sandor|url=https://drsandor.net}}</ref>

He is currently a Professor at [[Université Paris-Saclay]] and the leader of [http://ar-ai.org Team ARAI] at [[CNRS]], in order to investigate how Generative Artificial Intelligence can be applied to Augmented Reality applications.

<ref>{{cite web |title=History of award winners at IEEE ISMAR|url=https://www.ismar.net/past_symposiums/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Award Announcement at University of Florida|url=https://sreal.ucf.edu/sungchul-got-best-paper-award-at-acm-sui-2018-in-berlin/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Award Announcement at LISN| date=22 December 2023 |url=https://www.lisn.upsaclay.fr/news/christian-sandor-laureat-a-acm-siggraph-asia/?lang=en}}</ref>

At [[ACM SIGGRAPH]] 2024's Real-Time Live! event, they presented<ref>{{cite web |title=Report about ACM SIGGRAPH Real-Time Live! Demo|date=4 September 2024 |url=https://drsandor.net/project/rtl/}}</ref> the first-ever stage performance with audio-reactive visuals synchronized across several [[Augmented Reality]] glasses.

== Education & Research Career ==
<ref name=phd>{{cite thesis|first=Christian |last=Sandor|year=2005|url=http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/download/601784/601784.pdf|title=A Software Toolkit and Authoring Tools for User Interfaces in Ubiquitous Augmented Reality|degree=PhD|publisher=Technische Universität München}}</ref>. After 2 years as Principal Researcher at Canon's Leading-Edge Technology Headquarters (Tokyo, Japan), he directed research groups all over the world:
* France
** [http://ar-ai.org ARAI] (since May 2024)
** [https://www.lisn.upsaclay.fr/research/research-departments/interaction-with-human/virtual-augmented-environments-for-simulation-experiments-venise-2/?lang=en VENISE] (2021-2024)
* Hong Kong
** [https://ar-lab.org Augmented Reality Lab] (2021)
** [https://xr-lab.org Extended Reality Lab] (2019-2020; co-director)
* Japan: [https://imdl.naist.jp Interactive Media Design Lab] (2014-2018; co-director)
* Australia: [https://www.magicvisionlab.com Magic Vision Lab] (2010-2014)

== Personal Life ==
Until the age of 21, Dr. Sandor focused on chess <ref>{{cite web |title=German Wikipedia: list of notable German chess players|url=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_deutscher_Schachspieler}}</ref>. Aged 19, he became blitz chess champion of Bavaria in the adult category<ref>{{cite web |title=Bavarian chess federation: historical results|url=https://www.schachbund-bayern.de/bayerische-blitzschach-einzelmeisterschaften/}}</ref>. He also managed to win a game<ref>{{cite web|title=Annotated Game: Christian Sandor vs. Robert Hübner, 1994|url=https://drsandor.net/chess/sandor-hubner.pdf/|access-date=2025-12-13|archive-date=2024-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507095930/https://drsandor.net/chess/sandor-hubner.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> against GM [[Robert Hübner]], the former number 3 in the world rankings. He then retired from serious chess in order<ref name="web"/> to focus on his studies at [[TU München]], Germany.

He is married and has a daughter born in 2018.
== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Rust

2026-07-17T07:37:23Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = Rugby BLP that fails [[WP:GNG]] and [[WP:SPORTCRIT]]. I am unable to find anything approaching [[WP:SIGCOV]].
|timestamp = 20240523204121
|nom = JTtheOG
|help = off
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox rugby union biography
| name = Christian Rust
| image = Christian Rust.jpg
| fullname = Hendri Christian Rust
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|04|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Malmesbury, Western Cape|Malmesbury]], South Africa
| height = {{height|m=1.83}}
| weight = {{convert|83|kg|stlb lb|0|abbr=on}}
| nickname =
| occupation =
| school =
| university =
| relatives =
| position = [[Fly-half (rugby union)|Fly-half]] / [[Centre (rugby union)|Centre]] / [[Fullback (rugby union)|Fullback]]
| currentclub = [[CR El Salvador|El Salvador]]
| youthyears1 = 2008–2010
| youthclubs1 = {{Rut|SWD Eagles}}
| youthyears2 = 2011–2012
| youthclubs2 = {{Rut|Blue Bulls}}
| youthyears3 = 2013
| youthclubs3 = {{Rut|Griquas}}
| youthyears4 = 2013
| youthclubs4 = {{Rut|Border Bulldogs}}
| years1 = 2014–2015
| clubs1 = {{Rut|Boland Cavaliers}}
| apps1 = 27
| points1 = 76
| years2 = 2015–2016
| clubs2 = [[Ordizia RE|Ordizia]]
| apps2 = 23
| points2 = 196
| years3 = 2016–2017
| clubs3 = {{Rut|Falcons}}
| apps3 = 18
| points3 = 76
| years4 = 2017–present
| clubs4 = El Salvador
| apps4 = 19
| points4 = 95
| repyears1 = 2008
| repteam1 = South Africa Under-16 Elite Squad
| repcaps1 =
| reppoints1 =
| clubupdate = 30 August 2018
| repupdate = 6 May 2014
}}

'''Hendri Christian Rust''' (born 7 April 1992) is a South African [[rugby union]] player for El Salvador in the [[División de Honor de Rugby|División de Honor]] in Spain.<ref name="SARU Player Profile Christian Rust">{{SA Rugby Player Profile | id=45020 | name=Christian Rust | date=30 May 2016}}</ref> His regular position is fly-half, but he can also play outside centre or fullback.

==Career==

===Youth===

Rust started his career representing the {{Rut|SWD Eagles}} at various youth tournaments. He played for their Under-16 side at the 2008 Grant Khomo Week, which also led to his inclusion in the South African Under-16 Elite Squad in the same year.<ref name="Top teenagers inducted into High Performance squads">{{cite web | url=http://fsrugby.co.za/news.asp?NID=328&whichpage=61&pagesize=20 | title=Top teenagers inducted into High Performance squads | publisher=Free State Cheetahs | date=14 August 2008 | accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref> He then played at Under-18 level for SWD at the 2009 Academy Week tournament and in the 2010 [[Craven Week]] competition.

Rust then moved to [[Pretoria]], where he joined the {{Rut|Blue Bulls}}. He played for the {{Rut|Blue Bulls U19}} side in the [[2011 Under-19 Provincial Championship]] competition and for the {{Rut|Blue Bulls U21}} side in the [[2012 Under-21 Provincial Championship]] competition.

Rust failed to break into their senior squad, however, and joined the {{Rut|Free State Cheetahs}} in 2013. While he was named in their squad for the [[2013 Vodacom Cup]], he never made an appearance for the [[Bloemfontein]]-based side. In the latter half of the year, he made a few appearances for both the {{Rut|Griquas U21}} and {{Rut|Border U21}} sides in the [[2013 Under-21 Provincial Championship]] competition.

===Senior career===

Rust returned to the [[Western Cape]] in 2014, where he was included in the {{Rut|Boland Cavaliers}} side for the [[2014 Vodacom Cup]].<ref name="SA Rugby Squad – Regent Boland Cavaliers : 2014 Vodacom Cup">{{SA Rugby Squad | teamid=17534 | team=Regent Boland Cavaliers | compid=1734 | comp=2014 Vodacom Cup | accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> He made his senior debut against near-neighbours {{Rut|Western Province}} in the opening match of the season,<ref name="DHL Western Province 16-8 Regent Boland Cavaliers">{{SA Rugby Match Centre | id=117794 | homeid=17604 | awayid=17534 | leagueid=1734 | hometeam=DHL Western Province | homescore=16 | awayscore=8 | awayteam=Regent Boland Cavaliers | matchdate=8 March 2014 | date=1 July 2016}}</ref> Rust finished as the top scorer for the Cavaliers during the competition, scoring 41 points,<ref name="SA Rugby Top Scorers – 2014 Vodacom Cup">{{SA Rugby Top Scorers | id=1734 | comp=2014 Vodacom Cup | date=5 May 2016}}</ref> including a 21-point haul in their match against the {{Rut|Border Bulldogs}} in [[Piketberg]].<ref name="Cavaliers sweep Bulldogs aside">{{cite web | url=http://www.sarugby.net/component/supersportcontent/20523?view=news | title=Cavaliers sweep Bulldogs aside | publisher=South African Rugby Union | work=MWP | date=26 April 2014 | accessdate=6 May 2014 | author=Todt, Michael | archive-date=24 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200626/http://www.sarugby.net/component/supersportcontent/20523?view=news | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="Regent Boland Cavaliers 41-17 Border Bulldogs">{{SA Rugby Match Centre | id=118234 | homeid=17534 | awayid=17544 | leagueid=1734 | hometeam=Regent Boland Cavaliers | homescore=41 | awayscore=17 | awayteam=Border Bulldogs | matchdate=26 April 2014 | date=1 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rust, Christian}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Malmesbury, Western Cape]]
[[Category:White South African people]]
[[Category:South African rugby union players]]
[[Category:Rugby union fly-halves]]
[[Category:Boland Cavaliers players]]
[[Category:Rugby union players from the Western Cape]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Reinsch

2026-07-17T07:35:01Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|v|u=SMWatt|ns=118|decliner=Bkissin|declinets=20200831151729|reason2=prof|ts=20200629135208}} 

{{AFC comment|1=The relevant standard is not whether there are third party sources to meet GNG. The relevant standard is WP:PROF., and that is normally met by showing the person to be influential in their subject as demonstrated by citations to their work. '''[[User:DGG|DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG|talk]]) 05:19, 28 August 2021 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Check for citations to the papers '''[[User:DGG|DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG|talk]]) 02:00, 1 March 2021 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Does not look notable enough to pass [[WP:PROF]]. [[User:Salix alba|Salix alba]] ([[User talk:Salix alba|talk]]): 08:23, 5 July 2020 (UTC)}}

----
{{Wikidata Infobox|qid=Q38267570}}
'''Christian Reinsch''' (* [[1934]] in [[Chemnitz]]) is a German mathematician who works in the area of [[Numerical analysis|numerical analysis]].

Reinsch began studying physics in 1953 at the [[Technical University of Munich]], graduating in 1958. He received his doctorate in 1961 studying under [[Heinz Maier-Leibnitz]].<ref>{{MathGenealogyProject|id=34158}}</ref>

Among other things, he worked in the area of [[Numerical linear algebra|numerical linear algebra]] and interpolation with [[Spline (mathematics)|spline functions]]. His work on [[smoothing spline]] has over a thousand citations.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Christian H.|last1=Reinsch|s2cid=26555189|title=Smoothing by spline functions|journal=Numerische Mathematik|date=1 October 1967|issn=0945-3245|pages=177–183|volume=10|issue=3|doi=10.1007/BF02162161}}</ref>

==Selected works==
*with [[James H. Wilkinson]]: Handbook of Automatic Computation III: Linear Algebra, Springer 1971
*with H. Dauner: An analysis of two algorithms for shape-preserving cubic spline interpolation. IMA J. Num. Anal., Vol 9, 1989, pp. 299–314.
*Software for shape-preserving spline interpolation. In: M. G. Cox, S. Hammarling, (Editors): Reliable Numerical Computation. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990.
*Smoothing by Spline Functions: Numerische Mathematik, Vol 10, 1967, pp. 177–183.

==Weblinks==
*[http://www-hm.ma.tum.de/archiv/ei1/ws9798/geschichte/t/node51.html Biography at the TU Munich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002022/http://www-hm.ma.tum.de/archiv/ei1/ws9798/geschichte/t/node51.html |date=2017-09-02 }}
*[https://sites.google.com/view/christianreinsch Personal website]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Christian Reber

2026-07-17T07:31:33Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|corp|u=Tate ard T|ns=118|decliner=Timtrent|declinets=20200629201244|ts=20200518111409}} 
{{AFC submission|d|bio|u=Tate ard T|ns=118|decliner=GSS|declinets=20200505081320|small=yes|ts=20200505080732}} 

{{AFC comment|1=I sampled the references. Interviews with the gentleman are his opinions thus primary sources. All the several references I sampled were interviews or otherwise primary sources. They are useless in this regard. For a living person we have a high standard of referencing. Every substantive fact you assert, especially one that is susceptible to potential challenge, requires a citation with a reference that is ''about them'', and is ''independent of them'', and ''is in [[WP:RS]]'', and is ''significant coverage''. Please also see [[WP:PRIMARY]] which details the limited permitted usage of primary sources and [[WP:SELFPUB]] which has clear limitations on self published sources. Providing sufficient references, ideally one per fact cited, that meet these tough criteria is likely to make this draft a clear acceptance (0.9 probability). Lack of them or an inability to find them is likely to mean that the person is not suitable for inclusion, certainly today. [[User:Timtrent|Fiddle]] [[User talk:Timtrent|Faddle]] 20:12, 29 June 2020 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Lacks significant coverage in reliable sources and no evidence of independent notability. See [[WP:NOTINHERITED]] [[User:GSS|GSS]] [[User talk:GSS|💬]] 08:13, 5 May 2020 (UTC)}}

----

{{Infobox person
| name = Christian Reber
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Berlin, Germany
| nationality = German
| alma_mater = [[FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management]]
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| known_for = [[Wunderlist]]
| website = {{URL|http://christianreber.com}}
}}

'''Christian Reber''' is a German entrepreneur and investor based in Berlin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=Tom |title=Wunderlist founder offers to buy back app from Microsoft |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/8/20855201/wunderlist-buy-back-offer-microsoft-christian-reber |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=The Verge |date=8 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Microsoft confirms acquisition of Wunderlist app maker 6Wunderkinder |url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/06/02/microsoft-confirms-its-acquisition-of-wunderlist-app-maker-6wunderkinder/ |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=VentureBeat |date=2 June 2015 |archive-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602183258/http://venturebeat.com/2015/06/02/microsoft-confirms-its-acquisition-of-wunderlist-app-maker-6wunderkinder/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Drei Millionen Euro für Christian Rebers neues Startup – BlueYard investiert |url=https://www.gruenderszene.de/business/drei-millionen-christian-reber-pitch-blueyard |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Gründerszene Magazin |date=26 April 2018 |language=de}}</ref> Reber is best known for co-founding Wunderlist and the presentation software Pitch.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pitch, from the founders of Wunderlist, raises $19M to take on PowerPoint in presentations |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/10/09/pitch-from-the-founders-of-wunderlist-raises-19m-to-take-on-powerpoint-in-presentations/ |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Novet |first1=Jordan |title=Wunderlist founder Christian Reber has Powerpoint competitor Pitch |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/01/wunderlist-founder-christian-weber-has-powerpoint-competitor-pitch.html |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=CNBC |date=1 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, he ranked 27th by Forbes in ''Forbes 30 Under 30''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christian Reber, 27 - 30 UNDER 30 EUROPE: TECHNOLOGY, 2014 |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fhgf45hfjm/christian-reber-27/#4676650d6ac4 |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Christian Reber attended the [[:de:Von Saldern-Gymnasium Europaschule|Von Saldern-Gymnasium Europaschule]] where he studied Mathematics and Computer Science. In 2010, he obtained a degree in International Management from the FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management.<ref>{{cite web |title=FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management alumnus |url=https://startup-map.berlin/universities/fom_university_of_applied_sciences_for_economics_and_management/alumni |website=startup-map.berlin |accessdate=15 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Number of Alumni - FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/fom-university-of-applied-sciences-for-economics-and-management#section-overview |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=15 May 2020}}</ref>

In 2011, Christian co-founded Wunderlist, a task-management application.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pitching Pitch after raising $50 million: Q&A with serial Berlin startup founder Christian Reber |url=https://tech.eu/features/28518/pitch-christian-reber-funding-interview/ |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Tech.eu |date=1 October 2019}}</ref> He served at the company as CEO until it was acquired by [[Microsoft]] in June 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Microsoft Purchase Of Wunderlist Confirmed |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/02/microsoft-purchase-of-wunderlist-confirmed/ |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref> In 2013, he was invited to join as a contributor at [[The Next Web]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reber |first1=Christian |title=15 Steps to Start your Own Tech Business: Part 1 |url=https://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2013/07/15/15-steps-to-start-your-own-tech-business-part-1/ |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=The Next Web |date=15 July 2013 |language=en-us}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Business Insider]] reported that Christian founded a new startup, Pitch, to compete with PowerPoint.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Shona |title=The founder who sold Wunderlist to Microsoft is back with a new startup that competes directly with PowerPoint |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/wunderlist-founder-christian-reber-launches-powerpoint-competitor-pitch-2018-10 |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=Business Insider}}</ref> As of 2018, Pitch had raised $30 million in funding led by Thrive Capital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pitch, a presentation startup from Wunderlist's founders, raises $30M more to take on PowerPoint |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/01/pitch-a-presentation-startup-from-wunderlists-founders-raises-30m-more-to-take-on-powerpoint/ |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref>

==Notable startups and investments==
*''Wunderlist''
*''Pitch''<ref>{{cite news |title=Christian Reber: Dieser Gründer will mit seiner Software Powerpoint angreifen |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/mittelstand/familienunternehmer/christian-reber-dieser-gruender-will-mit-seiner-software-powerpoint-angreifen/25558300.html?ticket=ST-2970833-CZ20a14KbGffv3FQXYcV-ap1 |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=[[Handelsblatt]] |language=de}}</ref>
*''Superlist''<ref>{{cite news |title=Wunderlist founder announces new app efforts as Wunderlist shuts down tomorrow |url=https://www.neowin.net/news/wunderlist-founder-announces-new-app-efforts-as-wunderlist-shuts-down-tomorrow/ |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=[[Neowin]] |language=en}}</ref>
*''Outbank''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Laude |first1=Christian |title=Outbank: Frank Thelen und Christian Reber (6Wunderkinder) investieren in Banking-App |url=https://www.onlinehaendler-news.de/online-handel/haendler/18361-outbank-frank-thelen-christian-reber |website=www.onlinehaendler-news.de |accessdate=15 May 2020 |language=de-de}}</ref>

==Accolades and honors==
*Ranked 27th, in ''Forbes 30 under 30'' 2014<ref>{{cite news |title=Forbes wählt Christian Reber in die Top-Liste der Tech-Pioniere |url=https://www.gruenderszene.de/allgemein/christian-reber-forbes-30-under-30 |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Gründerszene Magazin |date=6 January 2014 |language=de}}</ref>
*Ranked 29th, in ''Forbes 30 under 30'' 2016<ref>{{cite news |title=Christian Reber, 29 - 30 UNDER 30 EUROPE: TECHNOLOGY, 2016
|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mfg45jmjh/christian-reber-29/#737148464778 |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
* Named the European Tech Entrepreneur and Young Entrepreneur of the Year, 2013<ref>{{cite web |title=Have You Got Entrepreneurial Chutzpah? |url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/have-you-got-entrepreneurial-chutzpah |website=Shaping Europe’s digital future - European Commission |accessdate=15 May 2020 |language=en |date=20 January 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://christianreber.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reber, Christian}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:German businesspeople]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Rapp

2026-07-17T07:30:07Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{draft}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Christian Rapp (Author)}}

'''Christian Rapp''' (* [[1964]] in [[Vienna]]) is an Austrian author, cultural [[scientist]] and [[exhibition]] curator.

== Life ==
Christian Rapp studied [[Theater Studies | Theater]] and [[Media Studies]] and [[Art History]] at the [[University of Vienna]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Rapp |url=http://www.schallaburg.at/de/presse/presse-vorschau-2014-jubel-elend.-leben-mit-dem-grossen-krieg-1914-1918/03medieninformation-team_final.pdf |access-date=2018-09-07 |archive-date=2014-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503153118/http://www.schallaburg.at/de/presse/presse-vorschau-2014-jubel-elend.-leben-mit-dem-grossen-krieg-1914-1918/03medieninformation-team_final.pdf |dead-url=yes }} in einer Presseinformation der Schallaburg</ref> From 1988 to 1990 he was cultural editor of the "AZ" and the courier. Christian Rapp has been working as an exhibition curator since 1990, focusing on urban history, contemporary history, traffic and tourism history. He curated exhibitions for the Technical Museum Vienna, the [[Vienna Museum]], the [[Jewish Museum Vienna | Jewish Museum]], the Lower Austrian Provincial Exhibition and others. In [[1995]] he was awarded a PhD for his work ''Höhenrausch. The German mountain film''. Since 2002 he is a lecturer at the Institute for European Ethnology of the University of Vienna. From 2004 to 2008 he was a lecturer in the postgraduate course "ECM-Exhibition and Cultural Communication Management" of the [[University of Applied Arts Vienna]].
On 1 January 2018 he succeeded Stefan Karner as scientific director in the History of [[Lower Austria]] [http://noe.orf.at/news/stories/2879952/ and '' Rapp becomes new leader in the House of History ''].

== Publications ==
* ''Höhenrausch. Der deutsche Bergfilm.'' Sonderzahl, Wien um 1997, {{ISBN|3-85449-108-5}}.
* with Ulrike Felber, [[Elke Krasny]]: ''Smart Exports. Österreich auf den Weltausstellungen 1851–2000.'' Brandstätter, Wien 2000, {{ISBN|3-85498-068-X}}.
* with Wolfgang Kos: ''Alt-Wien: die Stadt, die niemals war.'' Czernin, Wien 2004, {{ISBN|3-7076-0193-5}}.
* with Nadia Rapp-Wimberger: ''Arbeite, Sammle, Vermehre. Von der ersten Oesterreichischen Spar-Casse zur Erste Bank.'' Brandstätter, Wien 2005, {{ISBN|3-85498-404-9}}.
* ''Spurwechsel. Wien lernt Auto fahren.'' Brandstätter, Wien 2006, {{ISBN|3-902510-84-6}} (Ausstellungskatalog: Technisches Museum, Wien, 12. Oktober 2006 – 28. Februar 2007)
* with Elke Doppler, Sándor Békési (Hrsg.): ''Am Puls der Stadt. 2000 Jahre Karlsplatz.'' Czernin, Wien 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-7076-0279-1}}.
* with Matthias Beitl, Nadia Rapp-Wimberger (Hrsg.): ''Wer hat, der hat. Eine illustrierte Geschichte des Sparens.'' Metro, Wien 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-902517-96-8}}.
* with Markus Kristan: ''Worauf freut sich der Wiener wenn er vom Urlaub kommt? Ankerbrot. Die Geschichte einer großen Bäckerei.'' Brandstätter, Wien 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-85033-555-3}}.
* with Nadia Rapp-Wimberger: ''Bad Ischl – Mit und ohne Kaiser.'' Brandstätter, Wien 2016, {{ISBN|978-3-85033-991-9}}.

== Exhibitions ==
* with [[Elke Krasny]], Nadia Rapp-Wimberger: ''Von Samoa zum Isonzo. Die Fotografin und Reisejournalistin Alice Schalek.'' Jüdisches Museum Wien, 1999.
* with Gertraud Liesenfeld, Klara Löffler, Michael Weese: ''Nichtstun. Vom Flanieren, Pausieren, Blaumachen und Müssiggehen.'' [[Österreichisches Museum für Volkskunde]] Wien, 2000.
* with Wolfgang Kos: ''Alt Wien. Die Stadt, die niemals war.'' Wien Museum 2004.
* ''Spurwechsel – Wien lernt Autofahren.'' Technisches Museum Wien 2005.
* with Nadia Rapp-Wimberger: ''Österreichische Riviera – Wien entdeckt das Meer.'' Wien Museum 2013.
* with Peter Fritz u. a.: ''Jubel und Elend – Leben mit dem Großen Krieg 1914–1918.'' [[Schallaburg]] 2014.
* Verkehrsmuseum Remise 2014

== Weblinks ==
* {{DNB-Portal|1045515698|NAME=Christian Rapp}}
* [http://search.obvsg.at/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&vl(drEndMonth5)=00&scp.scps=scope%3A%28%22ONB%22%29&vl(1UI2)=contains&tab=default_tab&dstmp=1399108364141&srt=rank&vl(drStartMonth5)=00&mode=Advanced&vl(45332779UI1)=title&vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&vl(413992940UI2)=any&tb=t&indx=1&vl(drStartYear5)=Jahr&vl(freeText0)=Rapp%20%2C%20%20Christian&fn=search&vid=ONB&vl(freeText2)=&vl(45332932UI0)=creator&vl(drStartDay5)=00&vl(45333860UI4)=all_items&title2=2&frbg=&ct=search&vl(45740927UI3)=all_items&dum=true&vl(drEndDay5)=00&vl(1UIStartWith0)=exact&Submit=Suche&vl(drEndYear5)=Jahr&vl(freeText1)= Literatur von Christian Rapp im Katalog der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103122919/http://search.obvsg.at/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&vl(drEndMonth5)=00&scp.scps=scope:(%22ONB%22)&vl(1UI2)=contains&tab=default_tab&dstmp=1399108364141&srt=rank&vl(drStartMonth5)=00&mode=Advanced&vl(45332779UI1)=title&vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&vl(413992940UI2)=any&tb=t&indx=1&vl(drStartYear5)=Jahr&vl(freeText0)=Rapp%20,%20%20Christian&fn=search&vid=ONB&vl(freeText2)=&vl(45332932UI0)=creator&vl(drStartDay5)=00&vl(45333860UI4)=all_items&title2=2&frbg=&ct=search&vl(45740927UI3)=all_items&dum=true&vl(drEndDay5)=00&vl(1UIStartWith0)=exact&Submit=Suche&vl(drEndYear5)=Jahr&vl(freeText1)= |date=2015-11-03 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rapp, Christian}}
[[:Category:Writers]]
[[:Category:Living people]]
[[:Category:Austria]]
[[:Category:1964 births]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Christian Presbyterian Church in Portugal

2026-07-17T07:22:53Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

The '''Christian Presbyterian Church in Portugal''' ('''Igreja Christa Presbiteriana de Portugal''' or '''ICPP''' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is a small [[Reformed]] church in [[Portugal]]. It is a foundation of the missionaries of the [[Presbyterian Church in America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbk.gkv.nl/portugal/692/|title=BBK.GKV » Portugal|author=|date=|work=gkv.nl|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1979, the Evangelical association Development was formed for the purpose of founding a denomination of [[Calvinist]] persuasion and [[Presbyterian polity|Presbyterian]] church [[government]]. At the time, Portugal had no evangelical church that adhered to the [[Westminster Confession]] of 1647. After failing to work with the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Portugal]], which is the oldest non-Catholic denomination in Portugal, they began to create a new denomination, founding new churches in [[Lisbon]] in 1984 and in 1990.

The missionaries began to work with existing churches, including the Independent Church in [[Barreiro (city)|Barreiro]], which was founded in 1955. This church later became part of the Christian Presbyterian Church. The Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Christ (founded in 1970) was a dissenting church from the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Portugal; it separated because of liberalism, and the denomination accepted it as a member in 1997.<ref>[[:pt:Igreja Cristã Presbiteriana de Portugal]]</ref>

On February 22, 1992, the denomination officially formed as the Christian Presbyterian Church. The church has four established congregations and one mission station church. In the mid-nineteenth century, an independent [[Presbyterian]] church joined the denomination in [[Campo de Ourique]], in downtown Lisbon. Finally, in 2005, a [[Brazil]]ian missionary and his church plant in Nortesat [[Porto]] joined the denomination. Now it is led by a Portuguese pastor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://pcimissionoverseas.org/partners/item/75/christian-presbyterian-church-of-portugal-icpp/ |access-date=2018-12-22 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306163613/http://pcimissionoverseas.org/partners/item/75/christian-presbyterian-church-of-portugal-icpp/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

In 2013, with the help of the [[Presbyterian Church of Australia]] and the [[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]], a new mission church in northern Porto was about to form.<ref>https://presbiteriana.com.sapo.pt/projecto.htm</ref>

On April 19, 2014, the denomination celebrated its 30th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=https://presbiteriana.com.sapo.pt/30aniversario.jpg |access-date=2018-12-22 |archive-date=2014-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427210724/http://presbiteriana.com.sapo.pt/30aniversario.jpg |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

== Theology ==
The denomination accepts the:
*[[Five points of Calvinism]]
*[[Westminster Confession of Faith]]
*[[Westminster Shorter Catechism]]
*[[Westminster Larger Catechism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=13251&lg=eng|title=Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions|first=Christoph|last=Fasse|date=|work=reformiert-online.net|accessdate=12 March 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032655/http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=13251&lg=eng|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=https://igrejatelheiras.no.sapo.pt/acreditamos.htm |access-date=2018-12-22 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233700/http://igrejatelheiras.no.sapo.pt/acreditamos.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

== Interchurch relations ==
The church maintains relationships with the [[Presbyterian Church of Brazil]], the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, and the [[Conservative Presbyterian Church in Brazil]]. The Presbyterian Church in America missionaries in Portugal work with the ICPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=https://igrejapresbiteriana.com.sapo.pt/ |access-date=2018-12-22 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221734/http://igrejapresbiteriana.com.sapo.pt/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

== External links ==
*Official website [http://icpportugal.wixsite.com/portal/ Christian Presbyterian Church in Portugal]
*[https://igrejapresbiteriana.com.sapo.pt/ Barreiro Christian Presbyterian Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221734/http://igrejapresbiteriana.com.sapo.pt/ |date=2016-03-03 }}
*[http://presbiterianacarnaxide.blogspot.hu/ Evangelical Church of Carnaxide]
*[https://igrejatelheiras.no.sapo.pt/ Telheiras Presbyterian Church]
*[https://presbiteriana.com.sapo.pt/campo_ourique.htm Presbyterian Church of Christ]

== References ==

<references />

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Presbyterian denominations in Europe]]
[[Category:Churches in Portugal]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1992]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Pike

2026-07-17T07:14:59Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Christian Pike|timestamp=20220717104854|year=2022|month=July|day=17|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|academics|date=January 2020}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=January 2020}}
}}
'''Christian Pike''' is a professor at the [[Leonard Davis School of Gerontology]] and a member of the USC Neuroscience Program. His ongoing work focuses on [[Alzheimer's disease]] and other age-related [[neurodegenerative disorders]]. His laboratory studies the role of neuronal [[apoptosis]] in neural diseases. Recently, his research found new uses for synthetic [[estrogen]]s in lessening the effects of [[Hormone Replacement Therapy]] for Alzheimer's patients.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/14782.html |title=Article on Synthetic Estrogen Use |access-date=2008-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015192639/http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/14782.html |archive-date=2008-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
* Turken Award from the [[Alzheimer's Association]]
* Trainee, [[National Institute of Mental Health]] Predoctoral Training Grant
* Fellow, John Douglas French Alzheimer's Foundation
* Andrus Center Associates, Small Grant Award
* Hanson Family Trust Assistant Professor of Gerontology
* USC Mellon Mentoring Award (Graduate Students)
* Barron AM, Brown MA, Morgan TE, and Pike CJ (2015) Impact of continuous versus discontinuous progesterone on estradiol regulation of neuronal viability and sprouting following entorhinal cortex lesion in female rats. [[Endocrinology (journal)]] 156 (3): 1091–1099.
* Yin F, Yao J, Sancheti H, Feng T, Melcangi RC, Morgan TE, Finch CE, Pike CJ, Mack WJ, Cardenas E, and Brinton RD (2015) Perimenopause is a bioenergetic transition of female brain characterized by deficits in glucose metabolism and synaptic function. [[Neurobiology of Aging]] 36 (7): 2282–2295. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.013.
* Christensen A and Pike CJ (2015) Menopause, obesity and inflammation: Interactive risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. [[Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience]]. 7: 130. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00130
* Moser VA and Pike CJ (2015) Obesity and sex interact in the regulation of Alzheimer's disease. [[Neuroscience & Behavioral Reviews]]. In press.
* Cacciottolo M, Christensen A, Moser VA, Liu J, Pike CJ, Morgan TE, Dolzhenko E, Charidimou A, Wahlund L-O, Wilberg K, Chiang GC-Y and Finch CE (in revision) Sex and APOE alleles in the microbleeds and Alzheimer's disease of mice and men. [[Neurobiology of Aging]].

==Patents==
Compositions and Methods for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Filed: May 13, 2013; U.S. Patent Application No. 61/823,872

Inventors: Christian J. Pike, Anna M. Barron

==Professional Activities: Memberships==
Member, [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], 1989–1996

Member, [[Society for Neuroscience]], 1991–Present

Member, [[International Society for Neurochemistry]], 1998–2009

Member, [[Endocrine Society]], 2014–Present

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080411000140/http://www.usc.edu/dept/gero/ University of Southern California Davis School of Gerontology]
*[https://faculty.usc.edu/mentoring/mellon-awards/2015-awardees/christian-pike/ 2015 Mellon Mentoring Awardee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018225308/https://faculty.usc.edu/mentoring/mellon-awards/2015-awardees/christian-pike/ |date=2015-10-18 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pike, Christian}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Christian Pfrang

2026-07-17T07:14:00Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|prof|u=A.Pfrang|ns=118|decliner=ChrysGalley|declinets=20251224124748|ts=20251224121806}} 
{{AFC submission|d|prof|u=A.Pfrang|ns=118|decliner=MCE89|declinets=20251223214542|small=yes|ts=20251222140154}} 

{{AFC comment|1=With some exceptions, under notability guidelines it is less what the subject says or does, and more about what others say about the subject. So if there are critical notices or other academic reviews of his work then that is far more useful than going on TV to discuss their own work. Kindly read [[WP:ACADEMIC]] and focus tightly on the criteria, and subject-specific notes below. Most academics will not qualify for a Wikipedia entry. [[User:ChrysGalley|ChrysGalley]] ([[User talk:ChrysGalley|talk]]) 12:47, 24 December 2025 (UTC)}}

----
{{coi|date=December 2025}}
{{Short description|Atmospheric chemist}}
{{Draft topics|stem}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}



'''Christian Pfrang''' (born 1978) is a German-British atmospheric chemist who is Professor of Atmospheric Science at the [[University of Birmingham]]. His research focuses on atmospheric [[Aerosol|aerosols]] and their effects on [[climate]] and air quality, including investigating cooking emissions, [[indoor air quality]], and ozone's effect on plant-pollinator interactions.

== Education and Career ==
Pfrang studied chemistry at the [[Technical University of Munich|TU Munich]], [[University of Oxford]], and [[Free University of Berlin|FU Berlin]] before completing his DPhil in [[physical chemistry]] under Professor Richard P. Wayne at the [[University of Oxford]] in 2006..<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Professor Christian Pfrang |url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/gees/pfrang-christian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928164054/https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/gees/pfrang-christian |archive-date=2025-09-28 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Pfrang spent a year as a [[Carlo Schmid (German politician)|Carlo Schmid]] fellow in the research department of the [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]] (ECWMF), after which Pfrang was awarded [[Research Councils UK|RCUK]] Academic Fellowship at the [[University of Reading]] in 2007, where he later became Lecturer and Associate Professor of [[Physical chemistry|Physical]] & [[Atmospheric chemistry|Atmospheric Chemistry]] in 2016.<ref name=":6" />

In 2018, Pfrang moved to the [[University of Birmingham]], taking up the role of Senior Lecturer in the School of [[Geography]], [[Earth science|Earth]], and [[Environmental science|Environmental Sciences]], where he was promoted to Professor of Atmospheric Science in 2023.<ref name=":6" />

From 2020 to 2022, Pfrang led the CleanAir4V<ref>{{cite web | title=CleanAir4V Home Page | url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/cleanair4v/cleanair4v }}</ref> research network as [[principal investigator]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=UKRI |title=GtR |url=https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FV002414%2F1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317085638/https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FV002414%2F1 |archive-date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=gtr.ukri.org |language=en |dead-url=no }}</ref> which aimed to explore methods in which behaviour and technological interventions could be used to reduce future [[air pollution]] exposure and improve the health of vulnerable groups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the CleanAir4V Network |url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/cleanair4v/about-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518165005/https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/cleanair4v/about-us |archive-date=2025-05-18 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Pfrang contributed as an external reviewer to the UK government's 2022 [https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat09/2211011000_15062022_Indoor_Air_Quality_Report_Final.pdf Indoor Air Quality Report] produced by the [[Air Quality Expert Group]] for the [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indoor Air Quality Report |url=https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat09/2211011000_15062022_Indoor_Air_Quality_Report_Final.pdf |publisher=Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs |year=2022 |format=PDF |access-date=2025-12-24}}</ref>

In 2025, Pfrang was invited to the [[University of California, Irvine]] to give a lecture on his outdoor & indoor [[air pollution]] research<ref>{{Cite web |title=Levitated & Nano-structured Cooking Aerosols, Bees, Peace Lilies & Air Fresheners: a Journey through Outdoor & Indoor Air Pollution Research |url=https://www.chem.uci.edu/node/25466 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.chem.uci.edu}}</ref>.

=== Additional professional memberships/roles: ===

* [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] - [[Chartered Scientist]] (CSci)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.rsc.org/images/rsc-news-february-2015_tcm18-245556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702192318/https://www.rsc.org/images/rsc-news-february-2015_tcm18-245556.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-02 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.rsc.org |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* Member of NERC peer review college
* Editorial roles: [[Atmosphere (journal)|Atmosphere]] (Section: Aerosols)

== Research ==
Pfrang's research is primarily in the area of [[Gas|gas-phase]] and heterogeneous [[atmospheric chemistry]] focusing on atmospheric [[Aerosol|aerosols]] and their impacts on air quality and [[climate change]], with his research often being linked to other aspects of [[environmental science]], such as plant science and [[meteorology]].<ref name=":6" /> Pfrang's papers have investigated topics including the effect of cooking emissions of fatty acids on cloud formation, the health effects of [[particulate matter]] (PM) and [[Volatile organic compound|volatile organic compounds]] (VOCs) on vulnerable groups, and the impact of ozone on plant-pollinator interactions.

His work has been published in journals such as [[Nature Communications]], the [[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]], and [[Chemistry World]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trager |first=Rebecca |title=Air-frying prevails in tests on indoor pollutant production |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/air-frying-prevails-in-tests-on-indoor-pollutant-production/4020609.article |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Chemistry World |language=en}}</ref> and has received coverage from news outlets such as [[BBC News]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-11-23 |title=Deep fat fryers may help form cooling clouds |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42081892 |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-28 |title=Car pollution stops bees finding flowers - researchers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-66952926 |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[The Independent]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-20 |title=Air pollution reduces pollination by changing how insects smell flowers, study finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/air-pollution-pollination-flower-smell-b1996246.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Five house plants in the office can cut air pollution by 20%, new study suggests |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/sustainable-living/house-plant-office-air-pollution-b2031113.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title=The truth about your scented candle habit |url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/scented-candle-health-dangers-safety-b2742350.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> and [[CNN]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Yan |first=Holly |date=2017-11-23 |title=How your scalding hot deep fryer might help cool the weather |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/23/health/deep-fryers-and-cooling-clouds-trnd |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> His research on the effects of household plants and candles on indoor air quality has led to him being featured on the [[BBC]]'s [[Morning Live]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Morning Live - Series 7: 09/04/2025 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m0029sp0/morning-live-series-7-09042025 |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=BBC iPlayer |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TV Features on the Indoor Air Quality Benefits of Houseplants. |url=https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/clippings/tv-features-on-the-indoor-air-quality-benefits-of-houseplants/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en}}</ref>

Pfrang has also been quoted in 2024 and 2025 articles by [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gas Stoves Mean Dangerous Pollution in Most Homes, Study Finds |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-07/gas-stoves-mean-dangerous-pollution-in-most-homes-study-finds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805161003/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-07/gas-stoves-mean-dangerous-pollution-in-most-homes-study-finds |archive-date=2024-08-05 |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en |dead-url=no }}</ref> [[phys.org]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Air fryers confirmed as least polluting cooking method |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-11-air-fryers-polluting-cooking-method.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724005521/https://phys.org/news/2024-11-air-fryers-polluting-cooking-method.html |archive-date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |language=en |dead-url=no }}</ref> and [[The Guardian]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Batty |first=David |date=2025-03-07 |title=Gas hob can raise indoor air pollution higher than busy UK road, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/07/cooking-gas-hob-indoor-air-pollution-uk-road-study |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Selected Publications: ===

* '''Complex three-dimensional self-assembly in proxies for atmospheric aerosols'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pfrang |first1=C. |last2=Rastogi |first2=K. |last3=Cabrera-Martinez |first3=E. R. |last4=Seddon |first4=A. M. |last5=Dicko |first5=C. |last6=Labrador |first6=A. |last7=Plivelic |first7=T. S. |last8=Cowieson |first8=N. |last9=Squires |first9=A. M. |date=2017-11-23 |title=Complex three-dimensional self-assembly in proxies for atmospheric aerosols |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1724 |doi=10.1038/s41467-017-01918-1 |pmid=29170428 |pmc=5701067 |bibcode=2017NatCo...8.1724P |issn=2041-1723}}</ref>(2017), lead author.
* '''Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Effects on Children and People with Pre-Existing Lung Disease'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maung |first1=Tun Z. |last2=Bishop |first2=Jack E. |last3=Holt |first3=Eleanor |last4=Turner |first4=Alice M. |last5=Pfrang |first5=Christian |date=2022-07-19 |title=Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Effects on Children and People with Pre-Existing Lung Disease |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=19 |issue=14 |pages=8752 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19148752 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 }}</ref>(2022), co-author.
* '''Mapping the effects of ozone pollution and mixing on floral odour plumes and their impact on plant-pollinator interactions'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Langford |first1=Ben |last2=Ryalls |first2=James M. W. |last3=Mullinger |first3=Neil J. |last4=Hayden |first4=Paul |last5=Nemitz |first5=Eiko |last6=Pfrang |first6=Christian |last7=Robins |first7=Alan |last8=Touhami |first8=Dalila |last9=Bromfield |first9=Lisa M. |last10=Girling |first10=Robbie D. |date=2023-11-01 |title=Mapping the effects of ozone pollution and mixing on floral odour plumes and their impact on plant-pollinator interactions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749123013386 |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=336 |article-number=122336 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122336 |pmid=37595729 |bibcode=2023EPoll.33622336L |issn=0269-7491}}</ref>(2023), co-author.

== Awards ==
Pfrang was presented with the 2025 [[ISIS Neutron and Muon Source|ISIS]] Society Award by the [[ISIS Neutron and Muon Source|ISIS Neutron and Muon source]], for his work on using [[neutron reflectometry]] to investigate the effect of cooking emissions on [[indoor air quality]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISIS 2025 Society Impact Award: Professor Christian Pfrang from the University of Birmingham |url=https://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/Pages/News25_SocietyImpactAward.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322102811/https://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/Pages/News25_SocietyImpactAward.aspx |archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.isis.stfc.ac.uk |language=en-GB |dead-url=no }}</ref>. The 2025 [[ISIS Neutron and Muon Source|ISIS]] Impact awards were presented to "Researchers whose work has had a significant, wide-reaching impact on the economy, society or science"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=ISIS Neutron and Muon Source announce 2025 Impact Award winners |url=https://www.ukri.org/news/isis-neutron-and-muon-source-announce-2025-impact-award-winners/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/gees/pfrang-christian University of Birmingham profile]
* [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9023-5281 ORCID profile]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian-Pfrang ResearchGate profile]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=b3MW7gUAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar profile]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Palustran

2026-07-17T07:11:41Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|adv|u=FBM0349|ns=118|decliner=Devonian Wombat|declinets=20210722115134|ts=20210610195456}} 

Christian Palustran

[[File:2020 photo palustran christian (cropped).jpg|thumb|Christian Palustran]]

* Birth 1947
* Birth place Saint-Cloud (France)
* Nationality French
* Occupation Playwright and storyteller

'''Christian Palustran''' was born in 1947 near Paris, in Saint-Cloud. He is a French playwright and storyteller.
His works – some of which are written for youth – have been performed and broadcast in France and several other countries..<ref>{{cite journal |title=Christian Palustran |journal=L'Avant-scène théatre |url=https://www.avantscenetheatre.com/auteurs/christian-palustran}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="întilnire la Croisset cu Christian Palustran, scriitor francez din Normandia" |publisher=Salonul literar (Romanian newspaper) |date=May 15, 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nathan |first1=Claude Confortès |title=Répertoire du théâtre contemporain de langue française (Directory of Contemporary French-Language Theater) |date=October 2000 |page=294}}</ref>

== Early Life and Overview ==
Christian Palustran grew up around Paris. He developed a passion for writing and drama at an early age. As a youth, he played guitar, composed songs, and enjoyed the works of Joan Baez and Bob Dylan. After completing his undergraduate studies, he was appointed a teacher in Normandy and soon began putting on shows and leading writing workshops with students from elementary school through university grades.<ref>{{cite journal |title="Christian Palustran, the storyteller and the playwright " |journal=L'Affiche Culturelle de Normandie |date=September 1988 |issue=n° 123}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Citizen B.V. or Green-Beard |journal=Art & Comédie |date=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A theatrical creation that will make a milestone in Orp-le-Grand (Une creation théâtrale qui fera date à Orp-le-Grand) |journal=Vers l'Avenir, Brabant Wallon |date=December 4, 1989}}</ref>

Around this same time, he began developing his own texts. Two of his early works, Escapade and Story of an Egg, were rewarded with performances at the National One-Act Festival in Metz (France).<ref>{{cite journal |title="Winners of the One-Act Competition in Metz" |journal=L'Avant Scène |date=September 15, 1983 |issue=Special issue 735/736 |url=https://www.le-livre.fr/journaux-revues/fiche-ro30173232.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Story of an Egg |journal=L'Avant-scène |date=November 15, 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title="When the egg takes the weight (Quand l'œuf porte le chapeau)" |journal=Le Républicain lorrain |date=September 2, 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title="The egg of human stupidity (L'oeuf de la bêtise humaine) " |journal=La Liberté de l'Est |date=September 22, 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title="One-Act Competition in Metz: a doctor Strangelove version Triclutter-the-geese city (Un Docteur Folamour version Trifouillis-les-oies)" |journal=L'Est Républicain |date=September 22, 1984}}</ref>

A proponent of quality amateur theater,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Christian Palustran |journal=FNCTA Review |date=April 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title="Before the curtain falls (Avant que le rideau ne retombe)" |journal=Le Dauphiné libéré |date=25 November 1996 |url=http://www.petit-theatre.com/Images/pressePRM1.jpg}}</ref> he has been invited to festivals in France and other countries, notably in the United States, Canada <ref>{{cite journal |title="Christian Palustran signing the guestbook of the city of Montreal (Québec) for Theater Month 1991" |journal=Paris-Normandie |date=December 18, 1991}}</ref>, and Belgium, where he talks on his speciality and where his plays are often performed. Two of them, A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx and The Misdeeds of Bourbon, represented France at the IATA International Estivades in Belgium.<ref>{{cite journal |title="Les compagnons de la Roelle" |journal=Estivades |date=August 8, 1988 |volume=no 2 |url=http://www.estivades.be/infos/Infos%201988/EstivadesInfos_1988_2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Misdeeds of Bourbon: "France present in Estivades" |journal=Théâtre et Animation |date=October 1991 |page=9}}</ref> Another play, The Trap, was performed at the first Namur International Festival (Belgium).<ref>{{cite journal |title=The trap: "La Roële at the Walloon festivals" |journal=L'Est républicain |date=September 20, 1986}}</ref> Likewise, A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx participated in the Spanish University Festival in Valladolid.<ref>{{cite journal |title="The Belvedere Theater invited to the Spanish University Festival" |journal=Le Rappel |date=April 21, 2000}}</ref>

Proficient in several languages<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tion |first1=Adrian |title=Un dramaturg francez invațà româneste (A French playwright learns Romanian) |journal=Tribuna |date=October 1997}}</ref>, he has translated other authors 21 and assisted in the translation of his own work. He also supports the Francophonie, the organization of countries with French as an official or important language. As such, he is often the host of French Alliances or Institutes<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Telegraful de Prahova |date=March 14, 1997}}</ref>. Since 2009, he has annually chaired the Francophone Festival La Première in Kirov, Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gtrk-vyatka.ru/vesti/culture/29439-v-oblastnom-dvorce-molodezhi-prohodit-4-y-festival-teatralnogo-tvorchestva-premera-2016.html |website=Russia, GTRK, Vyatka |access-date=April 29, 2016|title=В областном дворце молодежи проходит 4-й фестиваль театрального творчества "Премьера-2016" }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=" Кристиан Палюстран, Президент Жюри Фестиваля, Драматург (Франция). " ("Christian Palustran, président of the jury of the festival, a playwright..." |journal=GTRK, Vyatka |url=https://www.gtrk-vyatka.ru/vesti/16508-festival-francuzskikh-teatrov.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=" Киров посетят француз Палюстран Кристиан и бельгиец Дюбуа Венсэн " ("Kirov will be visited by the Frenchman Palustran Christian and the Belgian Dubois Vincent " |journal=АФИША (The Poster) |date=April 27, 2016 |url=https://kirov-portal.ru/afisha/novosti-kultury/kirov-posetyat-frantsuz-palyustran-kristian-i-belgiets-dyubua-vensen-8772/?utm}}</ref>

== Storyteller ==

Christian Palustran is the author of several collections of short stories: The Good People's Twilight<ref>{{cite web |title=The Twilight of the Fairies(Le Crépuscule des fées |url=http://mediatheques.collectivitedemartinique.mq/BDP/doc/SYRACUSE/327869/le-crepuscule-des-fees-par-christian-palustran?_lg=fr-FR |website=Médiathèques |publisher=Cassette Radio-France}}</ref>, The Tales of the Crescent Moon, and Metamorphoses, My Love, a contemporary treatment of Ovid<ref>{{cite journal |title=Metamorphoses, my Love: "Ovid metamorphosed" |journal=La Sago (Esperanto Magazine) |date=November 2005 |pages=IV |url=https://www.sat-amikaro.org/IMG/pdf/20-SAG-novembre2005w.pdf}}</ref>. Drawing inspiration from classic tales, these "strands of dreams," as the author calls them, often ironically highlight or comment on contemporary themes and problems.
Many of his stories have been broadcast on French-speaking radio stations and the France-Culture radio channel<ref>{{cite news |title="Nights and tales for Christmas, The wonderful and the mystical, A radio masterpiece and pretty tales as gifts (P. Claudel, C. Palustran and B. Bricout.)" |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1994/12/17/radio-television-france-culture-nuits-et-contes-pour-noel-le-merveilleux-et-le-mystique_3842523_1819218.html |access-date=November 16, 2020 |work=Le Monde |date=December 17, 1994}}</ref>. They have been interpreted by some of France’s leading performers, including Michel Bouquet, Michel Galabru, Michael Lonsdale, Judith Magre, François Périer, Jean Rochefort, among others. They have also been recited or performed in public, in particular by Claude Piéplu at the National Festival of Storytellers of Chevilly-la-Rue, Alsace and Normandy.<ref>{{cite news |title="Claude Piéplu under the crescent moon" |agency=Dernières nouvelles d’Alsace |date=March 22, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="The Tales of the Crescent Moon (Les contes du croissant de lune): Claude Piéplu explores the exhilarating fantasy of Christian Palustran " |publisher=Paris-Normandie |date=April 2, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Room full for Claude Piéplu (Salle pleine pour Claude Piéplu) |publisher=Le Courrier cauchois |date=April 7, 2001}}</ref>

== Playwright ==
Christian Palustran has written some thirty plays of various genres<ref>{{cite web |title=Repertoire of Theatre, Authors |url=http://www.repertoire.chartreuse.org/auteur484.html |website=la Chartreuse d’Avignon |publisher=Centre National des Écritures du Spectacle |access-date=2021-07-27 |archive-date=2021-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226155851/http://www.repertoire.chartreuse.org/auteur484.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, which critics have said can be "funny, tender and sometimes fierce" (cf.Vers L’Avenir and La Voix de l'Est<ref>{{cite news |title=Escapade and The Trap: " Living theater in the city (Le théâtre vivant dans la cité)" |publisher=La Voix de l’Est, Drancy |date=May 22, 1997}}</ref>). Many have been performed in France and in French-speaking countries.
In France, venues include:
* Paris, (Tourtour theater<ref>{{cite news |title=" Diary of a Werewolf at the Tourtour Theater, Paris (Journal d'un loup-garou au théâtre du Tourtour)" |publisher=Le Parisien |date=July 27, 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Diary of a Werewolf "Theater: Diary of a Werewolf (Journal d'un loup-garou) " |journal=La Vie ouvrière |date=September 5, 1988}}</ref>, Aktéon<ref>{{cite journal |title="Diary of a Werewolf (Journal d'un loup-garou), Aktéon Theater, Paris " |journal=Boum Boum |date=September 1994}}</ref>, Traversière theater<ref>{{cite web |title=A Peaceful Evening (Une soirée tranquille), 1996 directed by Myriam Donasis |url=http://mapage.noos.fr/donasis/soireetranquille.html |website=Théâtre on line.com |access-date=2021-07-27 |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903130041/http://mapage.noos.fr/donasis/soireetranquille.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, theater of Ménilmontant<ref>{{cite web |title=" Citizen B.V. or Green-Beard: Ménilmontant Theater, Paris " |url=https://www.billetreduc.com/69059/evt.htm |website=BilletsReduc |access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>, Espace Beaujon<ref>{{cite web |title=Espace Beaujon, Paris: May 21, 2013: A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx |url=https://www.theatre-contemporain.net/spectacles/Un-papillon-jaune-appele-Sphinx/videos/ |website=théâtre contemporain.net}}</ref>)
* In various Paris suburbs<ref>{{cite news |title=A Peaceful Evening (Une soirée tranquille): "A play on teens and T.V (Une pièce sur les ados et la télé)" |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/hauts-de-seine-92/une-piece-sur-les-ados-et-la-tele-06-02-2004-2004735694.php |publisher=Le Parisien |date=February 6, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Escapade and The Trap: " Living theater in the city (Le théâtre vivant dans la cité)" |publisher=La Voix de l’Est, Drancy |date=May 22, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx(Un papillon jaune appelé Sphinx): "events in Neuilly-sur-Seine... " |journal=↑Neuilly: Review Si on Sortait |date=February 9, 2012 |url=https://si-on-sortait.fr/evenements/YUDSTMDYYU/un-papillon-jaune-appele-sphinx-spectacle}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Citizen B.V.:« Villepreux: a slapstick comedy on the stage of the theater (Une comédie burlesque sur les planches du théâtre) |journal=Temps Réel 78 |date=May 2019 |url=https://tr78.fr/villepreux-une-comedie-policiere-burlesque-sur-les-planches-du-theatre }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* In the West of France<ref>{{cite news |title=Dogdaze (La Canicule) |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xphhnk |agency=Reportage FR3 Rouen |date=1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Citizen B.V.: " Citizen B.V., a comedy présented by Théâtr'Amuz " |journal=Le Télégramme /Morbihan |date=March 18, 2006 |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/ar/viewarticle1024.php?aaaammjj=20030318&article=5846046&type=ar |access-date=July 27, 2021 |archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009034622/https://www.letelegramme.fr/ar/viewarticle1024.php?aaaammjj=20030318&article=5846046&type=ar |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Trap (La Chausse-trape): " Succès des Compagnons de la Roële en Normandie " |agency=L’Est républicain |date=January 30, 1986}}</ref>
* In the East of France<ref>{{cite news |title=Diary of a Werewolf (Journal d'un loup-garou): "Full moon evening (soir de pleine lune)" |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/art-et-culture/2011/08/02/soir-de-pleine-lune |agency=Le Progrès /Rhône |date=August 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx (Un papillon jaune appelé Sphinx): " Premiere of A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx: beyond the beaten track (au-delà des sentiers battus)" |publisher=L’Est républicain |date=October 31, 1988}}</ref>
* In the North (Lille, National Dramatic Center for Youth)<ref>{{cite book |title=A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx (Un papillon jaune appelé Sphinx) |publisher=La Fontaine editions, trilingual version: French, Italian, English |url=https://www.theatre-contemporain.net/textes/511d1299b7b2c/}}</ref>
* In the South (Avignon<ref>{{cite news |title=Diary of a Werewolf (Journal d'un loup-garou): « Avignon, boost to the off: wolf are you there? (Coup de pouce au off: loup y es-tu?) |publisher=Le Provençal |date=July 25, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Trap (La Chausse-trape): "Theater; the Company Les Passages in Avignon " |publisher=La Provence |date=December 5, 2011}}</ref>)

His plays have also been performed in Belgium (Brussels<ref>{{cite web |title=↑Belgium: Diary of a Werewolf and Cloud (Journal d'un loup-garou et Nuage): La Clarencière Theater, Brussels |url=https://www.laclarenciere.be/ |website=La Clarencière Theater}}</ref> and Wallonia<ref>{{cite news |title=The Trap (La Chausse-trape): "A trap for retirees (Chausse-trape pour pensionnés)" |url=https://www.lesoir.be/art/%252Fpietrebais_t-19970212-Z0DA1D.html |publisher=Le Soir |date=February 12, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Trap (La Chausse-trape): " The company L'équipe's televisual paranoia (La paranoia télévisuelle de l'Équipe)" |publisher=Vers l’Avenir |date=February 27, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="The Peasant, the King and the Pot (Le Paysan, le Roi et la Marmite)" |publisher=La Nouvelle République |date=March 3, 1998}}</ref>), in Switzerland<ref>{{cite news |title=Donkey Skin 2000 (Peau d'âne 2000): "La Fontenelle revisits Donkey Skin" |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/76247/files/2008-05-26.pdf |publisher=L’Express |date=May 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Escapade: "Thank you and bravo to Clos Bernon " |publisher=Journal du Jura |date=May 9, 1991}}</ref>, and in Canada<ref>{{cite news |title=" Story of an Egg (Histoire d'oeuf): xénophobia and 'egg' ocentrism'..." |publisher=Quebec newspaper/Saint Eustache, La Concorde |date=January 23, 2001}}</ref>

Several were broadcast on radio (France-Culture<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dogdaze (La Canicule): "A story of "doggization"" |journal=Télérama |date=May 21, 1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Our choice: Dogdaze (La Canicule) by Ch. Palustran , Fr-Culture |journal=La Vie du Rail |date=May 21, 1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Trap: " La Chausse-trape by Christian Palustran, France-Culture " |journal=Télérama |date=May 28, 1982 |volume=n° 1688}}</ref>, Radio Suisse Romande, and Radio France Internationale).

Some of his plays have been translated and performed abroad. In the United States, A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx was performed at the off-off Broadway 13th street Repertory Theater <ref>{{cite journal |title=About this show: A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx |journal=Theatermania |date=July 24, 2006 |url=https://www.theatermania.com/shows/new-york-city-theater/off-off-broadway/a-yellow-butterfly-called-sphinx_123476}}</ref>, Escapade won first prize at the New York International playwriting competition, and Dogdaze was selected for a public reading<ref>{{cite web |title=Reading/stage in New-York, at 13th Street Repertory Company in August 2006 |url=//newworksreadingseries.weebly.com |website=newworksreadingseries}}</ref>. In addition, The Hood Case was staged in Massachusetts (Herring Run Festival, 1993).

Others have been performed in Argentina<ref>{{cite web |title=La Canicula and El affaire Capulcita (Dogdaze and The Hood case) translation Alejandro Finzi , studied and performed at the Escuela superior de Bellas Artes Manuel Belgrano, Neùnquen, Argentina |url=http://www.repertoire.chartreuse.org/piece5828.html |website=La Chartreuse |access-date=2021-07-27 |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129075910/http://repertoire.chartreuse.org/piece5828.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, Russia<ref>{{cite web |title=Story of an Egg, translation Marina Kokorina. Performances in Kirov, Russia, Youth Palace |url=http://www.repertoire.chartreuse.org/piece5821.html |website=La Chartreuse }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Hood Case, translation Marina Kokorina. Performances in Kirov, Russia, Youth Palace |url=http://repertoire.chartreuse.org/piece5828.html |website=La Chartreuse }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Santa Claus no Longer Responds, translation Marina Kokorina. Performances in Kirov, Russia, Youth Palace |url=http://www.repertoire.chartreuse.org/piece8479.html |website=La Chartreuse |access-date=2021-07-27 |archive-date=2011-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209100404/http://repertoire.chartreuse.org/piece8479.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, Bulgaria<ref>{{cite journal |title=↑The Great Debate from A Hell of a Heaven |journal=Panorama |volume=n°3, French contemporary theater 1998 |url=http://entractes.sacd.fr/moisson_trad.php?l=mt%20}}</ref>, and Romania<ref>{{cite journal |title=viaṭa în umbra televizorului: life in the shadow of television |journal=Teatrul Azi |date=October 11, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=La teatrul de stat din Turda în premierǎ mondialǎ (world premiere at Turda State Theater |journal=Adevǎrul de Cluj |date=December 8, 1996 |url=http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/71169/1/BCUCLUJ_FP_PIV2093_1996_008_1843.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Un francez anunta in Baia Mare: Premiera mondiala (A Frenchman in Baïa Mare world premiere) |url=http://www.gazetademaramures.ro/b-un-francez-anunta-in-baia-mare-premiera-mondiala-b-11497 |publisher=Gazeta de Maramures |date=March 31, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Un future galben numit sfinge (A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx) |url=http://www.gazetademaramures.ro/cultura-32-11496 |publisher=Gazeta de Maramures |date=March 24, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Teatru: cocktail fara ...plump, a lead-free cocktail: Un future galben numit Sfinx (A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx) and Linda, translations Nicolae Weisz |url=https://www.observatorcultural.ro/articol/teatru-cocktail-fara-plumb/ |publisher=Observatore cultural |date=April 15, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jurnalul unui vârcolac (Diary of a Werewolf): translation Andrei Dinu and Nicolae Weisz, Cluj-Napoca, Facultate de Teatru |url=http://www.ionsasaran.ro/membri-de-onoare/andrei-dinu |website=www.ionsasaran.ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nor (Cloud): translation Maxim Miron, Cluj-Napoca, Facultate de Teatru |url=http://www.teatrulnationalcluj.ro/act-104/miron-maxim/+activitate+%c3%aen+afara+tnc/ |website=www.teatrulnationalcluj.ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=O seară linistită (A Peaceful Evening): Teodora Stanciu, Ploiesti, Teatrul Toma Caragiu |url=http://comedie.ro/biografie.php?id=72 |website=comedie.ro}}</ref>.

Many of his regularly staged plays are satirical comedies that mock our time:
* The Peasant, the King and the Pot<ref>{{cite news |title=The Peasant, the King and the Pot (Le Paysan, le Roi et la Marmite): " When satire sticks to everyday life (Quand la satire colle au quotidien) " |url=http://www.petit-theatre.com/Images/pressePRM2.jpg |publisher=Le Dauphiné libéré |date=November 21, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Peasant, the King and the Pot was on stage (Le Paysan, le Roi et la Marmite était en scène ) |url=https://www.lesoir.be/art/%252Forp-le-grand-dixieme-anniversaire-du-jeune-theatre-d-ap_t-20030321-Z0MYK3.html |publisher=Le Dauphiné |date=July 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=16-year-old actors rehearse for Grenoble |publisher=Maritza (Bulgarian newspaper) |date=February 7, 1996}}</ref>
* The Misdeeds of Bourbon<ref>{{cite web |title=The Misdeeds of Bourbon ( Les Méfaits du Bourbon) |url=http://www.yaquoi.com/LES-MEFAITS-DU-BOURBON,6278 |access-date=April 8, 2007 |archive-date=November 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101233050/http://www.yaquoi.com/LES-MEFAITS-DU-BOURBON,6278 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Misdeeds of Bourbon, a very successful bet (Les Méfaits du Bourbon, un pari très réussi ) |publisher=La Nouvelle république /Boismé |date=February 15, 2007}}</ref>
* Citizen B.V. or Green-Beard<ref>{{cite news |title=Citizen B.V.: «Live a life you won't live (Vivre une vie qu'on ne vivra pas) |url=https://www.dhnet.be/archive/vivre-une-vie-qu-on-ne-vivra-pas-51b85be9e4b0de6db9a3d53e |publisher=Dernière heure |date=March 15, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nice performance in front of a small audience (Belle prestation devant un public peu nombreux) |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/ar/viewarticle1024.php?aaaammjj=20040119&article=7399056&type=ar |publisher=Le Télégramme |date=January 19, 2004 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* A Hell of a Heaven<ref>{{cite news |title=La RépliqueTheater occupies the Maison pour tous for a week of show ( Le théâtre de la Réplique occupe la Maison pour tous pour une semaine de spectacle). |url=https://www.midilibre.fr/2013/07/08/saint-christol-les-ales-le-theatre-de-la-replique-a-occupe-la-maison-pour-tous-pour-une-semaine-de-spectacles,728851.php |publisher=Midi libre |date=July 8, 2013}}</ref>
* La Fontaine, the Clown and the Ecologists<ref>{{cite news |title=La Fontaine, a clown and ecologists meet in the Brayettes show |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/jura/2015/10/22/la-fontaine-un-clown-et-des-ecolos-se-rencontrent-dans-le-spectacle-des-brayettes |publisher=Le Progrès |date=October 22, 2015}}</ref>
* Mythomania<ref>{{cite journal |title=At the Théâtre Le Petit Larris: Mythomania by Christian Palustran on May 11 and 12, 2019 |journal=Casville-Oisème/Agglo Chartres Spectable |url=https://www.spectable.com/mythomania/430841}}</ref>

He is also the author of tragic monologues (Diary of a Werewolf, Cloud, Abyss<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cosma |first1=Diana |title=O fărâmă de vis (a strand of dream), about the play Hăul (Abyss) |url=https://www.ecreator.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10054:o-farama-de-vis&catid=14:eseistica |website=eCreator |access-date=November 3, 2020}}</ref>) and social dramas (Dogdaze, in the program of a university in Argentina 64), Escapade, A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx, The Trap, A Peaceful Evening, Linda…).

Christian Palustran is also interested in theatre for young people<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faure |first1=Nicolas |title=Le Théâtre jeune public: Un nouveau répertoire (Theater for young audiences: A new repertoire) |date=2009 |publisher=Presses Universitaires de Rennes |isbn=9782753562035 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVunDwAAQBAJ&q=interviews+christian+palustran&pg=PA86}}</ref>. With false naivete or more directly, his works tackle contemporary problems, sometimes at the risk of being surprising or disturbing (A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx<ref>{{cite journal |title=High school students deprived of theater: too dangerous (Des lycéens privés de théâtre: trop dangereux) |journal=Nouvel Obs/ Rue 89 |date=November 16, 2016 |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-rue89-culture/20120201.RUE7553/des-lyceens-prives-de-theatre-trop-dangereux.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx (Un papillon jaune appelé Sphinx): presentation |url=https://www.theatre-contemporain.net/spectacles/Un-papillon-jaune-appele-Sphinx/videos/ |website=theatre-contemporain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Crazy holidays and beautiful butterfly (Folles vacances et beau papillon) |publisher=Paris-Normandie |date=December 5, 1992}}</ref>).

They are often interpreted by young actors:
* Story of an Egg<ref>{{cite news |title=Young actors are going to tread the stage boards (Les jeunes comédiens vont fouler les planches.) |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/beaucouze-49070/les-jeunes-comediens-vont-fouler-les-planches-5034249 |publisher=Ouest-France |date=May 31, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Double stupidity ended in apotheosis at Orp-Jauche (Histoire d'oeuf : la double bêtise a fini en apothéose à Orp-Jauche |publisher=L’Avenir ( formerly Vers L'Avenir) |date=March 24, 1993}}</ref>
* The Hood Case<ref>{{cite news |title=The Hood case by the young people of the Cultural Center |url=https://www.ccenghien.com/2019/03/08/l-affaire-chaperon/ |publisher=Bulletin de Enghien |date=February 8, 2016 |access-date=July 27, 2021 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129070701/https://www.ccenghien.com/2019/03/08/l-affaire-chaperon/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* Donkey Skin 2000<ref>{{cite journal |title=Donkey Skin reviewed and corrected by the students… (Peau d'Âne revu et corrigé par les élèves...) |journal=Arcinfo (Switzerland) |date=May 26, 2008 |url=https://www.arcinfo.ch/articles/regions/val-de-ruz/peau-d-ane-revu-et-corrige-par-les-eleves-89528}}</ref>
* Santa Claus No Longer Responds<ref>{{cite news |title=Théâtre de la Lande: young people on stage (Théâtre de la Lande: les jeunes sur scène) |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/ar/viewarticle1024.php?aaaammjj=20080513&article=20080513-3054207&type=ar |publisher=Le Télégramme |date=May 17, 2008 |access-date=July 27, 2021 |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126092755/https://www.letelegramme.fr/ar/viewarticle1024.php?aaaammjj=20080513&article=20080513-3054207&type=ar |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* Snow White's Sister<ref>{{cite news |title=Damazan: children amuse elders(Les enfants amusent les aînés) |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/06/09/1102548-damazan-les-enfants-amusent-les-aines.html |publisher=La Dépêche du Midi |date=June 9, 2011}}</ref>
* The Queen and the Magic Olifant<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Queen and the Magic Olifant (La Reine et l'Olifant magique) by Christian Palustran, June 7, 2014 |journal=Vivre à Jonage |date=January 2015 |url=https://www.crea-kingersheim.com/image/archives/fete_du_crea/fete_crea_2017.pdf}}</ref>
* The War of the Trees<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirov Festival. Play: The War of the Trees (La Guerre des arbres) translation Sergheï Khaletskiy |url=https://www.gtrk-vyatka.ru/vesti/culture/29439-v-oblastnom-dvorce-molodezhi-prohodit-4-y-festival-teatralnogo-tvorchestva-premera-2016.html |website=Russia, GTRK, Vyatka |access-date=April 29, 2016}}</ref>

Some have been transcribed in Braille.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Braille transcription by the Group of Blind and Amblyopic Intellectuals GIAA PACA/CORSE:A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx, The Peasant, the King and the Pot, The Queen and the Magic Olifant, Donkey Skin 2000 and Concerto for Goblin, Ghost and Mermaid. |url=https://www.journaldefrancois.fr/theatre-le-papillon-jaune-appele-sphinx-de-christian-palustran.htm}}</ref>

== Works ==
=== Stories ===
* Radio-France cassettes: The Surprise of Santa Claus (La Surprise du Père Noël), 1987: printed in 10,000 copies for the operation "We are all Santa Claus" launched by France-Culture, France-Inter, and the magazine Pèlerin
* The Twilight of the Fairies (Le Crépuscule des fées), 1993

==== France-Culture and Radio Suisse Romande recordings: ====
* The Ice Lady, The New Donkey Skin,The Trial of Little Red Riding Hood (La Dame de glace, La Nouvelle Peau d´Âne, Le Procès du Petit Chaperon rouge) (These three tales were also broadcast on Canadian Radio)
* The Surprise of Santa Claus (La Surprise du Père Noël), The Peasant, the King and the Pot, (Le Paysan, le Roi et la Marmite) 4 episodes,
* The Fate of theTrees, The Stubborn Cat, The Story of the Christmas Star, The UFO, 2 episodes (Le Destin des arbres, Le Chat buté, Histoire de l’étoile de Noël, L’Ovni)
* Concerto for Goblin, Ghost and Mermaid, (Concerto pour lutin, spectre et ondine) 3 episodes, 1980, 1982 and 1984

* Tales of the Crescent Moon (Les Contes du croissant de lune), Art & Comédie, 2000
* Concerto for Goblin, Ghost and Mermaid in the review L'Encre et l'Oeuvre n° 206-207, Souffles, 2004
* Metamorphoses, My Love (Métamorphoses, mon amour), after Ovid, Hachette jeunesse, 2005. This book is also transcribed in Braille (GIAA PACA / CORSE)

=== Theater ===

(For summaries, number of actors, places and dates of creation, see the list of plays in the CNES 32 Authors' Directory).

=== For Children and Young Adolescents ===
* The Cat’s Tail (La Queue du chat) in Démocratie mosaique 4, Lansman, 2000
* Christmas Theater (The Surprise of Santa Claus, Story of the Star and the Ark, The War of the Trees, The Magician), Les Mandarines, 2004
* The Queen and the Magic Olifant followed by Donkey Skin 2000 and Concerto for Goblin, Ghost and Mermaid (La Reine et l'OlifantMagique suivi de Peau d´Âne 2000 et Concerto pour lutin, spectre et ondine), La Fontaine, 2005
* The Hood Case (L’Affaire Chaperon) in Democratie mosaïque 3, 1998, and in Petites Pièces pour dire le monde, Lansman, 2005
* Snow White’s Sister (La Soeur de Blanche-Neige), Art& Comédie, 2006
* Story of an Egg (Histoire d’oeuf), new edition, Les Mandarines, 2020

=== For All Audiences ===
* Escapade, in L’Avant-scène Theatre n° 735/736, 1983, translation Frank B. Moorman
* Diary of a Werewolf, Abyss and Cloud, (Journal d’un loup-garou, Abîmes et Nuage), Lansman, 1996 translation Frank B. Moorman
 Broadcast of Dairy of a werewolf on France-Culture (1991) and of Cloud on the Swiss Romande Radio (1990)
* A Peaceful Evening (Une Soirée tranquille), La Fontaine, 1996
* The Great Debate (Le Grand Débat) (taken from A Hell of a Heaven) (Un Paradis d'enfer), translation into Bulgarian in the Review Panorama n° 3, French contemporary theater, 1998 by A. Sougarev
* Citizen B.V. or Green-Beard (Citizen BV ou La Barbe Verte), Art & Comedie, 2001
* The Peasant, the King and the Pot, (Le Paysan, le Roi et la Marmite), La Fontaine, 1992 and 2002
* A Yellow Butterfly Called Sphinx (Un Papillon jaune appelé Sphinx), La Fontaine, 1990 and 2002 (trilingual French, Italian, English version)
* Dogdaze (La Canicule), La Fontaine, 1991 and 2002, translation Frank B. Moorman
 Broadcast on France-Culture (1978 and 1979) and in a dozen countries (1983),
* Queneau, but Yes (Queneau, que si), collective work, Les Quatre Vents, 2003
* The Trap (La Chausse-trape), La Fontaine, 1998 and 2004
 Broadcast on France-Culture in 1981,
* The Misdeeds of Bourbon (Les Méfaits du Bourbon), La Fontaine, 2004
* A Hell of a Heaven (Un paradis d´enfer) in Theater for Apartments and Small Stages, (Théâtre pour appartements et petites scènes), Les Mandarines, 2006
* Theophraste or the Eighth Sky (Théophraste ou le huitième ciel) in Theater for Apartments and Small Stages, Les Mandarines, 2006
* Linda and The Test (L'Épreuve) in Theater for Apartments and Small Stages, Les Mandarines, 2006
* Ecco in Un autre regard, L’Agapante, 2008
* La Fontaine, the Clown and the Ecologists, theatrical stroll, (La Fontaine, le clown et les écolos, balade théâtrale), La Fontaine, 2010
* The Telecrates (The Challenge) in Scènoblique 2010, ABS, 2011
* The Telecrates, new edition (The Challenge and Pasta with Vinaigrette), ABS, 2011
* Mythomania, theatrical stroll, with Story of an Egg and Door-to-Door Sales, Les Mandarines, 2020

=== Author's Translations ===

* A Christmas Carol, French translation of the play by Sandra Nordgren, theatrical adaptation of the Charles Dickens tale, Art & Comédie, 2000
* The Secret of Deer Island and The Mischievous Child (theatrical adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen's tale) by Argentinian playwright Alejandro Finzi

== Bibliography ==

* Directory of Contemporary French-Language Theater (Répertoire du théâtre contemporain de langue française) by Claude Confortès, Nathan, October 2000
* Romanian literary review Teatrul Azi (Today's Theater) from October 1997 68
* Theater for Young Audiences (Le théâtre jeune public): A New Repertoire by Nicolas Faure, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2009
* Teatrul cetǎṭii - text anthology by Olimpia Mureṣan, eCreator, Romania, December 2020<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muresan |first1=Olimpia |title=TEATRUL CETĂȚII - ANTOLOGIE DE TEXTE |date=December 2020 |publisher=Stirile MM |url=https://stirilemm.ro/cultura/48351-teatrul-cetatii-antologie-de-texte-scrise-si-aparute-la-editura-ecreator-baia-mare-2020.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Christian Palustran, French Playwright and Author ==
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Christian Michelides

2026-07-17T06:55:40Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Christian Michelides|timestamp=20251106025717|year=2025|month=November|day=6|substed=yes}}

{{autobiography|date=November 2025}}
{{Short description|Austrian psychotherapist}}
[[File:MichelidesParis.jpg|thumb|300px|Christian Michelides, Paris 2011]]
'''Christian Michelides''' (born July 19, 1957) is an Austrian [[psychotherapist]]. He is the director of [[Lighthouse Wien]].

==Life and career==
Michelides was born in [[Graz]]. In 1973, he started to work as an opera critic of a provincial newspaper called ''Südost Tagespost''. After serving as an [[assistant director]] for plays of [[Eugène Ionesco]] and [[Thomas Bernhard]] in 1975 at Austria's National Theater, the [[Burgtheater]], he achieved his high school diploma in 1978. Thereafter he studied [[arts]], [[philosophy]] and [[history of theatre]], as well as [[Theatre director|directing]] in Milan, Vienna and New York, while still publishing articles in Austrian and Italian journals.

In the 1980s, Michelides was a collaborator for the newly founded magazine ''[[Wiener (magazine)|WIENER]]''; he then joined the ad agency ''GGK Wien'' and the marketing team of the Swiss watch [[Swatch]] in [[Biel]]. At the same time, he organized a series of exhibitions in Vienna and published some catalogues. He exhibited [[Kiki Kogelnik]] at [[Villa Vojcsik]]<ref>Austria Forum: ''[https://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/Villa_Vojcsik Villa Vojcsik]'', 21 April 2025</ref> and [[Herlinde Koelbl]] at the [[Vienna Künstlerhaus|Künstlerhaus]]<ref>Context XXI: ''[http://www.contextxxi.at/_christian-michelides_.html Christian Michelides]'', retrieved on 12 August 2025</ref> and he presented five young American photographic artists ([[John Dugdale (photographer)|John Dugdale]], [[Marcus Leatherdale]], [[Robert Mapplethorpe]], [[Todd Watts]] and [[Joel-Peter Witkin]]) for the first time in Europe.<ref>[[International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism|Ligue internationale contre le racisme et l’antisémitisme]]: ''[https://licra.contextxxi.org/_christian-michelides_.html Christian Michelides]'', retrieved on 5 October 2025; it could not verified til now if the Viennese showing of Mapplethorpe was indeed his European premiere — 1983 saw major exhibitions of this artist in Venice, Paris and the UK. But it can be assumed that the presentation in Vienna was the artist's first exhibition in Austria.</ref>

In the early 1990s, he served as an [[investigative journalist]] for the magazine ''[[FORVM]]'' and other publications in Austria and Germany. Michelides disclosed the membership of [[Thomas Bernhard]] in a conservative party organization called the ''Bauernbund'';<ref>Jens Ditmar (Hg.): ''Sehr geschätze Redaktion. Leserbriefe von und über Thomas Bernhard.'' Wien: Österreichische Staatsdruckerei 1991, 222-226 (Bernhard im Bauernbund)</ref><ref>''Thomas Bernhard und die ÖVP'', Wien 1990.</ref> he also revealed that [[Rudolf Augstein]] had published in the Nazi paper ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]''. Finally he exposed [[Gertrud Fussenegger]], Austria's then most prominent female author, as a former avid Hitler worshipper.<ref>Friedrich Denk: ''Die Zensur der Nachgeborenen.'' Weilheim i.OB 1996 (3rd. ed.), pp. 13–138, 164–188.</ref> Michelides also discovered that the [[Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften|Austrian Academy of Sciences]] had secretly stopped awarding the [[Franz-Grillparzer-Preis]], a prize for dramatists left in trust for that purpose by Austrian national poet [[Franz Grillparzer]].<ref>Sylvia Vogler, Christian Michelides (ed.): ''Der Skandal um den Grillparzer-Preis.'' Pressedokumentation, Wien 1990.</ref> Furthermore, he researched and documented the expansionistic endeavours of ''[[Großdeutsche Lösung|großdeutsch]]''-orientated [[Alfred Toepfer]] and his close ties to [[Joseph Goebbels]].<ref>Michael Pinto-Duschinsky: ''Der Kampf um Geschichte. Der Fall Alfred C. Toepfer und der Nationalsozialismus.'' In: Michael Fahlbusch, Ingo Haar (ed.): ''Völkische Wissenschaften und Politikberatung im 20. Jahrhundert.'' Paderborn 2010.</ref>

[[File:Arbeitsplatz Christian Michelides (Wien).jpg|thumb|upright|Home base in Vienna]]
As of 1994, Michelides changed his focus to [[Human rights activist|human rights activism]] and the defence of [[minorities]]. In June 1995 he founded the first [[International Human Rights Tribunal]] in Vienna.<ref>''[[Wiener Zeitung]]'', June 10, 1995: ''Österreich auf der Anklagebank.'' [Austria in the Dock]</ref><ref>Gerhard Oberschlick: [http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/1995/7/article36.en.html "Appell des 'Internationalen Menschenrechts-Tribunals' gegen die Diskriminierung von Homosexuellen und Transsexuellen in den Medien".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028035238/http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/1995/7/article36.en.html |date=2018-10-28 }} In: Database on legal information relevant to the audiovisual sector in Europe IRIS Merlin. The Audiovisual Law Information Wizard 1995-7:12/36</ref> The tribunal was chaired by human rights activists [[Freda Meissner-Blau]] and [[Gerhard Oberschlick]]; in this tribunal, Michelides acted as the [[attorney general]]. The theme of the tribunal was the discrimination and persecution of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender-persons in Austria during the period from 1945 to 1995.

Michelides was the founder of the initiative "Häfn human" that counselled and visited [[prison|prison inmates]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.falter.at/print/F2001_24_1.php |title=Florian Klenk. Drei Leichen im Keller. Falter Juni 2001 |publisher=Falter.at |date=2001-06-13 |accessdate=2011-10-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816065754/http://www.falter.at/print/F2001_24_1.php |archivedate=2011-08-16 }}</ref> he fought against [[discrimination]] of [[Asylum seeker|asylum seekers]] and of people with [[HIV]] and [[AIDS]], and he participated in grassroots organisations such as ''Club Plus'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwwnew.aekwien.at/1836.html |title=CLUB PLUS Selbsthilfeverein auf der Seite der Wiener Ärztekammer |publisher=Ew.aekwien.at |accessdate=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425021413/http://wwwnew.aekwien.at/1836.html |archive-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Selfhelp Vienna'' and ''Social Work from Underneath''. From 1995 to 1997, Michelides chaired the [[Österreichisches Lesben- und Schwulenforum|Austrian Lesbian and Gay Forum]] (ÖLSF) and instigated Austria's first [[Christopher Street Day|LGBT parade]], called {{Lang|de|Regenbogenparade}} (rainbow parade).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lambdanachrichten.at/ln305.pdf |title=LN 3|05.indd |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-10-03 |archive-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821005935/http://www.lambdanachrichten.at/ln305.pdf |url-status=dead }} [Rainbow Parade]</ref> From then on, his work for the [[homeless]] began.

In 2000, Michelides founded [[Lighthouse Wien]], a shelter for homeless drug addicts with severe [[Psychological trauma|trauma]]s, many of them [[HIV-positive]]. In 2002, he graduated as a [[Sex counseling|sex]] and [[mental health counselor]]. Since 2009 Michelides has conducted an analytic men's group. In 2010 he completed his studies and graduated as a psychotherapist. Since then he works as a [[group analyst]] in private practice while still serving as director of Lighthouse Wien.

As a photographer he is documenting mainly opera, portraits, monuments and demonstrations.<ref>Stuttgarter Nachrichten: ''[https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.interview-mit-claus-peymann-wir-befinden-uns-im-vorkrieg.c2d7d579-f111-43d9-be65-18d3d6e8ce57.html „Wir befinden uns im Vorkrieg“]'', portrait of [[Claus Peymann]], 14 April 2016 [We are in a pre-war period]</ref><ref>Mein Bezirk: ''[https://www.meinbezirk.at/hietzing/c-lokales/dialog-der-religionen-im-zeichen-eines-holocaust-ueberlebenden_a6493717 "Dialog der Religionen" im Zeichen eines Holocaust-Überlebenden]'', portrait of [[Rudolf Gelbard]], 25 January 2024 </ref><ref>Jüdische Friedhöfe in Deutschland und angrenzenden Ländern: ''[https://www.juedische-friedhoefe.info/friedhoefe-nach-regionen/niederlande/noord-holland/amsterdam/holocaust-namenmonument.html Nationaal Holocaust Monument in Amsterdam]'', retrieved on 7 July 2023</ref><ref>Daniel Koehler: ''Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in Europe: Current Developments and Issues for the Future'' in ''Prism'' vol. 6 No. 2 2016, p. 84: ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26470450?seq=1/ Offensive gegen Rechts blocking the way of Vienna’s first Pegida demonstration]'', retrieved 29 February 2024</ref> His theatre photography is dedicated to the [[Burgtheater]] in Vienna<ref>Austria-Forum: ''[https://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/Harald_B._Thor Harald B. Thor]'', retrieved on 9 August 2025</ref> and the [[Teatro alla Scala|Scala]] in Milan, the State opera houses of [[Vienna State Opera|Vienna]],<ref>ABC Classic: ''[https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/the-opera-show/the-opera-show-shakespeare/12587888 Shakespeare on the opera stage]'', 29 August 2020</ref> [[Staatsoper Unter den Linden|Berlin]], [[Hamburg State Opera|Hamburg]] and [[Bavarian State Opera|Munich]], the [[Semperoper]] and the Teatro [[La Fenice]] as well as the festivals of [[Bayreuth Festival|Bayreuth]], [[Salzburg Festival|Salzburg]]<ref>[[Radio Netherlands Worldwide|Radio Netherlands]]: ''[https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/aural-tapestry-a-three-colour-opera/ A Three Colour Opera: Charlotte Salomon]'', retrieved on 9 August 2025</ref> and [[Glyndebourne Festival Opera|Glyndebourne]], the opera houses in [[La Monnaie|Brussels]], [[Teatro Real|Madrid]], [[Teatro Liceo|Barcelona]], [[English National Opera|London]], [[Opera National de Paris|Paris]], [[Oslo Opera House|Oslo]],<ref>[[Psychology Today]]: ''[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-main-ingredient/201912/it-wasnt-the-end-of-the-world-but-sure-felt-like-it It Wasn’t the End of the World, but Sure Felt Like It]'', 16 December 2019</ref> [[Lyric Opera of Chicago|Chicago]], [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)|Beijing]], [[Nissay Theatre|Tokyo]] and [[Sydney Opera House|Sydney]].<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
Stolpersteine in Meina.jpg|[[Stolpersteine]] Meina
No Pegida Wien 6185 Michelides.jpg|Right and Left Clash of two Demonstrations
Die Macht der Finsternis 6106-Michelides.jpg|[[The Power of Darkness]] Akademietheater
</gallery>

Until 2025, together with [[Francisco Peralta Torrejón]] he documented the [[Stolperstein]]e collocated by German artist [[Gunter Demnig]] all over Europa.<ref>''[https://www.it.oswiecim.pl/Stolpersteine-1714.html Stolpersteine in Oświęcim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605063834/https://www.it.oswiecim.pl/Stolpersteine-1714.html |date=2023-06-05 }}'', ''[https://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/stolperstein-erfinder-gunter-demnig-fotostrecke-150259.html Stolpersteine in Romania and Croatia]'', ''[https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-stolperstein-of-cuitadella Stolpersteine in Ciutadella de Menorca]'', ''[https://www.tv2.no/nyheter/utenriks/stor-milepael-for-verdens-storste-holocaust-minne/15759329/ Stolpersteine in Austria]'', ''[https://www.vianolavie.org/2018/03/06/stumbling-on-social-innovations-in-europe/ Stolpersteine in Amsterdam]'', all retrieved on 7 juli 2023</ref>

He is a member of the [[Group Analytic Society]] and of IAGP.<ref>IAGP: ''[https://www.iagp.com/member-profiles/ Member Profiles]'', retrieved on 23 August 2024</ref>

==Publications==
* (ed.) ''Wiener Blut '83: Eine Gesellschaftskomödie mit Paten und Kindern.'' Vienna 1983.
* (ed.) ''Marcus Leatherdale.'' With texts by [[Kathy Acker]] and ''Christian Michelides''. Molotov, Vienna 1983.
* (ed.) ''Fotografie '83.'' Austria's first photography art fair. Vienna 1983.
* (ed.) Lothar Rübelt: ''Das Geheimnis des Moments.'' [The Secret of the Moment], exhibition at [[Albertina]], Vienna 1985
* (ed.) ''Memorandum über die Stiftungen des Alfred C. Toepfer und deren Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Wien.'' Vienna 1991, 3rd edition

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
* {{DNB portal|114633096|TYP=}}
* [http://aleph20-prod-acc.obvsg.at/F/?func=find-b&request=Christian+Michelides%20&find_code=WPE Publications in the Austrian National Library]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170907023237/http://www.forvm.at/texte/f_index93.html#M Publications in FORVM]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180211100342/http://www.loewengasse.at/ Praxis Löwengasse], website of the institution

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michelides, Christian}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Health professionals from Graz]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:Austrian activists]]
[[Category:Austrian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Psychotherapists]]
[[Category:Austrian photographers]]
[[Category:Theatrical photographers]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Maas

2026-07-17T06:42:11Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|French Sculptor}}
{{Draft topics|biography|architecture|western-europe}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}

== '''''<big>Biography</big>''''' ==

Contemporary French sculptor, master in the molding and casting of bronze and aluminum sculptures, recognized as one of the greatest and most outstanding artists of our time.

Knight of the "’Ordre International des Arts’ for his unique and accomplished masterworks of art, and awarded Gold Medal of the Academy of Arts.

His monumental works adorn many cities and are present in the most prestigious collections, museums and several foundations.

He has exhibited notably in galleries in Monaco, New York, London, Qatar, France and Australia. He is known for his charismatic artworks, his life-size sculptures of celebrities and personalities and monumental works that can reach up to 12 meters high. Some of his work has been auctioned by the famous Auction House Christies of London.

Committed artist, he likes to put his works at the service of social and environmental causes, such as at the Museum Oceanography of Monaco, where he exhibited a series of works, Torreshima, dedicated to birds and animals victims of oil disasters. He is also very present in the urban space, a way for him to offer as many people as possible the possibility of developing their artistic sensibility. "Formula 1" is one of his emblematic works of art exhibited at the Rond Point du Portier in Monaco.

After studying foreign languages, modern literature and history of art, he traveled around the world, before working exclusively on sculptures, learning about the manipulation of basic materials and bronze in various foundries. .

Since 1987, he has devoted himself solely to the production of his artworks. In 1988 he began his professional apprenticeship. In 1989, he refined his artistic work on wax directly in the workshop of the foundries that hosted him.

In 1991 he began a series of tributes to Brancusi , Zadkine , Henry Moore , Archipenko (first personal works). At the same time, he made his first castings and learned about patinas.

In 1992 and 1993, he created and produced distinctive pieces of furniture that are artworks unto themselves (tables, chests of drawers, consoles, lights).

In 1994 and 1995, he took a hyper-realistic direction with the women's series Windy Day , Canicula , Invitation, Extasy, Fusion. After that he made his first Large/Life Sizes (1.80 m ) After The Storm and the Erotic Couple.

In 1996, he produced his first bronze and aluminium animalier sculptures, often life-size, such as Le Grand Étalon (The Big Stallion) , Le Grand Cheval (The Big Horse) and Le Taureau De Combat (The Fighting Bull) which sits enthroned at the entrance to the city of Dax as well as large fountains (more than 2 m height) such as Les Porteuses d'Eau (The Water Carriers).

In 1997, he continued his monumental animal art works, horses, bulls, stags, wild boars etc., and also produced the War Girls and life-size erotic women, such as the female sculpture titled La Fin de l'été (The End Of The Summer).

At the same time, he carried out casting work for Louis Cane .

In 1999 his works were exhibited at the Salon Museum Expression, in the Carrousel du Louvre in Paris.

Christian Maas then specializes in the creation of busts and life-size sculptures of international personalities and celebrities, among others the President of the French Republic, Jacques Chirac, the Royal family of Monaco, Grace Jones, Kate Moss, Pierre Albaladejo, Johnny Halliday, and on demand of the President a pair of sumo wrestlers, Jacques Chirac being a great connoisseur and amateur of sumo.

In 2000, on the occasion of the inauguration of the McLaren Formula 1 bronze sculpture in Monte Carlo, Christian Maas was Prince Rainier's guest of honor at the closing evening of the Monaco Grand Prix in the presence of the Formula 1 drivers, David Coulthard, Giancarlo Fisichella and Rubens Barichello. Princess Stéphanie of Monaco, who received a bust made by Christian Maas, gave him as a present the white jacket she was wearing the evening of the event.

In 2002, after creating the president's sculpture, Christian Maas had the honor of being invited by Jacques Chirac to the Elysée garden party and a charity evening at the George V hotel in the presence of Empress Fara Diba. In a personal letter, Jacques Chirac's successor, Nicolas Sarkozy congratulated Christian Maas for his work and its significant contribution to the influence of French art in the world.

In the spring of 2019 Christian Maas was the guest of honor at the Westbury Hotel in Mayfair, London for the inauguration of the unique series, “Natalia Cola Presents”. For this first "Natalia Cola Presents" series the selection of her works included an exceptional work of art: Christian Maas' life-size bronze sculpture of David Bowie.

== Practices ==
Christian Maas works in a traditional way, though not always producing traditional results. This sculptor-founder practices the lost wax casting technique and performs his patinas himself. All his sculptures bear his personal stamp and are sold with the certificate of authenticity signed by the artist. Three to five months are necessary for the realization of a sculpture, due to his technique and his desire for an exemplary finish.

All his sculptures made in bronze are patinated and can be exhibited outside. Christian Maas excels in unique or limited editions. He shows his creative ease by working this noble metal, bronze or lately also aluminium, chosen to express himself in more contemporary works, which always remain strikingly truthful.

His works have been acquired by four museums: Musée de l'Organe - La Demeure du Chaos in Saint-Romain-au-Mont-d'Or , Oceanographic Museum of Monaco , Museum of the Sea in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat , Vine and Wine Museum in Romanèche-Thorins .

From his atelier in France his sculptures have found homes worldwide and his work has been commissioned for 118 public monuments. His sculptures adorn the cellars of many wine estates (such as Châteaux, Angélus, La Couspaude, and Mangot in Saint-Émilion ) and high-end restaurants (such as those of Georges Blanc and Paul Bocuse, Guy Lassaussaie, Léon de Lyon among others.. .)

The appreciation of the most seasoned collectors and art lovers can be found in the fascination of the details of his monumental creations.

== Awards ==

* 1997: Audience award ATSCF Bouche de Rhône
** Bronze Eagle at the Grand Prix International des Arts Plastiques in Nice .
* 1998: 1st Prize for Sculpture, International Salon of Today's Creators
** 1st Prize at the Universe of Plastic Arts of Aix en Provence
** Silver Medal at the International Exhibition of Plastic Arts in Béziers
** Crystal Eagle at the Grand Prix International des Arts Plastiques in Nice
** That same year, he received the Japanese Grand Prix at the Akashi Museum.
* 1999: The Salon des Arts de Valence, offers him a 400 m 2 exhibition for the retrospective of his 10 years of sculptures ** Gold Medal at the International Salon of Today's Artists in Lyon 3rd
** 1st Prize in sculpture at the Grand Prix de Camargue in Arles
** Gold Medal for Crafts by the City of Aix-les-Bains
** 2nd Prize for sculpture at the Salon des Arts Animaliers in Romorantin , Sologne
** He received the Grand Prize for sculpture at the Salon des Créateurs d'Aujourd'hui in Lyon, Espace Bondy.
* 2000: 1st Prize for sculpture at the International Art Competition in Dijon
** It is judged ''Out of Competition'' at the International Contemporary Arts Fair, Espace Bondy in Lyon.
* 2001: 1st Prize for sculpture at the Salon des Arts Animaliers in Sully-sur-Loire
** Gold Medal from the Academy of Arts of Annonay
** He is the guest of honor at the Salon des Arts Inter in Saint-Émilion .

== Monuments ==

* Angé (Loir-et-Cher): ''Cup with Cherubs'' , ''The Little Picker'' , ''The Little Fouleur'' , ''The Little Drinker'' , ''Cherubim Water Carrier'' , ''Saint-Vincent'' .
* Blériot les Salines [What?] (Pas-de-Calais): ''The Great Water Carrier'' .
* Corbas (Rhône): ''Large Breeding Bull'' .
* Dax (Landes): ''Large bullfighting bull'' , ''1 Spreader, 1 Landaise cow'' . ''Life -size Albaladejo Stone''
* Dabo (Moselle): ''Pope Leo IX'' .
* Fuveau (Bouches-du-Rhône): ''Tribute to M. Verminck, philosopher'' .
* La Clayette (Saône-et-Loire): ''Large prancing horse'' .
* Marcigny (Saône-et-Loire): ''Giant Turkey'' , ''Large Rooster'' , ''Large Turkey'' , ''1 goose'' .
* Marsannay-la-Côte (Côte-d'Or): ''The grape carriers'' .
* Maisons-Laffitte (Yvelines): ''Two foxes playing'' , ''life-size fox'' .
* Meursault (Côte-d'Or): ''Allegory of the Vine'' , ''1 Saint Vincent'' .
* Meyreuil (Bouches-du-Rhône): ''The Dove'' , ''Miner's lamp'' .
* Monaco : ''The Mac Laren - Formula I'' , real size - Scale I/I.
* Le Monêtier-les-Bains (Hautes-Alpes): ''Ibex, large natural'' .
* Montélier (Drôme): ''Cherubs on a Column'' , ''Ballerina III'' , ''Woman Liberia'' , ''Two Girls'' , ''The Hippopotamus'' , ''Water Carrier'' , ''Big Stretching Cat'' , ''Little Fisherman'' , ''a Man and a Bull'' . ''Big Rabbit'' .
* Montélimar (Drôme): ''Giant kiwi'' .
* Montereau (Seine-et-Marne): ''Water carrier'' .
* Neuvy-sur-Loire (Nièvre): ''Winemaker on barrels'' .
* Nolay (Côte-d'Or): ''Grand Bacchus'' , ''Grand Vineyard with a golden cluster'' .
* Ouzouer-sur-Loire (Loiret): ''Wild boar fight, life-size'' .
* Publish (Haute-Savoie): ''2 Horses, life-size'' , ''2 Deer, life-size'' , ''Herd of 4 wild boars'' , ''Rooster'' , ''Panther'' , ''Fox'' , ''Fountain with dolphins'' , ''Fantastic wild boar'' .
* Puget-Théniers (Alpes-Maritimes): ''Monumental section'' .
* Rochecorbon (Indre-et-Loire): ''Rooster'' , ''Goose'' .
* Roncq (North): ''Great Stallion'' .
* Saint-Alexandre (Gard): ''Vine stock'' and Medals of the Saint-Alexandre Winegrowers' Brotherhood.
* Saint-Étienne (Loire): ''Rooster, Goose'' , ''Pig, life-size'' .
* Saint-Galmier (Loire): ''The Dove'' , ''Julie's Sulky'' (2008)
* Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat (Alpes-Maritimes): ''2 Giant Crabs'' , ''1 Large Nautilus'' , ''3 Giant Shells'' , ''1 Swimming Dolphin'' , ''1 Diving Dolphin'' , ''1 Jumping Dolphin'' .
* Saint-Illide (Cantal): ''2 busts'' .
* Saint-Martin-Vésubie (Alpes-Maritimes): ''Life-size'' , ''1 stag'' , ''1 ibex'' , ''1 eagle'' , ''1 boar'' , ''1 fox'' , ''2'' foxes .
* Schoelcher (Martinique): ''Bust of Eustache Bertrand'' (mayor of Schoelcher from 1964 to 1995).
* Tain-l'Hermitage (Drôme): ''1 Saint Vincent'' , ''1 water carrier'' .
* Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées): ''Grand Cheval Cabré'' , work withdrawn in 2020 (plagiarism of the work of Frédéric Jager ) ,
* Vals-les-Bains (Ardèche): ''Woman on a Bench'' .
* Varaignes (Dordogne): ''Giant Turkey'' .
* Vergèze (Gard): ''Maurice Trintignant at the wheel of his life-size Bugatti type 51'' .
* Ville-la-Grand (Haute-Savoie): ''Beef's Head'' , ''Large Pot'' , ''2 Balls'' , ''1 Goal'' , ''2 Children with an Umbrella'' .
* Villeneuve-lès-Béziers (Hérault): ''Fighting Bull'' , ''Water Carrier'' , ''Large Basin'' , ''Large Fountain'' , ''Carrier with Cherubs'' , ''Cup with'' Cherubs , ''Vintner'' , ''Bust of Michel Solans'' .

== Main Exhibitions ==

* 1998: Galerie le Miroir des Maitres, Geneva / Palais des Congrès, Grasse / Coutry-Show, Auteuil / Game Fair, Chambord / Hotel Negresco , Nice / Akashi Museum, Japan.
* 1999: Museum Expression, Louvre Paris / Deco and Garden, Monaco / Vinexpo, Bordeaux / Salon Animalier, Habitat et Décoration, Lyon / Hôtel Martinez, Cannes Festival / Salon des Maires, Porte de Versailles, Paris / Mondial des Relais et Châteaux, Lyon / Art and Taste, Valence / Toulouse Airport /
* 2000: Agricultural Show, Paris / City Team, Lyon / Millennium Gala, Paris / Big Game Hunting, Vincennes / New Towns Show, Paris / Country-Show, Auteuil / Mediterranean Garden Days, Menton / Festivals of Harvest, Montmartre / Interior Decoration, Ecully / Gourmet Stopovers, Lyon Saint-Exupéry Airport / Mayors' Fair, Porte de Versailles, Paris / Art, Flavors and Taste, Fauchon, Paris.
* 2001: Bocuse d'Or, Lyon / Big Game Hunting, Rambouillet / City Team, Lyon / Mayors' Fair, Porte de Versailles, Paris / The Urban and Monumental Gallery, Lally en val / Art-Inter, Saint-Emilion / Maison des Vins, Beaune / Gastronomic Fair, Marcigny / Forum of Local Authorities, Bourg-en-Bresse / Hôtel Impérator, Nîmes.
* 2002: Urbest, Metz / Hôtel Négresco , Nice / Golf Dolce Chantilly, Chantilly / Équipe Ville, Lyon / Olympics of Bacchus, Château La Couspaude, Saint-Emilion / Academy of Arts, Annonay / Heritage Days, La Clayette / Salon des Maires , Porte de Versailles, Paris / Charolais Festival, Charolles / Expo-Toreshima, Oceanographic Museum of Monaco , Principality of Monaco . City 71 Macon.
* 2003: Urbest, Metz / Bocuse d'Or, Lyon / Home Trends, Lyon / French Sommellerie Gala, Pavillon d'Armenonville, Paris / Créativa, Metz / Vinexpo, Bordeaux / Palm-Beach, Cannes / Salon du Négresco, Nice / Wine Festivals, Kienpzheim / Brotherhood of Saint-Etienne, Kaysersberg / Château Mangot, Saint-Emilion / The Urban and Monumental Gallery, Lally en val / Cité 21, Dijon / Salon des Maires, Porte de Versailles, Paris /
* 2004: Since then, Christian Maas has taken part in numerous personal and collective exhibitions. He is present in many sculptural art fairs, and Municipal exhibitions which receive him as guest of honor or as a free candidate... As in the Salons Animaliers de Romorantin, Strasbourg, De Marcigny, and also at the Salons des Companies in Montpellier and that of mixed economies at Alpes-Expo in Grenoble...
* 2007: The Pictorials, Longchaumois / Town Hall of Saint-Claude
* 2008: Since that date, Christian Maas has been on permanent display, in Chantilly, Golf dolché / Enghien, Grand Hôtel Barrière / Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, Town Hall / Saint-Martin-Vésubie, Town Hall / Bordeaux, the Châteaux: La Couspaude , Mangot, Dudon, Hotel Pulmann / Saulieu, Town Hall and Museum Pompon / Vonnas, G. Blanc...
* Since 2009 and for all the following years, his works have been regularly exhibited in more than 30 artistic, thematic or professional exhibitions or fairs such as the Rencontres de la Couspaude ''Le Vin d'ici et l'Eau de là'' , Château La Couspaude - Saint-Émilion , at the local authority fairs in ... Cité 21 Dijon, Cité 71 Macon, Cité 39 Lons-le-Saunier, Équipe Ville in Lyon, and at the Mayors' and National Collectivity Fairs in Paris, Porte de Versailles , at gastronomic fairs such as the Bocuse d'Or, and Sirha in Lyon, Vinexpo in Bordeaux, and also, at the Salons de la Picine Lyon, Arts Déco and Maison in Versailles, at Festivals, and Forums ... etc. His sculptures have been awarded prizes, and also rewarded in many competitions... such as''the Olympiads of Bacchus'' in Saint-Émilion, the competition for apprentice sommeliers at the Percée du Vin Jaune, in Arbois, the final of the selection of the competition for the best sommelier in France in Nimes, chaired by Michel Hermet, president of the French sommelier, and also, ''the Gala des Sommeliers d'Ile de France'' in Paris, represented by their successive Presidents, Mr. Philippe Faure Brac, Jean Michel Deluc, and Jean Louis Jambrozy.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
https://www.leprogres.fr/jura/2011/01/31/les-sculptures-de-christian-maas-s-exposent-pour-la-percee

https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/byron-shire/celebrating-a-legend-with-a-special-vision/news-story/745d64fb8321d55d22942c455a32412a

https://www.artactif.com/fr/artist/maas-christian

https://www.midilibre.fr/2016/11/12/uzes-nouveau-studiolo-le-cabinet-de-curiosites-de-cedric-de-batz,1423300.php

https://www.visitmonaco.com/pt/evento/exposicao/17764/exhibition

[https://www.midilibre.fr/2016/11/12/uzes-nouveau-studiolo-le-cabinet-de-curiosites-de-cedric-de-batz,1423300.php https://www.midilibre.fr/2]https://www.visitmonaco.com/pt/evento/exposicao/17764/exhibition[https://www.midilibre.fr/2016/11/12/uzes-nouveau-studiolo-le-cabinet-de-curiosites-de-cedric-de-batz,1423300.php 016/11/12/uzes-nouveau-studiolo-le-cabinet-de-curiosites-de-cedric-de-batz,1423300.php]

https://www.plazzart.com/fr_FR/achat/art-contemporain/christian-mass-92-cm-15-kg-sculpture-bronze-erotic-sexe-nue-femme-signee-457101

https://www.artsper.com/ch/contemporary-artists/france/15601/christian-maas

https://artshortlist.com/fr/artiste/christian-maas

https://forbes.mc/article/from-monaco-to-mayfair {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704115112/https://forbes.mc/article/from-monaco-to-mayfair |date=2022-07-04 }}

https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/hautes-pyrenees/tarbes/tarbes-statue-du-cheval-cabre-etait-contrefacon-1897680.html

https://www.lasemainedespyrenees.fr/tarbes-la-sculpture-achetee-il-y-a-18-ans-est-une-contrefacon/

https://www.artactif.com/artiste/maas-christian.html
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Lüscher (neurobiologist)

2026-07-17T06:38:48Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|ilc|u=Neuron2018|ns=118|decliner=Whispering|declinets=20181120173933|reason2=adv|ts=20181120153451}} 
{{AFC submission|d|v|u=Neuron2018|ns=118|decliner=K.e.coffman|declinets=20181022065201|small=yes|ts=20180919072855}} 

{{AFC comment|1=Honestly it looks more like a CV than an encyclopedic article. [[User:Whispering|Whispering]]([[User talk:Whispering|t]]) 17:39, 20 November 2018 (UTC)}}

----

'''Christian Lüscher''', M.D. (born April 13, 1963) is a Swiss [[neurobiologist]] and full professor at the Department of Basic Neurosciences of the [[University of Geneva]]<ref>https://www.unige.ch/medecine/neuf/en/</ref>. He is also an attending in neurology at the [[Geneva University Hospital]]<ref>https://www.hug-ge.ch/neurologie/equipe</ref>. Lüscher is known for his contributions in the field of [[addiction]], particularly for establishing links of causality between the drug-evoked [[synaptic plasticity]] and [[adaptive behavior]] in mice<ref>http://www.addictionscience.unige.ch/</ref>.

== Early life ==

Christian Lüscher was born in Bern, [[Switzerland]] and grew up there as well as in the lake of Constance area.

== Education ==

Lüscher studied [[medicine]] in Lausanne and Bern and obtained his federal diploma in 1990. In his [[MD degree]], he studied the effects of axon morphology on action potential propagation. After clinical [[residencies]] at the [[Inselspital]] in Bern and the University Hospital in Geneva, he left for a postdoctoral fellowship at [[UCSF]] (Advisor [[Roger Nicoll]]). He returned to the University of Geneva with a career development award of the [[Swiss National Science Foundation]]<ref>http://p3.snf.ch/project-54962</ref>, where he first became associated (2003) and then a [[full professor]] (2009)<ref>https://www.unige.ch/medecine/neuf/en/research/grecherche/christian-luscher/</ref>.

== Research ==

Lüscher studies how addictive [[drugs]] alter synaptic transmission in the [[reward system]] of the mouse brain<ref>http://sciencenordic.com/mice-experiments-explain-how-addiction-changes-our-brains</ref>. He has proposed a mechanistic classification of addictive drugs and developed [[optogenetic]] stimulation protocols that, when applied in a mouse model of addiction, can erase adaptive behavior<ref>https://discovermagazine.com/2015/may/17-resetting-the-addictive-brain</ref>. In his most recent work, he explores the molecular basis of individual vulnerability to addiction and launched several translational projects. He has initiated the OptoDBS conference series<ref>http://optodbs.ch/ </ref>, seeking to emulate optogenetic interventions with [[deep brain stimulation]].

== Awards and honors ==

2017 Théodore Ott Prize of Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences<ref>https://www.samw.ch/en/Funding/Theodore-Ott-Prize.html </ref>

2016 Betty and David Koetser Award for Brain Research<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://koetserfoundation.org/former-awardees.php |access-date=2018-11-11 |archive-date=2022-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308122759/http://koetserfoundation.org/former-awardees.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

2015– Member [[American College of Neuropsychopharmacology]]

2015– Member Senate of Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences<ref>https://www.samw.ch/en/Portrait/Senate.html </ref>

2010 [[Cloëtta Prize]]<ref>http://www.cloetta-foundation.ch/en/cloetta-prize/</ref>

== Key papers ==

Creed, M, Pascoli V, Lüscher C. Refining deep brain stimulation to emulate optogenetic treatment of synaptic pathology. [[Science (journal)|Science]]. 2015, 347:659-64 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Refining+deep+brain+stimulation+to+emulate+optogenetic+treatment+of+synaptic+pathology DOI:10.1126/science.1260776]

Pascoli V, Terrier J, Espallergues J, Valjent E, O'Connor EC, Lüscher C. Contrasting forms of cocaine-evoked plasticity control components of relapse. [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]. 2014, 509:459-64. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Contrasting+forms+of+cocaine-evoked+plasticity+control+components+of+relapse DOI:10.1038/nature13257]

Bocklisch C, Bocklisch C, Pascoli V, Wong JC, House DR, Yvon C, de Roo M, Tan KR, Lüscher C. Cocaine disinhibits dopamine neurons by potentiation of GABA transmission in the ventral tegmental area. Science. 2013, 341:1521-5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cocaine+disinhibits+dopamine+neurons+by+potentiation+of+GABA+transmission+in+the+ventral+tegmental+area DOI: 10.1126/science.1237059]

Pascoli V, Turiault M & Lüscher C. Reversing cocaine-evoked synaptic plasticity to reset drug-induced adaptive behavior. Nature, 2011, 481:71-5.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pascoli+V%2C+Turiault+M+%26+L%C3%BCscher DOI:10.1038/nature10709]

Tan KR, Brown MT, Labouebe G, Yvon C, Creton C, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U & Lüscher C. Neural bases for addictive properties of benzodiazepines. Nature, 2010, 463:769-74 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Neural+bases+for+addictive+properties+of+benzodiazepines DOI:10.1038/nature08758]

== External links ==

https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=%22Christian%20L%C3%BCscher%22&sort=relevance

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=luscher%2Bc

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{AFC submission|||ts=20181121135504|u=Neuron2018|ns=118}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Christian Lillinger

2026-07-17T06:35:27Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|music|u=Paintjamin|ns=118|decliner=Stevey7788|declinets=20190320015134|ts=20190319102933}} 

{{AFC comment|1=Not notable enough, see [[WP:MUSICBIO]]. — '''[[User:Stevey7788|Stevey7788]]''' ([[User talk:Stevey7788|talk]]) 01:51, 20 March 2019 (UTC)}}

----

Christian Lillinger (born 21 April 1984 in [[Lübben (Spreewald)|Lübben]]) is a German [[drummer]], [[composer]] and [[percussionist]]. He has been living in Berlin since 2003, working as a musician and composer. Christian has performed in concerts and at festivals in Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and the USA. He has played with [[Joachim Kühn]], [[Beat Furrer]], [[Miroslav Vitous]], David Liebmann, [[Wadada Leo Smith]], [[William Parker (musician)|William Parker]], [[Evan Parker]], Luis Sclavis, [[Joe_Lovano|Joe Lovano]], [[Tony Malaby]], etc.

== Biography ==
Christian Lillinger was born on April 21, 1984, in Lübben and grew up in the German village of Kuschkow.<ref name="margasak2011">{{cite journal |author1=Peter Margasak |title=Christian Lillinger: Berlin's Changing Face of Jazz |journal=Downbeat |date=October 2011 |volume=78 |issue=10 |page=15 |url=http://www.downbeat.com/digitaledition/2011/DB201110/single_page_view/15.html |accessdate=26 March 2019 |publisher=Frank Alkyer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/schlagzeuger-christian-lillinger-die-energiemaschine/14936566.html|title=Die Energiemaschine|website=www.tagesspiegel.de|language=de|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref> He started playing drums at the age of 13.
Between 2000 and 2004, he studied with [[Günter Sommer]] at [[Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber]] in [[Dresden]].<ref name="margasak2011" />

In 2000, he won the International Improvisation Contest in Leipzig.

From 2001 to 2003, he was a member of the Bundesjazzorchester (BuJazzO), the German federal youth jazz orchestra, directed by Peter Herbholzheimer.<ref>{{cite web |title=BujazzO - 30 Jahre Bundesjazzorchester |url=http://www.fonoforum.de/rezensionen/2018/jazz-oktober-2018/rezension/tx_news/bujazzo-30-jahre-bundesjazzorchester/?tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=dc256ab519e5f8f03c0dfd0b64c7b3e3 |website=Fono Forum |accessdate=19 March 2019 |language=German}}</ref>

Since 2002, he’s been collaborating intensively with HYPERACTIVE KID with [[Philipp_Gropper|Philipp Gropper]] and Ronny Graupe.<ref name="margasak2011" />

In 2008, Lillinger formed his own band GRUND. The first release ''First Reason'' was released in September 2009, with ''Second Reason'', the second release, following in 2013. Both appeared on [[Clean Feed Records|Clean Feed]]. The third album ''Grund'' was released on Pirouet Records in 2015. The latest album ''COR'' was released in 2018 on his own Plaist label.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Martin Schray |title=Christian Lillingers GRUND - COR (Plaist Music, 2018) |url=http://www.freejazzblog.org/2018/01/christian-lillingers-grund-cor-plaist.html |website=The Free Jazz Collective |accessdate=26 March 2019 |date=2018-01-30}}</ref> It was among the best-reviewed albums of [[Downbeat Magazine]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018: The Year’s Top-Rated Albums |url=http://downbeat.com/news/detail/top-rated-albums-of-2018/P1 |website=Downbeat |accessdate=26 March 2019 |date=2018-12-28}}</ref>

In 2014, he co-founded the band AMOK AMOR with [[Peter Evans (musician)|Peter Evans]], [[Petter Eldh]], and Wanja Slavin. Amok Amor released their self-titled debut in 2015 on Boomslang Records.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mike Collins |title=CD REVIEW: Amok Amor (Eldh/Lillinger/Slavin/Evans) - Amok Amor |url=http://www.londonjazznews.com/2015/11/cd-review-amok-amor-eldhlillingerslavin.html |website=London Jazz news |date=2015-11-13 |access-date=2019-04-22 |archive-date=2015-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124214506/https://londonjazznews.com/2015/11/cd-review-amok-amor-eldhlillingerslavin.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> In 2017, they followed up with ''We know not what we do'', which was released on [[Intakt Records]]. It received mainly positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Glenn Astarita |title=Amok Amor: We Know Not What We Do |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/we-know-not-what-we-do-peter-evans-intakt-records-review-by-glenn-astarita.php |website=All About Jazz |date=2017-07-21}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Amok Amor - We Know Not What We Do (Intakt, 2017) |url=http://www.freejazzblog.org/2018/01/amok-amor-we-know-not-what-we-do-intakt.html |website= The Free Jazz Collective |date=2018-01-29}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Broomer |first1=Stuart |title=We Know Not What We Do - Amok Amor (Intakt) |date=September 2017 |issue=185 |page=21 |url=http://www.nycjazzrecord.com/issues/tnycjr201709.pdf |accessdate=26 March 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |author1=Rui Eduardo Paes |title=Amok Amor: “We Know Not What We Do” (Intakt) |url=https://jazz.pt/ponto-escuta/2017/08/24/amok-amor-we-know-not-what-we-do-intakt/ |website=jazz.pt |accessdate=26 March 2019 |language=Portuguese |date=2017-08-24}}</ref> In April 2017, Amok Amor played Cheltenham Festival, which was broadcast on the [[BBC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jazz Now: Amok Amor |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08wn2rr |website=BBC Radio 3|accessdate=26 March 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Soweto Meets Petter Eldh and Peter Evans Backstage at the Cheltenham Jazz Festival, together they discuss the band 'Amok Amor' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p056fyb5 |website=BBC Radio 3 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |date=2017-07-20}}</ref>
The band dissolved in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amok Amor Official Facebook Page |url=https://www.facebook.com/amokamorofficial/ |website=Facebook |accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref>

Between August 2016 and March 2017, Lillinger was a scholar of the Bartels Foundation in [[Basel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://markgraeflerhof-basel.net/docs/kuenstler.html|title=List of scholars at Im Kleinen Markgräflerhof|last=|first=|date=|website=markgraeflerhof-basel.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111141722/http://markgraeflerhof-basel.net/docs/kuenstler.html|archive-date=2019-01-11|dead-url=yes|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref>

In 2016, the German TV network [[3sat]] produced a documentary about his life and musical passion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gegen den Beat Christian Lillinger und die JazzBaltica |url=https://programm.ard.de/?sendung=2800718546897549 |website=ARD HOME |accessdate=19 March 2019 |language=German}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Gegen den Beat. Christian Lillinger und die JazzBaltica |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6080154/?ref_=ttexrv_exrv_tt |website=IMDB}}</ref>

In 2017, he founded his music label [https://www.plaist-music.com/ PLAIST-MUSIC], which releases contemporary genre-free [[avant-garde]] music. In the same year, Christian was awarded the [[Süddwestrundfunk|SWR]] Jazzpreis 2017.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Martin Laurentius |title=Jazz 2017 Taking a stand - Jazz Oddity |url=https://www.goethe.de/en/kul/mus/21130320.html |website=Goethe Institut |accessdate=26 March 2019 |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=SWR Jazzpreis 2017 für Christian Lillinger Deutschlands fiebrigster Schlagzeuger |url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/musik/der-schlagzeuger-christian-lillinger-erhaelt-den-swr-jazzpreis-2017/-/id=661124/did=18993864/nid=661124/v6g0ep/index.html?fbclid=IwAR0ABnAyJe3pKulECv2fKcFI3Eq2BqWk6yd6ZVz6-ZLwtv4IdWSgFqae_GM |accessdate=19 March 2019 |agency=SWR |date=2017-10-09 |language=German}}</ref>

He plays in the trio PUNKT.VRT.PLASTIK with Swedish bassist [[Petter Eldh|Petter Elh]] and Slovenian pianist [[Kaja Draksler]], with whom he released a self-titled album in 2018. The album was released on [[Intakt Records|Intakt]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Robert Ham |title=Draksler/Eldh/Lillinger Punkt.Vrt.Plastik (Intakt) |url=http://downbeat.com/reviews/detail/punkt.vrt.plastik |website=Downbeat |accessdate=26 March 2019 |date=February 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |author1=Yahvé M. de la Cavada |title=Mágica confluencia de voces jóvenes |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/12/24/actualidad/1545654762_785724.html |website=El País |accessdate=26 March 2019 |language=Spanish |date=2018-12-25}}</ref>

== Honors ==
2017: SWR Jazzpreis 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/musik/der-schlagzeuger-christian-lillinger-erhaelt-den-swr-jazzpreis-2017/-/id=661124/did=18993864/nid=661124/v6g0ep/index.html|title=Schlagzeuger Christian Lillinger erhält SWR Jazzpreis 2017 {{!}} Musik {{!}} SWR2|date=2017-10-09|website=swr.online|language=de|access-date=2018-12-11|archive-date=2019-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326173715/https://www.swr.de/swr2/musik/der-schlagzeuger-christian-lillinger-erhaelt-den-swr-jazzpreis-2017/-/id=661124/did=18993864/nid=661124/v6g0ep/index.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
<references /> 

{{paid|employer=''Plaist Music''|client=''Plaist Music''}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{AFC submission|||ts=20190326103047|u=Paintjamin|ns=118}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Christian Lee (martial artist)

2026-07-17T06:29:36Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|athlete|u=Dilaradoe|ns=118|decliner=Robert McClenon|declinets=20200308194502|ts=20191120152453}} 

{{AFC comment|1=I spent some time cleaning the article a little and adding notable information plus references. There are now citations from a number of notable news sources, along with the sources that were already in use. While the topic does not satisfy the MMA athlete guidelines in that he does not fight for a top-tier organization by their designation, the references do show he satisfies the more general [[WP:NSPORT|sports notability criteria]] in that there are multiple published, non-trivial secondary sources about the subject, such as articles from the Straits Times, South China Morning Post, ABS-CBN Sports, as well as numerous MMA news sources. Looking through the sources I have added, one can see that the articles revolve around him, so they are not of trivial or in-passing nature. They are all independent news sources, which means they satisfy the requirement that they be subject-independent. Lastly they are not all of routine nature since the focus of some of them are on the historical records broken by Lee, as well as about his career in general, demonstrating he is notable enough to have articles written about him and not just the events he is participating in. I will be resubmitting the draft for article creation, as I believe the previous efforts of {{u|Dilaradoe}} along with my own have demonstrated clear notability.}}[[User:Cepiolot|Cepiolot]] ([[User talk:Cepiolot|talk]]) 21:08, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

{{AFC comment|1=

This draft does not appear to indicate that one of the [[WP:NSPORT|sports notability criteria]] is satisfied. If one of the criteria is satisfied, please revise this draft appropriately, with a [[WP:RS|reliable source]], if necessary stating on the talk page which criterion is met, and resubmit. It is the responsibility of the submitter to show that a sportsperson or other subject satisfies a notability criterion.

You may ask for advice about the [[WP:NSPORTS|sports notability criteria]] (or other notability criteria) at [[WP:TEA|the Teahouse]].

{{#if:NMMA|In particular, see and refer to [[WP:NMMA]] for notability|}}. [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|talk]]) 19:45, 8 March 2020 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1={{ping|Robert McClenon}}, according to [[WP:NMMA]], MMA fighters are notable if they fight for a top-tier organization. Unfortunately, [[WP:MMATIER|Wikiproject MMA has determined]] that the [[ONE Championship]] is a Second-Tier organization. [[User:Bkissin|Bkissin]] ([[User talk:Bkissin|talk]]) 16:34, 6 March 2020 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Review as to whether he satisfies [[WP:NMMA|mixed martial arts notability]].

If this draft is accepted, a hatnote will be needed on the other [[Christian Lee]]. [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|talk]]) 16:30, 22 January 2020 (UTC)}}

----



{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Christian Lee
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Christian Lee
| birth_date = June 21, 1998 (age 21)
| birth_place = [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]]
| nickname = The Warrior
| residence = [[Waipahu,_Hawaii|Waipahu, Hawaii]], United States
| nationality = Canadian and American
| height = 5 ft 10 in (1.78m)
| weight = 170 lbs (77.1 kg; 12.1 st)
| weight_class = Featherweight 
Lightweight
| style = [[Pankration]], [[Taekwondo]], [[Brazilian_jiu-jitsu|BJJ]], [[Muay_Thai|Muay Thai]], [[Folkstyle_wrestling|Folkstyle Wrestling]]
| stance = Orthodox
| fighting_out_of = [[Tanjong_Katong|Tanjong Katong]], Singapore
| team = [[Evolve_MMA|Evolve MMA]] 
United MMA
| rank = Black belt in [[Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu|Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Lee - Assistant Instructor, Evolve MMA |url=https://evolve-mma.com/instructors/christian-lee/ |website=Evolve MMA |accessdate=8 November 2019}}</ref>
| years_active = 2015-present
| mma_kowin = 8
| mma_subwin = 4
| mma_decwin = 1
| mma_dqwin =
| mma_otherwin =
| mma_koloss =
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 1
| mma_dqloss = 1
| mma_otherloss =
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc =
| sherdog = https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Christian-Lee-212247

}}

'''Christian Lee''' ([[Chinese_language|Chinese]]: 李胜龙, born June 21, 1998) is a Canadian mixed martial artist of [[Chinese_Singaporeans|Singaporean Chinese]] and [[Koreans|Korean]] heritage who competes in [[ONE_Championship|ONE Championship]] under the [[Singapore]] flag.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Lee Profile |url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Christian-Lee-212247 |website=Sherdog}}</ref><ref name="Chinese name">{{cite web |title=李胜龙 |url=https://www.onefc.com/cn/athletes/christian-lee/ |website=One Championship}}</ref> He is the current ONE Lightweight World Champion and the 2019 ONE Lightweight World Grand Prix Champion.

Born in [[Vancouver]] to a Chinese-Singaporean father and a Korean mother, Lee moved to [[Hawaii]] when he was five years old. As both his parents are decorated martial artists, Lee started training in the sport from a young age.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Figg |first1=Jack |title=FAMILY TREE MMA siblings Angela and Christian Lee went from training age six to both becoming world champions and competing on the same ONE Championship bill |url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/mma/10119685/angela-christian-lee-one-championship/ |website=The Sun}}</ref> Lee’s older sister [[Angela_Lee|Angela]] (born July 8, 1996, in Vancouver) is also an MMA fighter with ONE Championship<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-13|title=One Championship: Christian Lee steps out of sister Angela's shadow|url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/martial-arts/mixed-martial-arts/article/3032722/one-championship-christian-lee-steps-out|access-date=2020-06-14|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> and his two younger siblings, Victoria and Adrian (born in [[Waipahu,_Hawaii|Waipahu]]), also train in martial arts.

At the 2012 USA Pankration national championships, Lee won two national titles and one silver medal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paz |first1=Reagan |title=Continuing a legacy: The Lee siblings fight their way to gold at world pankration tournament |url=https://trojantimes.org/3742/archive/continuing-a-legacy-the-lee-siblings-fight-their-way-to-gold-at-world-pankration-tournament/ |website=Trojan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Danilewicz |first1=Jack |title=Mililani's Lee Ohana Keeping Alive Ancient Greek Combat |url=http://www.midweek.com/mililanis-lee-ohana-keeping-alive-ancient-greek-combat/ |website=MidWeek}}</ref> He also won the World Championship in the MMA division at the 2012 World Athlima Pangration Federation championships.<ref>{{cite web |title=United MMA Instructors |url=https://www.unitedmmahawaii.com/instructors |website=United MMA |access-date=2020-04-21 |archive-date=2019-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108082339/https://www.unitedmmahawaii.com/instructors |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2012 World Pangration Championship |url=http://www.worldpangration.net/index.php/2011-08-15-07-10-58/89-results-1/94-2012-worldpangration-championship-results-agon |website=World Pangration Athlima Federation |access-date=2020-04-21 |archive-date=2016-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913021734/http://worldpangration.net/index.php/2011-08-15-07-10-58/89-results-1/94-2012-worldpangration-championship-results-agon |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

On May 17, 2019, Lee defeated [[Shinya_Aoki|Shinya Aoki]] to win the [[List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Lightweight_Championship|ONE Lightweight (170 lbs) World Title]] and became the youngest-ever male mixed martial arts world champion,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=David |title=MMA: Christian Lee beats Japan's Shinya Aoki to become One Championship's youngest world champion |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/mma-christian-lee-beats-japans-shinya-aoki-to-become-one-championships-youngest-world-champion |website=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Youngest MMA World Champions in History are Asian Siblings |url=https://nextshark.com/angela-lee-christian-lee-youngest-mma-champions/ |website=NextShark |accessdate=11 June 2020}}</ref> as well as the first brother-sister pair of mixed martial arts world champions, with his sister holding the ONE Atomweight Championship.<ref name="brosispair"/>

Lee trains out of United MMA in Waipahu, Hawaii and Evolve MMA in Singapore, alongside his teammate and sister, Angela and her husband, [[Bruno_Pucci|Bruno Pucci]], who also competes in ONE Championship’s bantamweight division.

== Martial Arts Career ==

Lee made his amateur debut in 2015 at Star Elite Cage Fighting, where he defeated Avery Sanchis via first-round submission.<ref>{{cite web |title=SEC STAR ELITE CAGE FIGHTING |url=https://www.sherdog.com/events/SEC-Star-Elite-Cage-Fighting-47683 |website=Sherdog}}</ref>

=== ONE Championship ===

At the age of 17, Lee signed with [[ONE_Championship|ONE Championship]] and made his promotional debut at [[2015_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Spirit_of_Champions|ONE Championship: Spirit of Champions]] on December 11, 2015, earning his first career win with a 29-second TKO of David Meak.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knapp |first1=Brian |title=Brandon Vera KOs Paul Cheng, Claims Inaugural One Championship Heavyweight Crown |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Brandon-Vera-KOs-Paul-Cheng-Claims-Inaugural-One-Championship-Heavyweight-Crown-97031 |website=Sherdog}}</ref>

Lee followed that up by submitting Mahmoud Deab Mohamed in the first round with a kimura at [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Clash_of_Heroes|ONE Championship: Clash Of Heroes]] in January 29, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knapp |first1=Brian |title=Ev Ting Guillotine Submits Eric Kelly in One Championship 'Clash of Heroes' Main Event |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Ev-Ting-Guillotine-Submits-Eric-Kelly-in-One-Championship-Clash-of-Heroes-Main-Event-99355 |website=Sherdog}}</ref>

On March 18, 2016, he earned another first-round win against Anthony Engelen at [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Union_of_Warriors|ONE Championship: Union of the Warriors]] with a TKO stoppage by punches and elbow<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knapp |first1=Brian |title=Aung La N Sang Guillotines Mohamed Ali in One Championship 'Union of Warriors' Main Event |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Aung-La-N-Sang-Guillotines-Mohamed-Ali-in-One-Championship-Union-of-Warriors-Main-Event-102167 |website=Sherdog}}</ref>

At [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Ascent_to_Power|ONE Championship: Ascent To Power]] on May 6, 2016, Lee improved to 4-0 when he submitted Cary Bullos in the opening round with a brabo choke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knapp |first1=Brian |title=Angela Lee Takes Atomweight Title in FOTY Contender at One Championship 42 |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Angela-Lee-Takes-Atomweight-Title-in-FOTY-Contender-at-One-Championship-42-104549 |website=Sherdog}}</ref>

Lee continued his streak of first-round finishes when he stopped Rocky Batolbatol by TKO at [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Kingdom_of_Champions|ONE Championship: Kingdom Of Champions]] in May 27, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Icasiano |first1=Nissi |title=ONE FC: Pinoy MMA bet Rocky Batolbatol yields to Christian Lee |url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/by-sport/other-sports/134535-mma-one-fc-filipino-rocky-batolbatol-loses-christian-lee |website=Rappler}}</ref>

In his next match on August 13, 2016, Lee suffered his first professional defeat to rising featherweight Martin Nguyen at [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Heroes_of_the_World|ONE Championship: Heroes of the World]], losing in the first-round via a guillotine choke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Critchfield |first1=Tristen |title=Adriano Moraes Submits Tilek Batyrov, Claims Interim 135-Pound Crown at One Championship 45 |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Adriano-Moraes-Submits-Tilek-Batyrov-Claims-Interim-135Pound-Crown-at-One-Championship-45-109795 |website=Sherdog}}</ref>

Lee rebounded by defeating Wan Jianping with a first-round TKO at [[2017_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Kings_of_Destiny|ONE Championship: Kings of Destiny]] on April 21, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=MMA: Philippines' Eduard Folayang retains championship on home soil |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/sport/eduard-folayang-retains-onechampionship-lightweight-on-home-soil-8782602 |website=ChannelNewsAsia |access-date=2020-04-21 |archive-date=2019-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108082347/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/sport/eduard-folayang-retains-onechampionship-lightweight-on-home-soil-8782602 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

For the first time in his career, Lee was pushed to three rounds before finally submitting Keanu Subba with an armbar at [[2017_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Quest_for_Greatness|ONE Championship: Quest for Greatness]] on August 18, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Lee submits Keanu Subba in third round of featherweight battle |url=https://www.asiaone.com/asia/christian-lee-submits-keanu-subba-third-round-featherweight-battle |website=AsiaOne}}</ref>

On December 9, 2017, at [[2017_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Warriors_of_the_World|ONE Championship: Warriors of the World]], Lee defeated former ONE Lightweight World Champion [[Kotetsu_Boku|Kotetsu Boku]] in the first round by TKO.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Jake |title=Christian Lee stops Kotetsu Boku with an incredible slam KO |url=https://thebodylockmma.com/one-championship/christian-lee-stops-kotetsu-boku-in-the-first-round-with-an-incredible-slam/ |website=The Body Lock}}</ref>

Lee submitted [[Kazunori_Yokota|Kazunori Yokota]] in the second round at [[2018_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Visions_of_Victory|ONE Championship: Visions of Victory]] in March 9, 2018 to clinch his fourth straight win.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Lee defeats Kazunori Yokota, makes history in Malaysia |url=http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/mixed-martial-arts/article/christian-lee-defeats-kazunori-yokota-makes-history-in-malaysia/82814 |website=Stadiumastro}}</ref>

After his strong run of performances, Lee would earn a title shot against [[List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Featherweight_Championship|ONE Featherweight World Champion]] Martin Nguyen at [[2018_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Unstoppable_Dreams|ONE Championship: Unstoppable Dreams]] on 18 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maralit |first1=Kristina |title=Martin Nguyen makes quick ONE return in match vs. Christian Lee in Singapore |url=http://www.snippetmedia.com/snippetx/?p=6786 |website=SnippetX}}</ref> Following a five-round back-and-forth battle, Lee would lose by a narrow split-decision, marking his second defeat to the Vietnamese-Australian featherweight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Martin Nguyen edges Christian Lee at One: Unstoppable Dreams |url=https://www.fightnewsaustralia.com/martin-nguyen-edges-christian-lee-at-one-unstoppable-dreams/ |website=FightNewsAustralia}}</ref>

Lee dropped another match against Filipino Edward Kelly at [[2018_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Beyond_The_Horizon|ONE Championship: Beyond the Horizon]] on September 8, 2018 after he was disqualified under the promotion’s global martial art ruleset.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Peter |title=ONE Championship results: Christian Lee DQ'd for spiking Edward Kelly on his head |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/9/8/17834410/one-championship-results-christian-lee-dqd-for-spiking-edward-kelly-on-his-head |website=MMA Fighting}}</ref> During his takedown of Kelly, Lee was judged to have used an illegal belly-to-back suplex that caused Kelly to land on his head and neck.

He got back on the win sheet against former [[Pancrase]] Lightweight Champion [[Kazuki_Tokudome|Kazuki Tokudome]] in a 73kg catchweight bout at [[2018_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Heart_of_the_Lion|ONE Championship: Heart of the Lion]] on 9 November 2018, defeating the Japanese fighter in the first-round via TKO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Lee finishes former King of Pancrase Kazuki Tokudome |url=https://asiamma.com/news-2/breaking-news/christian-lee-finishes-former-king-of-pancrase-kazuki-tokudome/ |website=ASIAMMA |access-date=2020-04-21 |archive-date=2019-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108082335/https://asiamma.com/news-2/breaking-news/christian-lee-finishes-former-king-of-pancrase-kazuki-tokudome/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The match was added to the card on short notice after his sister [[Angela Lee]], who was scheduled to face Xiong Jing Nan for the ONE Strawweight Championship, was forced to pull out due to a back injury.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Jay |title=Angela Lee Out of ONE Championship: Heart of the Lion |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2018/11/04/angela-lee-one-championship-heart-lion/ |accessdate=11 June 2020 |work=Cageside Press |date=4 November 2018}}</ref>

In his anticipated rematch against Edward Kelly at [[2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Eternal_Glory|ONE Championship: Eternal Glory]] on January 19, 2019, Lee stopped Kelly via first-round TKO and pushed his overall record to 14-3.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giongco |first1=Mark |title=ONE: Team Lakay's Edward Kelly stopped by Christian Lee in 1st round of rematch |url=https://sports.inquirer.net/335327/breaking-team-lakay-edward-kelly-stopped-by-christian-lee-1st-round-rematch-one-eternal-glory |website=Inquirer.net}}</ref>

====ONE Lightweight Champion====

Lee agreed to an open challenge for the title from [[List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Lightweight_Championship|ONE Lightweight World Champion]] [[Shinya_Aoki|Shinya Aoki]], issued in March 2019 just after Aoki had won the Lightweight title himself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shinya Aoki stares down Christian Lee in Singapore |url=https://asiamma.com/promotions/one-fc/shinya-aoki-stares-down-christian-lee-in-singapore/ |website=ASIAMMA |access-date=2020-04-21 |archive-date=2019-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108082337/https://asiamma.com/promotions/one-fc/shinya-aoki-stares-down-christian-lee-in-singapore/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jennings |first1=Leon |title=Shinya Aoki Surprised By Surprised Reaction To Christian Lee Call Out |url=https://apmma.net/shinya-aoki-surprised-by-surprised-reaction-to-christian-lee-call-out/ |website=Asian Persuasion MMA}}</ref> Lee, a featherweight, would be moving up a division in order to challenge for the belt.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Honasan |first1=Santino |title=ONE Championship: Shinya Aoki to defend LW title against Christian Lee, Sage Northcutt to make debut in Singapore |url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/onechampionship/news/2019/04/05/aoki-vs-lee-sage-northcutt-debut-set-singapore-55419 |accessdate=11 June 2020 |work=[[ABS-CBN Sports]] |date=5 April 2019 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406133019/https://sports.abs-cbn.com/onechampionship/news/2019/04/05/aoki-vs-lee-sage-northcutt-debut-set-singapore-55419 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> On May 17, 2019, at [[2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Enter_the_Dragon|ONE Championship: Enter The Dragon]], Lee survived an armbar submission attempt to upset the Japanese grappling legend in the second-round via TKO finish and win his first mixed martial arts world title.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cruz |first1=Guilherme |title=Christian Lee survives armbar scare, knocks out Shinya Aoki to win ONE Championship title |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/5/17/18629409/christian-lee-tko-shinya-aoki-win-one-championship-title |website=MMA Fighting}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Atkin |first1=Nick |title=One Championship: Christian Lee stuns Shinya Aoki to win lightweight title on night of huge shocks in Singapore |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/mixed-martial-arts/article/3010743/one-championship-christian-lee-stuns-shinya-aoki-win |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> His victory also made him the youngest ever male mixed martial arts world champion,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=David |title=MMA: Christian Lee beats Japan's Shinya Aoki to become One Championship's youngest world champion |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/mma-christian-lee-beats-japans-shinya-aoki-to-become-one-championships-youngest-world-champion |website=The Straits Times}}</ref> as well as the first ever brother-sister pair of world champions in the history of mixed martial arts, with his sister [[Angela Lee]] holding the ONE Atomweight Championship.<ref name="brosispair">{{cite news |last1=Atkin |first1=Nick |title=One Championship: Christian Lee stuns Shinya Aoki to win lightweight title on night of huge shocks in Singapore |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/mixed-martial-arts/article/3010743/one-championship-christian-lee-stuns-shinya-aoki-win |accessdate=11 June 2020 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

On September 26, 2019, ONE Championship Chairman and founder [[Chatri_Sityodtong|Chatri Sityodtong]] announced that Lee had accepted an offer to serve as a late-notice replacement for the injured [[Eddie_Alvarez|Eddie Alvarez]] in the [[2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Lightweight_Grand_Prix_bracket|ONE Lightweight World Grand Prix]] Championship Final. The match would be against Turkish finalist Saygid Guseyn Arslanaliev at [[2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Century|ONE Championship: Century Part I]] on 13 October 2019, after initial replacement Filipino fighter Edouard Folayang had trouble with visa issues. The late insertion into the event would allow Lee to fight on the same card as his sister [[Angela Lee]], who was defending her Atomweight title that night.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Lee replaces injured Eddie Alvarez in ONE lightweight World Grand Prix final |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/9/26/20885036/christian-lee-replaces-injured-eddie-alvarez-in-one-lightweight-world-grand-prix-final |website=MMA Fighting}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aziz |first1=Sazali Abdul |title=MMA: Christian Lee replaces injured Eddie Alvarez in One Championship grand prix final in Tokyo |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/mma-christian-lee-replaces-injured-eddie-alvarez-in-one-championship-grand-prix-final-in-tokyo |accessdate=11 June 2020 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=30 September 2019}}</ref> Lee would go on to win by unanimous decision, earning the ONE Lightweight Word Grand Prix Championship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tahilramani |first1=Gaurav |title=Defeating Saygid Guseyn Arslanaliev, Christian Lee became the ONE Lightweight Grand Prix champion |url=http://www.livesportasia.com/mma/defeating-saygid-guseyn-arslanaliev-christian-lee-became-the-one-lightweight-grand-prix-champion-lsa1040 |website=Live Sport Asia}}</ref>

== Championships and accomplishments ==

=== Amateur pankration ===

* '''World Pangration Athlima Federation World Championships:'''
**2012 Agon Men, cadets, 60 kg - Champion.<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 World Pangration Championship results |url=http://www.worldpangration.net/index.php/2011-08-15-07-10-58/89-results-1/94-2012-worldpangration-championship-results-agon |website=World Pangration Athlima Federation |access-date=2020-04-21 |archive-date=2016-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913021734/http://worldpangration.net/index.php/2011-08-15-07-10-58/89-results-1/94-2012-worldpangration-championship-results-agon |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
*'''USA Pankration National Championships'''
**2012 Youth, Boys, Ages 12 - 13, 125 - 153 lbs, Silver.<ref>{{cite web |title=USA Pankration National Championships |url=https://fightleague.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2011_USA_National_Championships.pdf |website=FightLeague |access-date=2020-04-21 |archive-date=2019-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108082337/https://fightleague.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2011_USA_National_Championships.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

=== Mixed martial arts ===

* '''[[ONE_Championship|ONE Championship]]'''
** [[List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Lightweight_Championship|ONE Lightweight World Champion]] (one-time, current)
** [[List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Tournament_Winners|2019 ONE Lightweight World Grand Prix Champion]]

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc=
| ko-wins= 8
| ko-losses= 0
| sub-wins= 4
| sub-losses= 1
| dec-wins= 1
| dec-losses= 1
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses= 1
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center|13–3
| Saygid Guseyn Arslanaliev
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[2019_in_ONE_Championship#Part 1|ONE Championship: Century Part 1]]
| {{dts|2019|October|13}}
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
| {{small|Won the [[2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Lightweight_Grand_Prix_bracket|ONE Lightweight World Grand Prix Championship]].}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 12–3
| [[Shinya Aoki]]
| TKO (punches)
| [[2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Enter_the_Dragon|ONE Championship: Enter The Dragon]]
| |{{dts|2019|May|17}}
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:51
| [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]
| {{small|Won the [[List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Lightweight_Championship|ONE Lightweight World Title]].}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 11–3
| Edward Kelly
| TKO (punches)
| [[2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Eternal_Glory|ONE Championship: Eternal Glory]]
| {{dts|2019|January|19|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:53
| [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 10–3
| [[Kazuki_Tokudome|Kazuki Tokudome]]
| TKO (punches)
| [[2018_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Heart_of_the_Lion|ONE Championship: Heart of the Lion]]
| {{dts|2018|November|9|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:07
| [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]
| {{small|Catchweight bout (73 kg)}}
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 9–3
| Edward Kelly
| DQ (illegal suplex)
| [[2018_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Beyond_The_Horizon|ONE Championship: Beyond the Horizon]]
| {{dts|2018|September|8|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:19
| [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 9–2
| Martin Nguyen
| Decision (split)
| [[2018_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Unstoppable_Dreams|ONE Championship: Unstoppable Dreams]]
| {{dts|2018|May|18|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]
| {{small|For the [[List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Featherweight_Championship|ONE Featherweight World Championship]].}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 9–1
| [[Kazunori_Yokota|Kazunori Yokota]]
| Submission (Guillotine Choke)
| [[2018_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Visions_of_Victory|ONE Championship: Visions of Victory]]
| {{dts|2018|March|9|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:34
| [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 8–1
| [[Kotetsu_Boku|Kotetsu Boku]]
| TKO (punches)
| [[2017_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Warriors_of_the_World|ONE Championship: Warriors of the World]]
| {{dts|2017|December|9|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:24
| [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 7–1
| Keanu Subba
| Submission (armbar)
| [[2017_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Quest_for_Greatness|ONE Championship: Quest for Greatness]]
| {{dts|2017|August|18|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 1:11
| [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 6–1
| Jianping Wan
| TKO (punches)
| [[2017_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Kings_of_Destiny|ONE Championship: Kings Of Destiny]]
| {{dts|2017|April|21|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:50
| [[Manila, Philippines]]
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 5–1
| Martin Nguyen
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Heroes_of_the_World|ONE Championship: Heroes of the World]]
| {{dts|2016|August|13|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:30
| [[Macau|Macau, China]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5–0
| Rocky Batolbatol
| TKO (punches)
| [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Kingdom_of_Champions|ONE Championship: Kingdom of Champions]]
| {{dts|2016|May|27|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:14
| [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Cary Bullos
| Submission (brabo choke)
| [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Ascent_to_Power|ONE Championship: Ascent to Power]]
| {{dts|2016|May|6|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:07
| [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Anthony Engelen
| TKO (punches and elbows)
| [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Union_of_Warriors|ONE Championship: Union of Warriors]]
| {{dts|2016|March|18|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:14
| [[Yangon,_Myanmar|Yangon, Myanmar]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Mahmoud Deab Mohamed
| Submission (kimura)
| [[2016_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Clash_of_Heroes|ONE Championship: Clash of Heroes]]
| {{dts|2016|January|29|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:20
| [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| David Meak
| TKO (punches)
| [[2015_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Spirit_of_Champions|ONE Championship: Spirit of Champions]]
| {{dts|2015|December|11|format=mdy}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:29
| [[Manila, Philippines]]
|
|-
{{end}}

==See also==
*[[List of current ONE fighters]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Christian}}
[[:Category:1998 births]]
[[:Category:Living people]]
[[:Category:Canadian mixed martial artists]]
[[:Category:Featherweight mixed martial artists]]
[[:Category:Sportspeople from Hawaii]]
[[:Category:Canadian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]
[[:Category:Sportspeople from Vancouver]]
[[:Category:Lightweight mixed martial artists]]
[[:Category:Canadian taekwondo practitioners]]
[[:Category:Mixed martial artists from Hawaii]]
[[:Category:Canadian people of Chinese descent]]
[[:Category:Canadian people of Korean descent]]
[[:Category:Canadian people of Singaporean descent]]

{{AFC submission|||ts=20200611210911|u=Cepiolot|ns=118}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Christian Layland

2026-07-17T06:26:08Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Christian Layland|timestamp=20160301044107|year=2016|month=March|day=1|substed=yes}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox comedian
|name = Christian Layland
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|birth_name = Christian Layland-Greenaway
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|7|5|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Wollongong]], [[Australia]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = [[Media personality]], Media Officer for [[Melbourne Victory FC W-League|Melbourne Victory Women]] and [[Football Federation Victoria]]
|nationality = Australian
|active = 2010s–present
|genre =
|subject = [[Association Football]]
|influences =
|influenced =
|spouse =
|domesticpartner =
|notable_work = [[The Football Sack|The Football Sack Podcast]]
|signature =
|website =
|footnotes =
|current_members =
|past_members =
}}

'''Christian Layland-Greenaway''' (born 1989) aspires to be an Australian football media personality after hosting episodes of The Football Sack Podcast. After a three-year hiatus, Layland returned successfully to the broadcast of the Football Sack Podcast in 2014.

==Early life==
Born 5 July 1989, Layland went to Doubtful Creek Primary School, Stratheden Public School and Casino Public School in Regional [[New South Wales]] before attending Casino High School until Grade Ten. In 2006 he was awarded a Champagnat Bursary at [[Marist College Ashgrove]] in [[Brisbane]] where he completed his final two years of schooling. Layland studied Business at [[Southern Cross University]],<ref>"http://www.northernstar.com.au/story/2011/05/07/fun-run-to-help-children-christian-layland-chapman/" [[The Northern Star]], Retrieved 3 March 2012</ref> majoring in Sports Management and Digital Marketing.

==Career==

===The Football Sack===
Christian Layland, along with Matthew Greenlaw, co-founded The Football Sack in early 2010 after seeing a gap in the market for alternative football media in Australia.<ref>"http://www.echonews.com.au/story/2011/05/12/grabbing-sports-journalism-by-the-balls/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317182933/http://www.echonews.com.au/story/2011/05/12/grabbing-sports-journalism-by-the-balls/ |date=17 March 2012 }}" The Northern Rivers Echo, Retrieved 3 March 2011</ref> While The Football Sack achieved recognition such as 2011 [[Football New South Wales]] Media Organisation of the Year<ref>"http://www2.footballnsw.com.au/index.php?id=17&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5783&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=389&cHash=0bd8d5b926" Football New South Wales, Retrieved 3 March 2012</ref> and runner-up as 2010/11 Football Website of the Year at the Australian Football Media Awards under his watch, it was Layland's contribution to The Football Sack Podcast that truly brought him into the spotlight.

Accompanying Jack Quigley as the two original hosts, the pair took the podcast world by storm, reaching the Number One ranking on [[iTunes Store|iTunes]] Australia's 'Sporting Podcasts' list<ref>"http://www.scu.edu.au/news/media.php?item_id=1717&action=show_item&type=M {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315113041/http://scu.edu.au/news/media.php?item_id=1717&action=show_item&type=M |date=15 March 2016 }}" Southern Cross University, Retrieved 3 March 2012</ref> in a little over three months on air. The show's popularity was due to the on-air chemistry between Quigley and Layland, which saw them produce an informative show with a balance of humour, discussion and tactical analysis never heard before in Australia. Recorded in Southern Cross University's Lismore studio, the show won Football Podcast of the Year in consecutive seasons<ref>"http://www.northernstar.com.au/news/another-award-on-the-cards-for-podcast/2571439/" The Northern Star, Retrieved 20 July 2015</ref> (2010/11 & 2011/12) until Layland's relocation to [[Melbourne]] in October 2011.

===Return to The Football Sack===
Following three years away from the microphone, Layland and Quigley reunited for the 2014 World Cup<ref>"http://www.echo.net.au/2014/06/return-football-sack/" The Northern Rivers Echo, Retrieved 20 July 2015</ref> and were joined by Pat Flaherty. The show was an instant success, reaching number 41 on the iTunes Australia charts with over 17,000 downloads in only five weeks of production.<ref>"http://www.thefootballsack.com/2015/03/how-to-vote-2015-ffdu-awards.html" The Football Sack, Retrieved 20 July 2015</ref>

The show saw a number of high-profile guests ranging from Socceroos, AFL players, media personalities and music stars and claimed an unprecedented third Football Podcast of the Year award, the first program to achieve this milestone.<ref>"http://www.thefootballsack.com/2015/05/the-football-sack-2015-champions.html" The Football Sack, Retrieved 20 July 2015</ref>

==Awards/Nominations==

===Southern Cross University===
*2011 Excellence in the Arts - Winner<ref>"http://discover.scu.edu.au/2011/issue10/index.php/6" Southern Cross University, Retrieved 3 March 2012</ref>

===Australian Football Media Awards===
*2010/11 Football Podcast of the Year - Winner
*2011/12 Football Podcast of the Year - Winner
*2014/15 Football Podcast of the Year - Winner

*2012/13 Football Podcast of the Year - Runner-up
*2010/11 Blogger of the Year - Runner-up

*2011/12 Football Personality of the Year - Nominee

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thefootballsack.com/p/about.html/ The Football Sack 'About' page]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Layland, Christian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Layland-Greenaway, Christian
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Football media personality
| DATE OF BIRTH = 5 July 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Wollongong, Australia
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Layland, Christian}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Southern Cross University alumni]] {{⚠️🚨COPIED from en.EverybodyWiki.com ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Hurst

2026-07-17T06:06:55Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Infobox person
|name=Hurst
|given name=Christian
|image=Author Christian Hurst at Tattered Corners Bookstore.jpg
|birth_date=1982-11-23
|nationality=American
|education=HACC, Central Pennsylvania's Community College, PennWest Edinboro
|MainAdvanced=Yes
|occupation=Author
|OqAdvanced=No
|polAdvanced=No
|children=1
|famAdvanced=No
}}

'''Christian Hurst''' (born November 23, 1982)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Hurst {{!}} Author {{!}} LibraryThing |url=https://www.librarything.com/a/30279742/Christian-Hurst |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=LibraryThing.com |language=en}}</ref> is an American author, creative director, and brand strategist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Hurst |url=https://christianhurst.link/ |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=Gravatar |language=en}}</ref> He is best known as the creator of the young adult space opera book series ''Lily Starling''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Lily Starling and the Voyage of the Salamander by Christian Hurst {{!}} BookLife |url=http://booklife.com/project/lily-starling-and-the-voyage-of-the-salamander-99939 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=booklife.com}}</ref> and for his career in corporate brand leadership.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Christian Hurst - Director Of Brand Strategy And Creative Services at AARP |url=https://theorg.com/org/aarp/org-chart/christian-hurst |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=THE ORG |language=en}}</ref>

== Early Life and Education ==
Hurst was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Christian Hurst |url=https://podcastguests.com/expert/authorchristianhurst/ |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=Podcast Guests |language=en-US}}</ref> He was raised in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), an upbringing he has noted influenced his later worldview regarding absolutism and identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embracing Authenticity: A Conversation with Author Christian Hurst |url=https://www.eunoiazen.com/blog/embracing-authenticity-a-conversation-with-author-christian-hurst |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=Eunoia Zen Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> He left the church as a young adult and identifies as an atheist and humanist.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Interview with Author Christian Hurst |url=https://bookviewreview.com/2026/04/25/interview-with-author-christian-hurst/ |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=BookView Review |language=en}}</ref>

As a teenager, Hurst began his career in design as a graphic design intern for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=John |date=2025-12-31 |title=Big Adventure, Real Feelings, and Lasting Hope {{!}} Christian Hurst |url=https://richardsonsrubicon.com/rug-pulls-not-plot-holes/ |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=Richardson's Rubicon Podcast |language=en-GB}}</ref> He went on to study graphic design at Harrisburg Area Community College<ref>{{Cite web |title=HACC Announces Fall Dean's List |url=https://www.hacc.edu/newsroom/2007/hacc-announces-fall-deans-list.cfm |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=www.hacc.edu |language=en}}</ref> before attending Edinboro University of Pennsylvania (now PennWest Edinboro).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurst |first=Christian |date=2026-06-30 |title=Full Circle in Northwest Pennsylvania |url=https://christianhurst.substack.com/p/full-circle-in-northwest-pennsylvania |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=The Salamander Log — The Lily Starling Newsletter}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hurst built a career combining in-house and agency roles within corporate design and brand strategy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Hurst |url=https://christianhurstdesign.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321092339/https://christianhurstdesign.com/ |archive-date=2025-03-21 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=christianhurstdesign.com |language=en-US |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKMTe0h13TU |title=Accountability Over AI: Christian Hurst's Framework for Creative Integrity |date=2026-04-01 |last=Your Brand Amplified® |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref> While living in Northwest Pennsylvania, he left university to pursue professional opportunities full-time.<ref name=":1" />

He eventually joined Marriott International, serving as Design Director during the company's major merger with Starwood Hotels & Resorts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. H. R. |date=2016-12-15 |title=Marriott Content Studio Launches Half-Hour Reality Series ‘Hotel Countdown’ (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marriott-content-studio-launches-hour-reality-series-hotel-countdown-956469/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-28 |title=Marriott International seals deal on mega-merger of rewards programs -- And the perks are seemingly endless |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/marriott-international-seals-deal-mega-195450027.html |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> In this role, Hurst led design and brand initiatives across Marriott's global hotel portfolio and played a key part in the social strategy and development of the Marriott Bonvoy loyalty program.<ref name=":2" /> He later transitioned to a senior brand leadership role at AARP.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKMTe0h13TU |title=Accountability Over AI: Christian Hurst's Framework for Creative Integrity |date=2026-04-01 |last=Your Brand Amplified® |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Literary Career ==
In January 2025, Hurst self-published his debut novel, ''Lily Starling and the Voyage of the Salamander''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurst |first=Christian |date=2025-05-07 |title=Sci-Fi Author Christian Hurst on Creativity, Resilience, and Making Art Anyway |url=https://christianhurst.substack.com/p/sci-fi-author-christian-hurst-on |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=The Salamander Log — The Lily Starling Newsletter}}</ref> The young adult space opera introduces themes of time travel, found family, and characters navigating corrupt systems of control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contributor |first=Today's Read |date=2025-10-23 |title=Lily Starling: The Indie Sci-Fi Saga Making Waves |url=https://todaysread.com/lily-starling-the-indie-sci-fi-saga-making-waves/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Todays Read |language=en-US}}</ref>

Utilizing his background in brand strategy and marketing, the book achieved notable independent success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contributor |first=NY Review |date=2025-10-26 |title=Lily Starling: Christian Hurst’s Uplifting Space Opera that’s Winning Hearts Across the Galaxy |url=https://nyreview.com/lily-starling-christian-hursts-uplifting-space-opera-thats-winning-hearts-across-the-galaxy/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=NY Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Hurst subsequently entered into a publishing partnership with Outpost Books, an independent press based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://parkmagazineny.com/reframing-space-opera-inside-christian-hursts-character-driven-sci-fi/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=parkmagazineny.com}}</ref> Under this partnership, the debut novel was reissued in a revised second edition featuring updated formatting, professional editing, and new cover art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lily Starling and the Voyage of the Salamander |url=https://richbooksmagazine.com/book/lily-starling-and-the-voyage-of-the-salamander |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=richbooksmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Recognition and Awards ===
The ''Lily Starling'' series has received positive critical reception.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-20 |title=A New Take on Space Opera: Author Christian Hurst Earns Three Top Honors at The BookFest - CB Herald |url=https://cbherald.com/a-new-take-on-space-opera-author-christian-hurst-earns-three-top-honors-at-the-bookfest/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2026, ''Lily Starling and the Voyage of the Salamander'' won the Gold Medal for "Best First Book (Juvenile/Young Adult)" at the Independent Publisher Book Awards (IPPY Awards).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Allison |date=2026-06-22 |title=2026 Medalists - General Categories {{!}} IPPY Book Awards |url=https://ippyawards.com/blog/2026-medalists |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Independent Publisher Book Awards |language=en-US}}</ref>

The series has been reviewed by ''Kirkus Reviews'' and was featured in an August 2026 industry spotlight in ''Kirkus Reviews Magazine''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/christian-hurst/lily-starling-and-the-death-machine/ |title=LILY STARLING AND THE DEATH MACHINE {{!}} Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, media coverage has highlighted Hurst's work within broader trend analyses of independent publishing, and reviewers have praised the series' organic inclusion of LGBTQ+ themes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bates |first=Chris |date=2026-06-23 |title=Book Review: Lily Starling and the Voyage of the Salamander by Christian Hurst |url=https://northpennnow.com/news/2026/jun/23/book-review-lily-starling-and-the-voyage-of-the-salamander-by-christian-hurst/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=North Penn Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Bibliography ===
The series is projected to span five volumes following the central protagonist, Lily, who is transported 500 years into the future.<ref name=":3" /> Hurst has also stated intentions for a subsequent five-book sequel series following the same characters later in life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Hurst |url=https://literarytitan.com/tag/christian-hurst/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=LITERARY TITAN |language=en-US}}</ref>

* '''''Lily Starling and the Voyage of the Salamander''''' (ISBN 979-8218788032, January 30, 2025)<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.librarything.com/work/34253834/book/315999655 |title=Lily Starling and the Voyage of the Salamander |date=2025-01-30 |isbn=979-8-218-78803-2}}</ref>
* '''''Lily Starling and the Storm Riders''''' (ISBN 979-8993932712, July 14, 2025)<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.librarything.com/work/35079870/t/Lily-Starling-and-the-Storm-Riders |title=Lily Starling and the Storm Riders}}</ref>
* '''''Lily Starling and the Death Machine''''' (ISBN 979-8993932705, April 30, 2026)<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.librarything.com/work/36290701/t/Lily-Starling-and-the-Death-Machine |title=Lily Starling and the Death Machine}}</ref>
* '''''Lily Starling and the River of Time''''' (ISBN 979-8993932774, September 9, 2026)<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.librarything.com/work/36736535/book/317650907 |title=Lily Starling and the River of Time}}</ref>

== Personal Life ==
Hurst lived in Baltimore, Maryland, for the majority of his creative career, where his son was born.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCauley |first=Mary Carole |date=2014-11-20 |title=At 100, the Baltimore Museum of Art reinvents itself for a younger generation |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2014/11/20/at-100-the-baltimore-museum-of-art-reinvents-itself-for-a-younger-generation/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Baltimore Sun |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He and his wife are active in animal rescue and rights advocacy.<ref name=":4" /> Hurst currently resides in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Hurst {{!}} Author {{!}} LibraryThing |url=https://www.librarything.com/a/30279742/Christian-Hurst |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=LibraryThing.com |language=en}}</ref>

In public appearances and interviews, Hurst frequently cites the influence of classic science fiction television, particularly ''Star Trek'', on his humanistic philosophy and creative writing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zaka |first=Usman |date=24 June 2026 |title=Voices of the Salamander: Christian Hurst and Aryn Mello Pryor on Sci-Fi, Identity, and Found Family |journal=Vents Magazine}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

Christian Heritage Centre

2026-07-17T05:59:57Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

The '''Christian Heritage Centre at Stonyhurst''' is a [[charitable trusts in English law|charitable trust]] that has as its mission the provision of access to, and learning around, [[Christianity|Christian]] [[cultural artifact|artefacts]] held at [[Stonyhurst College]] in [[Lancashire, England]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = A royal launch for Stonyhurst's Christian Heritage Centre|url = http://www.jesuit.org.uk/royal-launch-stonyhursts-christian-heritage-centre|website = Jesuits in Britain|accessdate = 2019-03-21|archive-date = 2019-03-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190322020355/http://www.jesuit.org.uk/royal-launch-stonyhursts-christian-heritage-centre|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Its royal patrons are [[Lord Nicholas Windsor]] and [[Lady Nicholas Windsor]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Catholic Royal opens new centre for Christian renewal at Stonyhurst College|url = https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/36547|website = Independent Catholic News|accessdate = 2019-03-21}}</ref> Among its other patrons and trustees are [[Vincent Nichols|Cardinal Vincent Nichols]], [[Christoph Cardinal Schönborn|Cardinal Christoph Schönborn]], [[John Bruton]], [[Ann Widdecombe]], [[Baroness Caroline Cox]], [[Charles Ronald Llewelyn Guthrie|Field Marshall Lord Guthrie]], and [[Lord Alton of Liverpool]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title = THE CHRISTIAN HERITAGE CENTRE AT STONYHURST|url = https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08095123/officers|website = [[Companies House]]|accessdate = 2019-03-21}}</ref> The Centre has facilitated funding towards the restoration of the Old Chapel Museum and historic libraries in Stonyhurst College, which house a major collection of artefacts pertaining to the [[Roman Catholic (term)|Roman Catholic]] [[Catholic Church in the United Kingdom|community]] of [[United Kingdom|Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = A rich, sacred treasury of British Catholicism|url = https://www.stonyhurst.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CHC_Article.pdf|website = [[The Universe (Catholic newspaper)|Catholic Universe]]|accessdate = 2019-03-21|archive-date = 2019-03-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190322014937/https://www.stonyhurst.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CHC_Article.pdf|dead-url = yes}}</ref> The Centre has also funded the restoration of the previously derelict Water Mill, which the charity now operates under the name Theodore House, as an international residential centre for study and retreats.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Christian Heritage Centre’s new building blessed ahead of £4million renovation |url = https://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/05/03/christian-heritage-centres-new-building-blessed-ahead-of-4million-renovation/|website = [[Catholic Herald]]|accessdate = 2019-03-21}}</ref> The house was opened by Lord Windsor in February 2019 and is named for [[Theodore of Tarsus|St. Theodore]], the eighth [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Christian Heritage Centre at Stonyhurst College receives £2m donation|url = https://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/03/01/christian-heritage-centre-at-stonyhurst-college-receives-2m-donation/|website = Catholic Herald|accessdate = 2019-03-21}}</ref> The charity has also developed a [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] Trail and is developing a [[Gerard Manley Hopkins|Hopkins]] Trail, commemorating two [[Christian]] writers who were inspired by the local [[Ribble Valley]] countryside.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Tolkien Trail|url = http://www.christianheritagecentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CHC-Tolkien-Booklet.pdf|website = Christian Heritage Centre|accessdate = 2019-03-21|archive-date = 2019-03-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190322014935/http://www.christianheritagecentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CHC-Tolkien-Booklet.pdf|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Preserving Christian History in the English Countryside|url = http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/preserving-christian-history-in-the-english-countryside|website = [[National Catholic Register]]|accessdate = 2019-03-24}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.christianheritagecentre.com ''Christian Heritage Centre'' website]
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Faes

2026-07-17T05:42:11Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=This draft was declined on 31 October with the explanation that it had two topics, Christian Faes and LendInvest, that a Wikipedia article should have one topic, and that it did not establish [[WP:NBIO|biographical notability]] for Faes apart from [[LendInvest]]. The review information was deleted from this draft, although draft authors are instructed not to remove review information, and this draft was resubmitted without addressing those comments. This resubmission is [[WP:TE|tendentious]] and may result in [[WP:MFD|a nomination to delete this draft]].

Do not delete review comments. Address review comments before resubmitting drafts. [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|talk]]) 20:39, 8 November 2018 (UTC)}}

----

{{unfocused|date=November 2018}}


'''Christian Faes''' is a [[financial technology]] [[entrepreneur]] and [[financier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/40-coolest-people-uk-fintech-2016-4?op=0#/#12-christian-faes--lendinvest-ceo-and-cofounder-31|title=The 40 Coolest People in UK FinTech|publisher=Business Insider}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Faes is co-founder and [[CEO]] of LendInvest, which is a [[real estate]] [[lending]] and investing platform, that has raised over £1 billion in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/17/lendinvest-raises-39-5m-to-grow-its-p2p-property-finance-platform/|first=Ingrid|last=Lunden|title=LendInvest Raises $39.5m to Grow its Property Finance Platform|publisher=TechCrunch}}</ref> Faes has been referred to as a 'pioneer' by the [[Financial Times]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/76ca4dde-cb58-11e5-a8ef-ea66e967dd44|title=Christian Faes, peer-to-peer lending pioneer, targets mortgages|first=Hugh|last=Greenhalgh|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> and regularly listed as one of the most influential people in [[FinTech]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityam.com/255114/these-2016s-top-100-influential-leaders-fintech-part-1-4|title=These are 2016's top 100 influential leaders in FinTech|publisher=City AM|date=2016-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/meet-the-fintech-40-the-people-powering-financial-technology-2016-20160718|title=Meet the Fintech 40: The people powering financial innovation|publisher=Financial News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thememo.com/2015/10/14/future-property-tech-pavegen-juliette-morgan-lendinvest-landbay/|title=5 leaders heating up the property tech market|publisher=The Memo|date=2015-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/40-coolest-people-uk-fintech-2016-4?op=0#/|title=The 40 Coolest People in UK FinTech|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=2018-11-14|archive-date=2016-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502125648/http://uk.businessinsider.com/40-coolest-people-uk-fintech-2016-4?op=0#/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Faes has been won numerous awards including the European Allstar Investor Award in 2017, often referred to at the 'Oscars of the start-up world'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/28/lendinvest-named-most-valuable-tech-company-at-investors-allstars.html|title='Oscars of the start-up world' has an exciting new winner looking to disrupt property finance|first=Joumanna|last=Bercetche|publisher=CNBC|date=2017-09-28}}</ref>

==Career==
Faes was born in [[Australia]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/home-loans-turned-us-into-a-hot-property-says-christian-faes-founder-of-lendinvest-sjrcw53pw|title=Home loans turned us into hot property, says Christian Faes, founder of LendInvest|first=Peter|last=Evans|publisher=The Times|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=2018-07-22}}</ref> and studied and graduated with honours in law from [[Bond University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefintechtimes.com/twice-as-smart/|title=Twice as Smart|publisher=The FinTech Times|date=April 2016}}</ref> and then qualified as a solicitor working as a property lawyer with [[Allens Arthur Robinson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/business/peertopeer-lending-takes-on-the-big-banks-20150123-12ww8x|first=James|last=Chessell|title=Peer-to-peer lending takes on the big banks|publisher=Australian Financial Review|date=2015-01-23}}</ref> He first moved to London in 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fintechprofile.com/2015/10/28/christian-faes-of-lendinvest/|title=FinTech Profile, Christian Faes of LendInvest|publisher=FinTech Profiles|date=2015-10-28}}</ref> where he was a [[securitization]] lawyer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euromoney.com/article/b12knm4sv2wb17/fintech-2016-lendinvest-has-big-ambitions|first=Peter|last=Lee|title=Fintech 2016 LendInvest has big ambitions|publisher=Euromoney}}</ref> with [[Clifford Chance]], and then in-house legal counsel with [[Deutsche Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityam.com/255114/these-2016s-top-100-influential-leaders-fintech-part-1-4|title=These are 2016's top 100 influential leaders in fintech|publisher=City AM|date=2016-12-07}}</ref>

In 2008 Faes set up a property bridging [[finance]] business called Montello in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/business/peertopeer-lending-takes-on-the-big-banks-20150123-12ww8x|first=James|last=Chessell|title=Peer-to-peer lending takes on the big banks|publisher=Australia Financial Review|date=2015-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://businessshapers.co.uk/shaper-christian-faes/|title=Shaper Christian Faes|publisher=Business Shapers|date=2017-01-06}}</ref> LendInvest was spun out and launched in 2013 by Faes and his co-founder, Ian Thomas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0ceed3f6-71b9-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a|first=Judith|last=Evans|title=Property loan fund to launch in p2p boom|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0c8587a8-835d-11e3-aa65-00144feab7de|first=Elaine|last=Moore|title=London developer takes on largest P2P loan|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref>

===LendInvest===
Faes and his co-founder Ian Thomas still own the majority of LendInvest, which is a privately held company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/home-loans-turned-us-into-a-hot-property-says-christian-faes-founder-of-lendinvest-sjrcw53pw|title=Home loans turned us into hot property, says Christian Faes, founder of LendInvest|first=Peter|last=Evans|publisher=The Times|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=2018-07-22}}</ref>

LendInvest’s investors include [[Atomico]], the European [[venture capital]] investment fund co-founded by [[Niklas Zennström]] (one of the founders of [[Skype]]), which invested £17 million in March 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/03/14/skype-co-founder--niklas-zennstrm-buys-17m-stake-in-peer-to-peer/|title=Skype co-founder Niklas Zennstrom buys £17m stake in peer-to-peer lender|first=Kate|last=Palmer|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=2016-03-14}}</ref> The investment followed a £22m Series A investment from a Chinese investor, which at the time was the largest Series A investment in a UK FinTech company ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/p2p-mortgage-lender-lendinvest-raised-the-biggest-series-a-round-in-uk-fintech-so-far-2015-6|title=The startup just raised the biggest Series A round in UK FinTech so far|first=Lucy|last=England|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=2018-11-14|archive-date=2018-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002162708/http://uk.businessinsider.com/p2p-mortgage-lender-lendinvest-raised-the-biggest-series-a-round-in-uk-fintech-so-far-2015-6|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The [[Chinese]] investor has since exited the investment and is no longer a shareholder in the company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2016/10/18/2177573/chinas-beijing-kunlun-sells-back-investment-in-uk-lender-lendinvest/|title=China's Beijing Kunlun sells back investment in UK lender LendInvest|first=Kadhim|last=Shubber|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> LendInvest also has [[investment bank]] GP Bullhound and US [[hedge fund]] investor [[Tiger Management]] as equity investors in the business, investing in a $39.5m Series C fundraising round in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/oliversmith/2018/09/17/lendinvest-is-gearing-up-to-be-londons-second-peer-to-peer-ipo/#60b0a9632da5|title=LendInvest is gearing up to be London's second peer-to-peer IPO|first=Oliver|last=Smith|publisher=Forbes}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/17/lendinvest-raises-39-5m-to-grow-its-p2p-property-finance-platform/|first=Ingrid|last=Lunden|title=LendInvest Raises $39.5m to Grow its Property Finance Platform|publisher=TechCrunch}}</ref>

LendInvest has also had backing from financial institutions such as [[Macquarie Bank]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/macquarie-deal-with-lendinvest-2016-4|title=A big investment bank just signed up to lend over £40 million on mortgage funding platform LendInvest|first=Oliver|last=Williams-Grut|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=2018-11-14|archive-date=2018-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629090949/http://uk.businessinsider.com/macquarie-deal-with-lendinvest-2016-4|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altfi.com/article/1921_lendinvest_clinches_warehouse_funding_line_from_macquarie_securitisation_inbound|title=LendInvest Clinches Warehouse Funding Line from Macquarie – Securitisation Inbound?|first=Ryan|last=Weeks|publisher=AltFi}}</ref> [[Citibank]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-01/citigroup-bets-on-u-k-mortgages-with-funding-for-online-lender|title=Citigroup Bets Millions on U.K. Mortgage Lender|first=Edward|last=Robinson|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> and [[Nomura]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propertyweek.com/news/nomura-and-magnetar-back-lendinvest-/5098519.article|title=Nomura and Magnetar back LendInvest|first=Guy|last=Montague-Jones|publisher=Property Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2018/09/138595-lendinvests-total-lending-capital-hits-1-billion-as-fintech-raises-150-million-in-residential-development-funding-in-new-jv/|title=LendInvest's Total Lending Capital Hits £1 Billion as Fintech Raises £150 Million in Residential Development Funding in New JV|first=JD|last=Alois|publisher=CrowdfundInsider|date=2018-09-04}}</ref> and has listed a retail [[bond]] on the [[London Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lseg.com/markets-products-and-services/our-markets/london-stock-exchange/equities-markets/raising-equity-finance/market-open-ceremony/welcome-stories/london-stock-exchange-welcomes-lendinvest-secured-income-plc|title=London Stock Exchange welcomes LendInvest Secured Income plc|publisher=London Stock Exchange|access-date=2018-11-14|archive-date=2019-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716204606/https://www.lseg.com/markets-products-and-services/our-markets/london-stock-exchange/equities-markets/raising-equity-finance/market-open-ceremony/welcome-stories/london-stock-exchange-welcomes-lendinvest-secured-income-plc|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/investing/bonds/peer-to-peer-lender-offers-rare-secured-retail-bond-paying-54pc/|title=Peer-to-peer lender offers rare secured retail bond paying 5.4pc|first=James|last=Connington|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=2018-03-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Engineering Society

2026-07-17T05:39:05Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|v|u=Svleest|ns=118|decliner=DoubleGrazing|declinets=20251130075543|reason2=corp|ts=20251129195952}} 

{{AFC comment|1=In accordance with Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest policy|Conflict of interest policy]], I disclose that I have a conflict of interest regarding the subject of this article.  [[User:Svleest|Svleest]] ([[User talk:Svleest|talk]]) 00:21, 21 November 2025 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|Society organized around connection of Engineering and Christian principles}}
{{Draft topics|education|stem}}
{{AfC topic|org}}


The '''Christian Engineering Society''' was formally established in 2016. According to its articles of incorporation, it was "organized and operated exclusively for the purpose of promoting understanding and discussion of the relationship between Christian Faith and the practice of engineering, and encouraging members to put their faith into action within their profession."<ref>{{Citation |title=Articles of Incorporation of Christian Engineering Society, Inc. |date=2016-05-06 |work= |url=https://mibusinessregistry.lara.state.mi.us/search/business |url-status=live }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==History==
The idea of a society<ref>{{cite journal |last1=VanderLeest |first1=Steven |title=Twenty-Five Years of Christian Engineering: A Literature Survey |journal=Proceedings of the 2017 Christian Engineering Conference |date=2017 |pages=1-21}}</ref> for Christian engineers was suggested by Jim Bosscher at the first ''Christian Engineering Education Conference'', held at [[Calvin College]] in 1992. Bosscher led a discussion session on the idea of a society at the second ''Christian Engineering Education Conference'', held at [[Messiah College]] in 1996. However, while the conferences continued to be organized every few years, there was not sufficient momentum to formalize as a society.

Starting in 2002, the conference was organized every two years, switching to odd-numbered years in 2009. In 2013, the conference sought to reach a wider audience and was renamed to the ''Christian Engineering Conference''. The topic of forming a society continued in these years.

In 2015, Steven H. VanderLeest emailed several of the primary organizers of the conference suggesting that the time had come to formalize a society. A small group agreed and worked to formulate articles of incorporation and bylaws. The society was incorporated as a non-profit in the [[State of Michigan]] in May 2016.

==Organization and Governance==

Membership in the society requires annual dues and consent to a [https://www.christianengineering.org/about-ces statement of faith] that includes the [[Apostle's Creed]].

The society is led by a board of directors elected by the members. The board has four officers elected by the board: president, vice-president, secretary, and treasurer. The current president is Justin Vander Werff.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Justin Vander Werff Appointed as Christian Engineering Society President |url=https://www.dordt.edu/news/dr-justin-vander-werff-appointed-as-christian-engineering-society-president |agency=Dordt University |date=Jan 21, 2025}}</ref>

Student chapters include one at the College of Engineering of Florida A&M University-Florida State University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Engineering Society (CES) |url=https://eng.famu.fsu.edu/student-org/ces |website=Florida A&M University-Florida State University - College of Engineering |access-date=23 Nov 2025}}</ref>

==Activities==

The primary activity of the society is to sponsor and organize a biennial "Christian Engineering Conference". It is held primarily in the United States, though twice in Canada. The typical conference attendance is 50 to 80 people. The next conference is scheduled for [https://www.christianengineering.org/conferences-events May 27–30, 2026] at Calvin University in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External Links ==

* [https://www.christianengineering.org/ Christian Engineering Society Home Page]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Comic Arts Society

2026-07-17T05:17:34Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Christian Comic Arts Society|timestamp=20150929001339|year=2015|month=September|day=29|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{notability|Companies|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Christian Comic Arts Society
| abbreviation = CCAS
| formation = {{start date|1984|df=y}}
| type =
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Rancho Santa Margarita]], [[California]]
| location =
| coords = {{Coord|33|38|19.124|N|117|36|25.014|W|display=inline,title}}
| fields = [[Christian]] [[Comics]] and [[Cartoons]]
| website = {{URL|christiancomicarts.com}}
}}
The '''Christian Comic Arts Society''' ('''CCAS''') is an organization of professional and enthusiast Christian [[cartoonists]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="Understanding Evangelical Media">{{cite web | title=Understanding Evangelical Media | publisher= InterVarsity Press | date=July 17, 2015 | url=https://books.google.ru/books/about/Understanding_Evangelical_Media.html?id=t-aTVPoLBHcC | accessdate=August 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="A&C Black 2015">{{cite web | title=Graven Images | publisher=A&C Black | date=July 17, 2015 | url=https://books.google.ru/books/about/Graven_Images.html?id=X1QGu16o0OoC | accessdate=August 4, 2015}}</ref> It publishes the annual ''Christian Comics Guide'', and several other publications. The society was co-founded in 1984 by comic illustrator Don Ensign.<ref name="Benzinga 2015">{{cite web | title=B&H Kids Taps Christian Comic Arts Society to Showcase Major Announcements from VeggieTales and Bibleman at San Diego Comic-Con | website=Benzinga | date=July 8, 2015 | url=http://www.benzinga.com/pressreleases/15/07/p5658065/b-h-kids-taps-christian-comic-arts-society-to-showcase-major-announceme | accessdate=August 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Charisma and Christian Life">{{cite web | title=Charisma and Christian Life | publisher=Strang Communications Company | date=July 17, 2015 | url=https://books.google.ru/books/about/Charisma_and_Christian_Life.html?id=R3LfAAAAMAAJ | accessdate=August 4, 2015}}</ref>

CCAS members work in many aspects of the profession, including animation, [[comic strips]], [[cartoons|single-panel cartoons]], [[comic books]], [[editorial cartoons]], [[graphic novels]], [[web comics]], and illustration for magazines and books. Membership is extended to established professional and amateur cartoonists, and comic enthusiasts, and is not a [[guild]] or [[labor union]].

The society's stated purpose is "to document the work of and support Professionals, Hopefuls, and Enthusiasts who hold to the traditions of the Christian faith within the comic book and related industries", "sharing of the Christian message and our Christian faith, primarily within and through the comic book industry and art form", "mentoring, training, friendship and networking", and "collaboration on and creation of visual storytelling".<ref name="Stagg 2011">{{cite web | last=Stagg | first=David | title=Christian Comic Arts Society passes 1000 mark | website=[[HM Magazine]] | date=June 16, 2011 | url=http://hmmagazine.com/blog/news/christian-comic-arts-society-passes-1000-mark/ | accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

==San Diego Comic Con==
At [[San Diego Comic Con]],<ref name="Christian Post 2011">{{cite web | title=Christian Comic Book Creators, Fans Find Their Place at Comic-Con | website=[[Christian Post]] | date=July 22, 2011 | url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-comic-book-creators-fans-find-their-place-at-comic-con-78036/ | accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Melrose 2010">{{cite web | last=Melrose | first=Kevin | title=SDCC '10 – Highlights of Saturday's comics programming | website=Robot 6 @ [[Comic Book Resources]] | date=2010-07-10 | url=http://robot6.comicbookresources.com/2010/07/sdcc-10-highlights-of-saturdays-comics-programming/ | accessdate=2015-08-08 | archive-date=2010-07-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712060104/http://robot6.comicbookresources.com/2010/07/sdcc-10-highlights-of-saturdays-comics-programming/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> CCAS has worked with both [[Big Idea Productions]] and [[Dreamworks]] to promote B&H Kids' [[VeggieTales]] comics; as well as the promotion of a new [[Bibleman]] animated cartoon series. They also worked with [[Zondervan]] to introduce a graphic novel titled Firstborn.<ref name="Christian News on Christian Today 2013">{{cite web | title=Zondervan showcases graphic novel at Comic Con | website=Christian News on Christian Today | date=July 19, 2013 | url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/zondervan.showcases.graphic.novel.at.comic.con/33264.htm | accessdate=August 4, 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|christiancomicarts.com}}

[[Category:Cartooning]]
[[Category:Comics-related organizations]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in the United States]] {{⚠️🚨COPIED from en.EverybodyWiki.com ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Church

2026-07-17T05:14:43Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Ecclesiological term}}
{{about|the ecclesiological concept|the buildings used in Christian worship|Church (building)|the religious meeting|Church (congregation)|individual Christian organization and currents|Christian denomination|other uses|Christian Church (disambiguation)}}
{{Christianity|expanded=foundations}}
[[File:Hortus Deliciarum, Das Gebäude der Kirche mit den Gläubigen.JPG|thumb|Medieval illustration of the ''ecclesia'' from the [[Hortus deliciarum]] of [[Herrad of Landsberg]] (12th century)]]
In [[ecclesiology]], the '''Christian Church''' is what different [[Christian denominations]] conceive of as being the true body of [[Christians]] or the original institution established by [[Jesus]].<ref name="OCA2021" /><ref name="Weaver1900" /><ref name="Lansing2021">{{cite web |title=What do Catholics believe? |url=https://www.dioceseoflansing.org/general/what-do-catholics-believe |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lansing]] |access-date=29 June 2021 |language=English |quote=We are the original Christian Church, which began when Jesus himself when he said to the Apostle Peter, “You are the rock on which I will build my church. The gates of hell will not prevail against it.” Every pope since then has been part of an unbroken line of succession since Peter, the first pope.}}</ref> "Christian Church" has also been used in academia as a synonym for [[Christianity]], despite the fact that it is composed of multiple churches or denominations, many of which hold a doctrinal claim of being the "[[one true church]]", to the exclusion of the others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Orthodox Church |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/easternorthodox_1.shtml |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=27 June 2021 |language=English |date=11 June 2008 |quote=The doctrine of the Christian Church was established over the centuries at Councils dating from as early as 325CE where the leaders from all the Christian communities were represented.}}</ref><ref name="Ehrman2018">{{cite web |last1=Ehrman |first1=Bart D. |title=Inside the Conversion Tactics of the Early Christian Church |url=https://www.history.com/news/inside-the-conversion-tactics-of-the-early-christian-church |publisher=[[History (American TV network)|History]] |access-date=27 June 2021 |language=English |date=29 May 2018|quote=And yet, within three centuries, the Christian church could count some 3 million adherents.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor1=F. L. Cross |editor2=Elizabeth A. Livingstone|isbn=0-19-211655-X|edition=3rd|location=New York|oclc=38435185}}</ref>

For many [[Protestant]] Christians, the Christian Church has two components: the [[church visible]], institutions in which "the Word of God purely preached and listened to, and the sacraments administered according to Christ's institution", as well as the [[church invisible]]—all "who are truly [[Salvation in Christianity|saved]]" (with these beings members of the visible church).<ref name="McGrath2016">{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1=Alister E. |title=Christian Theology: An Introduction |date=4 August 2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-87443-1 |page=362 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Weaver1900"/><ref name="Schaff1910">{{cite book |last1=Schaff |first1=Philip |title=History of the Christian Church |date=1910 |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] |page=524 |language=English}}</ref> In this understanding of the invisible church, "Christian Church" (or [[Catholic (term)|catholic]] Church) does not refer to a particular Christian denomination, but includes all individuals who have been saved.<ref name="Weaver1900">{{cite book |last1=Weaver |first1=Jonathan |title=Christian Theology: A Concise and Practical View of the Cardinal Doctrines and Institutions of Christianity |date=1900 |publisher=United Brethren Publishing House |page=245 |language=English |quote=There are distinctions between the general invisible church and the general visible church, which it is not necessary to carry out to the last analysis. In a sense, they are both visible. All who are members of the general invisible church are members of the general visible church. But all who are members of the general visible church are not members of the general invisible church. A clear and distinct difference between the visible and invisible church may be stated thus: (1) The general invisible church includes all out of every kindred and tongue and people and nation who are truly saved. No one denomination has in its communion all who belong to the invisible church. (2) The visible church includes all who are recognized as members of a Christian church. No one denomination can justly claim to be the general visible church.}}</ref> The [[branch theory]], which is maintained by some [[Anglicans]], holds that those Churches that have preserved [[apostolic succession]] are part of the true Church.<ref name="Kinsman1924">{{cite book |last1=Kinsman |first1=Frederick Joseph |title=Americanism and Catholicism |url=https://archive.org/details/MN5170ucmf_4 |date=1924 |publisher=[[Longman]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/MN5170ucmf_4/page/n232 203] |language=en |quote=The one most talked about is the "Branch Theory," which assumes that the basis of unity is a valid priesthood. Given the priesthood, it is held that valid Sacraments unite in spite of schisms. Those who hold it assume that the Church is composed of Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, eastern heretics possessing undisputed Orders, and Old Catholics, Anglicans, Swedish Lutherans, Moravians, and any others who might be able to demonstrate that they had perpetuated a valid hierarchy. This is chiefly identified with High Church Anglicans and represents the survival of a seventeenth century contention against Puritans, that Anglicans were not to be classed with Continental Protestants.}}</ref> This is in contrast to the one true church applied to a specific concrete Christian institution, a Christian ecclesiological position maintained by the [[Catholic Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox churches]], [[Assyrian Church of the East]] and the [[Ancient Church of the East]].<ref name="OCA2021">{{cite web |title=The Original Christian Church |url=https://www.oca.org/questions/history/the-original-christian-church |publisher=[[Orthodox Church in America]] |access-date=27 June 2021 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Church |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03744a.htm |publisher=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] |access-date=27 June 2021 |language=English |date=2020 |quote=It would appear, then, indisputable that in the earliest years of the Christian Church ecclesiastical functions were in a large measure fulfilled by men who had been specially endowed for this purpose with "charismata" of the Holy Spirit, and that as long as these gifts endured, the local ministry occupied a position of less importance and influence.}}</ref><ref name="Lansing2021"/>

Most [[English translations of the Bible|English translations]] of the [[New Testament]] generally use the word ''church'' as a translation of the [[Ancient Greek]] ''ἐκκλησία'' ([[Romanization of Greek|romanized]] ''ecclesia''), found in the original [[Greek language|Greek]] texts, which generally meant an "assembly" or "congregation".<ref>[https://www.studylight.org/lexicons/greek/1577.html Entry for Strong's #1577 - ἐκκλησία] - StudyLight.org. Bible Lexicons - Old / New Testament Greek Lexical Dictionary. Retrieved October 20, 2019.</ref> This term appears in two verses of the [[Gospel of Matthew]], 24 verses of the [[Acts of the Apostles]], 58 verses of the [[Pauline epistles]] (including the earliest instances of its use in relation to a Christian body), two verses of the [[Letter to the Hebrews]], one verse of the [[Epistle of James]], three verses of the [[Third Epistle of John]], and 19 verses of the [[Book of Revelation]]. In total, ἐκκλησία appears in the New Testament text 114 times, although not every instance is a technical reference to the church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1950s/vol_2_no_4_contents/ward.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903214339/http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1950s/vol_2_no_4_contents/ward.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2006 |title=Ekklesia: A Word Study |publisher=Acu.edu |access-date=3 September 2013 }}</ref> As such it is used for local communities as well as in a universal sense to mean all believers.<ref>McKim, Donald K., ''Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms'', Westminster John Knox Press, 1996</ref> The earliest recorded use of the term ''Christianity'' ({{Lang-el|Χριστιανισμός|links=no}}) was by [[Ignatius of Antioch]], in around 100 AD.{{Sfn|Elwell|Comfort|2001|pp=266, 828}}

The [[Four Marks of the Church]] first expressed in the [[Nicene Creed]] (381) are that the Church is [[One true church|one]], [[Sacred|holy]], catholic (universal), and apostolic (originating from the apostles).<ref>[[Louis Berkhof]], ''Systematic Theology'' (London: [[Banner of Truth]], 1949), 572.</ref>

==Etymology==
The Greek word ''[http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G1577 ekklēsia]'', literally "called out" or "called forth" and commonly used to indicate a group of individuals called to gather for some function, in particular an assembly of the citizens of a city, as in {{Bibleverse||Acts|19:32-41}}, is the New Testament term referring to the Christian Church (either a particular [[Church (congregation)|local group]] or the [[Christendom|whole body of the faithful]]). In the [[Septuagint]], the Greek word "ἐκκλησία" is used to translate the Hebrew "קהל" ([[qahal]]). Most [[Romance languages|Romance]] and [[Celtic languages]] use derivations of this word, either inherited or borrowed from the [[Latin]] form ''ecclesia''.

The [[English language]] word "church" is from the [[Old English]] word ''cirice'', derived from [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] ''*kirika'', which in turn comes from the Greek {{lang|grc|κυριακή}} ''kuriakē'', meaning "of the Lord" (possessive form of {{lang|grc|κύριος}} ''kurios'' "ruler" or "lord"). ''Kuriakē'' in the sense of "church" is most likely a shortening of {{lang|grc|κυριακὴ οἰκία}} ''kuriakē oikia'' ("house of the Lord") or {{lang|grc|ἐκκλησία κυριακή}} ''ekklēsia kuriakē'' ("congregation of the Lord").<ref name=etymonline>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Harper |first=Douglas |encyclopedia=Online Etymology Dictionary |title=church |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=church |access-date=2008-01-18 |year=2001 |quote=O.E. ''cirice'' "church," from W.Gmc. *''kirika'', from Gk. ''kyriake'' (''oikia'') "Lord's (house)," from ''kyrios'' "ruler, lord."}}</ref> Some grammarians and scholars say that the word has uncertain roots and may derive from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] "kirke" from Latin "circus" and the Greek "kuklos" for "circle", which shape is the form in which many religious groups met and gathered.<ref>[http://www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books/Smith%27s%20Bible%20Dictionary.pdf] - Smith's Bible Dictionary from 1884, page 452. Retrieved October 20, 2019.</ref> Christian churches were sometimes called {{lang|grc|κυριακόν}} ''kuriakon'' (adjective meaning "of the Lord") in Greek starting in the 4th century, but ''ekklēsia'' and {{lang|grc|βασιλική}} ''[[basilikē]]'' were more common.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Harper |first=Douglas |encyclopedia=Online Etymology Dictionary |title=church |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=church |access-date=2008-01-18 |year=2001 |quote=Gk. ''kyriakon'' (adj.) "of the Lord" was used of houses of [[Christian worship]] since c. 300, especially in the East, though it was less common in this sense than ''ekklesia'' or ''basilike''.}}</ref>

The word is one of many direct Greek-to-Germanic loans of Christian terminology, via the [[Goths]]. The Slavic terms for "church" ([[Old Church Slavonic]] {{lang|cu|црькꙑ}} [''crĭky''], [[Russian language|Russian]] {{lang|ru|церковь}} [''cerkov’''], [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] cerkev) are via the [[Old High German]] cognate {{lang|goh|chirihha}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

==History==
{{Further|History of Christianity|Council of Jamnia}}
[[File:Icon-Pentecost.jpg|thumb|An Eastern [[icon]] depicting the [[Descent of the Holy Spirit]]. The date of Pentecost is considered the "Birthday of the Church".]]

The Christian Church originated in [[Iudaea Province|Roman Judea]] in the [[Christianity in the 1st century|first century AD/CE]], founded on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who first gathered [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciples]]. Those disciples later became known as "Christians"; according to [[Four Evangelists|Scripture]], Jesus [[Great Commission|commanded them to spread his teachings to all the world]]. For most Christians, the holiday of [[Pentecost]] (an event that occurred after Jesus' [[ascension of Jesus|ascension to Heaven]]) represents the birthday of the Church,<ref>{{cite web|title=Pentecost {{!}} Christianity|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pentecost-Christianity|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Religions - Christianity: Pentecost|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/pentecost.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Milavec|first1=Aaron|title=Salvation is from the Jews (John 4:22): Saving Grace in Judaism and Messianic Hope in Christianity|date=2007|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=9780814659892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7z7zojoOo94C&pg=PA90|page=90|access-date=4 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> signified by the descent of the [[Holy Spirit]] on gathered disciples.{{Bibleref2c|Acts|2}}<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15614b.htm "Pentecost (Whitsunday)"]. ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. Accessed on 4 November 2016.</ref> The leadership of the Christian Church began with the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]].

Springing out of [[Second Temple Judaism]], from Christianity's earliest days, Christians accepted non-[[Jew]]s ([[Gentiles]]) without requiring full adoption of Jewish customs (such as [[Circumcision controversy in early Christianity|circumcision]]).{{Bibleref2c|Acts|10-15}}<ref>"Church as an Institution", ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'', University of Virginia Library [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-50] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024081839/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-50 |date=2006-10-24 }}</ref> The parallels in the Jewish faith are the [[Proselytes]], [[Godfearers]], and [[Noahide Law]]; see also [[Biblical law in Christianity]]. Some think that conflict with [[Rabbinic Judaism|Jewish religious authorities]] quickly led to the expulsion of Christians from the [[synagogues]] in [[Jerusalem in Christianity|Jerusalem]].<ref>''An Overview of Christian History'', Catholic Resources for Bible, Liturgy, and More [http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/History-Christian.htm]</ref>

The [[Early centers of Christianity|Church gradually spread throughout the Roman Empire and beyond]], gaining major establishments in cities such as [[Early centers of Christianity#Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Antioch]], and [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Acts of the Apostles}}</ref><ref>Donald H. Frew, ''Harran: Last Refuge of Classical Paganism'' Colorado State University Pueblo {{cite web |url=http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/natrel/pom/old/POM9a1.html |title=The Virtual Pomegranate |access-date=2007-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20040826193258/http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/natrel/pom/old/POM9a1.html |archive-date=2004-08-26 }}</ref><ref>''From Jesus to Christ: Maps, Archaeology, and Sources: Chronology'', PBS, retrieved May 19, 2007 [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/cron.html]</ref> The [[Persecution of early Christians by the Romans|Roman authorities persecuted it]] because Christians refused to make sacrifice to the [[Roman gods]], and challenged the [[imperial cult]].<ref>Sophie Lunn-Rockliffe, ''Christianity and the Roman Empire: Reasons for persecution'', Ancient History: Romans, BBC Home, retrieved May 10, 2007 [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/christianityromanempire_article_02.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825193458/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/christianityromanempire_article_02.shtml |date=2009-08-25 }}</ref> The Church was [[Edict of Milan|legalized in the Roman empire]], and then promoted by Emperors [[Constantine I]] and [[Theodosius I]] in the [[Christianity in the 4th century|4th century]] as the [[state church of the Roman Empire|State Church of the Roman Empire]].

Already in the 2nd century, Christians denounced teachings that they saw as [[heresy|heresies]], especially [[Gnosticism]] but also [[Montanism]]. Ignatius of Antioch at the beginning of that century and [[Irenaeus]] at the end saw union with the [[bishops]] as the test of correct Christian faith. After legalization of the Church in the 4th century, the debate between [[Arianism]] and [[Trinitarianism]], with the emperors favouring now one side now the other, was a major controversy.<ref>Michael DiMaio, Jr., Robert Frakes, ''Constantius II (337-361 A.D.)'', De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families [http://www.roman-emperors.org/constaii.htm]</ref><ref name="CONSTANTINE AND THE CHRISTIAN STATE">Michael Hines, ''Constantine and the Christian State'', Church History for the Masses [http://www.christianchronicler.com/history1/constantine.html]</ref>

===Use by early Christians===
{{main|Early Christianity}}
[[File:Spread of Christianity to AD 600 - Atlas of World History.png|thumb|240px|{{legend|#1F63A7|Predominantly Christian region by AD 325}} {{legend|#6AB4FF|Predominantly Christian region by AD 600}}]]
In using the word ἐκκλησία (''ekklēsia''), [[early Christians]] were employing a term that, while it designated the assembly of a Greek city-state, in which only citizens could participate, was traditionally used by Greek-speaking [[Jews]] to speak of Israel, the people of God,<ref name="Louvel PA 517-518">François Louvel, "Naissance d'un vocabulaire chrétien" in ''Les Pères Apostoliques'' (Paris, Cerf, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-204-06872-7}}), pp. 517-518</ref> and that appeared in the Septuagint in the sense of an assembly gathered for religious reasons, often for a [[liturgy]]; in that translation ἐκκλησία stood for the Hebrew word קהל (''qahal''), which however it also rendered as συναγωγή (''synagōgē'', "synagogue"), the two Greek words being largely synonymous until Christians distinguished them more clearly.<ref name="VTB">[[Xavier Léon-Dufour]] (editor), ''Vocabulaire de théologie biblique'' (Paris, Cerf, 1981 {{ISBN|2-204-01720-5}}), pp. 323-335.</ref>

The term ἐκκλησία appears in only two verses of the Gospels, in both cases in the Gospel of Matthew.<ref name="Louvel PA 517-518" /> When Jesus says to Simon Peter, "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church",<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|16:18|ESV}}</ref> the church is the community instituted by Christ, but in the other passage the church is the local community to which one belongs: "If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the church."<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|18:17|ESV}}</ref>

The term is used much more frequently in other parts of the New Testament, designating, as in the Gospel of Matthew, either an individual local community or all of them collectively. Even passages that do not use the term ἐκκλησία may refer to the church with other expressions, as in the first 14 chapters of the [[Epistle to the Romans]], in which ἐκκλησία is totally absent but which repeatedly uses the cognate word κλήτοι (''klētoi'', "called").<ref name="100 mots clés">Julienne Côté, ''Cent mots-clés de la théologie de Paul'' ({{ISBN|2-204-06446-7}}), pp. 157ff</ref> The church may be referred to also through images traditionally employed in the Bible to speak of the [[people of God]], such as the image of the vineyard used particularly in the [[Gospel of John]].<ref name="VTB" />

The New Testament never uses the adjectives "catholic" or "universal" with reference to the Christian Church, but does indicate that the local communities are one church, collectively, that Christians must always seek to be in concord, as the Congregation of God, that the Gospel must extend to the ends of the earth and to all [[nation]]s, that the church is open to all peoples and must not be divided, etc.<ref name="Louvel PA 517-518" />

The first recorded application of "catholic" or "universal" to the church is by Ignatius of Antioch in about 107 in his Epistle to the Smyrnaeans, chapter VIII. "Wherever the bishop appears, there let the people be; as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church."<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans (Roberts-Donaldson translation) |url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-longer.html |website=www.earlychristianwritings.com}}</ref>

[[Church Fathers]] like Ignatius of Antioch, Irenaeus, [[Tertullian]] and [[Cyprian]] held to the view that the Christian Church was a [[Church visible|visible entity]], not an [[invisible Church|invisible body of believers]].

===Christianity as Roman state religion===
[[File:Nicaea icon.jpg|thumb|An icon depicting [[Constantine I]], accompanied by the [[bishop]]s of the [[First Council of Nicaea]] (325), holding the [[Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed|Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381]].]]
On February 27, 380, the Roman Empire officially adopted the Nicene version of Christianity as its state religion. Prior to this date, [[Constantius II#Christianity under Constantius|Constantius II]] (337-361) and [[Valens#Struggles with the religious nature of the Empire|Valens]] (364-378) had personally favored Arian or [[Semi-Arianism|Semi-Arian]] forms of Christianity, but Valens' successor Theodosius I supported the more [[Athanasian]] or Trinitarian doctrine as expounded in the Nicene Creed from the 1st Council of Nicaea.

On this date, Theodosius I decreed that only the followers of Trinitarian Christianity were entitled to be referred to as Catholic Christians, while all others were to be considered to be heretics, which was considered illegal.<ref name="TheodosiusDecree">{{cite web|title=Theodosian Code XVI.i.2 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html |work=Medieval Sourcebook: Banning of Other Religions |first=Paul |last=Halsall |date=June 1997 |publisher=Fordham University |access-date=2006-11-23}}</ref> In 385, this new legal situation resulted, in the first case of many to come, in the capital punishment of a heretic, namely [[Priscillian]], condemned to death, with several of his followers, by a civil tribunal for the crime of magic.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Priscillianism|first=Patrick|last=Healy}}</ref> In the centuries of state-sponsored Christianity that followed, [[Paganism|pagans]] and heretical Christians were routinely persecuted by the Empire and the many kingdoms and countries that later occupied its place,<ref>[[Ramsay MacMullen]], ''Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries'', Yale University Press, September 23, 1997</ref> but some [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] remained Arian well into the [[Middle Ages]]<ref>''Christianity Missions and monasticism'', Encyclopædia Britannica Online [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-67441/Christianity]</ref> (see also Christendom).

The Church within the Roman Empire was organized under [[metropolitan sees]], with five rising to particular prominence and forming the basis for the [[Pentarchy]] proposed by [[Justinian I]]. Of these five, one was in the [[Western Roman Empire|West]] ([[Diocese of Rome|Rome]]) and the rest in the [[Eastern Roman Empire|East]] ([[Constantinople]], [[History of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], Antioch, and [[Alexandria]]).<ref>Deno Geanakoplos, ''A short history of the ecumenical patriarchate of Constantinople'', Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarch, retrieved May 20, 2007 [http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/history/pentarchy.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608070750/http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/history/pentarchy.asp |date=2018-06-08 }}</ref>
[[File:Mor-mattai.png|thumb|230px|left|Founded in AD 363, [[Mar Mattai Monastery]], a [[Nestorian Church]], is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syriacstudies.com/AFSS/Syriac_Articles_in_English/Entries/2012/4/28_The_Christians_Under_Turkish_RuleCrusades_Conflict_Between_Christendom_And_Islam_Dr._Matti_Moosa.html|title=The Christians Under Turkish Rule|last=Moosa|first=Matti|date=28 April 2012}}</ref>]]
Even after the [[Roman Empire#Crisis of the Third Century and the later emperors (235–395)|split of the Roman Empire]] the Church remained a relatively united institution (apart from Oriental Orthodoxy and some other groups which separated from the rest of the state-sanctioned Church earlier). The Church came to be a central and defining institution of the Empire, especially in the East or [[Byzantine Empire]], where Constantinople came to be seen as the center of the Christian world, owing in great part to its economic and political power.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=MSN Encarta: Orthodox Church, retrieved May 12, 2007 |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572657_6/Orthodox_Church.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028211131/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572657_6/Orthodox_Church.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Arias of Study: Western Art, Department of Art History, University of Wisconsin, retrieved May 17, 2007 [http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/ArtHistory/areas_study.html]</ref>

Once the [[Fall of Rome|Western Empire fell]] to Germanic incursions in the [[Christianity in the 5th century|5th century]], the (Roman) Church became for centuries the primary link to [[Culture of ancient Rome|Roman civilization]] for medieval [[Western Europe]] and an important channel of influence in the West for the Eastern Roman, or ''Byzantine'', emperors. While, in the West, the so-called [[orthodoxy|orthodox]] Church competed against the Arian Christian and pagan faiths of the Germanic rulers and spread outside what had been the Empire to Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, and the western [[Slavs]], in the East Christianity spread to the Slavs in what is now [[Russia]], south-central and eastern Europe.<ref name="CHRISTIANITY IN HISTORY">''CHRISTIANITY IN HISTORY'', Dictionary of the History of Ideas, University of Virginia Library [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-49] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909175126/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-49 |date=2006-09-09 }}</ref> The reign of [[Charlemagne]] in Western Europe is particularly noted for bringing the last major Western Arian tribes into communion with Rome, in part through conquest and forced conversion.

Starting in the [[Christianity in the 7th century|7th century]], the [[Islamic Caliphate]]s rose and gradually began to conquer larger and larger areas of the Christian world.<ref name="CHRISTIANITY IN HISTORY" /> Excepting [[North Africa]] and [[Al-Andalus|most of Spain]], northern and western Europe escaped largely unscathed by Islamic expansion, in great part because richer Constantinople and its empire acted as a magnet for the onslaught.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.byzantinos.com/Byzantium/Legacy.html |title=''The Byzantine Empire'', byzantinos.com |access-date=2007-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042403/http://www.byzantinos.com/Byzantium/Legacy.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The challenge presented by the Muslims would help to solidify the religious identity of eastern Christians even as it gradually weakened the Eastern Empire.<ref>''BYZANTINE ICONOCLASM AND POLITICAL EARTHQUAKE OF ARAB CONQUESTS – AN EMOTIONAL ‘GUST’'', This Century's Review, retrieved May 24, 2007 [http://www.thiscenturyreview.com/BYZANTINE_ICONOCLASM_AND_POLITICAL.byzantineiconoclasm.0.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201172357/http://www.thiscenturyreview.com/BYZANTINE_ICONOCLASM_AND_POLITICAL.byzantineiconoclasm.0.html |date=2020-12-01 }}</ref> Even in the [[Muslim World]], the Church survived (e.g., the modern [[Copt]]s, [[Maronite]]s, and others) albeit at times with great difficulty.<ref>''The History of the Copts'', California Academy of Sciences {{cite web |url=http://www.calacademy.org/research/anthropology/coptic/Copthist.htm |title=Coptic History |access-date=2007-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013191715/http://calacademy.org/research/anthropology/coptic/Copthist.htm |archive-date=2007-10-13 }}, retrieved May 24, 2007</ref><ref>''History of the Maronite Patriarchate'', Opus Libani, retrieved May 24, 2007 {{cite web |url=http://www.opuslibani.org.lb/egliseeng/002/antioch1.html |title=History of the Maronite Patriarchate |access-date=2007-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013194405/http://opuslibani.org.lb/egliseeng/002/antioch1.html |archive-date=2007-10-13 }}</ref>

===Great Schism of 1054===
Although there had long been frictions between the [[Bishop of Rome]] (i.e., the patriarch of the Catholic Church proper) and the eastern patriarchs within the Byzantine Empire, Rome's [[Charlemagne#Imperial diplomacy|changing allegiance]] from Constantinople to the [[Frankish Empire|Frankish]] king Charlemagne set the Church on a course towards separation. The political and theological divisions would grow until [[East–West Schism|Rome and the East excommunicated each other in the 11th century]], ultimately leading to the division of the Church into the Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) churches.<ref name="CHRISTIANITY IN HISTORY" /> In 1448, not long before the Byzantine Empire collapsed, the Russian Orthodox Church gained independence from the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate|Patriarch of Constantinople]].<ref>[http://orthodoxwiki.org/Church_of_Russia#Autocephalous_Russian_Church Autocephalous Russian Church]</ref>

As a result of the [[High Middle Ages|redevelopment of Western Europe]], and the [[Decline of the Byzantine Empire|gradual fall of the Eastern Roman Empire]] to the [[Arab]]s and [[Turkish people|Turks]] (helped by [[Fourth Crusade|warfare against Eastern Christians]]), the final [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453 resulted in Eastern scholars fleeing the Muslim hordes bringing ancient manuscripts to the West, which was a factor in the beginning of the period of the [[Renaissance|Western Renaissance]] there. [[Rome]] was seen by the Western Church as Christianity's heartland.<ref>Aristeides Papadakis, John Meyendorff, ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'', St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, August 1994, {{ISBN|0-88141-057-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-88141-057-0}}</ref> Some Eastern churches even broke with Eastern Orthodoxy and entered into communion with Rome ([[Eastern Catholic Churches|the ''"Uniate"'' Eastern Catholic Churches]]).

===Protestant Reformation===
The changes brought on by the Renaissance eventually led to the [[Protestant Reformation]] during which the Protestant Lutheran and the Reformed followers of Calvin, Hus, Zwingli, Melancthon, Knox, and others split from the Catholic Church. At this time, a series of non-theological disputes also led to the [[English Reformation]] which led to the independence of the [[Church of England]]. Then, during the [[Age of Discovery|Age of Exploration]] and the [[Age of Imperialism]], Western Europe spread the Catholic Church and the Protestant churches around the world, especially in the [[Americas]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-67632/Christianity ''Christianity and world religions'', Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-208310 ''South America:Religion'', Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> These developments in turn have led to Christianity being the largest religion in the world today.<ref>''Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents'', Adherents.com [https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html]</ref>

==Catholic tradition==
{{See also|Historical development of the doctrine of Papal Primacy}}
The Catholic Church teaches in its doctrine that it is the original church founded by Christ on the Apostles in the 1st century AD. The papal encyclical ''[[Mystici corporis]]'' (Pope Pius XII, 1943), expresses the dogmatic ecclesiology of the Catholic Church thus: "If we would define and describe this true Church of Jesus Christ—which is the One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic, Roman Church–we shall find no expression more noble, more sublime, or more divine, than the phrase which calls it 'the Mystical Body of Jesus Christ'." The Second Vatican Council's dogmatic constitution, ''[[Lumen gentium]]'' (1964), further declares that "the one Church of Christ which in the Creed is professed as one, holy, catholic and apostolic, ... constituted and organized in the world as a society, [[Subsistit in|subsists]] in the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him".<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html ''Lumen gentium''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html |date=September 6, 2014 }}, 8</ref><ref>In [https://books.google.com/books?id=j8-GHiYUSX8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dulles+catholicity#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Catholicity of the Church], p. 132, [[Avery Dulles]] noted that this document avoided explicitly calling the Church the "Roman" Catholic Church, replacing this term with the equivalent "which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him" and giving in a footnote a reference to two earlier documents in which the word "Roman" is used explicitly.</ref> Likewise, the encyclical of Pope Pius IX, ''Singulari Quidem'', states in a similar vein, "There is only one true, holy, Catholic Church, which is the Apostolic Roman Church. There is only one See founded on Peter by the word of the Lord... Outside of the Church, no one can hope for life or salvation unless he is excused through [[Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)|ignorance]] beyond his control." It is also a common theme in Catholic devotional and catechetical literature: "The Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church is the only flock of which Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the only Shepherd." (Catholic Book of Prayers, Pg. 236, "One Flock, One Shepherd")<ref>Catholic Book of Prayers, Pg. 236, Large-Print Edition; Nihil Obstat and Impramatur. 2005 copyright. Catholic Book Publishing Corp., New Jersey.</ref>

A 2007 declaration<ref name="responses">[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html |date=August 13, 2013 }}</ref> of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] clarified that, in this passage, "'subsistence' means this perduring, historical continuity and the permanence of all the elements instituted by Christ in the Catholic Church, in which the Church of Christ is concretely found on this earth", and acknowledged that [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] can be operative within religious communities separated from the Catholic Church due to some "elements of sanctification and truth" within them, but also added "Nevertheless, the word 'subsists' can only be attributed to the Catholic Church alone precisely because it refers to the mark of unity that we profess in the symbols of the faith (I believe... in the 'one' Church); and this 'one' Church subsists in the Catholic Church."

The Catholic Church teaches that only corporate bodies of Christians led by bishops with valid holy orders can be recognized as "churches" in the proper sense. In Catholic documents, communities without such bishops are formally called [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]].

==Eastern Orthodox tradition==
The Eastern Orthodox Church each claims to be the original Christian Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church bases its claim primarily on its assertion that it holds to traditions and beliefs of the original Christian Church. It also claims that four out of the five sees of the Pentarchy (excluding Rome) are still a part of it.

== Oriental Orthodox tradition==
The [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]] claims to be the original Christian Church. The Oriental Orthodox churches' bases their claim primarily on its assertion that it holds to traditions and beliefs of the original Christian Church. They never adopted the theory of the Nature of God, which was formulated later than the break that followed the [[Council of Chalcedon]].

==Lutheran tradition==
[[File:AugsburgConfessionArticle7OftheChurch.jpg|thumb|The Church is the congregation of saints, in which the Gospel is rightly taught and the Sacraments are rightly administered. –[[Augsburg Confession]]<ref name="bookofconcord.org">See [http://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article7 Augsburg Confession, Article 7, Of the Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311215248/https://bookofconcord.org/augsburg-confession/#article7 |date=2021-03-11 }}</ref>]]
The [[Lutheranism|Lutheran churches]] traditionally hold that their tradition represents the true visible Church.<ref name="Frey1918">{{cite magazine|last=Frey|first=H.|title=Is One Church as Good as Another?|volume=37|year=1918|magazine=[[The Lutheran Witness]]|language=en|pages=82–83}}</ref> The [[Augsburg Confession]] found within the [[Book of Concord]], a compendium of belief of the [[Lutheran Church]]es, teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church".<ref name="Ludwig2016">{{cite magazine|title=Luther's Catholic Reformation|last=Ludwig|first=Alan|date=12 September 2016|magazine=The Lutheran Witness|language=en|quote= When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession before Emperor Charles V in 1530, they carefully showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils and even the canon law of the Church of Rome. They boldly claim, “This is about the Sum of our Doctrine, in which, as can be seen, there is nothing that varies from the Scriptures, or from the Church Catholic, or from the Church of Rome as known from its writers” (AC XXI Conclusion 1). The underlying thesis of the Augsburg Confession is that the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church. In fact, it is actually the Church of Rome that has departed from the ancient faith and practice of the catholic church (see AC XXIII 13, XXVIII 72 and other places).}}</ref> When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1530, they believe to have "showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils".<ref name="Ludwig2016"/>

Nevertheless, the Lutheran churches teach that "there are indeed true Christians in other churches" as "other denominations also preach the Word of God, though mixed with error"; since the proclamation of the Word of God bears fruit, Lutheran theology accepts the appellation "Church" for other Christian denominations.<ref name="Frey1918"/>

==Anglican tradition==
[[Anglican]]s generally understand their tradition as a branch of the historical ''"Catholic Church"'' and as a ''[[via media]]'' ("middle way") between traditions, often Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity, or Roman Catholicism and Reformed Christianity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anglican and Episcopal History|year=2003|publisher=Historical Society of the Episcopal Church|language=en|page=15|quote=Others had made similar observations, Patrick McGrath commenting that the Church of England was not a middle way between Roman Catholic and Protestant, but "between different forms of Protestantism," and William Monter describing the Church of England as "a unique style of Protestantism, a via media between the Reformed and Lutheran traditions." MacCulloch has described Cranmer as seeking a middle way between Zurich and Wittenberg but elsewhere remarks that the Church of England was "nearer Zurich and Geneva than Wittenberg.}}</ref>

==Reformed tradition==
[[Reformed theology]] defines the Church as being [[Church invisible|invisible]] and visible—the former includes the entire [[communion of saints]] and the latter is the "institution that God provides as an agency for God's saving, justifying, and sustaining activity", which [[John Calvin]] referred to as "our mother".<ref name="McKim2001">{{cite book|last=McKim|first=Donald K.|title=The Westminster Handbook to Reformed Theology|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|language=en|isbn=9780664224301|page=34}}</ref> The Reformed [[confessions of faith]] emphasize "the pure teaching of the gospel (''pura doctrina evangelii'') and the right administration of the sacraments (''recta administratio sacramentorum'')" as "the two most necessary signs of the true visible church".<ref name="Adhinarta2012">{{cite book|last=Adhinarta|first=Yuzo|title=The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit in the Major Reformed Confessions and Catechisms of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries|date=14 June 2012|publisher=Langham Monographs|language=en |isbn=9781907713286|page=83}}</ref>

==Methodist tradition==
[[File:Camp meeting of the Methodists in N. America J. Milbert del M. Dubourg sculp (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|Methodist preachers are known for promulgating the doctrines of the [[Born again#Methodism|new birth]] and [[entire sanctification]] to the public at events such as [[tent revival]]s, [[brush arbor revival]]s, and [[camp meeting]]s, which they believe is the reason that God raised them up into existence.<ref name="Gibson"/>]]
[[Methodist]]s affirm belief in "the one true Church, Apostolic and Universal", viewing their churches as constituting a "privileged branch of this true church".<ref name="Wesley1863">{{cite book|last=Newton|first=William F. |title=The Magazine of the Wesleyan Methodist Church|year=1863|publisher=J. Fry & Company|language=en|page=673}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/who-we-are/vatican-stance-nothing-new-say-church-leader|title=Vatican stance "nothing new" say church leader|last=Bloom|first=Linda|date=20 July 2007|publisher=The United Methodist Church|language=en|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144024/http://www.umc.org/who-we-are/vatican-stance-nothing-new-say-church-leader|dead-url=yes}}</ref> With regard to the position of Methodism within Christendom, the founder of the movement "John Wesley once noted that what God had achieved in the development of Methodism was no mere human endeavor but the work of God. As such it would be preserved by God so long as history remained."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peopleneedjesus.net/2016/08/25/the-birth-pangs-of-united-methodism-as-a-unique-global-orthodox-denomination/|author=William J. Abraham|title=The Birth Pangs of United Methodism as a Unique, Global, Orthodox Denomination|date=25 August 2016|language=en|access-date=30 April 2017|author-link=William J. Abraham}}</ref> Calling it "the grand depositum" of the Methodist faith, Wesley specifically taught that the propagation of the doctrine of entire sanctification was the reason that God raised up the Methodists in the world.<ref name="DaviesGeorge2017">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Rupert E.|last2=George|first2=A. Raymond|last3=Rupp|first3=Gordon|title=A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, Volume Three|date=14 June 2017|publisher=Wipf & Stock Publishers|language=en|isbn=9781532630507|page=225}}</ref><ref name="Gibson">{{cite web|url=https://ucmpage.org/sgca/wesley01.htm|title=Wesleyan Heritage Series: Entire Sanctification|last=Gibson|first=James|publisher=South Georgia Confessing Association|language=en|access-date=30 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529053529/http://ucmpage.org/sgca/wesley01.htm|archive-date=29 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Evangelical tradition==
The local [[Evangelical]] Church is the organization that represents the universal Church and is seen by evangelicals as the body of [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>Robert Paul Lightner, ''Handbook of Evangelical Theology'', Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p. 228</ref> It is responsible for teaching and ordinances, mainly the [[believer's baptism]] and the [[Lord's Supper]].<ref>Robert Paul Lightner, ''Handbook of Evangelical Theology'', Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p. 234</ref> Many churches are members of Evangelical Christian denominations and adhere to a common [[confession of faith]] and regulations, despite the autonomy of the church.<ref>Brad Christerson, Richard Flory, ''The Rise of Network Christianity'', Oxford University Press, USA, 2017, p. 58</ref> Some denominations are members of a national alliance of churches of the [[World Evangelical Alliance]].<ref>Brian Stiller, ''Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century'', Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 210</ref> Some evangelical denominations operate according to [[episcopal polity]] or [[presbyterian polity]]. However, the most common form of church government within Evangelicalism is [[congregational polity]]. This is especially common among non-denominational evangelical churches.{{Sfn|Balmer|2002|p=549}} Common [[Minister (Christianity)|ministries]] within evangelical congregations are [[pastor]], [[Elder (Christianity)|elder]], [[deacon]], [[evangelism|evangelist]] and [[worship leader]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Walter A. |last=Elwell |title=Evangelical Dictionary of Theology |publisher=Baker Academic |year=2001 |pages=370, 778}}</ref> The ministry of bishop with a function of supervision over churches on a regional or national scale is present in all the Evangelical Christian denominations, even if the titles president of the council or general overseer are mainly used for this function.<ref>John H. Y. Briggs, ''A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2009, p. 53</ref><ref>William K. Kay, ''Pentecostalism: A Very Short Introduction'', OUP Oxford, UK, 2011, p. 81</ref>

==Divisions and controversies==
Today there is a wide diversity of Christian groups, with a variety of different doctrines and traditions. These controversies between the various branches of Christianity naturally include significant differences in their respective ecclesiologies.

===Christian denominations===
{{Main|Christian denominations}}
A denomination in Christianity is a generic term for a distinct [[religion|religious]] body identified by traits such as a common name, structure, leadership, or doctrine. Individual bodies, however, may use alternative terms to describe themselves, such as "church" or "fellowship". Divisions between one group and another are defined by doctrine and church authority; issues such as the [[Christology|nature of Jesus]], the authority of apostolic succession, [[Christian eschatology|eschatology]], and [[papal primacy]] often separate one denomination from another. Groups of denominations often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties are known as branches of Christianity.

Individual Christian groups vary widely in the degree to which they recognize one another. Several groups claim to be the direct and sole authentic successor the church founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. Others, however, believe in denominationalism, where some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same religion regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs, and practices. Because of this concept, some Christian bodies reject the term "denomination" to describe themselves, to avoid implying equivalency with other churches or denominations.

[[File:Petersorganfromsanctuary.JPG|thumb|right|The [[nave]] of [[St. Peter's Church Phibsborough, Dublin]], [[Ireland]]]]
[[File:St. Andrews Church situated in Darjeeling.jpg|thumb|right|St. Andrew's Church, [[Darjeeling]]. Built- 1843, Rebuilt- 1873]]
The Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church believe that the term ''one'' in the Nicene Creed describes and prescribes a ''visible'' institutional and doctrinal unity, not only geographically throughout the world, but also historically throughout history. They see unity as one of the four marks that the Creed attributes to the genuine Church, and the essence of a mark is to be visible. A church whose identity and belief varied from country to country and from age to age would not be "one" in their estimation. As such they see themselves not as a denomination, but as pre-denominational; not as one of many faith communities, but the original and sole true Church.


Many [[Baptist]] and [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] theologians accept the local sense as the only valid application of the term ''church''. They strongly reject the notion of a universal ([[catholic]]) church. These denominations argue that all uses of the Greek word ''ekklesia'' in the New Testament are speaking of either a particular local group or of the notion of "church" in the abstract, and never of a single, worldwide Church.<ref>[http://www.vor.org/truth/1689/1689bc26.html 1689 London Baptist Confession]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Savoy Declaration |url=http://www.reformed.org/master/index.html?mainframe=/documents/Savoy_Declaration/index.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030506/http://www.reformed.org/master/index.html?mainframe=/documents/Savoy_Declaration/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Many [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]], Lutherans, [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholics]], and [[Independent Catholic Churches|Independent Catholics]] view unity as a mark of catholicity, but see the institutional unity of the [[Catholicity|Catholic Church]] as manifested in the shared apostolic succession of their episcopacies, rather than a shared episcopal hierarchy or rites.

[[Reformed tradition|Reformed]] Christians hold that every person justified by faith in the Gospel committed to the Apostles is a member of "One, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church". From this perspective, the real unity and holiness of the whole church established through the Apostles is yet to be revealed; and meanwhile, the extent and peace of the church on earth is imperfectly realized in a visible way.

The [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] declares that the Christian Church, properly speaking, consists only of those who have faith in the gospel (i.e., the forgiveness of sins which Christ gained for all people), even if they are in church bodies that teach error, but excluding those who do not have such faith, even if they belong to a church or hold a teaching office in it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lcms.org/doctrine/doctrinalposition|title=Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod|date=1932|website=Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod|pages=Sections 24–26|no-pp=y|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref>

===World Christianity===
{{Main|World Christianity}}
A number of historians have noted a twentieth-century "global shift" in Christianity, from a religion largely found in Europe and the Americas to one which is found in the [[Global South|global south]].<ref name="Walls2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNq6BwAAQBAJ|title=Missionary Movement in Christian History: Studies in the Transmission of Faith|date=1996|publisher=Orbis Books|isbn=978-1-60833-106-2|author=Andrew F. Walls}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2000-02/2000-02-050-robert.pdf|title=Shifting Southward: Global Christianity Since 1945|first=Dana L.|last=Robert|pages=50–58|journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research|date=April 2000|volume=24|issue=2|doi=10.1177/239693930002400201|s2cid=152096915}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-hUWm88QGkC|title=The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity|last=Jenkins|first=Philip|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199767465|location=New York}}</ref> Described as "World Christianity" or "Global Christianity", this term attempts to convey the global nature of the Christian religion. However, the term often focuses on “non-[[Western Christianity]]” which “comprises (usually the exotic) instances of Christian faith in ‘the global South’, in Asia, Africa and Latin America.”<ref>{{cite book|page=2|title=Christianity as a World Religion|author-last1=Kim|author-first1=Sebastian|author-last2=Kim|author-first2=Kirsteen|publisher=Continuum|location=London|date=2008}}</ref> It also includes [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] or [[diaspora|diasporic]] forms in Western Europe and North America.<ref name="Hanciles2008">{{cite book|author=Jehu Hanciles|title=Beyond Christendom: Globalization, African Migration, and the Transformation of the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmCDAwAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Orbis Books|isbn=978-1-60833-103-1}}</ref>

===Other debates===
Other debates include the following:
* "Churchianity" is a pejorative term for practices of Christianity that are viewed as placing more emphasis on the habits of church life or its [[institution]]al traditions than on the [[Ministry of Jesus|teachings of Jesus]]. Hence the replacement of "Christ" by "Church" in the word "''Church''ianity". Some Protestants apply it to churches that they view as having moved the central focus from Christ to the Church. Others, such as the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, see Christ as the centre, but the Church also as essential (''[[extra Ecclesiam nulla salus]]'') because of the close union between Christ and the Church described in Biblical passages such as the [[Epistle to the Ephesians]] (see [[Bride of Christ]]).
* There are many opinions as to the ultimate fate of the souls of individuals who are not part of a particular institutional church, i.e., members of a particular church may or may not believe that the souls of those outside their church organization can or will be saved.
* It has been debated in Protestantism whether or not the Christian Church is in fact a unified heavenly institution with the earthly institutions relegated to secondary status.

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|Religion}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral]]
* [[Christian ecumenism]]
* [[Church architecture]]
* [[Church attendance]]
* [[Churching of women]]
* [[Evangelical Catholic]]
* [[Germanic Christianity]]
* [[Great Church]]
* [[High church]] and [[Low church]]
* [[Inculturation]]
* [[Kingdom of God]]
* [[List of Christian denominations]]
* [[List of Christian denominations by number of members]]
* [[List of popes]]
* [[Missiology]]
* [[Priesthood of all believers]]
* [[Restoration Movement]]
* [[Role of the Christian Church in civilization]]
* ''[[Unam sanctam]]''
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* University of Virginia: Dictionary of the History of Ideas: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909175126/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-49''Christianity in History''], retrieved May 10, 2007
* University of Virginia: Dictionary of the History of Ideas: [https://web.archive.org/web/20061024081839/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-50 ''Church as an Institution''], retrieved May 10, 2007
* ''Christianity and the Roman Empire'', Ancient History Romans, BBC Home, retrieved May 10, 2007 [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/christianityromanempire_article_01.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045704/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/christianityromanempire_article_01.shtml |date=2019-08-05 }}
* ''Orthodox Church'', MSN Encarta, retrieved May 10, 2007{{cite encyclopedia |title=Orthodox Church - MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572657_6/Orthodox_Church.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028211131/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572657_6/Orthodox_Church.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead }}
* Catechism of the Catholic Church [https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p123a9p3.htm]
* {{cite book |last=Balmer |first=Randall Herbert |title=Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syUupeVJOz4C |year=2002 |place=Louisville, KY |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-22409-7 |access-date=October 25, 2011}}
* {{cite book |last1=Elwell |first1=Walter |last2=Comfort |first2=Philip Wesley |title=Tyndale Bible Dictionary |publisher=Tyndale House Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=0-8423-7089-7}}
* Mark Gstohl, Theological Perspectives of the Reformation, ''The Magisterial Reformation'', retrieved May 10, 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726210702/http://www.reformationhappens.com/movements/magisterial]
* J. Faber, ''The Catholicity of the Belgic Confession'', Spindle Works, The Canadian Reformed Magazine 18 (Sept. 20–27, Oct. 4–11, 18, Nov. 1, 8, 1969)-[http://spindleworks.com/library/faber/008_theca.htm]
* Boise State University: History of the Crusades: ''The Fourth Crusade''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110204033227/http://crusades.boisestate.edu/4th/]
* United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: ARTICLE 9 "I BELIEVE IN THE HOLY CATHOLIC CHURCH": 830-831 [http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt1sect2chpt3art9p3.htm]: Provides Catholic interpretations of the term ''catholic''
* Kenneth D. Whitehead, ''Four Marks of the Church'', EWTN Global Catholic Network [http://www.ewtn.com/faith/Teachings/churb2.htm]
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Unity (as a Mark of the Church)}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Church History |volume= 6 | pages = 330–345 |short= 1}}
* ''Apostolic Succession'', The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070217164008/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ap/apostSuc.html]
* Gerd Ludemann, ''Heretics: The Other Side of Early Christianity'', Westminster John Knox Press, 1st American ed edition (August 1996), {{ISBN|0-664-22085-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-664-22085-3}}
* ''From Jesus to Christ: Maps, Archaeology, and Sources: Chronology'', PBS, retrieved May 19, 2007 [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/cron.html]
* Bannerman, James, ''The Church of Christ: A treatise on the nature, powers, ordinances, discipline and government of the Christian Church'', Still Waters Revival Books, Edmonton, Reprint Edition May 1991, First Edition 1869.
* Grudem, Wayne, ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine'', Inter-Varsity Press, Leicester, England, 1994.
* Kuiper, R.B., ''The Glorious Body of Christ'', The Banner of Truth Trust, Edinburgh, 1967
* Mannion, Gerard and Mudge, Lewis (eds.), ''The Routledge Companion to the Christian Church'', 2007

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Christian Church}}
{{wikiquote|Christian Church}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html Vatican II, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church ''Lumen gentium'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190320144807/http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/chrichur.html Christianity vs. Churchianity]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140805004856/http://www.rochesterbible.org/doctrinal_statement.html#THE%20CHURCH The Church. A Protestant Definition]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171210091206/http://www.christians.eu/church-structure/ Church Structure: New Testament Churches vs. Today's Institutional Churches]
* [http://www.christianiconography.info/ecclesia.html Ecclesia] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] web site

{{Christianity footer|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Types of Christian organization|Church]]
[[Category:Ecclesiology]]
[[Category:Christian terminology|Church]]

Christian Barillot

2026-07-17T05:01:05Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=The cited sources are just contents published by the subject, trivial mentions, online profiles, and one obituary, which are not enough to demonstrate the subject's notability. Please make sure to remove the primary sources, and include multiple significant coverage from independent and reliable sources to show that the subject passes [[WP:NACADEMIC]] or [[WP:NBIO]]. [[User:Tutwakhamoe|Tutwakhamoe]] ([[User talk:Tutwakhamoe|talk]]) 00:18, 19 July 2023 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Currently, the subject is notable, but a lot of the references are primary. Can you please add some secondary sources. Take a look at [[WP:INDY]]. Also, can you fix the website property on each of the sources. It shouldn't be a URL, just the name of the website. Give me a shout when your finished. '''[[User:scope_creep|scope_creep]][[User talk:scope_creep#top|Talk]]''' 20:42, 16 May 2021 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|French computational neuroscientist}}
{{Draft topics|biography|stem}}
{{AfC topic|bdp}}

{{Promising draft}}

{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Christian Barillot
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1959|12|28|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|06|14|1959|12|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Rennes]], [[France]]
| image =
| other_names =
| nationality = [[French people|French]]
| fields = [[Neuroimaging]]
| known_for = multimodal image analysis of multiple sclerosis plaques
| education = [[University of Rennes 1]]
| years_active =
| organization =
| agent =
}}
'''Christian Barillot''' (28 December 1959 – 14 June 2020) was a French computational neuroscientist and expert of multimodal neuroimage analysis. He has been the director of several research groups in France, mostly focused on improving quality of [[magnetic resonance imaging]] and its application to [[multiple sclerosis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://people.irisa.fr/Christian.Barillot/|title= Prof. Christian Barillot - Irisa| website=irisa.fr|language=en-gb|access-date=4 February 2021 |date=4 February 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Barillot was awarded both a Ph.D. and [[Habilitation]] from the [[University of Rennes I]] respectively in 1984 and 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=ftp://ftp.irisa.fr/techreports/habilitations/barillot.pdf|title= barillothabilitation| website=ftp.irisa.fr/techreports/habilitations/barillot.pdf|language=en-gb|access-date=4 February 2021 |df=dmy-all|date=4 February 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
He obtained the position of tenured Researcher by the CNRS ([[French National Centre for Scientific Research]]) in 1986.<ref name=INCR>{{Cite web|url=https://www.incr.fr/mr-christian-barillot/|title=Mr Christian Barillot|publisher=INCR|language=en-gb|access-date=4 February 2021 |date=4 February 2021}}</ref> In the subsequent years he visited the [[Mayo Clinic]] and [[Rochester University]],<ref name=INCR /> developing methods for fast volume rendering of magnetic resonance imaging. The work culminated in the software package [[Analyze (imaging software)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://analyzedirect.com/|title= analyze| website=analyzedirect.com|language=en-gb|access-date=4 February 2021 |date=4 February 2021}}</ref> Afterwards he was affiliated to the Unit 335 of INSERM ([[Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale]]) and joined [[IRISA]] in their local unit also in Rennes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://histoire.inserm.fr/les-femmes-et-les-hommes/christian-barillot/(page)/2|title= INSERMbarillot| website=histoire.inserm.fr|language=en-gb|access-date=4 February 2021 |date=4 February 2021}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023}}</ref>
According to the independent ranking Researchers, his latest contributions were focused on [[EEG]] and [[neurofeedback]].
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.com/u/christian-barillot|title= Review of C.Barillot| website=research.com|language=en-gb|access-date=4 March 2023 |date=4 March 2023}}</ref>

Between 2004 and 2020 he was the director of the VisAGeS research Unit (now called Empenn from the Breton word "empenn" meaning "brain"),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://team.inria.fr/empenn/|title= Visages/Empenn| website=inria.fr|language=en-gb|access-date=4 February 2021 |date=4 February 2021}}</ref> and from 2010 onward coordinator of the Neurinfo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://project.inria.fr/neurinfo/fr/|title= neurinfo| website=inria.fr|language=fr|access-date=4 February 2021 |date=4 February 2021}}</ref> imaging platform.<ref name=INCR /> Long before the deep learning trend, he unveiled to the national French channel his plans to use machine learning to study neuroimaging.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SwTz3ot2Wk|title= France 3 Youtube channel| via=YouTube|language=fr|access-date=4 February 2023 |date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

Barillot's contributions include the processing of multidimensional medical images, particularly the integration of different image modalities (e.g. [[T1-weighted]], [[T2-weighted]], [[FLAIR]],etc.) applied to the analysis of brain pathologies with particular attention to multiple sclerosis.<ref name="biomarkers">{{cite journal|last1=Barillot|first1=Christian|last2=Edan|first2=Gilles|last3=Commowick|first3=Olivier |title=Imaging biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: from image analysis to population imaging|journal=Medical Image Analysis|volume=17|issue=6|year=2016|pages=134–139|doi=10.1016/j.media.2016.06.017|pmid=27374128|s2cid=4783864 |url=https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01333583/file/Media-20years_Barillot_revised.pdf}}</ref><ref name="perfusionCamille">{{cite journal|last1=Maumet |first1=Camille|last2=Maurel|first2=Philippe|last3=Ferre|first3=Jean Christoph|last4=Barillot|first4=Christian|title=An a contrario approach for the detection of patient-specific brain perfusion abnormalities with arterial spin labelling|journal=NeuroImage|volume=134|issue=1|year=2016|pages=424–433|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.054|pmid=27039702|s2cid=207198256|url=https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01291748v2/file/Maumet_NeuroImage_A_Contrario.pdf}}</ref><ref name="uspio">{{cite journal|last1=Crimi|first1=Alessandro|last2=Commowick|first2=Olivier|last3=Maarouf|first3=Adil|last4=Barillot|first4=Christian |title=Predictive value of imaging markers at multiple sclerosis disease onset based on gadolinium-and USPIO-enhanced MRI and machine learning|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=4|year=2014|pages=e93024 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0093024|pmid=24691080|pmc=3972197|bibcode=2014PLoSO...993024C|doi-access=free}}</ref> He contributed to the reduction of noise in magnetic resonance imaging.<ref name="multimodal">{{cite journal|last1=Coupé |first1=Philippe|last2=Yger|first2=Pierre|last3=Prima|first3=Sylvianne|last4=Hellier|first4=Pierre|last5=Kervrann|first5=C.|last6=Christian|first6=Barillot|title=An optimized blockwise nonlocal means denoising filter for 3-D magnetic resonance images|journal=IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging|volume=27|issue=4|year=2008|pages=42–441|doi=10.1109/TMI.2007.906087|pmid=18390341|pmc=2881565}}</ref>

Barillot co-chaired some editions of the two major international conferences in medical imaging: the Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention ([[The_MICCAI_Society]]) conference and the [[Information Processing in Medical Imaging]] (IPMI) conference. More specifically, the 14th IPMI<ref>{{Cite book|title=Information processing in medical imaging : 14th international conference, Ile de Berder, France, June 1995|date=1995|publisher=Kluwer Academic|others=Bizais, Y. (Yves), Barillot, Christian., Di Paola, Robert., International Conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging (14th : 1995 : Ile Berder, France)|isbn=9780792335931|location=Dordrecht|oclc=46963076}}</ref> conference in 1995 held in [[Brest]], then in 2004 he chaired the 7th MICCAI <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://miccai.irisa.fr/index2.php?menu=General_Info&page=Committees|title= miccai2004| website=irisa.fr|language=en-gb|access-date=4 February 2021 |date=4 February 2021}}</ref> conference held in [[Saint-Malo]]. He was also a co-organizer for the MICCAI hyperintense brain lesion segmentation challenge and the Brainlesion workshop (Brainles).<ref>{{cite web |title=Brainles |url=http://www.brainlesion-workshop.org// |website=brainlesion-workshop.org |accessdate=5 February 2021}}</ref>

He died of cancer after one year fighting the disease <ref>{{cite web |title=Deces|date=16 June 2020 |url=https://www.biogenouest.org/en/article/deces-christian-barillot/ |accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://histoire.inserm.fr/les-femmes-et-les-hommes/christian-barillot/(page)/4 List of pubblications at INSERM]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.irisa.fr/Christian.Barillot IRISA collection of condolences]

* [https://dblp.org/pid/46/2222.html Articles from Christian Barillot listed by DBLP ]

* [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1589-7696 Articles from Christian Barillot listed on Orcid]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christian Barillot}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:French academics]]
[[Category: Neuroimaging]]
[[Category: French scientists]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Bachini's Escalation (2022 film)

2026-07-17T04:58:04Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Horror Film}}
{{Draft topics|films}}
{{AfC topic|media}}

'''''Escalation''''' is a 2022 Italian [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[Horror film|horror]] [[short film]] directed, written, produced, and edited by Christian Bachini who also stars in the film. The film premiered in the US at the FilmQuest Film Festival and ended its festival run in the UK at the [[Romford Horror Film Festival]] in 2024. The film was co-written by Charles P. Cooper and features original music by American horror composer Alexander Taylor and Italian composer Antonio Vannucci.

== Plot ==
Chris, a paranoid and self-centered man, is happily avoiding all human contact, preferring to escape from reality in whatever’s on TV. When a friend reaches out to him to confront him about his past promises, Chris has to decide what kind of person he is inside, or it may just eat him...alive.

== Reception ==
Escalation received critical acclaim on the Festival Circuit during its run between 2022/23, collecting more than 80 awards in multiple categories at some of the World's Top Film Festivals according to [[MovieMaker]], including a double victory at the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] Qualifying "[[Rhode Island International Film Festival|Flicker's Rhode Island International Film Festival]]" for Best Horror Short and Best Practical FX. Top genre movie news outlets such as [[Dread Central|Dread Centra]]l, Geek Tyrant and [[Rue Morgue (magazine)|Rue Morgue]] celebrated "Escalation" as one of the most brutal, innovative and fun horror cinema experiences of recent times while movie magazines like [[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] and MovieMaker praised the film for the no-holds-barred commitment to practical FX and high production value from the set design to cinematography and editing.

== References ==

<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moviemaker.com/escalation-christian-bachini-column/ | title='Escalation' Director Christian Bachini on Shooting Through the Pain - MovieMaker Magazine | date=6 April 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macabredaily.com/articles/horrorhound-short-escalation-debuts-directors-cut-at-rhode-island-film-festival?rq=escalation | title=Horrorhound Short, "Escalation", Debuts Director's Cut at Rhode Island Film Festival | date=4 November 2020 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/454172/shadow-gods-creeps-and-jason-voorhees-indie-horror-review-roundup/ | title=Shadow Gods, Creeps, and Jason Voorhees! [Indie Horror Review Roundup] | date=18 May 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rue-morgue.com/short-cuts-the-short-horror-review-roundup-for-march-2023/ | title=Short Cuts: The Short Horror Review Roundup for March 2023 | date=31 March 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pophorror.com/horror-on-sea-2023-film-festival-escalation-2021-movie-review/ | title=Horror-On-Sea 2023 Film Festival – 'ESCALATION' (2021) – Movie Review | date=9 February 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macabredaily.com/articles/horrorhoundff-escalation-review | title=Horrorhound Film Festival Review: Escalation (2021) | date=4 November 2020 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.horrorbuzz.com/movies/escalation-serves-up-bloody-mayhem-and-sharp-work/ | title=ESCALATION Serves up Bloody Mayhem and Sharp Work | date=16 September 2022 | access-date=26 February 2024 | archive-date=4 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204215542/https://www.horrorbuzz.com/movies/escalation-serves-up-bloody-mayhem-and-sharp-work/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ghoulsmagazine.com/articles/horror-filmmakers-to-watch-christian-bachini | title=Horror Filmmakers to Watch: Christian Bachini }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinefied.com/escalationshortfilmreview | title=Short Film Review - 'Escalation' [HorrorHound Film Festival '22] | access-date=2024-02-26 | archive-date=2024-02-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204212540/https://www.cinefied.com/escalationshortfilmreview | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blazingminds.co.uk/christian-bachini-exclusive-horror-on-sea-interview/ | title=Christian Bachini exclusive Horror-on-Sea Interview • Blazing Minds | date=26 November 2022 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline-magazin.de/christian-bachini-im-interview/ | title=CHRISTIAN BACHINI IM INTERVIEW – DIE ÄSTHETIK DER GEWALT - DEADLINE - das Filmmagazin | date=19 November 2021 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldfilmgeek.com/2023/10/19/directors-cut-of-bachinis-escalation-coming-to-rhode-island/ | title=Director's Cut of Bachini's "Escalation" Coming to Rhode Island! | date=19 October 2023 }}</ref>

== External links ==

[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15754646/ Escalation] at [[IMDb]]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ixl2Ezz7YY Christian Bachini's Escalation Official Trailer] on [[YouTube|Youtube]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Anderson (musician)

2026-07-17T04:53:12Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|American musician}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Christian Anderson (musician)|timestamp=20260308180350|year=2026|month=March|day=8|substed=yes|help=off}}



{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Trust'N
| birth_name = Christian Anderson
| education = [[University of Wisconsin–La Crosse]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Musician
}}
| years_active = 2018-present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instruments = Vocals
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Hip-hop music|Hip-hop]]
}}
| label = [[Create Music Group]]
}}
}}
'''Christian Anderson''', known professionally as '''Trust'N''', is an American musician, former record executive, and entrepreneur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Beiermeister |first=Mike |date=2020-02-25 |title=UW-La Crosse student making name for himself in music, entertainment industry |url=https://www.wxow.com/news/uw-la-crosse-student-making-name-for-himself-in-music-entertainment-industry/article_71f696f7-7939-5af6-978e-326fd250c001.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |publisher=[[WXOW]] |language=en}}</ref> He is a voting member of the [[The Recording Academy|Grammy Recording Academy]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Derby |first=Samara |title=Madison hip-hop artists land on Billboard chart — in a surprising place |url=https://madison.com/life-entertainment/local/music/article_bc622e2a-109e-489a-bfd5-ee6c95187ccb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219223017/https://madison.com/life-entertainment/local/music/article_bc622e2a-109e-489a-bfd5-ee6c95187ccb.html |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=[[Wisconsin State Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anderson grew up in [[Middleton, Wisconsin|Middleton,]] [[Middleton, Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]. During childhood he studied piano and later played trumpet. At 16, he began rapping and freestyling with friends<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trust'N Artist Profile {{!}} Biography And Discography {{!}} NewReleaseToday |url=https://www.newreleasetoday.com/artistdetail.php?artist_id=6274 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.newreleasetoday.com}}</ref>, which led to recording his first songs and sharing them online when he was 17.<ref name="UWLax2020">{{cite web |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Heartbreak fuels hip hop career |url=https://www.uwlax.edu/news/posts/heartbreak-fuels-hip-hop-career/ |access-date=January 14, 2026 |website=University of Wisconsin–La Crosse News (Campus Connection)}}</ref> By his late teens, he had begun releasing music on SoundCloud under the stage name Trust’N.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skarp |first=Jackson |last2=Betzler |first2=Karley |date=2017-10-15 |title=Eagle Voice: Christian Anderson aka Trust'N |url=https://theracquet.org/3824/showcase/eagle-voice-christian-anderson-aka-trustn/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=The Racquet Press}}</ref>

Anderson graduated from Middleton High School in 2017. He later attended [[University of Wisconsin–La Crosse]], where he studied marketing<ref name="UWLax2020" />. While enrolled, he continued working on music and began promoting his releases independently. Anderson later left the university but completed his marketing degree online in 2023.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
In 2019, Anderson served as an executive at Bentley Records. That same year, he co-founded Lost Boy Entertainment with Bryce Vander Sanden,<ref name=":0" /> due to "issues" with his music distributor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trust’N {{!}} The Independent Grind & “You N’ Me” Demo |url=https://www.flaunt.com/blog/trustn |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=[[Flaunt]]}}</ref>

During college, his EP ''Lapse'' reached the top 20 of the [[ITunes|iTunes hip-hop charts]].<ref name="UWLax2020" /> He also was a member of the ''[[Forbes]]'' Communication Council based on his work in communications and PR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Anderson {{!}} Co-Founder & Owner - Lost Boy Entertainment Company {{!}} Forbes Councils |url=https://councils.forbes.com/profile/Christian-Anderson-Co-Founder-Owner-Lost-Boy-Entertainment-Company/2446ab7d-5d35-4ff7-93c9-30f78b0fb7a6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122164628/https://councils.forbes.com/profile/Christian-Anderson-Co-Founder-Owner-Lost-Boy-Entertainment-Company/2446ab7d-5d35-4ff7-93c9-30f78b0fb7a6 |archive-date=2022-11-22 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Forbes Councils |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Anderson and Bkwds released the five-track EP ''Neverland''. The project was developed over roughly two years, as a reflection on the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Jon |title=Check out Trust'N & Bkwds' new EP 'Neverland' |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2022-10-12/227316/trustn-and-bkwds-neverland-ep |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt]]}}</ref> The EP included the single “Stay (Go)” which later charted at number 17 on the [[Billboard charts#Other international charts|''Billboard'' Luxembourg Songs]] chart,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=Luxembourg Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/luxembourg-songs-hotw/2025-10-25/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121223703/https://www.billboard.com/charts/luxembourg-songs-hotw/2025-10-25/ |archive-date=2026-01-21 |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and charted at the 20th spot on the [[Top40-Charts|Luxembourg Top 40]] chart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LUXEMBURG TOP 40 APCCHART.COM © 1988 APC-stats EU/UE |url=https://www.euro200.net/ADDITIONAL%20CHARTS/LUX-148.htm |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=[[Top40-Charts|Luxemburg Top40 Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Madison hip-hop duo hits Billboard charts in Luxembourg |url=https://www.channel3000.com/video/madison-hip-hop-duo-hits-billboard-charts-in-luxembourg/video_f6f85258-ba5c-5583-a50e-32198bcc2bbc.html |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=[[WISC-TV|Channel3000]] |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to his work in music and entertainment, Anderson has written for ''[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Christian Anderson (Trust'N) Archives |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/author/christian-anderson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017044637/https://www.entrepreneur.com/author/christian-anderson |archive-date=October 17, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |language=en-US |dead-url=no }}</ref>, and has been a contributor for ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Anderson (Trust'N) |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/author/christian-anderson-trustn/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=[[Rolling Stone]] |language=en-US}}</ref> in relation to his work in the music industry.

== Discography ==
=== Extended plays ===
* ''Lapse'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-07-29 |title=Golden Boy - [Trust’N] X [Bkwds] |url=https://blog.lyricallemonade.com/p/golden-boy-trustn-x-bkwds/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=[[Lyrical Lemonade]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Neverland'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Jaxon |date=2022-09-16 |title=Neverland - [Trust'N][Bkwds] |url=https://blog.lyricallemonade.com/p/neverland-trustnbkwds/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=[[Lyrical Lemonade]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Singles ===
* "Do What I Gotta" (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarachik |first=Justin |date=2018-03-28 |title=Trust'N - Do What I Gotta ft. Breana Marin & O-s9x |url=https://rapzilla.com/2018-03-free-download-trust-n-do-what-i-gotta-ft-breana-marin-o-s9x/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=[[Rapzilla]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* "Let You Be" (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iaccio |first=Larry |date=2019-04-26 |title=Trust'N - Let You Be |url=https://stereostickman.com/music/trustn-let-you-be/ |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=Stereo Stickman |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* "West Virginia" (2019)
* "Eighteen" (2020)
* "OverYou" (2024)
* "Stay (Go)" (2025)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madison, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–La Crosse alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian Aggrey Apena

2026-07-17T04:48:26Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

'''Christian Aggrey Apena''' (May 16, 1931 - October 10, 2022),<ref name="apena">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/12/fought-idahosa-anglicans-archbishop-christian-aggrey-apena/|title=Why I fought Idahosa, Anglicans - Archbishop Christian Aggrey Apena - Vanguard News}}</ref> also known as '''Christian Aggrey Ovwoma Apena''', was a [[Nigerian]] religious figure who founded the Bethesda Gospel Mission. He was the first ordained Pentecostal [[Bishop]] and [[Archbishop]] in [[Delta State]], [[Nigeria]].<ref name="first">{{Cite web|url=https://newsnet.ng/lifestyle/first-pentecostal-bishop-in-delta-dies/|title=First Pentecostal Bishop in Delta dies|first=NewsNet|last=Nigeria|date=October 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name="dies">{{Cite web|url=https://oasismagazine.com.ng/2022/10/archbishop-apena-dies-at-91/|title=Archbishop Apena Dies At 91|first=Halima|last=Ibrahim|date=October 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name="macaulay1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asabametro.com/archbishop-apena-was-a-general-in-gods-army-macaulay/|title=Archbishop Apena was a General in God's Army - Macaulay|first=Asaba|last=Metro|date=October 11, 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="macaulay2">{{Cite web|url=https://advocate.ng/macaulay-expresses-grief-over-archbishop-apenas-demise/|title=Macaulay expresses grief over Archbishop Apena’s demise - Advocate.ng|date=October 11, 2022|access-date=August 2, 2023|archive-date=October 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011150802/https://advocate.ng/macaulay-expresses-grief-over-archbishop-apenas-demise/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="abolo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theoasisreporters.com/grief-all-over-delta-state-as-archbishop-apena-transits/|title=Grief All Over Delta State, As Archbishop Apena Transits | The Oasis Reporters|date=October 12, 2022|website=www.theoasisreporters.com}}</ref><ref name="ukodhiko">{{Cite web|url=https://www.truthreporters.com.ng/2022/10/ukodhiko-mourns-archbishop-apena-truth.html|title=Ukodhiko mourns Archbishop Apena}}</ref><ref name="govt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicaleconomistng.com/okowa-uduaghan-others-honour-archbishop-apena-great-gift-humanity/|title=Okowa, Uduaghan, others honour Archbishop Apena as a ‘Great Gift to Humanity’|date=December 23, 2022}}</ref><ref name="olomu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.truthreporters.com.ng/2022/10/iana-pg-olomu-mourns-late-spiritual.html|title=IANA PG, Olomu mourns late spiritual leader, Archbishop Apena}}</ref>
Apena's father was the first [[pastor]] in the [[Isoko region]] ordained on December 31, 1931, and Apena himself was almost ordained an [[Anglican Church]] pastor before a religious crisis led him to leave the church.<ref name="apena" /><ref name="first" /><ref name="dies" /><ref name="ukodhiko" /><ref name="govt" /> According to him, "I left the Anglican Church because I had the Pentecostal spirit that they didn't have".<ref name="apena" />
While still in the [[Church of Nigeria]], Apena said that he had a disagreement with the late Evangelist [[Cornelius Adam Igbudu]], who accused him of "disturbing his ministry" in the Nigerian Anglican Church.<ref name="apena" />
After leaving the Nigerian Anglican Church, he worked with the late Archbishop [[Benson Idahosa]] in the [[Church of God Mission International]] but parted ways with him to start his own ministry.<ref name="apena" />
==Ministry==
Apena started his ministry at his hometown [[Irri]] in the [[Isoko South]] Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria.<ref name="first" /> Regarded as "a father of [[Pentecostalism]]" in Delta State,<ref name="olomu" /> he was credited with ordaining and mentoring many Nigerian religious figures in the state.<ref name="apena" /><ref name="first" /><ref name="macaulay1" /><ref name="macaulay2" /><ref name="abolo" /><ref name="ukodhiko" /><ref name="govt" /><ref name="omote">{{cite web|url=https://www.politicsgovernance.com/omote-laments-archbishop-apenas-demise/|title=Omote Laments Archbishop Apena's Demise|date=10 October 2022|publisher=www.politicsgovernance.com}}</ref>

According to Delta State former Governor [[Ifeanyi Okowa]], Apena left "the legacies of integrity and sound biblical teachings".<ref name="okowa">{{cite web|url=https://thescript.com.ng/okowa-mourns-archbishop-apena/|title=Okowa Mourns Archbishop Apena|date=12 October 2022|publisher=TheScript Nigeria}}</ref>
Okowa also noted that "he was a strong voice in the [[Christianity|Christian]] community where he taught the word of God without fear or favour".<ref name="okowa" />

Apena was also said to have "left behind a legacy of humility, integrity, truthfulness and steadfastness to God".<ref name="ukodhiko" />
It was believed that he fought "a good fight of faith and completed his earthly race and mission".<ref name="omote" />
==Death and burial==
Apena died in the early hours of Monday, October 10, 2022, at the age of 91.<ref name="first" /><ref name="dies" /><ref name="omote" /><ref name="odagwe">{{cite web|url=https://newsnet.ng/lifestyle/odagwe-leads-provincial-heads-of-cgmi-in-isoko-to-condole-family-of-late-arc-bishop-apena/|title=Odagwe leads provincial heads of CGMI in Isoko to condole family of late Arc Bishop Apena|publisher=NewsNet Nigeria}}</ref> He was not reported to be sick prior to his death.<ref name="govt" /><ref name="ndokwa">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndokwareporters.com/okowa-describes-late-archbishop-was-a-great-gift-to-humanity/|title=Okowa Describes Late Archbishop Was A Great Gift To Humanity|date=24 December 2022|publisher=Ndokwa Reporters}}</ref>

The burial ceremony of the late Archbishop Christian Aggrey Apena took place at his hometown Irri from December 21 to 24, 2022.<ref name="odagwe" /> Notable Deltans in attendance included Ifeanyi Okowa, [[Emmanuel Uduaghan]], [[Ayo Oritsejafor]], [[Stella Omu]] and many other people.<ref name="govt" /><ref name="ndokwa" />
==References==

{{reflist}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christian A. Schwarz

2026-07-17T04:46:18Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 8 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Christian A. Schwarz|timestamp=20160710203345|year=2016|month=July|day=10|substed=yes|help=off}}




{{third-party|date=July 2016}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Christian A. Schwarz
| image = Christian A. Schwarz.jpg
| alt = Christian A. Schwarz
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|03|27}}
| birth_place = Herne, Germany
| nationality = German
| occupation = Author, researcher
| organization = Natural Church Development
| notable_works = Trinitarian Compass
| religion = Christianity
| spouse = Brigitte Berief-Schwarz
| children = Jonas, Simon, Chiara
| website = {{URL|ncd-international.org}}
}}

'''Christian Andreas Schwarz''' (born March 27, 1960) is a German author, lecturer and researcher. He is the founder and president of [[Natural Church Development]] (NCD International). His books have been published in 40 languages, making Schwarz one of the most frequently translated German authors since World War II.<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Schwarz’ early years were strongly shaped by the ministry of his father, Fritz Schwarz, who was a [[Lutheran]] church superintendent between 1967 and his death in 1985. In the late 1970s, Fritz Schwarz launched a church growth program in his church district of Herne (Germany), which influenced many Lutheran churches throughout Germany.<ref>Fritz Schwarz, ''Überschaubare Gemeinde: Ein persönliches Wort an Leute in der Kirche über missionarischen Gemeindeaufbau'' (1979). Aussaat: Gladbeck. ISBN 978-3795808426</ref> Christian A. Schwarz co-authored with his father three of the initial books describing the values, strategy, and theology of that approach.<ref>''Programm des neuen Lebensstils: Für Leute, denen Jesus konkurrenzlos wichtig ist'' (1981). Aussaat: Gladbeck. ISBN 978-3795808433; ''Die Friedenslüge: Plädoyer für Wahrhaftigkeit'' (1982). Aussaat: Neukirchen-Vluyn. ISBN 978-3795808587; ''Theologie des Gemeindeaufbaus – Ein Versuch'' (1984, second edition 1985). Aussaat: Neukirchen-Vluyn. ISBN 978-3761546635</ref>

Between 1979 and 1986 he studied theology in Bochum, Bethel, Wuppertal and Mainz (Germany) and worked simultaneously as a journalist for various magazines and newspapers.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', page 33. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref> In this time period he wrote countless lyrics for Christian songs, which were recorded on LPs and later CDs.<ref>''Ich habe einen Traum'' (1982); ''Du bist der Same der Zukunft'' (1982); ''Über den Tod hinaus'' (1983); ''Ist Frieden möglich?'' (1984), published by Abakus Music Greifenstein, http://www.abakus-musik.de</ref> The CD that became most popular was based on his attempt to communicate the message of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] in a lyrical way, which was set to music by the composer Siegfried Fietz and sung by Jan Vering together with King’s widow, [[Coretta Scott King]].<ref>http://www.abakus-musik.de/ich-habe-einen-traum</ref>

In one of his German books<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Anleitung für christliche Lebenskünstler'' (1995, 4th edition 2002), pages 128-129. Emmelsbüll: C&P. ISBN 978-3928093378</ref> Schwarz speaks about an incurable disease that was diagnosed at his 18th birthday, which had a strong influence on his priorities, plans, and intensity of activities in the years to follow. He reports about an unexpected healing eight years after the diagnosis which resulted in the decision to "redesign his life" and invest the rest of his life into the cause of helping churches get healthy.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development: Experiencing all that God has designed you to be'' (2005), pages 46-47. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref>

== Schwarz and Natural Church Development ==
Internationally, Christian A. Schwarz is best known as founder and leader of Natural Church Development, a principle-oriented approach to church life that has been applied by more than 70,000 churches worldwide.<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/what-is-ncd.html</ref>

=== His way to Natural Church Development ===
Two of the early books of Christian A. Schwarz that he co-authored with his father, Fritz Schwarz, dealt with the societal and political impact of discipleship. The first one, ''Programm des neuen Lebensstils'' (Program of a New Life Style), published in 1981,<ref>Fritz Schwarz, Christian A. Schwarz, ''Programm des neuen Lebensstils: Für Leute, denen Jesus konkurrenzlos wichtig ist'' (1981). Aussaat: Gladbeck. ISBN 978-3795808433</ref> targeted topics such as ecology, global social justice, ministry for the poor, and a simple personal life style, while the second one, ''Die Friedenslüge'' (The Lie of Peace), published in 1982,<ref>Fritz Schwarz, Christian A. Schwarz, ''Die Friedenslüge: Plädoyer für Wahrhaftigkeit'' (1982). Aussat: Neukirchen-Vluyn. ISBN 978-3795808587</ref> addressed topics like armament, non-violent resistance, and peace.

In 1984, Fritz and Christian A. Schwarz co-authored their ''Theologie des Gemeindeaufbaus'' (Theology of Church Development),<ref>Fritz Schwarz, Christian A. Schwarz: ''Theologie des Gemeindeaufbaus – Ein Versuch'' (1984, second edition 1985). Aussaat: Neukirchen-Vluyn. ISBN 978-3761546635</ref> which presented the theological paradigm behind their practical work. At the time of publishing that book, there had not yet been any interaction with the American church growth movement.

In 1985 Schwarz met for the first time leaders of the American [[Church Growth]] movement in the context of his first study trip to the United States (among others, [[Donald McGavran]], [[C. Peter Wagner]], and Win Arn). In 1986 Schwarz spent a sabbatical in the United States, studying at [[Fuller Theological Seminary]], in an attempt to learn from the American church growth movement.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''The ABC’s of Natural Church Development'' (1998), page 7. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638041</ref> Over a number of years, Schwarz developed a relationship with McGavran in which they explored the elements that were potentially missing in the predominant church growth paradigm of the day.<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:NCD Books.jpg|thumb|Schwarz' books have been published in many different languages]]

In 1989, he founded the Institute for Church Development, which later on was renamed Institute for Natural Church Development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |access-date=2016-07-11 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816102915/http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The Institute performed initial research projects in German-speaking countries that led to hypotheses that laid the foundations for the research theses that later on enabled the formation of Natural Church Development.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Der Gemeindetest: Kybernetisch Gemeinde bauen'' (1991). Mainz-Kastel: C&P Verlag. ISBN 978-3928093071</ref> In 1994, the organizational psychologist Christoph Schalk joined the Institute’s team. Under his supervision, 1000 churches in 32 countries were researched according to a revised methodology, applying strict standards in terms of objectivity, validity, and reliability.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, Christoph Schalk, ''Implementation Guide to Natural Church Development'' (1998), pages 229-234, St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638034</ref>

In October 1996, the first edition of the book ''Natural Church Development''<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Natural Church Development: A Guide to Eight Essential Qualities of Healthy Churches'' (originally published in 1996, 7th updated and revised edition 2006). ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003</ref> was published simultaneously in ten different languages.<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/Books/Natural-Church-Development.html. The original languages were British English, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, U.S. English. Meanwhile, the book has been been published in many more languages, including Albanian, Arabic, Chinese, Czech, Estonian, Finnish, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Swedish, Tamil, Thai, Ukrainian.</ref> This was the first time that the term Natural Church Development (NCD) was used.

=== The strategy of Natural Church Development ===
The major features of Natural Church Development can be summarized in the characteristics: principle-orientation,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Natural Church Development'' (7th updated and revised edition 2006), pages 18-21, ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003; Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development: Experiencing all that God has designed you to be'' (2005), pages 82-83. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref> interdenominational application,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''The All By Itself Pathway: An Introduction to Natural Church Development'' (2015), page 72. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1936812110. The All By Itself Pathway is available in various denominational versions, for instance, The All By Itself Anglican, The All By Itself Adventist, The All By Itself Salvationist. http://www.ncd-international.org/public/Books/Pathway.html</ref> intercultural learning,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', pages 28-32. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref> scientific evaluation,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Natural Church Development: A Guide to Eight Essential Qualities of Healthy Churches'' (originally published in 1996, 7th updated and revised edition 2006), pages 18-21. ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003</ref> quality focus,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', pages 25-27. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref> spiritual balance,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', pages 56-57, 168-181. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref> and process-orientation.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Natural Church Development'' (7th updated and revised edition 2006), pages 108-125. ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003</ref>

The major strategic building blocks of NCD are the eight quality characteristics of healthy churches,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Natural Church Development'' (7th updated and revised edition 2006), pages pages 18-50. ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003</ref> the six growth forces,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', pages 89-103. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref> the minimum-factor strategy,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Natural Church Development'' (7th updated and revised edition 2006), pages 51-64. ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003</ref> and the Trinitarian Compass.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', pages 45-71. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref>

A central part of NCD is a diagnostic tool called the NCD Church Survey.<ref>http://ncdchurchsurvey.org{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This resource enables churches to precisely assess their present quality and to identify the area of greatest need ("minimum factor"). As a second step, the church conducting a survey is supported by specifically designed tools and coaching to increase its quality in the respective area. After a given time, the church conducts a repeat-profile to monitor the actual progress. According to NCD theory, this investment in the quality or health of the church is the factor that has the strongest correlation to numerical growth.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Natural Church Development'' (7th updated and revised edition 2006), pages 40-47. ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003</ref>

=== NCD International ===
The Institute that Schwarz founded in 1989 is now generally referred to as [[NCD International]].<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> NCD International functions as a network that is connected to individual leaders and organizations that are committed to support Christians in their area of responsibility. The ministry is directed by Christian A. Schwarz, Christoph Schalk, and Adam Johnstone.<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/what-is-ncd.html</ref> Some of the activities (such as publishing, web development, test construction, etc.) have been delegated to companies specifically focused on that topic (such as NCD Media, NCD International GmbH & Co KG, Journey to Life Ltd.).<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Activities ==
Within the network of NCD International, Schwarz has focused on three areas of ministry:

=== Research ===
All of the tools that he has developed or contributed to since 1996 are based on empirical research that is being conducted at an international level.<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/ncd-tools.html</ref> The huge data base that has become available to the Institute through the ministry over the past twenty years (by now, 70,000 churches have done an NCD Church Survey, covering 84 countries and 112 denominations),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |access-date=2016-07-11 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816102915/http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> has enabled the evaluation of many theological stereotypes about the Christian life in an empirical light. Schwarz’ books speak about the insights that emerged from this approach.

A second major area of research are the various eTests developed by the Institute, focused on spiritual growth and personal transformation.<ref>http://3colorworld.org/etests</ref> The insights gathered in that context build the foundation for the tool development.

=== Resource development ===
Schwarz has written various books focused on church development and life transformation. His most popular books have been published in the ''NCD Discipleship Resources'' series with five titles so far.<ref>''The 3 Colors of Leadership, The 3 Colors of Ministry, The 3 Colors of Your Spirituality, The 3 Colors of Community, The 3 Colors of Love.''</ref> In the process of resource development, Schwarz strives to provide internationally and interdenominationally applicable masters, rather than binding himself to a specific culture or denomination.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', page156. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref>

Apart from the resources in printed form, NCD International works on various web-based tools that are made available through eTests.<ref>http://3colorworld.org/etests</ref>

[[File:Conference in Brisbane.jpg|thumb|Schwarz speaking at a training event in Brisbane, Australia]]

=== Training and coaching ===
Schwarz spends a large part of his time in training, coaching, and empowering Christian leaders. Throughout the past few years, this ministry has brought him to NCD conferences in 44 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |access-date=2016-07-11 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816102915/http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> In 2014, he launched the NOW! process in the course of which he trained 100 leaders in 50 cities, whose task it was to pass on the training to at least two more leaders each, in the pursue to release a process of multiplication.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''NOW! Invest 8 hours of your time—and start a viral movement of transformation'' (2014), St. Charles: ChurchSmart, ISBN 978-1936812080; http://3colorworld.org/now</ref>

== Theological views ==
Schwarz has rejected all kinds of theological labels (such as evangelical, charismatic, or liberal) for his own theological views, but he sometimes has used the term "trinitarian" as a shorthand for the kind of theology he strives to communicate.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', page 46. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref> In Schwarz’ writings, there are certain theological threads that are reflected by almost all of his books published after 1996:

=== Incarnational theology ===
A characteristic feature of Schwarz’ theological paradigm that can be detected in all of his writings is the integration of biblical teaching and empirical observations. This positioning of theology has been strongly influenced by the writings of [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]], outlined in particular in his books ''Sanctorum Communio''<ref>Dietrich Bonhoeffer, ''Sanctorum Communio: A Theological Study of the Sociology of the Church'', Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0800683016</ref> and ''Act and Being''.<ref>Dietrich Bonhoeffer, ''Act and Being: Transcendental Philosophy and Ontology in Systematic Theology'' (2nd edition 2009). Fortress Press: Minneapolis, ISBN 978-0800696535</ref> Schwarz sees no contradiction or tension in the relationship between science and faith, but attributes existing conflicts exclusively to what he labels "category confusion".<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In his books, Schwarz stresses that he doesn’t see NCD as a non-theological methodology nor as a merely pragmatic approach.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Natural Church Development'' (7th updated and revised edition 2006), pages 104-106. ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003</ref> In NCD resource development, the empirical discoveries are evaluated theologically, i.e. in the light of biblical teaching. In this evaluation process, the empirical discoveries are approached heuristically; the biblical standards, as normative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |access-date=2016-07-11 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816102915/http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

=== Interdenominational approach ===
While Schwarz’ original theological background has been Lutheran, it is characteristic of the NCD paradigm that the theological reflection is worked out in inter-denominational categories, deliberately not binding itself to the specific traditions or values of a given denomination. Because of that approach, his writings strive to exclude those topics where the different branches of Christianity are in disagreement, as long as these elements are non-essentials in terms of church development. Alternatively, he strives to demonstrate how the different foci, if combined, can potentially contribute to healthy balance.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', pages 23-24. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref>

=== Trinitarian Compass ===
A special contribution to interdenominational theology has been what Schwarz calls the Trinitarian Compass, which is a unique feature of the NCD paradigm.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', pages 45-71. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref> The Trinitarian Compass uses the dynamics of the colors of light ([[RGB color model]]) as a way of illustrating the practical relevance of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity for the daily challenges of believers: In order to produce pure white light, the colors red, green, and blue must be displayed simultaneously. The color green is related to God’s revelation in creation; the color red, to God’s revelation in Jesus Christ; and the color blue, to God’s revelation in the Holy Spirit. Each of these three revelations corresponds to basic dimensions of life. In all of Schwarz’s books, the attempt to integrate these three dimensions – rather than writing on his own preferred theologies – can be detected.

=== Bi-polar paradigm ===
Schwarz’ theological paradigm is based on a bi-polar scheme, striving to integrate poles that are often seen as contradictions, particularly in cultures that are shaped by thinking in terms of binary opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |access-date=2016-07-11 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816102915/http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> After an initial attempt in his ''Theologie des Gemeindeaufbaus'',<ref>Fritz Schwarz, Christian A. Schwarz: ''Theologie des Gemeindeaufbaus – Ein Versuch'' (1984, second edition 1985). Aussaat: Neukirchen-Vluyn. ISBN 978-3761546635</ref> this approach was first introduced in English in the book ''Paradigm Shift in the Church'',<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Paradigm Shift in the Church: How Natural Church Development can transform theological thinking'' (1999). St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638058</ref> by relating it to various aspects of ecclesiology and illustrating it with reference to the major conflicts throughout church history. The core of this paradigm has been inspired by the biblical representations of church in a unique combination of static (technical) and dynamic (organic) images, such as, "living stones", "growth of the temple", "the body of Christ may be built up", "God’s field and God’s building", etc.,<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Natural Church Development'' (7th updated and revised edition 2006), pages 88-89. ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003</ref> and has been deepened by studies into the polar structures in other fields, particularly in the theology of [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]],<ref>Dietrich Bonhoeffer, ''Act and Being: Transcendental Philosophy and Ontology in Systematic Theology'' (2nd edition 2009). Fortress Press: Minneapolis, ISBN 978-0800696535</ref> the writings of [[Niels Bohr]],<ref>Ernst Peter Fischer, ''Sowohl als auch: Denkerfahrungen der Naturwissenschaften'' (1987). Hamburg: Rasch und Röhring. ISBN 978-3891361184</ref> and in various schools of Asian philosophy.<ref>http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:Schwarz on Athos.jpg|thumb|Meeting with Father Makarios on Mount Athos, Greece]]

=== Integration of East and West ===
A repeating topic in many of Schwarz’ writings is his attempt to learn from the insights of various cultures, rather than exporting a Western theology. The book, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', highlights how the specific strengths of the West, the East, and the South have enriched NCD strategy.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development'', pages 28-32. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478</ref> In Schwarz’ writings, he strives to integrate insights of the Eastern Orthodox and the Western Church traditions, making the learnings of the East accessible to the West and vice versa.<ref>Christian A. Schwarz, ''The 3 Colors of Community: How the 7 Communal Qualities of Healthy Small Groups can help you overcome the 7 Deadly Sins'' (2012), pages 23-26. St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638980</ref>

=== Divine energies ===
The past few books of Christian A. Schwarz have been strongly shaped by his discovery of the New Testament concept of energies (Greek, ''enérgeia'').<ref>Reflected in the books, ''The All By Itself Pathway'', ''The 3 Colors of Community'', and the latest edition of, ''The 3 Colors of Ministry''.</ref> Because of translations that strove to avoid the rendering of ''enérgeia'' as "energy", he claims that in the past the concept never had a chance of influencing Western Christianity, while in Eastern traditions it is generally known, but primarily limited to the liturgical and sacramental context. He has announced that the implementation of this biblical concept will be a focal topic for the next few years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |access-date=2016-07-11 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816102915/http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

== Family ==
Since 1990, Schwarz is married to the psychotherapist Brigitte Berief-Schwarz. Together they have three adult children: Jonas Frederic Leonardo, Simon Dominic Amadeus, and Chiara Laetitia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |access-date=2016-07-11 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816102915/http://www.ncd-international.org/public/biography.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> In 1993 the family moved to the village of Emmelsbüll that is located in the far north of Germany, on the Danish border.

== Publications ==
Six of the early books of Christian A. Schwarz which were published between 1981 and 1991 have not been translated into English.<ref>''Programm des neuen Lebensstils: Für Leute, denen Jesus konkurrenzlos wichtig ist'' (together with Fritz Schwarz), 1981, Aussaat: Gladbeck. ISBN 978-3795808433; ''Die Friedenslüge: Plädoyer für Wahrhaftigkeit'' (together with Fritz Schwarz), originally published 1982, third edition 1983 Aussaat: Neukirchen-Vluyn. ISBN 978-3795808587; ''Theologie des Gemeindeaufbaus – Ein Versuch'' (together with Fritz Schwarz), originally published 1984, second edition 1985, Aussaat: Neukirchen-Vluyn. ISBN 978-3761546635; ''Praxis des Gemeindeaufbaus'' (1987). Aussaat: Neukirchen-Vluyn. ISBN 978-3795889333; ''Der Gemeindetest: Kybernetisch Gemeinde bauen'' (1991). Mainz-Kastel: C&P Verlag. ISBN 978-3928093071; ''Anleitung für christliche Lebenskünstler'' (originally published 1995, 4th edition 2002) Emmelsbüll: C&P. ISBN 978-3928093378</ref> However, the majority of Schwarz’ books are available in many different languages. In English, the following titles have been published:

* ''Natural Church Development: A Guide to Eight Essential Qualities of Healthy Churches'' (originally published in 1996, 7th updated and revised edition 2006). ChurchSmart, St. Charles. ISBN 978-1889638003.
* ''Implementation Guide to Natural Church Development'' (together with Christoph Schalk), 1998 St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638034.
* ''Paradigm Shift in the Church: How Natural Church Development can transform theological thinking'' (1999). St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638058.
* ''The Threefold Art of Experiencing God: The Liberating Power of a Trinitarian Faith'' (1999). St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638140.
* ''The 3 Colors of Ministry: A trinitarian approach to identifying and developing your spiritual gifts'' (originally published 2001, 3rd edition 2006) St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638164.
* ''The 3 Colors of Love: The art of giving and receiving justice, truth, and grace'' (2004). St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638454.
* ''Color Your World with Natural Church Development: Experiencing all that God has designed you to be'' (originally published 2005, second edition 2006). St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638478.
* ''The 3 Colors of Your Spirituality: 9 Spiritual Styles—How do you most naturally connect with God?'' (2009). St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638850.
* ''The 3 Colors of Community: How the 7 Communal Qualities of Healthy Small Groups can help you overcome the 7 Deadly Sins'' (2012). St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638980.
* ''The 3 Colors of Leadership: How anyone can learn the art of empowering other people'' (2012). St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1889638973.
* ''NOW! Invest 8 hours of your time—and start a viral movement of transformation'' (2014), St. Charles: ChurchSmart, ISBN 978-1936812080.
* ''The All By Itself Pathway: An Introduction to Natural Church Development'' (2015). St. Charles: ChurchSmart. ISBN 978-1936812110.

== See also ==
Natural Church Development (NCD) 
NCD International

==References==
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
* [http://ncd-international.org NCD International]
* [http://www.ncd-international.org/public/ncd-worldwide.html NCD Partners Worldwide]
* [http://ncdchurchsurvey.org NCD Church Survey]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://3colorworld.org/etests NCD eTests]
* [http://ncd-tools.org/experiences Experiences with NCD]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schwarz, Christian A.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:German writers]] {{⚠️🚨COPIED from en.EverybodyWiki.com ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christiaan Minella

2026-07-17T04:36:49Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Christiaan Minella|timestamp=20160707052929|year=2016|month=July|day=7|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| name = Christiaan Minella
| image =
| caption =
| image_size = 225px
| team = [[Cincinnati Cyclones]]
| league = [[ECHL]]
| former_teams = [[Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins|WBS Penguins]]
| position = [[Forward (ice hockey)|Forward]]
| birth_date = {{bda|1985|7|5}}
| birth_place = [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], [[United States]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 2
| weight_lb = 205
| shoots = Right
| draft = Undrafted
| career_start = 2011
| career_end =
}}
'''Michel Christiaan Minella''' (born July 5, 1985) is an American professional [[ice hockey]] player. He is currently playing with the Cincinnati Cyclones of the ECHL.

Minella attended [[Peters Township High School]] in [[McMurray, Pennsylvania]], and played his college hockey at [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]].<ref>http://www.und.com/sports/m-hockey/mtt/christiaan_minella_260631.html</ref>

After playing almost three seasons in the ECHL with the [[Wheeling Nailers]], on February 22, 2013, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins of the AHL signed Minella to a professional tryout agreement.<ref>http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4549678</ref> Minella went on to skate in eight regular season and six postseason games for the AHL team, and was rewarded for his steady play when he was re-signed by the Penguins for the [[2013–14 AHL season]].<ref>{{citeweb | url = http://www.wbspenguins.com/articles/four-players-join-wilkes-barre-scranton | title = Four players join Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins | publisher = ''Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins'' | date = 2013-07-19 | accessdate = 2013-07-20 | archive-date = August 22, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130822092146/http://www.wbspenguins.com/articles/four-players-join-wilkes-barre-scranton | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{eliteprospects|38480|Christiaan Minella}}
*{{hockeydb|73819|Christiaan Minella}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minella, Christiaan}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American ice hockey players]]
[[Category:Cincinnati Cyclones (ECHL) players]]
[[Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey players]]
[[Category:Wheeling Nailers players]]
[[Category:Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players]]
[[Category:Sioux City Musketeers players]]
{{US-icehockey-bio-stub}} {{⚠️🚨COPIED from en.EverybodyWiki.com ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christi van der Westhuizen

2026-07-17T04:35:01Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=Relies too heavily on primary sources, including research papers, articles, and interviews published by the subject. Profiles in university, authors' websites, and other organizations that she belongs to do not help in establishing notability either. Make sure to use more significant coverage from reliable and independent sources to show that the subject meets [[WP:NACADEMIC]]. [[User:Tutwakhamoe|Tutwakhamoe]] ([[User talk:Tutwakhamoe|talk]]) 13:51, 2 November 2023 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=This academic is probably notable but the article shouldn't rely on sources written by her, and there shouldn't be any uncited claims. Adding more secondary sources, like book reviews or articles ''about'' Westhuizen, would go a long way to improving the page. Thanks! [[User:BuySomeApples|BuySomeApples]] ([[User talk:BuySomeApples|talk]]) 04:41, 25 January 2023 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Large portions of the submission are unsourced, such as the entire educational section. [[User:Greenman|Greenman]] ([[User talk:Greenman|talk]]) 16:10, 23 November 2022 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|South African public figure}}
{{Draft topics|biography|southern-africa}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}

{{Infobox academic
| name = Christi van der Westhuizen
| image = File:Christi darkbck.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Boksburg]], South Africa
| known_for = Media commentator and analyst. Academic. Author. Focuses on issues of gender, race, sexuality, nationalism, neoliberalism, democracy, and postcolonialism.
| notable_works = White Power & the Rise and Fall of the National Party (2007)
Sitting Pretty - White Afrikaans Women in Post-apartheid South Africa (2017)

Working Democracy: Perspectives on South Africa's Parliament at 20 Years (2014)]
Routledge Handbook of Critical Studies in Whiteness (2022)
| title = Associate Professor
| awards = 2001: Mondi Paper Newspaper Award for analytical writing (political columns).
1998: Sunday Times WWF/Green Trust Sam Mabe Media Award: Environmental reporting.
| footnotes =
| workplaces = [[Nelson Mandela University]]
}}

Prof '''Christi van der Westhuizen'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |title=Nelson Mandela University Staff |url=https://canrad.mandela.ac.za/Who-We-Are/Staff/Christi-van-der-Westhuizen}}</ref> is a [[South Africa|South African]] author and media columnist, researcher, academic, and public intellectual. Her work focuses on issues of gender, race, sexuality, nationalism, neoliberalism, democracy, and postcolonialism. Van der Westhuizen has authored numerous books, including ''Working Democracy: Perspectives on South Africa's Parliament at 20 Years''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Working Democracy – Perspectives on South Africa's Parliament at 20 Years {{!}} DEMOCRACY WORKS FOUNDATION |url=https://www.democracyworks.org.za/working-democracy-perspectives-on-south-africas-parliament-at-20-years/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>; this book was referenced by the evidence leader of the [[Zondo Commission|Commission of Inquiry]] into allegations of state capture during the testimony of [[Cyril Ramaphosa|President Cyril Ramaphosa]]<ref>{{Citation |title=State Capture Inquiry {{!}} President Cyril Ramaphosa appears before the Commission |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLWDLZcD14M |access-date=2023-06-09 |language=en}}</ref>.

Van der Westhuizen's public scholarship has featured on local and international radio, television, print, and online media<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christi van der Westhuizen {{!}} HuffPost |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/christi-van-der-westhuizen |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=www.huffingtonpost.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>. She is currently an Associate Professor and senior researcher at the Centre for the Advancement of Non-Racialism and Democracy (CANRAD)<ref>{{Cite web |last=van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |title=Christi van der Westhuizen |url=https://canrad.mandela.ac.za/Who-We-Are/Staff/Christi-van-der-Westhuizen}}</ref> at Nelson Mandela University in [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]] (Formerly Port Elizabeth).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christi van der Westhuizen {{!}} Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University - Academia.edu |url=https://nmmu.academia.edu/ChristivanderWesthuizen |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=nmmu.academia.edu}}</ref> She has been a Visiting Professor at Research Centre Global Dynamics<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leipzig |first=Leipzig Research Centre Global Dynamicswork Strohsackpassage Nikolaistr 6-1004109 |title=Universität Leipzig: Research Centre Global Dynamics |url=https://recentglobe.uni-leipzig.de/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=recentglobe.uni-leipzig.de |language=de}}</ref> at [[Leipzig University]] in Germany<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Beethovenstraße 15 |first1=Prof Dr Ulf Engel Institute of African Studies work |last2=Schreiben |first2=Room 2209 04107 Leipzig Telefon: work +49 341 97-37038 E.-Mail |date=2023-01-18 |title=Farewell to South African guest professor Christi van der Westhuizen |url=https://recentglobe.uni-leipzig.de/zentrum/detailansicht/artikel/farewell-to-south-african-visiting-professor-christi-van-der-westhuizen-2023-01-18 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=recentglobe.uni-leipzig.de |language=de}}</ref>.

== Life and Career ==

=== Student activism and early working life ===
Van der Westhuizen's early foray into activism was as one of the founding members of an organisation aligned with the [[National Union of South African Students|National Union of South African Students (Nusas).]] Nusas was a banned organization at the then Rand Afrikaans University. The youth wings of the [[National Party (South Africa)|National]] and [[Conservative Party (South Africa)|Conservative]] Parties were however freely active.

Van der Westhuizen started working at [[Vrye Weekblad]], an anti-apartheid Afrikaans newspaper, while still a student. She was the Afrikaans translator of the ANC’s 1994 election manifesto and of the interim 1993 constitution of South Africa. In 2019, the literary and academic website Litnet published Van der Westhuizen's personal reflections on South Africa's first democratic election<ref>{{Cite web |last=Westhuizen |first=Christi van der |date=2019-05-07 |title=25 years later: Christi van der Westhuizen reflects |url=https://www.litnet.co.za/25-years-later-christi-van-der-westhuizen-reflects/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=LitNet}}</ref>.

=== Professional career ===
From 1994 to 2003 she worked in various capacities at [[Beeld]], culminating in the positions of Chief Political Correspondent, Parliamentary Bureau Chief, and columnist. Thereafter she worked at This Day newspaper as Deputy Editorial Page Editor and Political Columnist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=Christi van der Westhuizen |url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/christi-van-der-westhuizen-240334 |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref>

From August 2004 to January 2006 van der Westhuizen held the position of Senior Researcher at the Institute for Global Dialogue. Thereafter she was affiliated as Honorary Research Fellow of the School of Politics, [[University of KwaZulu-Natal|University of KwaZulu-Natal]] until 2012. She worked as an Associate Editor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christi van der Westhuizen - Author |url=https://www.ipsnews.net/author/christi-van-der-westhuizen/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Inter Press Service}}</ref> at the global news agency [[Inter Press Service]] from 2006 - 2011.

From 2012 - 2014, Van der Westhuizen was a Research Associate at the Institute for Reconciliation & Social Justice at [[University of the Free State|Free State University]] before moving to the University of Cape Town as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christi van der Westhuizen joins HUMA {{!}} Institute for Humanities in Africa |url=http://www.huma.uct.ac.za/news/christi-van-der-westhuizen-joins-huma |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=www.huma.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref> at the Institute for Humanities in Africa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christi van der Westhuizen joins HUMA {{!}} Institute for Humanities in Africa |url=http://www.huma.uct.ac.za/news/christi-van-der-westhuizen-joins-huma |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=www.huma.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref> (HUMA)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute for Humanities in Africa {{!}} Faculty of Humanities |url=http://www.humanities.uct.ac.za/hum/research/groupings/huma/about |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.humanities.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref>, and then in 2015 was appointed as an associate professor in the Department of Sociology and Centre for Sexualities, AIDS & Gender at [[University of Pretoria]].

In 2019 she took up her current position as Associate Professor, Senior Researcher and Head of Research Programme at the Centre for the Advancement of Non-Racialism and Democracy, Nelson Mandela University. Van der Westhuizen is a political commentator and analyst in local and global print and online media, radio, and TV. Additionally, she has written columns and articles for the [[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times,]] [[The Star Newspaper|The Star,]] [[Cape Times]], [[Mail & Guardian]], Beeld, [[Die Burger]] and Netwerk24<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netwerk24 |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/Web-etikette/Onderwerpe/christi%20van%20der%20westhuizen |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Netwerk24 |language=af-ZA}}</ref> receiving the Mondi Paper Newspaper Award for her political columns in 2001.

=== Books ===
Van der Westhuizen's work spans both journalistic and academic writing in English and [[Afrikaans]]. Her research is interdisciplinary, traversing sociology, political, cultural, and media studies, as well as history and political economy. Democracy is an important focus of Van der Westhuizen's work over the past three decades. In 2021, she was the main convenor and programme director of an international online academic conference on democracy at Nelson Mandela University, ''The State We’re In: Democracy’s Fractures, Fixes and Futures''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State We're In: Democracy's Fractures, Fixes and Futures |url=https://canrad.mandela.ac.za/The-State-We%E2%80%99re-In-Democracy%E2%80%99s-Fractures,-Fixes-a}}</ref>

==== White Power & the Rise and Fall of the National Party (2007)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495217319 |title=White power & the rise and fall of the National Party |date=2007 |publisher=Zebra Press |isbn=978-1-77007-305-0 |location=Cape Town |language=English |oclc=495217319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terreblanche |first=Sampie |date=2007 |title=From white power to white wealth |url=https://www.ekon.sun.ac.za/sampieterreblanche/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/SJT-2007-From-Whie-Power-to-White-Wealth-unresolved-crisis.pdf |journal=}}</ref> ====
An in-depth look at the rise and fall of the National Party in South Africa. (Cape Town: Zebra Press<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imprints and Agencies Penguin Random House South Africa |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.co.za/imprints-and-agencies |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=www.penguinrandomhouse.co.za}}</ref>. ISBN 9781770073050). Van der Westhuizen talking about the Afrikaner community on [[CapeTalk|Cape Talk]] Part 1<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |title=Prof. Christi van der Westhuizen talking about the Afrikaner community |url=https://soundcloud.com/primediabroadcasting/prof-christi-van-der-westhuizen-talking-about-the-afrikaner-community-part-1 |website=soundcloud.com/}}</ref> and part 2<ref>{{Citation |title=Prof. Christi van der Westhuizen talking about the Afrikaner community (Part 2) |url=https://soundcloud.com/primediabroadcasting/prof-christi-van-der-westhuizen-talking-about-the-afrikaner-community-part-2 |language=en |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>

==== Sitting Pretty - White Afrikaans Women in Post-apartheid South Africa (2017)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davids |first=Fiona |date=2019-07-03 |title=Sitting Pretty: White Afrikaans Women in Postapartheid South Africa, by Christi van der Westhuizen |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17532523.2020.1720129 |journal=African Historical Review |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=23–25 |doi=10.1080/17532523.2020.1720129 |s2cid=216518433 |issn=1753-2523}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wyk |first=Tanya van |date=2018 |title=Review : Liberating possibilities of a new identity: A review of Christi van der Westhuizen's Sitting Pretty: White Afrikaans Women in Postapartheid South Africa |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/hts/article/view/214937 |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |language=en |volume=74 |issue=4 |issn=2072-8050}}</ref> ====
Van der Westhuizen takes an intricate look into the identity, image and role of white Afrikaans-speaking women post-apartheid. (Scottsville: UKZN Press<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of KwaZulu-Natal Press |url=https://www.ukznpress.co.za/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.ukznpress.co.za}}</ref>. ISBN 978-1-86914-376-3). The book was launched in Pretoria, Durban, Johannesburg, and Cape Town during 2017, following which van der Westhuizen appeared on multiple media platforms including interviews on [[SABC News]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Sitting Pretty: White Afrikaans Women in post-apartheid SA |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MivVlJ7mG_c |language=en |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>, with [[Anele Mdoda]] on Real Talk, SABC<ref>{{Citation |title=Real Talk With Anele S4 EP112 PJ Powers & Christi Van Der Westhuizen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK50HY_Bfqg |language=en |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref> and [[CNBC Africa|CNBC Africa]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Talking Books Ep 50 'Sitting Pretty: White Afrikaans Women in Post-Apartheid SA |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnxAsBC1SFs |language=en |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>. She also featured on radio with [[Eusebius McKaiser]] on [[Radio 702|702]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen: Christi van der Westhuizen discusses Sitting Pretty with Eusebius McKaiser |url=http://ukznpress.bookslive.co.za/blog/2018/04/25/listen-christi-van-der-westhuizen-discusses-sitting-pretty-with-eusebius-mckaiser/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=UKZN Press @ Sunday Times Books LIVE |language=en-US}}</ref>. The book featured in a seminar at Nelson Mandela University<ref>{{Citation |title=Book Launch {{!}} Sitting Pretty: White Afrikaans Women in Postapartheid South Africa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2aTGFPAdFE |language=en |access-date=2022-10-14}}</ref> and an excerpt was published in the Daily Maverick<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |title=Sitting Pretty — White Afrikaans Women in Post-apartheid South Africa |date=4 November 2018 |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-11-04-sitting-pretty-white-afrikaans-women-in-post-apartheid-south-africa/}}</ref>.

==== Working Democracy: Perspectives on South Africa's Parliament at 20 Years (2014)<ref>{{Cite book |last=van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |title=Working Democracy: Perspectives on South Africa's Parliament at 20 Years. Open Society Foundation of South Africa. |year=2014}}</ref> ====
An analytical look at democracy in South Africa 20 years after its [[1994 South African general election|first democratic election]]. The book was referenced by the evidence leader of the Commission of Inquiry into allegations of state capture during the testimony of President Cyril Ramaphosa; the full text can be downloaded<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |title=Working Democracy: Perspectives on South Africa's Parliament at 20 Years (2014 |url=https://static.pmg.org.za/working-democracy-FINAL.pdf |journal=}}</ref>.

==== Routledge Handbook of Critical Studies in Whiteness (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Routledge Handbook of Critical Studies in Whiteness |url=https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Critical-Studies-in-Whiteness/Hunter-Westhuizen/p/book/9780367403799 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Routledge Handbook of Critical Studies in Whiteness – Druckfrisch Book Discussion |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wnvWFYwPyc |access-date=2023-07-12 |language=en}}</ref> ====
With Shona Hunter<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Shona |title=Shona Hunter |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shona-Hunter}}</ref>; a unique decolonial take on the field of Critical Whiteness Studies by re-historicising and re-spatialising the study of bodies and identities in the world system of coloniality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-09 |title=Routledge Handbook of Critical Studies in Whiteness Published |url=https://www.whitespaces.org.uk/post/routledge-handbook-of-critical-studies-in-whiteness-published |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=WhiteSpaces 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Five international launches were held featuring most of the authors of the 29 chapters<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch events of Routledge #Whiteness Handbook: February 2022 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0W9t66kauz7oPMiTjTO3VqcyL25BEUQa |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>. Van der Westhuizen and Hunter joined Ashley Mattheis on the podcast Right Rising<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podcast |first=Right Rising |title=New Book Spotlight - Routledge Handbook of Critical Studies in Whiteness |url=https://rightrising.fireside.fm/episode36 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Right Rising}}</ref>. They also featured on Beckett Talks<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beckett Talks... {{!}} Podcasts {{!}} Leeds Beckett University |url=https://www.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/podcasts/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=www.leedsbeckett.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> from Leeds Beckett University<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rethinking Critical Whiteness Studies |url=https://player.captivate.fm/episode/487ddab0-60f1-459e-9f63-012d6224a87d |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Beckett Talks |language=en}}</ref>.

=== Career highlights ===
Van der Westhuizen's edited collection of political essays and media columns, Working Democracy: Perspectives on South Africa's Parliament at 20 Years (2014), was referenced by the evidence leader of the Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture during the testimony of President Cyril Ramaphosa in 2021. From 2008-2010 van der Westhuizen was an expert member of the Globalisation Project of the Beyers Naudé Centre for Public Theology<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/theology/bnc/about-us#:~:text=An%20official%20Centre%20of%20the,South%20Africa%20on%20public%20affairs. |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.sun.ac.za}}</ref> ([[Stellenbosch University]]), the [[Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa]] and the [[Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany|Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche]] of Germany, led by [[Allan Boesak|Dr Allan Boesak]]. In 2005 she was selected as gender specialist for the first Joint Ministerial Meeting of United Nations Economic Commission for Africa [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|(UNECA]]) and [[African Union]].
=== Media and public engagement ===
Van der Westhuizen is active as a public intellectual and has appeared extensively in the media, including TV, radio, online, and print. She uses the opportunity to share her work and engage in open debate with people across different spheres and positions, helping make sense of the complex South African landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-30 |title=Christi van der Westhuizen |url=https://thoughtleader.co.za/author/christivanderwesthuizen/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Thought Leader |language=en-US}}</ref>

Following the death of [[F. W. de Klerk|FW de Klerk,]] the last Apartheid Prime Minister, in 2021, van der Westhuizen appeared in numerous media formats debating his legacy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Westhuizen |first=Christi van der |title=Christi van der Westhuizen {{!}} FW de Klerk: A defender of his roots until the end |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/obituaries/christi-van-der-westhuizen-fw-de-klerk-a-defender-of-his-roots-until-the-end-20211111 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>. This included an [[eNCA]] Interview ''"The last apartheid president | Looking back at the history of FW de Klerk's decisions"''<ref>{{Citation |title=The last apartheid president {{!}} Looking back at history of FW de Klerk's decisions |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGlWVNBSt7s |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref>, an article ''FW de Klerk: the last apartheid president was driven by pragmatism, not idealism''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Westhuizen |first=Christi van der |title=FW de Klerk: the last apartheid president was driven by pragmatism, not idealism |url=http://theconversation.com/fw-de-klerk-the-last-apartheid-president-was-driven-by-pragmatism-not-idealism-164026 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> and an interview on [[Newzroom Afrika]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Reflecting on the legacy of the last apartheid president FW De Klerk |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjn62uyL-2Y |language=en |access-date=2022-07-18}}</ref>.

Van der Westhuizen's public and/or media appearances cover a range of issues including politics, economics, gender, patriarchy, and race among others. On the public broadcaster SABC, ''Has South Africa failed to achieve an economically inclusive society?''<ref>{{Citation |title=Democracy 27 {{!}} Has South Africa failed to achieve an economically inclusive society? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlsubiaUCQo |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> as a speaker<ref>{{Citation |title=Women's Day Public Debate: Prof Christi van der Westhuzen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5jla19t5tQ |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> on [[Freedom Day (South Africa)|Freedom Day]] at the [[Apartheid Museum]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Apartheid Museum- Freedom Day 27 April 2017- Christi Van de Westhuizen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73oidh6njQA |language=en |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref>. She participated in a [[National Women's Day|Women's Day]] Public Debate in 2019 and appeared on [[South African Broadcasting Corporation|SABC]] News, talking about Patriarchy in Women's Month<ref>{{Citation |title=Patriachy under spotlight in Women's Month |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi3W2FjjH8c |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref>. She also delivered a lecture entitled ''Is a critically white project possible?<ref>{{Citation |title=Christi van der Westhuizen {{!}} Is a critically white project possible? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnsIn39EPo |language=en |access-date=2022-07-13}}</ref>'' in the same year. She appeared on Finding me<ref>{{Citation |title=Finding Me S04 E30 Professor Christi van Der Westhuizen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Dw4BczZ6R8 |language=en |access-date=2022-07-18}}</ref> on ITV Networks<ref>{{Cite web |title=itvnetworks - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/c/itvnetworks/about |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>. ITV is a South African local community broadcasting television station with an Islamic ethos. In a discussion with host Quraysha Ismail Sooliman<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quraysha Ismail Sooliman – Centre for the Study of Governance Innovation |url=https://governanceinnovation.org/quraysha-ismail-sooliman/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> van der Westhuizen takes a more introspective look at her life. In 2019 she engaged in a public debate in the media with politicians from the official opposition, the [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]], about liberalism and racism. Opinion pieces on the debate in the media included; ''Liberals are failing to wrap their heads around race''<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPINION: Liberals are failing to wrap their heads around race {{!}} News24 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/guestcolumn/south-africas-liberals-are-failing-to-wrap-their-heads-around-race-20191115 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.news24.com}}</ref>, ''No 'white denialism' in the DA, despite what critics say''<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPINION: No 'white denialism' in the DA, despite what critics say {{!}} News24 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/guestcolumn/opinion-no-white-denialism-in-the-da-despite-what-critics-say-20191120 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.news24.com}}</ref>, ''The DA's awkward history with race''<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPINION: The DA's awkward history with race {{!}} News24 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/guestcolumn/opinion-the-das-awkward-history-with-race-20191202 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.news24.com}}</ref>, ''<nowiki/>'The DA is accepting of many different perspectives, all under the broad umbrella of liberalism'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPINION: 'The DA is accepting of many different perspectives, all under the broad umbrella of liberalism' {{!}} News24 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/guestcolumn/opinion-the-da-is-accepting-of-many-different-perspectives-all-under-the-broad-umbrella-of-liberalism-20191206 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.news24.com}}</ref>, and ''Idea-less DA continues to revert to type''<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPINION: Idea-less DA continues to revert to type {{!}} News24 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/guestcolumn/opinion-idea-less-da-continues-to-revert-to-type-20191213 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.news24.com}}</ref>

==== Podcast interviews ====
Van der Westhuizen has also hosted her own podcast Nuusknars<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christi van der Westhuizen, Author at LitNet |url=https://www.litnet.co.za/author/christi-van-der-westhuizen/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=LitNet}}</ref> since July 2021. The podcast covers issues surrounding 25 years of the Constitution; the implications of the [[Jacob Zuma|Zuma]] arrest; language, names, and race relations among a string of other topics.

She appeared on ''Voices from Africa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Christi van der Westhuizen-Academic and author |url=https://audioboom.com/posts/6945592-prof-christi-van-der-westhuizen-academic-and-author |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Audioboom |language=en}}</ref>'', a podcast hosted by journalist Nicholas Claude<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voices from SA |url=https://audioboom.com/streams/4943307 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=audioboom.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140756/https://audioboom.com/streams/4943307 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, which focuses on discussions with people working in the arts, business, academia, and civil society in South Africa. She discusses her questioning the [[Afrikaners|Afrikaner]] mainstream at a young age and talks about race, power, and gender identity. She also talks about democratization, the re-emergence of a toxic Afrikaner nationalism, and the need to reboot the South African political discourse. Lidia Rauch<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Lidia |url=https://www.bloomenterprise.co.za/about/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Bloom Enterprise |language=en-US}}</ref> interviewed Van der Westhuizen on ''Fearless & Unfiltered''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Episode 10 {{!}} Christi van der Westhuizen |url=https://www.deezer.com/en/episode/248148772 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Deezer |language=en-GB}}</ref>, a podcast which engages with South Africans on issues of inclusivity, inequality and transformation as well as on ''Van dink na doen''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauch |first=Lidia |date=2021-09-02 |title=Van dink na doen: 'n onderhoud met Christi van der Westhuizen |url=https://www.litnet.co.za/van-dink-na-doen-n-onderhoud-met-christi-van-der-westhuizen/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=LitNet}}</ref>, an Afrikaans podcast, also hosted by Lidia Rauch, focusing on the interplay between grassroots realities and academic research.

=== Curriculum transformation ===
Van der Westhuizen's work at the University of Pretoria included the development and lecturing of a hybrid learning non-discrimination and critical diversity module for first-year students across all faculties. She was a member of the drafting team of the Curriculum Transformation Framework, later adopted by the UP Senate.

She delivered a lecture in March 2017 titled ''Higher Education Transformation: Interrogating normativities, dismantling centres of power'' at the Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology at Stellenbosch University, South Africa.<ref>{{Citation |title=Christi Van Der Westhuizen: 'Higher Education Transformation' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIUKoiyd5Qs |language=en |access-date=2022-07-14}}</ref>

== Other academic writing ==

==== Published articles ====

* 2020. "I am berated as a Communist because I sometimes wear a red tie": Not forgetting Dr Petronella 'Nell' van Heerden. A/B Auto/Biography Studies 35(3), 771-788.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |date=2020-09-01 |title="I am berated as a Communist because I sometimes wear a red tie": Not Forgetting the Awkward Afrikaner, Dr Petronella "Nell" van Heerden |url=https://doi.org/10 |journal=A/B: Auto/Biography Studies |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=771–788 |doi=10.1080/08989575.2020.1766209 |issn=0898-9575 |s2cid=225263738}}</ref>
* 2018. ‘(Un)sung Heroines: The rise and fall and rise of the Afrikaner nationalist volksmoeder in South Africa.’ Matatu Journal for African Culture and Society 50, 258–279.
* 2016. ‘Race, Intersectionality and Affect in Post-apartheid Productions of 'the Afrikaans White Woman'. Critical Philosophy of Race 4 (2), 221–238.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |date=2016 |title=Race, Intersectionality, and Affect in Postapartheid Productions of the "Afrikaans White Woman" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/critphilrace.4.2.0221 |journal=Critical Philosophy of Race |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=221–238 |doi=10.5325/critphilrace.4.2.0221 |jstor=10.5325/critphilrace.4.2.0221 |issn=2165-8684}}</ref>
* 2016. ‘Afrikaners in Post-apartheid South Africa: Inward migration and enclave nationalism’. HTS Theological Studies (Special Centenary Edition) 72 (4). 1–9.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |date=2016-08-26 |title=Afrikaners in post-apartheid South Africa: Inward migration and enclave nationalism |url=https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/3351 |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |language=en |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=9 |doi=10.4102/hts.v72i4.3351 |issn=2072-8050}}</ref>
* 2012 (with T.M. Blaser). ‘The Paradox of Post-Apartheid “Afrikaner” Identity: Deployments of Ethnicity and Neoliberalism.’ African Studies 71:3, 380-390.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blaser |first1=Thomas M |last2=van der Westhuizen |first2=Christi |title=Introduction: The Paradox of Post-Apartheid 'Afrikaner' Identity: Deployments of Ethnicity and Neo-Liberalism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020184.2012.740882 |journal=Taylor and Francis Online|year=2012 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=380–390 |doi=10.1080/00020184.2012.740882 |s2cid=218644565 }}</ref>

==== Chapters in books ====

* ‘Reconstructed? White Afrikaans Women in Post-apartheid South Africa.’ In Tate, S.A. and Gutiérrez Rodríguez, E. (eds.) Palgrave Handbook on Race and Gender. Basingstoke (Britain): Palgrave Macmillan. (2022)<ref>{{Citation |last=van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |title=Reconstructed? White Afrikaans Women in Post-apartheid South Africa |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83947-5_22 |work=The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Race and Gender |pages=429–448 |editor-last=Tate |editor-first=Shirley Anne |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-83947-5_22 |isbn=978-3-030-83947-5 |access-date=2022-06-08 |editor2-last=Gutiérrez Rodríguez |editor2-first=Encarnación}}</ref>
* 2021. Lesbian dis/appearances: Epistemic violence against internal dissidents in the formation of Afrikaner identity. In Jones, C. (ed.) ''Violence: South African Perspectives''. Stellenbosch: SUNMedia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Westhuizen |first=Christi |title=Violence: South African Perspectives |url=https://af77305b-83ae-4652-be9e-daa5e1e5aec2.usrfiles.com/ugd/af7730_d362594fff8349988b462bb6103ee2d0.pdf |journal=Chris Jones (Ed). Violence: South African Perspectives. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2008: White Power & the Rise and Fall of the National Party longlisted for the Sunday Times Alan Paton Non-Fiction Award.
* 2001: Recipient, Mondi Paper Newspaper Award for analytical writing (political columns).
* 1998: Recipient, Sunday Times WWF/Green Trust Sam Mabe Media Award: Environmental reporting.

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christel Hiel

2026-07-17T04:23:57Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|bio|u=Roeiertje|ns=118|decliner=KylieTastic|declinets=20210708182504|ts=20210708181454}} 
{{AFC submission|d|v|u=Roeiertje|ns=118|decliner=Modussiccandi|declinets=20210708175030|small=yes|ts=20210311150914}} 

{{AFC comment|1=There is some doubt as to the sourcing of the first substantial section. When I click the link, I get a 404 error. Readers will not be able to verify any of the content in the section. This needs to be addressed before resubmission. [[User:Modussiccandi|Modussiccandi]] ([[User talk:Modussiccandi|talk]]) 17:50, 8 July 2021 (UTC)}}

----

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Christel Hiel
| nationality = Belgian
| national_team = Belgium
| birth_date = 20 January 1976
| birth_place = Mechelen
| sport = Rowing
| club = ARV Sculling
}}

'''Christel Hiel''' (20 January 1976) is a [[Belgium|Belgian]] retired [[Rowing (sport)|rower]] and coach. Hiel is active as chief coach at ARV Sculling and junior coordinator at the Flemish Rowing Ligue.

== Career ==

=== Rower ===
Hiel started her international rowing career at the [[Coupe de la Jeunesse]] in [[Glasgow]] on [[Strathclyde Country Park|lake Strathclyde]]. She won silver on Sathurday and finished the regatta on a high with a gold medal on Sunday, both medals were in the [[Quad scull|quad]]. In 1992 she attended Coupe de la Jeunesse, again, this time on the [[Rotsee]] in [[Lucerne|Luzern]]. She got the same result, but this time in the more prestigious [[single scull]]. In 1993 she was selected for the first time for a [[World Rowing Junior Championships|world rowing championship]], in Årungen, in the suburbs of [[Oslo]]. She won a silver medal in the [[double scull]] with Elke Seps. She considers this as the high of her career as a rower. In 1994 she came 13th junior World Championships at the olympic [[Oberschleißheim Regatta Course]] near [[Munich]] in the single scull. In 1996 she came 6th at the World Rowing U23 Championships at her home lake, [[Hazewinkel]] with Karen Baetsle in the double scull<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Rowing - Christel HIEL|url=https://worldrowing.com//athlete/d681da25-3611-4d5c-8797-069d82deb926|access-date=2021-03-04|website=World Rowing|language=en|archive-date=2025-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222123109/https://worldrowing.com/athlete/d681da25-3611-4d5c-8797-069d82deb926|dead-url=yes}}</ref>.

=== Coach ===
After her rowing career, Hiel became a coach. She has level A coaching license. In 2005 she became the chief coach of [[ARV Sculling]], the club for which she rowed herself.

In addition to that she coached for the national team on multiple occasions. She coached Leen Blondelle and Marianne de Ridder throughout their careers. She also coached the woman's coxed four that came 4th at the European Rowing championships [[Trakai]], [[Lithuania]]<ref>{{Cite web|title="Ze heeft keihard gewerkt om dit niveau te halen"|url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20160713_02383868|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Het Nieuwsblad|language=nl-BE}}</ref> 9th at the world champs on the [[Willem-Alexander Baan|Willem-Alexander baan]] in [[Rotterdam]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ruben Somers mikt op top negen|url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20160819_02432037|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Het Nieuwsblad|language=nl-BE}}</ref>. Thereafter, she has coached Ruben Somers, a rower from her club. Together with Somers she attended [[World Rowing Cup|World Cup]] I in [[Belgrade|Belgrado]] in 2017, World Rowing Champs in [[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]], also in 2017, World Cup I and III in Belgrado and on the Rotsee in Lucerne<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Cup III Luzern - 13 tot 15 juli 2018|url=http://vlaamse-roeiliga.be/index.php?oid=10&pid=19562&aid=88499|access-date=2021-03-04|website=vlaamse-roeiliga.be}}</ref> and the [[2018 European Rowing Championships|European Rowing Championchips]] at Strathclyde Lake in Glasgow<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Rowing - Ruben SOMERS|url=https://worldrowing.com//athlete/9852bb59-328c-49d2-ae42-a21a0f01f3d4|access-date=2021-03-04|website=World Rowing|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Hiel also coached numerous crew for the Coupe de la Jeunesse.

In 2020, due to the dismissal of Dominique Basset - technical chief from 2009 to 2020 - she became junior coordinator for the Flemish Rowing Ligue.

== Track record ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Ranking
!Race
|-
|1991
|2 , 1
|Coupe de la Jeunesse Glasgow (Quad)
|-
|1992
|2 , 1
|Coupe de la Jeunesse Luzern ([[Single scull|Single]])
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|2
|Junior Worlds [[Årungen]] ([[Double scull|Double]])
|-
|5
|[[CRASH-B Sprints|C.R.A.S.H.-B]] [[Boston]]
|-
|1994
|13
|Junior Worlds Munich (Single)<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1996
|6e
|U23 Worlds (Double)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hiel, Christel}}
[[Category:Belgian rowers]]
[[Category:Belgian female rowers]]
[[Category:Belgian rowing biography stubs]]
[[Category:World Rowing Championships medalists for Belgium]]
[[Category:Wikipedia requested images of people]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christchurch Pride

2026-07-17T04:23:16Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}
{{Short description|LGBTQ event in Christchurch, New Zealand}}
The '''Pride of Christchurch''' is a festival that has taken place in [[Christchurch|Christchurch, New Zealand,]] with a goal to celebrate the diversity of the [[LGBTQ people|LGBT]] population of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Painting the town rainbow for Christchurch Pride |url=https://www.newsline.ccc.govt.nz/news/story/painting-the-town-rainbow-for-christchurch-pride |access-date=2 June 2026 |website=Newsline |archive-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613110133/https://www.newsline.ccc.govt.nz/news/story/painting-the-town-rainbow-for-christchurch-pride |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The festival lasts between a week and a month and begins with a [[Pride parade|Pride march]] attended by more than a thousand people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Liz |date=1 March 2025 |title=Pride on colorful display, despite protests |url=https://www.thepress.co.nz/nz-news/360599053/pride-colourful-display-despite-protests |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304114743/https://www.thepress.co.nz/nz-news/360599053/pride-colourful-display-despite-protests |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=2 June 2026 |website=The Press}}</ref> The celebration also includes events like artistic installations, presentations of [[Drag (entertainment)|drag]], dances, activities in libraries, [[Bingo (American version)|bingo]], pet parades and others. Distinct buildings and businesses of the city decorate with [[Pride flag|pride flags]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=What's happening in Christchurch this weekend |url=https://www.newsline.ccc.govt.nz/news/story/whats-happening-in-christchurch-this-weekend-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327053532/https://www.newsline.ccc.govt.nz/news/story/whats-happening-in-christchurch-this-weekend-3 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=2 June 2026 |website=Newsline}}</ref>

A difference from other countries, where they do similar celebrations in June en honor of Pride Month, the festival in Christchurch celebrated in the month of March, in favor of better weather and to avoid competition with other, similar events in New Zealand, like the [[Auckland Pride Festival]] and the [[Wellington Pride Festival]]. However, the event has been moved to June on some occasion, for example, in 2022, when it was postponed to June due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Compared to similar events, this one is more community-based.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Sinead |date=2022-03-23 |title='People are proud throughout the year': When is New Zealand's real Pride month? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/127796445/people-are-proud-throughout-the-year-when-is-new-zealands-real-pride-month |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The celebration of LGBT pride en Christchurch started in the 1970s. In June of 1974, a Gay Pride Week was held in the city that included a march that started in the Victoria Square, and a dance that took place in Hagley Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline: Christchurch » PrideNZ.com |url=https://www.pridenz.com/timeline/christchurch.html |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.pridenz.com}}</ref> In 1977, the local newspaper, ''The Press'' published a note that reported that LGBT activists were holding events and meetings for Pride in the Cathedral Square and they asked to use pink carnations as a way to position themselves against discrimination.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=joyciescotland |date=2019-02-15 |title=Christchurch Pride |url=https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/blogs/post/christchurch-pride |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-NZ}}</ref>

In its current form, Christchurch Pride started in 2004.<ref name=":0" /> The next year, the festival developed a detailed calendar of events in the week, such as dances, shows of ''drag queens'' and ''drag kings,'' a presentation of ''[[The Rocky Horror Show]]'' and a candle vigil in honor of all of the victims in the [[HIV/AIDS pandemic]]. In total, this Pride had a thousand participants across all of the events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chch Pride success despite lack of coverage » archived article sourced from GayNZ.com |url=https://www.pridenz.com/gaynz/2970.html |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.pridenz.com}}</ref> During 2008, the activities of pride week, they had reacher 1500 attendees. This Pride was also notorious because it was happening during the of the premier of the documentary ''Through Rainbow Colored Glasses'', that explored the LGBT history of the city.<ref name=":0" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Festivals in Christchurch]]
[[Category:Pride parades in New Zealand]]
[[Category:LGBTQ festivals in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in New Zealand]]

}}

{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=June 2026}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christa Jones

2026-07-17T04:21:17Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Orphan|date=November 2021}}

'''Christa Jones''' was an employee of the [[United States Census Bureau]], the chief of staff to its deputy director.<ref name=npr/>

== 2020 United States Census ==
Using her personal email, Jones communicated with [[Thomas Hofeller]] in 2015 about the possibility of adding a citizenship question to the [[2020 United States census|2020 United States Census]].<ref name="oversight2019">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-18|title=Committee Seeks Interview with Census Bureau Chief of Staff After New Evidence Reveals Personal Emails With Republican Gerrymandering Expert|url=https://oversight.house.gov/news/press-releases/committee-seeks-interview-with-census-bureau-chief-of-staff-after-new-evidence|access-date=2021-11-10|website=House Committee on Oversight and Reform|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="thomsen">{{Cite web|last=Thomsen|first=Jacqueline|date=2019-06-18|title=Cummings requests interview with Census official over new allegations on citizenship question|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/449147-cummings-requests-interview-with-census-official-over-new-allegations-on|access-date=2021-11-10|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en}}</ref> While discussing the content of the census, Jones raised that there was an opportunity to add a citizenship question, which Hofeller wrote would be advantageous to non-Hispanic whites.<ref name=npr>{{Cite news|last=Wang|first=Hansi Lo|date=2019-06-15|title=Emails Connect Census Official With GOP Strategist On Citizenship Question|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/15/732669380/emails-connect-census-official-with-gop-strategist-on-citizenship-question|access-date=2021-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bahrampour|first=Tara|title=New evidence shows contact between Trump official and Republican redistricting expert over census citizenship question, contradicting earlier DOJ claims|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/new-evidence-shows-contact-between-trump-official-and-republican-redistricting-expert-over-census-citizenship-question-contradicting-earlier-doj-claims/2019/11/12/95bb97f4-0577-11ea-ac12-3325d49eacaa_story.html}}</ref> Rep. [[Elijah Cummings]] noted that this communication may be in violation of the [[Federal Records Act]], which requires official government business to be properly preserved and accessible to the American public.<ref name="oversight2019" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Christa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:United States Census Bureau people]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christ Junior College

2026-07-17T04:02:52Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{short description|College in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Christ Junior College|timestamp=20260305145409|year=2026|month=March|day=5|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Christ Junior College
| image = Christ Junior College emblem.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng = Excellence and Vision
| established = {{start date|2002}}
| closed = 
| type = [[Junior College|Pre-University College]]
| parent =
| affiliation = Karnataka School Examination and Assessment Board, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| principal = Father Sebastian Mathai
| dean =
| head_label = Vice Principal
| head = Fr. Bijo George
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 2873 (Year 2016–17)
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Hosur Road]], [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coor = {{URL|cjc.christcollege.edu}}
| campus =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| sports =
| mascot = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| website = 
| logo =
| footnotes =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| dFattor =
| colors = 
| athletics_nickname = 
}}
'''Christ Junior College (CJC)''' is a [[Junior college#India|pre-university college]] located in [[Bangalore, Karnataka]], India. The institution was under the purview of Christ College and was formed in the academic year 2002–03 as a result of the bifurcation of the Degree and Pre-University courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cjc.christcollege.edu/about-institution.html|title=CHRIST JUNIOR COLLEGE, Bengaluru {{!}} Home – About Us – The Institution|last=Jose|website=cjc.christcollege.edu|access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> CJC functions from a single and separate building located in the [[Christ University]] campus.

== History ==
CJC was started in 1969 under the name of Christ College. Christ College initially offered [[Pre-university course|Pre-University]] and [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] courses to its students. Over the past 40 years, it has increased its academic programmes to include [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] and diploma programmes. It established itself as a separate institution in 2002 following the bifurcation of the Pre-University course from the other academic programmes offered by the then Christ College.

== Admissions ==
Admissions to CJC are extremely competitive and are based on the marks obtained by a student in the Class X board examinations held across India. Cut-off percentages for admission to I PUC in CJC are generally the highest among the various Bangalore city colleges offering Pre-University courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/I-PU-cut-off-marks-go-through-the-roof/articleshow/13831795.cms|title=I PU cut-off marks go through the roof – Times of India|access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref>

== Academics ==

=== Departments ===
CJC has a number of specialised academic departments which cater to students studying in the different streams offered by the college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cjc.christcollege.edu/academics-departments.html|title=CHRIST JUNIOR COLLEGE, Bengaluru {{!}} Home – Academics – Departments|last=Jose|website=cjc.christcollege.edu|access-date=2016-08-11|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703040533/http://cjc.christcollege.edu/academics-departments.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The college has nine such departments:
# The Department of English
# The Department of Languages
# The Department of Physics
# The Department of Chemistry
# The Department of Mathematics
# The Department of Biology
# The Department of Electronics
# The Department of Commerce
# The Department of Social Sciences

=== Academic programmes ===
CJC offers PU degree combinations in science, commerce and social sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cjc.christcollege.edu/academics-academic-programs.html|title=CHRIST JUNIOR COLLEGE, Bengaluru {{!}} Home – Academics – Academic Programmes|last=Jose|website=cjc.christcollege.edu|access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> English is a compulsory first language and there are four optional second languages namely, Kannada, Sanskrit, Hindi and French. The following are the stream-wise core subject combinations offered by CJC:

==== Science ====
* PCMB (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology)
* PCME (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Electronics)
* PCMC (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Computer science)

==== Commerce ====
* CAMS (Commerce [Business Studies], Accountancy, Basic Mathematics, Statistics)
* CAME (Commerce [Business Studies], Accountancy, Basic Mathematics, Economics)

==== Social Sciences ====
* HEPP (History, Economics, Political Science, Psychology)
* HESP (History, Economics, Sociology, Political Science)
* PPES (Psychology, Political Science, Economics, Sociology)
CJC also provides its students with a [[learning management system]] (LMS), an internet-based e-learning tool, to facilitate learning and sharing of information outside the classroom.

== Student life ==
CJC has a very vibrant and dynamic student culture. Apart from academics, the college encourages students to actively engage in a whole host of co-curricular and extra-curricular activities to facilitate their holistic development.

=== Associations and Clubs ===
CJC offers the opportunity for its students to engage and participate in the various clubs that are considered a vital part of its educational programme. The following are the clubs currently present in the college:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cjc.christcollege.edu/sw-associations-clubs.html|title=CHRIST JUNIOR COLLEGE, Bengaluru {{!}} Home – Student World – Associations and Clubs|last=Jose|website=cjc.christcollege.edu|access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref>
# The Student Welfare Office (SWO)
# The Model United Nations Society (MUNSOC)
# The Science Forum
# Social Sciences Association (SPECTRUM)
# The Commerce Association (COLOSSUS)
# The Association of Christian Christities (ACC)
# Eco-Club (PRAKRUTHI)
# Language Association (PRERANA)
# The English Literary Club (PIERIAN SPRING)
# The Quiz Club (SEDES MINERVA)
# The College Brass Band
# The College Choir
# [[National Cadet Corps (India)|The National Cadet Corps]] (NCC)
# Centre for Social Action (CSA)
# Campus Sports
# Tech Club

=== CJC-MUN ===
CJC organized the first edition of the CJCMUN in 2008. It went inter-school in 2010. In 2011, the college participated in the India edition of the Harvard Model United Nations(HMUN India) organized by the [[Harvard International Relations Council]] and received a number of awards. The CJCMUN has since gone on to become one of the most popular MUNs in the city of Bangalore.

In 2022, the college won the best large delegation award at Harvard Model United Nations India will also host the 15th edition of CJC MUN on the 3rd,4 and 5 November 2022.

The delegation is known for their comradery and commitment to make a change.
Winning 4 Best Delegation Awards in 2023.
March on Christites, March on!

=== International Exchange Programmes ===
CJC organises international student exchange programmes with educational institutions in Sweden, Germany and Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cjc.christcollege.edu/sw-international-immersion-exchange-programmes.html|title=CHRIST JUNIOR COLLEGE, Bengaluru {{!}} Home – Student World – International Immersion and Exchange Programmes|last=Jose|website=cjc.christcollege.edu|access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Christ University]]
*Christ School

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://cjc.christcollege.edu}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100109031612/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Christ-Junior-College-Bangalore Article title]}}
*https://www.cjcmun.com/

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Pre-university colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christ CMI Central School, Anjugramam

2026-07-17T03:54:15Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AfDM|page=Christ CMI Central School, Anjugramam (2nd nomination)|year=2025|month=December|day=10|substed=yes|origtag=afdx|help=off}}

{{one source|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Christ CMI Central School
| image =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| city = [[Kanyakumari]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.149493|N|77.565972|E|display=title,inline}}
| type = Private
| religion = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| established = {{Start date and age| 2012 }}
| head =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| grades = Pre K.G - 12
| enrollment =
| houses =
| colours =
| sports =
| website = http://www.christanjugramam.org/
}}

'''Christ CMI Central School''' was established in 2012.<ref name=SCL1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com/IN/Kanyakumari/874806532549911/Christ-CMI-Central-School--CBSE-Anjugramam,Kanyakumari, Anjugramam, Kanyakumari 2018|title=Christ CMI Central School- CBSE-Anjugramam, Kanyakumari, Anjugramam, Kanyakumari 2018|website=www.schoolandcollegelistings.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref> The school is under the management of Christ CMI Educational and Charitable Trust, [[Anjugramam]]. The immediate Patron of the school is St. Thomas Bhavan CMI Ashram [[Anjugramam]], [[Kanyakumari]] District. Gayathri S Nair is the Principal, and Rev. Rev. Fr. Tinu Kottackaparampil CMI is the correspondent. The school offers classes from Pre-Nursery to 10th std.<ref name=SCL1 /> It is located in [[Anjugramam]], [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yellow.place/en/christ-cmi-central-school-cbse-anjugramam-kanyakumari-kanyakumari-india|title=Christ CMI Central School- CBSE-Anjugramam,Kanyakumari - Kanyakumari, India|website=Yellow.Place|language=en|access-date=2017-05-22|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164333/https://yellow.place/en/christ-cmi-central-school-cbse-anjugramam-kanyakumari-kanyakumari-india|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dostji.in/kanyakumari/CHRIST-CMI-CENTRAL-SCHOOL|title=CHRIST CMI CENTRAL SCHOOL - SCHOOLS in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu|last=dostji|website=www.dostji.in|language=en|access-date=2017-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christanjugramam.org/|title=Christ CMI Central school Anjugramam {{!}} Best School in Anjugramam {{!}} Best cbse schools in anjugramam|website=www.christanjugramam.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-05-19|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520140638/http://christanjugramam.org/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmitvm.info/activities_list.php?nm=4&action=search&txt=&sort=&category=&sum=&date_from=&date_to=&sort_ord=&by_colms=col&no_of_rows=1&sel=|title=CMI St.Joseph's Province|website=www.cmitvm.info|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Christian schools in India]]
* [[List of schools in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Schools in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Christ Apostolic Church Factions

2026-07-17T03:51:37Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=Resubmitted without improvement. [[User:mwwv|'''mwwv''']] [[User Talk:mwwv|converse]]∫[[Special:Contribs/Mwwv|edits]] 22:07, 25 March 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Large swathes are unsourced, and this is not written as an encyclopedia article. See [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not]]. [[User:Greenman|Greenman]] ([[User talk:Greenman|talk]]) 15:03, 19 March 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Please cite your sources and remove the claims entirely, there’re just way too much unsourced claims. [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 18:13, 13 March 2025 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|First Aladura Pentecostal church in Nigeria, Christ Apostolic Church Crisis & Factions}}
{{Draft topics|philosophy-and-religion|western-africa}}
{{AfC topic|other}}

{{Use Nigerian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Christ Apostolic Church
| abbreviation = CAC
| main_classification = [[Charismatic]]
| orientation = [[Pentecostal]]
| theology = [[Evangelical]]
| governance = [[Pastors]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Pastor S.O Oladele]], CAC GEC {{!}}{{!}} Pastor Henry Ojo, CAC Supreme
| leader_title1 = General Superintendent
| leader_name1 = Pastor J.D. Onagwa - CAC Supreme {{!}}{{!}} Pastor E.O Odejobi - CAC GEC
| leader_title2 = General Evangelist
| leader_name2 = Prophet Hezekiah Oladeji - CAC GEC {{!}}{{!}} Prophet Richard A. Kolawole - CAC Supreme
| associations = [[Christian Association of Nigeria]], Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria
| area = [[Nigeria]] and overseas
| headquarters = CAC GEC General Secretariat: Oba I.B Akinyele Memorial Complex, Bashorun, [[Ibadan]], [[Nigeria]].

CAC Supreme General Secretariat: CAC General Secretariat Complex, Atanda-Osengere, Ife-Ibadan Expressway, [[Ibadan]], [[Nigeria]].

CAC GEC International Camp Ground: Joseph Ayo Babalola International Miracle Camp, Ilesa-Akure Expressway, [[Ikeji-Arakeji]], Osun State, [[Nigeria]]

CAC Supreme Camp Ground: Alasepe Prayer Camp, Ikire-Ife Expressway, [[Ikire]], Osun State, [[Nigeria]]
| founder = Oba/Pastor Isaac Babalola Akinyele, Pastor David O. Odubanjo, Apostle Joseph Ayo Babalola
| founded_date = 1918
| founded_place = [[Ijebu Ode]]
| separated_from = [[The Apostolic Church Nigeria]]
| nursing_homes = CAC GEC Faith Home, [[Ede]], [[Osun]] State, [[Nigeria]].

CAC SC Faith Home Annex, Talabi School of Midwifery, [[Odo-Owa]], Kwara State, [[Nigeria]].
| tertiary = [[Joseph Ayo Babalola University]]
| seminaries = Christ Apostolic Church Theological Seminary Ile-Ife
| website = {{URL|https://www.christapostolicchurch.org.ng/}} {{!}}{{!}} {{URL|https://www.cac-worldwide.org/}}
| slogan = ONE FOLD, ONE SHEPHERD
}}
'''Christ Apostolic Church''' (CAC) is the first Pentecostal church present in [[Nigeria]]. It arose in the first half of the 20th century, in the then-[[British Empire]]. It was founded in Ijebu-ode named Precious Stone Society in 1918<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Christ apostolic church – Faith Chapel |url=https://cacfc.org.uk/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> but was formally established in 1941 after a split from the [[Apostolic Church Nigeria|Apostolic Church]] which the original Aladura organization (Faith Tabernacle) had invited to Nigeria. Its growth was led by [[Joseph Ayo Babalola]], a road construction driver who became its first General Evangelist.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatrevivals.com |title=Great Revivalist |publisher=Great Revivals |accessdate=2012-03-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130043028/http://greatrevivals.com/ |archivedate=2009-01-30 }}</ref>

Christ Apostolic Church General Executive Council operates [[secondary school]]s and an Entrepreneurial University named after the first General Evangelist, Joseph Ayo Babalola University<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://jabu.edu.ng/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Joseph Ayo Babalola University |language=en-GB}}</ref> (JABU) right in Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State in Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/nigeria/babalola1_joseph.html |title=Babalola, Joseph Ayo, Nigeria/Ghana, Christ Apostolic Church (Aladura) |publisher=Dacb.org |date= |accessdate=2012-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320030105/http://www.dacb.org/stories/nigeria/babalola1_joseph.html |archive-date=2012-03-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author1=Norman C. Habel|author-link=Norman C. Habel|author2=Vicky Balabanski|title=The Earth Story in the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaaCElq1yKAC&pg=PA113|accessdate=15 May 2012|date=30 October 2002|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-6060-8|pages=113–}}</ref>

Christ Apostolic Church Supreme Council operates secondary schools in some coordinating councils across Nigeria and an online radio station named after the Apostolic Revival Fire of 1930, Apostolic Flame Radio situated at the Secretariat Complex, Atanda-Osengere, Ibadan, Oyo State in Nigeria

Pastor Henry Olayiwola Ojo was inaugurated as the 9th president of Christ Apostolic Church Supreme Council (SC) on 1st January 2019. Pastor Samuel Olusegun Oladele was inaugurated as the 8th president of Christ Apostolic Church General Executive Council (GEC) on 20 March 2021.

== MISSION STATEMENT ~SC ==
Jesus is our message through the Holy Spirit to bring people to God through Discipleship, Witnessing and Breaking down stronghold of Satan.

== VISION STATEMENT ~SC ==
To populate God's Kingdom and provide deliverance to the captives.

== C.A.C. ANTHEM ~ SC ==
C.A.C., C.A.C.

The Church that was established on the Holy Spirit, Through the fervent prayers of our fathers in the faith Psalm, Fasting and Prayer our spiritual banner, "Thus says the Lord" is our directions and guide

C.A.C Babalola, The Living Water Jesus the Living Water Jesus the Living Water

C.A.C is our church

==History==
The historical background of the establishment of the Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria was traceable to the early formation of a prayer group called "Precious Stone" and later metamorphosed to "Diamond Stone" from the Church Missionary Society (CMS) now Saint Savior Anglican Church, Italupe, Ijebu - Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria, in 1918 led by Mr. Joseph Sadare (a. k. a. Esinsinade), D. 0. Odubanjo, D. E. Oduga, E. O. Odukoya, and Miss Sophia Odulami.

Sometimes in 1928, Mr. D. O. Odubanjo had a contact with Pastor A. A. Clark, the leader of Faith Tabernacle Church in Philadelphia, USA, through correspondence which resulted to the receipt of Tracts and Magazines known as "The Sword of the Spirit" which he distributed among the members of the group (Diamond Stone).

Later, tension rose between the Diamond Stone group and Saint Savior Anglican Church over the practices on divine healings, vision, opposition to infant baptism, reliance on dream, abstinence from dancing, drumming, debt owing, drinking of alcohol, gambling and mixing with non-Christians. As a result of this Mr. Joseph Sadare was compelled to give up his post in the synod while others were forced to resign their appointments and withdrew their children from the Anglican School.

Soon, Pastor Isaac Babalola Akinyele (The Olubadan of Ibadan) and Apostle Joseph Ayo Babalola joined the Faith Tabernacle Church and sometime in 1930, a misunderstanding arose again within the leaders of the Church which eventually called for settlement at llesa in 1930. At the incident, a dead child was brought and the leaders instructed Apostle Babalola to pray for the dead child, and the child was subsequently brought back to life. This led to the great revival of 1930 at Oke-Ooye, llesa, which eventually ended the crisis among the leaders on that day. Those that assisted Apostle Babalola during the revival were, D. 0. Odubanjo, Oba I. B. Akinyele, J. A. Babatope, J. A. Medaiyese, A. Omotoso, J. B. Oye, J, B. Orogun, Philip Bamigboye and Daniel Orekoya who later came to the scene.

This Great Revival was also embraced by the members of the Faith Tabernacle Church with baptism of the Holy Spirit, the spiritual manifestation of seeing visions, prophesying, speaking in tongues and dreaming dreams, while thousands of people at the scene of the revival surrendered their lives to Jesus. They also surrendered their juju and other dangerous charms.

In fact, less than a decade after, branches of the Church were established in Lagos, Ibadan, llesa, Akure, Oyan, Ile - Ife, llofa, Odo -Owa, Minna, Zaria, etc.

In 1931, a disagreement arose again within the Faith Tabernacle Church, which eventually led to the creation of a new group named "Christ Apostolic Church". On the 4th May, 1943, "The Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria" was registered under the Land (Perpetual Succession) of the Ordinance Act 1924, with Certificate of Incorporation No 147, while Pastors I. B. Akinyele, D. O. Odubanjo and Apostle J. A. Babalola were appointed as the General Executive Council (GEC) named as the governing council with the Articles of Incorporation (Constitution).

On the 6th January, 1969, the members of the Governing Council (General Executive Council) met, passed a resolution and changed the name of the governing council from General Executive Council to Supreme Council of Christ Apostolic Church that also took powers and functions from the GEC. Since then till date, this has reflected in the Articles of Incorporation of the CAC as amended in 1969. The members of the governing council (GEC) on that day were: Pastor E. T. Latunde -Chairman, Pastors J. A. Madaiyese, J. B. Orogun, I. D. Degun, J. D. Sanya, D. O. Babajide, J. O. Yerokun, A. O. A. Olutimehin, S. O. Akinade, J. Olu Young, J. A. Idowu, A. J. Famuyide, Elders N. Olutimehin, S. O. Afolabi, J. A. Yahaya, Pastors J. O.'Aoko and N. E. Udofia - Ag. Secretary.

Baba Abiye was one of the leaders of the Christ Apostolic Church who served as the Assistant General Evangelist of the church, working closely with [[Joseph Ayo Babalola]] during his lifetime.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== CAC Crisis & Factions ==
Brief about the Christ Apostolic Church Factions:

The Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria was the first Pentecostal Church in Africa inaugurated in 1917 and was registered in 1943 with the Certificate of Incorporation registration No. 147, dated 4th May, 1943 and with Pastors I. B. Akinyele, D. O. Odubanjo and Apostle J. A. Babalola as Trustees. This registration included the Articles of Incorporation of CAC (Constitution) that named the General Executive Council of CAC as the highest Authority of the Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria.

On the 6th January, 1969, the Authority of the Church (General Executive Council) met, resolved and decided that a new body to be known as Supreme Council of CAC, as the highest ruling Authority of the Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria should replace the General Executive Council. Since then, no other valid meeting of the CAC had been held to change the name of the highest ruling body of the Church from the Supreme Council.

On Thursday, 27th September, 1990, a leadership crisis broke out during the Church Pastors’ Conference at CAC Okesa, Ilesa, Osun State when some newly ordained pastors of the Church that styled themselves as “Christ Initiative Forum of CAC” led by Pastor E. O. Makinde and sponsored by some senior pastors of the Church, attempted to overthrow the constituted authority of the Church – Supreme Council of CAC. The crisis divided the Church into two factions (Supreme Council of CAC and Christ Initiative Forum) The Christ Initiative Forum group later metamorphosed into what is now called the General Executive Council faction of CAC.

The 34-year-old crisis within the church led to the emergence of two factions: the CAC Supreme Council (SC), led by Pastor Henry Ojo, and the CAC General Executive Council (GEC), led by Pastor S. O. Oladele.

The above scenario was completely conceded in the 10 paragraphs Affidavit deposed to by Pastor E. H. L. Olusheye (the arrow head of the General Executive Council faction), before the Federal High Court Ibadan Judicial Division on the 12th June, 2015, where he affirmed and stated as follows:

“That I have carefully and prayerfully considered the following:

The protracted crisis in Christ Apostolic Church and several calls from many quarters for an end to the crisis, especially in recent times;

The major role that I played at the beginning of the crisis and my desire to be used by God to be part of the resolution of the crisis;

My desire to see an end to divisions within the Christ Apostolic Church, so that the Holy Spirit can move freely amongst His people;

My desire to be of a clear conscience, in readiness to meet my maker at any time;

That consequently, I hereby truthfully make the statements in the following paragraphs of this affidavit.

That the authentic Certificate of Incorporation for Christ Apostolic Church is the one that was issued on the 16th December, 1985 by the Corporate Affairs Commission (with Registration Number 147) and which has been in the custody of the Supreme Council.

That I know as a fact that, the Certificates obtained by the leaders of the General Executive Council faction of the same Church from the Corporate Affairs Commission in 1991 and 1995 were improperly obtained.

That the said Certificates (1991 and 1995) were issued by the Commission acting on a sworn affidavit sworn to by a former leader of the Church (Pastor J. B. Orogun, now deceased), which affidavit falsely stated that, the Certificate of 1985 in the custody of the Supreme Council of Christ Apostolic Church was missing, and which affidavit was presented by leaders of the General Executive Council faction to the Commission to obtain the Certificates.

That the leaders of the General Executive Council faction applied to the Corporate Affairs Commission and obtained the said Certificates of 1991 and 1985, at all material times knowing that their application were improper and without following proper or lawful procedure.

That I am willing to surrender the Certificate of 1995 (original of which has been in my personal custody) to the appropriate authorities for cancellation, and to work together like-minded persons in both the Supreme Council and the General Executive Council faction to achieve a reunification of both faction in Christ Apostolic Church in the shortest time possible, by the grace of God.

That I make the above statements freely and honestly in all responsibility and without any pressure or compulsion from anybody.”

Pastor E. H. L. Olusheye was one of the named trustees on the controversial 1995 Certificate of Incorporation of the Church and served as the President of the General Executive Council faction for over 12 years, and actively participated in the crisis. He also approved and signed into law the purported 1998 Constitution of the GEC faction.

Furthermore, Pastor Olusheye, in his publication in The Nation newspapers dated 9th October, 2015, titled “CHRIST APOSTOLIC CHURCH: TIME FOR TRUTH AND UNITY” corroborated the facts deposed in his affidavit sworn on 12th June, 2015, and affirmed as follows:

“Some of you may have heard that on 12th June, 2015, I willingly deposed to an affidavit at the Federal High Court, Ibadan that the process by which we leaders of the General Executive Council faction obtained the Certificate of Incorporation for CAC in 1995 from the Corporate Affairs Commission, was improper. This is the truth. The genuine Certificate of Incorporation of CAC is the one issued in 1985, which is currently in possession of the Supreme Council faction. I made those revelations in all responsibility and honesty, after careful reflection and because of my desire to be a clear conscience before God, in preparation to meet Him. I also made it because I am convinced that no genuine settlement of CAC of the crisis can take place on the foundation of falsehood. I am not afraid to die or go to jail, or to face any kind of humiliation or defamation of character, the likes of which Pastor Akinosun has been subjecting me to lately for speaking the truth”.

It is widely acknowledged that "peace is the foundation of human existence." With this understanding, the Supreme Council faction of the Christ Apostolic Church, Nigeria, has remained deeply committed to the unification process since the onset of the unfortunate crisis in 1990. Regrettably, all efforts to reconcile and unite the church have been consistently thwarted by the leadership of the General Executive Council faction. It is a matter of record that the SC faction has actively participated in numerous peace and unification meetings, only for the GEC faction to ultimately find reasons to undermine the process. A notable example is the 2021 Peace and Unification Meetings held at Christ Apostolic Church, Anlugbua, Basorun, Ibadan. The progress made in those meetings was abruptly derailed when the GEC faction procured a new Certificate of Incorporation for the CAC on 4th February 2021. This certificate has seven (7) trustees, all of whom were members of the GEC, with no representation from the Supreme Council. This unilateral action effectively brought the peace process to a halt.

The Supreme Council consistent pursuit for peace in the Church does not make us the guilty party or war slavery of the crisis. Rather, it is a reflection of the scriptural injunction that the redeemed should strive to live in peace with all men, and also motivated by the motto of our great Church (CAC): "One Fold, One Shepherd." This commitment to unity was the underlining reason for our participation in the recent peace meetings with the GEC faction. However, as usual the exercise was scuttled by the GEC following the filing of a motion on notice to amend their process in suit FHC/05/C5/77/2022. The motion on notice was filed on the 20th January, 2025 against the leaders of the CAC Supreme Council led by Pastor Henry Ojo during the pendency of the peace process. Through this legal action, the GEC faction aims to take control of all Church assemblies under the Supreme Council and seize assets currently managed by the Supreme Council.

The above statement accurately reflects the true state of affairs within the Mission (CAC). Nevertheless, the Supreme Council Faction remains steadfast in its commitment to pursuit of peace and unity within the Church.

Let us all rekindle the spirit of togetherness we once enjoyed and tell our leaders who are manipulating and using various tactics and propaganda to perpetuate crisis that ENOUGH IS ENOUGH.
[[File:CAC Supreme Logo.jpg|alt=Christ Apostolic Church Logo|thumb|255x255px|Christ Apostolic Church Supreme Council Logo]]
May God Unit Christ Apostolic Church, Nigeria, Amen.

==Tenets==
Christ Apostolic Church adopted the 11 tenets of the Apostolic Church UK and added the 12th and 13th tenets in 1940.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Akande |first=Lydia Bosede |date=2018-12-15 |title=The impact of christ apostolic church on Yoruba diaspora in the New York District |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijrs/article/view/181085 |journal=Ilorin Journal of Religious Studies |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |issn=2141-7040}}</ref>

1. The Divine inspiration and Authority of the Holy Scripture

2. The Trinity of the Persons in One Godhead

3. The absolute moral corruption of the human nature, the necessity for repentance and regeneration, and the eternal doom of the finally impenitent

4. The virgin Birth, Sinless Life, Atoning Death, Triumphant Resurrection, Ascension, and Abiding Intercession of our Lord Jesus Christ, His second coming and Millennial Reign upon earth.

5. Justification and Sanctification of the Believer through the redemptive work of Christ.

6. The sacrament of baptism by immersion and of the Lord's Super.

7. Baptism of the Holy Ghost, with the signs following

8. The nine gifts of the Holy Ghost for the edification, exhortation and comfort of the Church which is the Body of Christ

9. Church Government by Apostles, Prophets, Evangelists, Pastors, Teachers, Elders and Deacons.

10. Possibility of falling from Grace.

11. The obligatory nature of tithes and offerings.

12. Absolute dependence on the Power of God through the merit of Atonement of Jesus Christ for physical healing in the time of sickness without the use of medicine or drug for any kind (Isaiah 53:3-5; Psalm 91, Psalm 103:1-4; James 1:3-6)

13. Trusting God the "Jehovah Jireh" to provide for all financial and temporal needs without going into debts to raise loan, not receiving interest on your money (Matthew 6:25-34; Psalm 15:5; Phil. 4:6).

== Historical Events in Christ Apostolic Church ==
1. July 1930: The nation-wide revival in which great miracles were wrought by the Lord started at Oke-Ooye in Ilesa. There, Apostle Babalola was mightily used.

2. 1949: CAC Pastoral Training Institute was founded.

3. August 1959: CAC Maternity Centre at Ede formally opened.

4. June 1967: The maiden issue of Christ Apostolic Church Magazine was launched.

5. July 1967: The membership of CAC in the Christian Council of Nigeria was approved.

6. December 1968: CAC Publicity Department was set up.

7. February 1969: The Department of Foreign Mission was inaugurated.

8. October 1969: CAC Revival Tiding, a monthly gospel newspaper was first published.

9. September 6, 1979: The CAC Theological Seminary formally opened at Ile-Ife

10. September 1980: CAC celebrated the golden jubilee of the 1930 revival.

11. December 1988: CAC Supreme Council Maternity Centre at Odo-Owa, Kwara State Opened.

12. 2010: 80th Anniversary of Christ Apostolic Church.

13. April 2018: Foundation Laying Ceremony of CAC Supreme Council New General Secretariat Building at Osegere, Ibadan-Ife Express way.

==Current leaders==
• [[Pastor S.O Oladele|Pastor Samuel Olusegun Oladele]] - President CAC GEC

• Pastor Henry Olayiwola Ojo - President CAC SC

• Pastor James Dike Onagwa - General Superintendent CAC SC

• Pastor Emmanuel Olatoro Odejobi - General Superintendent CAC GEC

• Prophet Hezekiah Oluboye Oladeji - General Evangelist CAC GEC

• Prophet Richard Adebayo Kolawole - General Evangelist CAC SC

• Pastor Emmanuel Mapur - General Secretary CAC GEC

• Pastor Emmanuel Ejide Aladesaiye - General Secretary CAC SC

• Pastor Johnson Folorunsho Omitinde - Finance Director CAC GEC[11]

== Associations in Christ Apostolic Church: ==
1. Christ Apostolic Church Men's Association (CACMA).

2. Good women Society of Christ Apostolic Church

3. Ordained Ministers' Wives Association

4. The Light of the World

5. Christ Apostolic Church Youth Fellowship.

6. World Soul Winning Evangelical Ministry

7. Christ Apostolic Church Students' Association.

8. National Ushers Association

9. National Choir Association

10. Sunday School.

== Past Leaders of Christ Apostolic Church (1943-till date) ==

====== Presidents (Supreme Council): ======
1. Pastor Isaac Babalola Akinyele (1943-1964)

2. Pastor Jacob Soyege Bartholomew Odusona (1964-1966)

3. Pastor Elijah Titus Latunde (1966-1983)

4. Pastor Joseph Bolade Orogun (1983-1991)

5. Pastor Joseph Omotayo Adegoroye

6. Pastor Nelson Ekuh Udofia (2001-2009)

7. Pastor Joshua Adelegan Ogunlade (2009-2013)

8. Pastor Gabriel O. Lagunju (2013-2018)

9. Pastor Henry 0layiwola Ojo (2019-to date)

====== Presidents (General Executive Council): ======
Pastor Isaac Babalola Akinyele (1943 - 1964.)

Pastor Jacob Soyege Bartholomew Odusona (1964 - 1966)

Pastor Elijah Titus Latunde (1966 - 1983)

Pastor Latunde (1983 - 1991)

Pastor E.A. Faniyan (1991 - 1993)

Pastor John Dada Obafemi (1993 - 1997)

Pastor Elijah Howard Lajuwomi Olusheye (1997 - 2011)

Pastor Abraham Olukunle Akinosun (2012 - 2020)

Pastor Samuel Olusegun Oladele (2021- to date)

====== General Superintendents (Supreme Council): ======
1. Pastor David Ogunleye Odubanjo (1943-1959)

2. Pastor Jacob Soyege Bartholomew Odusona (1959-1964)

3. Pastor J. A. Medaiyese (1964-1975)

4. Pastor Joseph Bolade Orogun (1975-1983)

5. Pastor Abraham 0. Ade Olutimehin (1983-1991)

6. Pastor J. A. Adelekan (1991-2001)

7. Pastor Joshua Adelegan Ogunlade (2001-2009)

8. Pastor Gabriel 0. Lagunju (2009-2013)

9. Pastor A. O. Adeoloye (2013-2018)

10. Pastor James D. Onagwa (2019 to date)

====== General Superintendents (General Executive Council): ======
Pastor D. O. Odubanjo (1943 – 1959)

Pastor J. S. B. Odusona (1959 – 1964)

Pastor J. A. Medaiyese (1964 – 1975)

Pastor O. A. Olutimehin (1983 – 1991)

Pastor J. B. Orogun (1975 – 1983)

Pastor E. H. L. Olusheye (1993 – 1997)

Pastor D. O. A. Oloye (1997 -2006)

Pastor P. O. Bandele (2007 -2010)

Pastor A. O. Akinosun (2011 – 2012)

Pastor M. O. Abaje (2012 – 2014)

Pastor S. O. Oladele (2014 – 2021)

Pastor Emmanuel Olatoro Odejobi (2021 – Till Date)

====== General Evangelists (Supreme Council): ======
1. Apostle Joseph Ayodele Babalola (1943-1959)

2. Pastor David Olulana Babajide (1959-1991)

3. Apostle Timothy Oluwole Obadare (1991-2013)

4. Pastor Michael O. Olatunji (2013-2018)

5. Prophet E. A. Ogunrinde (2019-2022)

6. Prophet Richard Adebayo Kolawole (2023 to date)

====== General Evangelists (General Executive Council): ======
Apostle J. A. Babalola (1943 – 1959)

Prophet D. O. Babajide (1959 – 1991)

Evangelist J. O. Alokan (1993 – 2006)

Prophet S. K. Abiara (2007 – 2017)

Prophet Hezekiah Oluboye Oladeji (2017 – Till Date)

====== General Secretaries (Supreme Council): ======
1. Pastor J. A. Sanya (1943-1949)

2. Pastor A. A. Hanson (1949-1968)

3. Pastor Nelson Ekuh Udofia (1968-2001)

4. Pastor James Oladepo Akintola (2001-2013)

5. Pastor J. O. Oguntile (2013-2018)

6. Pastor Emmanuel Ejide Aladesaiye (2019-to date)

====== General Secretaries (General Executive Council): ======
Pastor J. A. Sanya (1943 – 1949)

Pastor A. A. Hanson (1949 – 1968)

Pastor N. E. Udofia (1968 – 1991)

Pastor G. Okegwemeh (1992 – 1993)

Pastor O. E. Okafor (1993 – 1998)

Pastor T. O. Obademi (1998 – 1999)

Pastor G. Okegwemeh (1999 - 2014)

Pastor Emmanuel Mapur (2014 - Till Date)

==See also==
*[[Nigerian sectarian violence]]
*[[Church of the Lord (Aladura)]]
*[[Celestial Church of Christ]]
*[[Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim]]
*[[Cherubim and Seraphim Society]]
*[[New religious movement]]
*[[St John the Baptist, Kentish Town]]
*[[Redeemed Christian Church of God]]
*[[Living Faith Church Worldwide]]
*[[Deeper Christian Life Ministry]]
*[[Anglican Adam Preaching Society]]
*[[Cornelius Adam Igbudu]]
*[[Onyeka Onwenu]]
*[[Junior Pope]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

# {{Citation |title=Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria and Overseas GEC Faction. |date=2024-01-20 |work=Christ Apostolic Church General Executive Council Faction website |url=https://christapostolicchurch.org.ng/ |place=Ibadan |access-date=22 March 2025 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930112811/https://christapostolicchurch.org.ng/ |dead-url=yes }}
# {{Citation |title=Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria and Overseas SC Faction. |date=15 March 2025 |work=Christ Apostolic Church Supreme Council Faction website |url=https://www.cac-worldwide.org/ |place=Ibadan}}
# {{Citation |title="CHRIST APOSTOLIC CHURCH: TIME FOR TRUTH AND UNITY" |date=2015-10-09 |pages= |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ |publisher=Pastor E. H. L. Olusheye}}
# {{Citation |title=CAC Certificate of Incorporation |date=1985-12-16 |issue=Registration Number 147 |url=https://www.cac.gov.ng |department=Corporate Affairs Commission, Nigeria}}
# {{Citation |title=Legal Proceedings from CAC GEC to CAC Supreme |date=2025-01-20 |url=https://fhc.gov.ng/ |ref=FHC/05/C5/77/2022 |department=Federal High Court, Nigeria}}
# <ref name=":2" />
#<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Apostolic Church Supreme Council Nigeria & Overseas |url=https://www.cac-worldwide.org |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria & Overseas}}</ref>
# <ref name=":1" />
# {{Citation |title=History of Christ Apostolic Church |work=CAC About Us |url=https://cac-worldwide.org/home/about |publisher=Christ Apostolic Church}} Nigeria & Overseas
# {{Citation |title=CAC Nigeria & Overseas Pastors Database |work=Pastors Database |url=https://cac-worldwide.org/datacenter/home |publisher=Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria & Overseas}}
# {{Citation |title="Current Leaders"~ Christ Apostolic Church General Executive Council Faction |url=https://christapostolicchurch.org.ng/leaders/current-leaders/ |publisher=Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria & Overseas}}
# {{Citation |title="Current Leaders"~ Christ Apostolic Church Supreme Council Faction |url=https://cac-worldwide.org/home/about |publisher=Christ Apostolic Church Nigeria & Overseas}}

==External links==
*[https://cacworldnews.com News Platform of Christ Apostolic Church General Executive Council Faction]
*[https://christapostolicchurch.org.ng Current website of Christ Apostolic Church General Executive Council Faction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930112811/https://christapostolicchurch.org.ng/ |date=30 September 2023 }}
*[https://www.cac-worldwide.org Official website of Christ Apostolic Church Supreme Council Faction]
*[https://apostolicflame.com News Platform of Christ Apostolic Church Supreme Council Faction]
*[https://apostolicflame.com Official Online Radio ( Apostolic Flame Radio)]

{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Churches in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Christian denominations in Ghana]]
[[Category:African initiated churches]]
[[Category:Christian new religious movements]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism in Africa]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Religious organizations based in Lagos]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in Nigeria]]}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Chrissy Costanza

2026-07-17T03:46:13Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{AFC submission|d|bio|u=Atiq Zawad|ns=118|decliner=SwisterTwister|declinets=20170103181735|ts=20170103160101}} 
{{AFC submission|d|ilc|u=95.146.105.220|ns=118|decliner=Zppix|declinets=20161103041728|small=yes|ts=20161003053243}} 
{{AFC submission|d|ilc|u=Aaronad89|ns=118|decliner=MRD2014|declinets=20160920163319|small=yes|ts=20160915070746}} 

{{AFC comment|1=Still nothing satisfying our standards since this only suggests being best known for the band itself. [[User:SwisterTwister|'''S'''wister'''T'''wister]] [[User talk:SwisterTwister|talk]] 18:17, January 3, 2017 (UTC)}}

----

{{PAGENAME}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| background = Lead Singer of Against The Current, YouTuber
| image =Chrissy Costanza.jpg
| birth_name = Christina Nicola Costanza
| alias = Chrissy Costanza
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1995|08|23}}
| birth_place = [[New Jersey]], [[United States]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop Rock]]|[[Pop Punk]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|YouTuber}}
| instrument =
| years_active = 2011-present
| label = {{flat list|
* [[Fueled by Ramen|Fueled by Ramen]]
}}
| associated_acts = [[Against the Current (band)|Against the Current]]
| website ={{URL|www.atcofficial.com}}
| height = 155 cm
}}

'''Christina "Chrissy" Costanza''' is an American singer, songwriter and musician. She is best known as the lead vocalist and primary songwriter of the [[Rock music|rock]] band, [[Against the Current (band)|Against The Current]]. She is also a YouTube sensation. Her self-titled YouTube channel, where she posts vlogs and beauty tutorials, currently has over 600 thousand subscribers.

== Early Life ==
Chrissy Costanza was born on August 23, 1995 in [[New Jersey|New Jersey, United States]] into a family of Italian descent. She has a brother named Mikey Costanza. Growing up it has always said it was one of her dreams to become a musician. She met current Against The Current band members Dan Gow and Will Ferri through a mutual friend.

== Career ==

=== 2011: ===
Chrissy Costanza was introduced to [[Dan Gow]] and [[Will Ferri]] through a mutual friend in 2011 and finally joined their band. Singers had been in and out of the band before Chrissy. Chrissy changed the name of the band to Against The Current after joining it. The name was inspired by a quote from [[The Great Gatsby]], "So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past". Against The Current soon started to write original songs, whose lyrics were mostly written by Chrissy. They also started to post covers of popular songs on YouTube.

=== 2012: ===
Against The Current released their first single "Thinking" in 2012. Chrissy wrote the lyrics of 'Thinking' and said that the song was very personal to her. It was not until when they released "Thinking" that the band started to gain a sizable amount of subscribers on YouTube. Later in 2012, they did a cover of "Good Time" by [[Owl City]] and [[Carly Rae Jepsen]], which helped further build their Internet fame.

=== 2013: ===
Against The Current released two more singles, "Guessing" and "Closer, Faster". They also put out a lot of covers of pop songs during this period. Meanwhile, Chrissy made a self-titled YouTube channel and started posting beauty videos. During the summer of 2013, Against the Current went on tour with [[Alex Goot]]. During the tour, they performed several new original songs such as "Something Different", "Mercy", and "Infinity", but "Something Different" and "Mercy" never got released as singles or released on their debut EP.

=== 2014: ===
On May 27, 2014, Against the Current released their first EP, Infinity. On June 6, Chrissy made an appearance in [[Access Hollywood]]. In the fourth quarter of 2014, Against The Current released an acoustic version of the Infinity EP and they went on The Outsiders Tour with The Ready Set. During the tour, Chrissy went on stage with The Ready Set to perform a cover of "I Wanna Get Better" by Bleachers. Against The Current debuted "Gravity" and "Talk" from their second EP. Between December 1 and 8, Against The Current headlined their first tour in the UK.

=== 2015: ===
In February 2015, Against The Current released their second EP, Gravity. Following the release of the Gravity EP, Against The Current went on a co-headlining U.S. tour with Set It Off. At the end of April 2015 Chrissy returned to her personal YouTube channel to announce that Against The Current had signed a record deal with [[Fueled By Ramen|Fueled by Ramen]]. In May, Against The Current released an acoustic version of the Gravity EP. At the end of August, Against The Current embarked on their first world tour, the "Gravity World Tour". On the first night of the tour, Against The Current debuted a new original song called "Outsiders". In October, Against The Current released "Outsiders" as their first single since signing with Fueled by Ramen. Since the release of "Outsiders", it has become one of their best selling singles. During the U.S. leg of the "Gravity World Tour", Against The Current debuted "Runaway", which would later become the first single off of their debut album.

=== 2016: ===
Against The Current released their debut album "In Our Bones" on May 20, 2016. In May, following the release of their debut album, Chrissy performed live with Alex Goot on his tour on several occasions. They performed "Running With the Wild Things", "Runaway", "Wasteland", "Forget Me Now", "Gravity", and a cover of "Sorry" by [[Justin Bieber]]. In June, Against The Current traveled to the UK to perform on Radio 1's Rock All Dayer. While they were in the UK, Against The Current was asked to play a last minute set at the [[Download Festival]]. [[Kerrang!]], a UK-based magazine devoted to rock music, says that the band are "writing their future", and described Chrissy as "Their Fearless Frontwoman". At the end of June, [[Rock Sound]] announced that Chrissy would receive her own column in their monthly magazine to talk about Against The Current's debut album, writing her own lyrics for the band, touring, and giving advice on how aspiring bands can be successful. On June 24, Against The Current played their first show on [[Warped Tour|Vans Warped Tour]] 2016. On July 22, Chrissy performed Sad Song with [[We the Kings|We the Kings]] during their set.

== Discography ==
;Studio albums
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of studio albums, with selected chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album details
! scope="col" colspan="6" | Peak chart positions
|-
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[Billboard 200|US]] <ref name="Billboard 200">{{cite web|title=Against The Current – Chart history (''Billboard'' 200)|work=Billboard|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=305|accessdate=June 1, 2016|date=June 11, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813153042/http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=305|archivedate=August 13, 2016|df=}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[Alternative Albums|US Alt]] <ref name="Alternative Albums">{{cite web|title=Against The Current – Chart history (Alternative Albums)|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=794|accessdate=June 1, 2016|date=June 11, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813153134/http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=794|archivedate=August 13, 2016|df=}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[Top Rock Albums|US Rock]] <ref name="Rock Albums">{{cite web|title=Against The Current – Chart history (Rock Albums)|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=408|accessdate=June 1, 2016|date=June 11, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813153122/http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=408|archivedate=August 13, 2016|df=}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]] <ref name="Heatseekers Albums">{{cite web|title=Against The Current – Chart history (Heatseekers Albums)|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=324|accessdate=June 1, 2016|date=June 11, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813153110/http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=324|archivedate=August 13, 2016|df=}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]] <ref name="Canadian Albums">{{cite web|title=Against The Current – Chart history (Canadian Albums)|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=309|accessdate=June 1, 2016|date=June 11, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813153054/http://www.billboard.com/artist/7386511/against-the-current/chart?f=309|archivedate=August 13, 2016|df=}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]] <ref name="British Albums">{{cite web|title=Official Albums Chart Top 100 - 27 May 2016 - 02 Jun 2016|work=Official Albums Chart|publisher=Official Charts|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20160527/7502/|accessdate=June 8, 2016|date=June 2, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609101133/http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20160527/7502/|archivedate=June 9, 2016|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[In Our Bones]]''
|
* Released: May 20, 2016
* {{nowrap|Label: [[Fueled by Ramen]]}}
* Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Music download|digital download]]
| 181
| 15
| 20
| 2
| 83
| 28
|}

;EPs
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of EPs, with selected chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Details
! scope="col" colspan="4" | Peak chart positions<ref name="AllMusic Awards">{{cite web|title=Against The Current : Awards|publisher=AllMusic|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/against-the-current-mn0003393980/awards|accessdate=May 7, 2016}}</ref>
|-
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[Alternative Albums|US Alt]]
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[Independent Albums|US Ind]]
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[Top Rock Albums|US Rock]]
!style="width:3em;font-size:85%"|[[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]] <ref name="Billboard Biz Only">{{cite web|title=Infinity by Against the Current|work=Billboard|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22Infinity%20%28EP%29%22&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A324&refine=1|accessdate=May 7, 2016|date=June 14, 2014}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Infinity''
|
* Released: May 27, 2014
* {{nowrap|Label: [[Self-publishing|Self-released]]}}
* Formats: CD, digital download
| —
| —
| —
| 28
|-
!scope="row"|''Infinity (The Acoustic Sessions)''
|
* Released: November 27, 2014
* {{nowrap|Label: [[Self-publishing|Self-released]]}}
* Format: Digital download
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
!scope="row"|''Gravity''
|
* Released: February 17, 2015
* {{nowrap|Label: [[Self-publishing|Self-released]]}}
* Formats: CD, digital download
| 23
| 27
| 36
| 4
|-
!scope="row"|''Gravity (The Acoustic Sessions, Vol. II)''
|
* Released: July 10, 2015
* {{nowrap|Label: [[Self-publishing|Self-released]]}}
* Format: Digital download
| —
| —
| —
| —
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Album
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012
|"Thinking"
| rowspan="2" |Non-album singles
|-
|"All I Want For Christmas Is You (originally by Mariah Carey)"
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2013
|"Closer, Faster"
| Infinity (EP)
|-
|"Guessing"
| rowspan="8"|Non-album singles
|-
|"Chocolate (originally by The 1975)"
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2014
|"Red (Originally Performed By Taylor Swift)"
|-
|"All Too Well (Originally Performed By Taylor Swift)"
|-
|"She Looks So Perfect (Originally Performed By 5 Seconds of Summer)"
|-
|"Ain't It Fun (Originally Performed By Paramore)"
|-
|"Habits (Stay High) (Originally Performed By Tove Lo)"
|-
|I Wanna Get Better (Originally Performed By Bleachers)"
|-
|"Gravity"
| Gravity (EP)
|-
|"Shake It Off (Originally Performed By Taylor Swift)"
| rowspan="4"| Non-album singles
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2015
|"See You Again (Originally Performed By Wiz Khalifa feat. Charlie Puth)"
|-
|"I Really Like You (Originally Performed By Carly Rae Jepsen)"
|-
|"Outsiders"
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2016
|"Running With The Wild Things"
| rowspan="5"| In Our Bones
|-
|"Runaway"
|-
|"Wasteland"
|-
|"Forget Me Now"
|-
|"Young & Relentless"
|}

=== Covers ===
{{unreferenced section}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Artists
!Original artists
!Notes
|-
|"[[Good Time (Owl City and Carly Rae Jepsen song)|Good Time]]"
|Against the Current, [[Alex Goot]]
|[[Owl City]], [[Carly Rae Jepsen]]
|
|-
|"[[Not Over You]]"
|Against the Current, Alex Goot
|[[Gavin DeGraw]]
|
|-
|"[[Catch My Breath]]"
|Against the Current, Alex Goot
|[[Kelly Clarkson]]
|
|-
|"[[All I Want for Christmas Is You]]"
|Against the Current
|[[Mariah Carey]]
|
|-
|"[[Beauty and a Beat]]"
|Against the Current, Alex Goot, [[Kurt Hugo Schneider]]
|[[Justin Bieber]]
|
|-
|"[[Heart Attack (Demi Lovato song)|Heart Attack]]"
|Against the Current, [[Sam Tsui]], Kurt Hugo Schneider
|[[Demi Lovato]]
|
|-
|"[[Chocolate (The 1975 song)|Chocolate]]"
|Against the Current
|[[The 1975]]
|
|-
|"[[Red (Taylor Swift song)|Red]]"
|Against the Current
| rowspan="2" |[[Taylor Swift]]
|
|-
|"[[All Too Well]]"
|Against the Current
|
|-
|"[[She Looks So Perfect]]"
|Against the Current
|[[5 Seconds of Summer]]
|
|-
|"[[Ain't It Fun (Paramore song)|Ain't It Fun]]"
|Against the Current
|[[Paramore]]
|
|-
|"[[I Wanna Get Better]]"
|Against the Current, [[The Ready Set]]
|Bleachers
|
|-
|"[[Stay High (Tove Lo song)|Stay High]]"
|Against the Current, Kurt Hugo Schneider
|[[Tove Lo]]
|
|-
|"[[Uptown Funk]]"
|Against the Current, [[Set It Off (band)|Set It Off]]
|[[Mark Ronson]], [[Bruno Mars]]
|
|-
|"[[Shake It Off]]"
|Against the Current, Kurt Hugo Schneider
|[[Taylor Swift]]
|
|-
|"[[See You Again (Wiz Khalifa song)|See You Again]]"
|Against the Current
|[[Charlie Puth]], [[Wiz Khalifa]]
|
|-
|"[[The Beginning (One Ok Rock song)|The Beginning]]"
|Against the Current
|[[One Ok Rock]]
|
|-
|"[[I Really Like You]]"
|Against the Current, [[Max Schneider|MAX]], Kurt Hugo Schneider
|Carly Rae Jepsen
|
|-
|"[[Water Under the Bridge (song)|Water Under the Bridge]]"
|Against the Current
|[[Adele]]
|
|-
|"[[Find You (Zedd song)|Find You]]"
|Against the Current, Alex Goot
|[[Zedd (musician)|Zedd]]
|
|-
|"[[Sorry (Justin Bieber song)|Sorry]]"
|Against the Current, Alex Goot, Kurt Hugo Schneider
|[[Justin Bieber]]
|
|-
|"[[When You Were Young]]"
|Against the Current
|[[The Killers]]
|
|-
|"[[Let Me Love You (DJ Snake song)|Let Me Love You]]"
|Against the Current, Alex Goot, Kurt Hugo Schneider
|[[DJ Snake]], [[Justin Bieber]]
|
|-
|"[[Cold Water (song)|Cold Water"]]
|Against the Current, [[Tyler Carter]]
|[[Major Lazer]], [[Justin Bieber]], [[MØ]]
|
|-
|"[[Teenagers (song)|Teenagers]]"
|Against the Current
|[[My Chemical Romance]]
|Released on ''Rock Sound Presents: The Black Parade'' CD with [[Rock Sound]] magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/introducing...-rock-sound-presents-the-black-parade|title=Introducing… ‘Rock Sound Presents: The Black Parade’|work=[[Rock Sound]]|date=August 8, 2016|accessdate=October 2, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008175310/http://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/introducing...-rock-sound-presents-the-black-parade|archivedate=October 8, 2016|df=}}</ref>
|-
|"[[Love Story (Taylor Swift song)|Love Story]]"
|Against the Current, [[Yellowcard]]
|[[Taylor Swift]]
|
|-
|"[[Love Yourself]]"
|Against The Current, [[We The Kings]]
|[[Justin Bieber]]
|
|}

== Concert tours ==
;2014
*Sink or Swim Tour – with King The Kid, Once Upon A Time, This Is All Now (headliner, 5/17-6/8, United States, Canada)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://umusicians.com/post/78233234263/against-the-current-announce-the-sink-or-swim-tour|title=Against The Current Announce The Sink or Swim Tour|work=UMusicians|date=March 1, 2014|accessdate=July 21, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000133/http://umusicians.com/post/78233234263/against-the-current-announce-the-sink-or-swim-tour|archivedate=March 5, 2016|df=}}</ref>
*2014 Asia/Australia Tour – with [[Alex Goot]] (co-headliner, 8/19-9/5, Asia and Australia)<ref name="atc tour">{{cite web|url=http://www.atcofficial.com/tour |title=Against The Current website - tour section |date=April 13, 2016 |accessdate=August 14, 2016 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413024451/http://www.atcofficial.com/tour |archivedate=April 13, 2016 |df= }}</ref>
*The Outsiders Tour – with [[The Ready Set]], [[Metro Station (band)|Metro Station]], [[The Downtown Fiction]] (supporting act, 10/21-11/22, United States)<ref name="atc tour" />
*Against The Current Tour (headliner, 12/1-12/8, United Kingdom)<ref name="atc tour" />
;2015
*Glamour Kills Spring Break '15 Tour – with [[Set It Off (band)|Set It Off]], [[As It Is (band)|As It Is]], [[Roam (band)|ROAM]] (co-headliner, 2/26-4/8, United States)<ref name="atc tour" />
*Gravity World Tour - with [[Vinyl Theatre]], Jule Vera, Sykes, Nekokat (headliner, 8/26-11/21, Asia, Europe, North America)<ref name="atc tour" />
;2016
*Back to the Future Hearts Tour – with [[All Time Low]], [[Good Charlotte]] (supporting act, 2/10-2/16, UK)<ref name="atc tour" />
*Running with the Wild Things Tour – with [[Roam (band)|ROAM]] (headliner, 2/20-3/21, Europe)<ref name="atc tour" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flippenmusic.com/roam-to-join-against-the-current-on-european-tour/|title=Flippenmusic - ROAM joins Against The Current|accessdate=August 15, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815174622/http://www.flippenmusic.com/roam-to-join-against-the-current-on-european-tour/|archivedate=August 15, 2016|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upsetmagazine.com/live-reviews/at-londons-koko-against-the-current-are-queens-and-kings-of-all-the-wild-things/|title=Upset Magazine - Against The Current and ROAM on tour|accessdate=August 15, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105175749/http://www.upsetmagazine.com/live-reviews/at-londons-koko-against-the-current-are-queens-and-kings-of-all-the-wild-things/|archivedate=November 5, 2016|df=}}</ref>
*[[Download Festival#2016|Download Festival]] - ''Zippy Encore Stage'' (replacement for [[Architects (British band)|Architects]], 6/11, United Kingdom)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://downloadfestival.co.uk/experience/videos/against-current-running-wild-things-download-2016|title=Download Festival 2016: Against The Current|accessdate=August 15, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815172515/http://downloadfestival.co.uk/experience/videos/against-current-running-wild-things-download-2016|archivedate=August 15, 2016|df=}}</ref>
*[[Vans Warped Tour]] - ''Cyclops Stage'' (6/24-8/13, United States)<ref name="atc tour" />
*[[In Our Bones World Tour]] - with [[As It Is (band)|As It Is]] (United Kingdom), Beach Weather (North America & Europe), Cruisr (North America) (headliner, 9/6-12/16, Asia, Europe, North America)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inourbonestour.com|title=Against The Current: In Our Bones tour website|accessdate=September 14, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910163058/http://www.inourbonestour.com/|archivedate=September 10, 2016|df=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*[http://www.kerrang.com/43143/k1620-current-2016s-hottest-band/ K!1620: AGAINST THE CURRENT – 2016’S HOTTEST BAND!] ''Kerrang!''. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
*[http://www.fuse.tv/2015/04/against-the-current-interview MEET AGAINST THE CURRENT: FROM YOUTUBE TO YOUR NEXT OBSESSION] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419005248/http://www.fuse.tv/2015/04/against-the-current-interview |date=April 19, 2016 }} ''fuse.'' Retrieved 2016-04-10.

===To be cited===
http://paintingbohemia.org/urban/biographies-interviews/meet-chrissy-costanza-from-youtube-sensation-to-famous-rock-star/
http://www.fuse.tv/videos/2016/07/against-the-current-chrissy-costanza-makeup-tips
http://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/against-the-currents-chrissy-costanza-in-the-end-theres-hope
http://www.rocksound.tv/features/read/chrissy-costanza-well-this-is-mildly-terrifying

== External Links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/ChrissyOfficial/ Chrissy Costanza]on [[Facebook]]
* [https://twitter.com/ChrissyCostanza Chrissy Costanza] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/chrissycostanza Chrissy Costanza] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.instagram.com/chrissycostanza/?hl=en Chrissy Costanza] on [[Instagram]]

Wikidata Q29004463
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Chrispen Nyathi

2026-07-17T03:44:05Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Zimbabwean actor (born 1994)}}
{{Prod llm/dated
| concern = [[WP:LLMPRV|Presumptive removal of LLM-generated content]], see {{slink|Wikipedia:AI noticeboard/Archive 7#User:Ludo Chaunoda Matombo}}. Feel free to reinstate by following [[WP:LLMPRVOBJ|the procedures for disputing presumptive removal of LLM-generated content]].
| user = User:Ludo Chaunoda Matombo
| timestamp = 20260706164744
| help =
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chrispen Nyathi
| image =
| caption = Nyathi in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|5|31}}
| birth_place = [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2019–present
| known_for = Role of Pastor Charleston in ''[[DiepCity]]''
}}

'''Chrispen Nyathi''' (born 31 May 1994) is a [[Zimbabwean]] actor known for portraying Pastor Charleston Ncube in the [[South African television]] drama ''[[DiepCity]]''. His performance in the series earned him the Outstanding Supporting Actor Award in 2021, making him one of the rising figures in Southern African television.<ref name="TrueLove">{{cite web|title=Getting to know DiepCity's rising star Chrispen Nyathi|url=https://www.news24.com/truelove/exclusive/getting-to-know-diepcitys-rising-star-chrispen-nyathi-20210923|website=News24 TrueLove|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nyathi was born in [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]], where he attended Mzilikazi Primary School. He developed an interest in the performing arts during his school years. In his teens, Nyathi relocated to [[South Africa]] with his family, where he continued to pursue acting through local theatre productions and short films.<ref name="Herald">{{cite web|title=Talent alone is not enough in film industry|url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/talent-alone-is-not-enough-in-film-industry/|website=The Herald (Zimbabwe)|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Nyathi began his acting career with minor theatre roles before securing his breakthrough in 2021, when he was cast in ''[[DiepCity]]'', a television drama produced by [https://www.blackbrain.co.za/? Black Brain Pictures] for [[Mzansi Magic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbendeni |first=Alutho |title=RISING STAR {{!}} Chrispen Nyathi on his big dreams and playing Charleston on DiepCity |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/rising-star-chrispen-nyathi-on-his-big-dreams-and-playing-charleston-on-diepcity-20210827 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

His portrayal of Pastor Charleston, a humorous and faith driven preacher navigating life in a Johannesburg township, received attention audiences and critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Online |date=2025-09-27 |title=Actor Chrispen Nyathi slammed for bragging about work |url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/actor-chrispen-nyathi-slammed-for-bragging-about-work/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=herald |language=en-US}}</ref> The role earned him widespread recognition and a major award at the [https://www.kaya959.co.za/all-the-winners-from-the-2021-royalty-soapie-awards/? Royalty Soapie Awards] in 2021.<ref name="263Chat">{{cite web|title=Zim actor Chrispen Nyathi wins Outstanding Supporting Actor award|url=https://www.facebook.com/263Chat/videos/over-the-weekend-zimbabwean-actor-chrispen-nyathi-won-the-outstanding-supporting/1211581563252629/|website=263Chat|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2023, Nyathi expressed pride in returning to Zimbabwe for the first time in over a decade, describing it as “an emotional homecoming” after years of working in South Africa.<ref name="SA">{{cite web|title=Chrispen Nyathi returns home after 11 years|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/zimbabwe/chrispen-nyathi-makes-emotional-return-to-zimbabwe-after-11-years/|website=The South African|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> He continues to work on independent productions and film projects across the region.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2021–2023 || ''[[DiepCity]]'' || Pastor Charleston Ncube || Television drama series
|-
|2024 - 2025
|''[[Isiphetho - Destiny]]''
|
|
|-
| 2025 (upcoming) || ''Rise'' || Lead role || Feature film; selected for screening at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]]<ref name="Tribeca">{{cite web|title=Rise (2025)|url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/rise-2025|website=Tribeca Film Festival|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and recognition==
* Outstanding Supporting Actor – [https://www.kaya959.co.za/all-the-winners-from-the-2021-royalty-soapie-awards/? Royalty Soapie Awards] (2021)<ref name="263Chat" />
* Nominee – Zimbabwe Achievers Awards (2022)<ref name="Goodinfo">{{cite web|title=Chrispen Nyathi Biography|url=https://goodinfo.com.ng/chrispen-nyathi-biography/|website=Goodinfo|access-date=13 October 2025}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Featured performer – ''Rise'' selected at [[Tribeca Film Festival]] (2025)<ref name="Tribeca" />

==Personal life==
Nyathi has stated that his upbringing in Bulawayo shaped his discipline and motivation. He continues to speaks publicly about the importance of Zimbabwean representation in regional media and has expressed interest in writing and producing in the future.<ref name="DailySun">{{cite web|title=Chrispen Nyathi from DiepCity pastor to award-winning actor|url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/celebs/chrispen-nyathi-from-diepcity-pastor-to-award-winning-actor-20240815|website=Daily Sun|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com IMDb – Chrispen Nyathi profile]

==Categories==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nyathi, Chrispen}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Zimbabwean male actors]]
[[Category:People from Bulawayo]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean expatriates in South Africa]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean male film actors]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Chrismukkah

2026-07-17T03:43:09Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

'''Chrismukkah''' is a pop-culture [[portmanteau]] [[neologism]] referring to the merging of the holidays of [[Christianity]]'s [[Christmas|'''Chris'''t'''m'''as]] and [[Judaism]]'s [[Hanukkah|Han'''ukkah''']]. The term was popularized beginning in December 2003 by the TV drama ''[[The O.C.]]'', wherein character [[Seth Cohen]] creates the holiday to signify his upbringing in an [[interfaith]] household with a Jewish father and [[Protestant]] mother (although the holiday can also be adopted by all-Jewish households who celebrate Christmas as a secular holiday). Chrismukkah is also celebrated as an ironic, alternative holiday, much like the ''[[Seinfeld]]''-derived "[[Festivus]]". In 2006 ''[[USA Today]]'' described Chrismukkah as "[t]he newest faux holiday that companies are using to make a buck this season".<ref name = McCarthy>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=McCarthy|title=Have a merry little Chrismukkah |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2004-12-15-chrismukkah_x.htm |work=USA TODAY |date=2004-12-16 |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref>

==History==
Before "Chrismukkah" entered the popular lexicon in the early 21st century, Christmas and Hanukkah celebrations had been informally merged with one another. A Christmas celebration with a tree, songs, and gifts became a symbol of being a part of German culture for many middle-class Jewish families in the 19th century.{{cn|date=November 2018}} Some Jews celebrated Christmas as a secular "festival of the world around us" without religious meaning, or they transferred Christmas customs to the Hanukkah festival.{{cn|date=November 2018}} In the 1990s, the popular sitcom ''[[Friends]]'' often portrayed Jewish characters [[Rachel Green|Rachel]], [[Ross Geller|Ross]] and [[Monica Geller|Monica]] celebrating Christmas with their Christian friends, signifying many contemporary American Jewish households who celebrate Christmas in the strictly secular sense.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

Chrismukkah was named for the first time, and prominently featured, in the FOX television program ''[[The O.C.]]'' (2003–2007). Show creator [[Josh Schwartz]] used the holiday (which the writers almost named "Hanimas"<ref name="etkin20130805">{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/05/the-oc-10th-anniversary-josh-schwartz_n_3705457.html | title='The O.C.' 10th Anniversary: Creator Josh Schwartz On Mistakes, Mischa Barton's Exit, Chrismukkah & More | work=Huffington Post | date=2013-08-05 | accessdate=5 August 2013 | author=Etkin, Jamie}}</ref>) to depict, he later said,

{{quote|[M]y experience as a Jewish kid from the East Coast coming to [[University of Southern California|USC]] ... and being surrounded by all these kids from [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]] who were water-polo players, and these very blonde girls who only wanted to date them. I felt very much like an outsider. Even ''trying'' to talk about Hanukkah with some of them was like coming from an alien planet and talking about life there. The show is really about outsiders: Ryan was the most obvious outsider, as was Seth. The idea of a mixed [half-Jewish, half-Christian] family in Newport would also contribute to the Cohen outsider-family status. That part of their identity was always very important. Seth coined a holiday that would both celebrate and underline his outsider status in Newport. That led us to Chrismukkah.<ref name="gopalan20130805">{{cite web | url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/josh-schwartz-the-oc-anniversary-interview.html | title=Josh Schwartz on The O.C., Casting George Lucas, and the Onslaught of Emo | work=Vulture | date=2013-08-05 | accessdate=5 August 2013 | author=Gopalan, Nisha}}</ref>}}

On ''The O.C.'', as a way to merge his parents' two faiths, Seth Cohen claims to have "created the greatest superholiday known to mankind"<ref>{{Cite episode |title= The Best Chrismukkah Ever|episodelink=The O.C. (season 1)#ep13|series=The O.C.|serieslink= The O.C.|network= Fox|airdate=December 3, 2003|season= 1|number=13}}</ref> when he was six years old. The series included annual Chrismukkah episodes for every season of its run. Particulars of when exactly the holiday was celebrated were not given; Seth simply said in the first season's Chrismukkah episode that it was "eight days of presents, followed by one day of ''many'' presents," with a stress on the word "many" (this was repeated in the second season's Chrismukkah episode by Seth's new brother Ryan, with an added "many"). The only references to how it was celebrated, other than the family displaying both a Christmas tree and a Hanukkah [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]], were that the Cohens spent Christmas Day itself at home eating Chinese takeout and watching movies like ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' and ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'' on TV (as opposed to going out for Chinese food and seeing a movie, as many [[Chinese cuisine in Jewish culture in the United States|American Jews have done]] for years). Chrismukkah later received mention in the television series ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''.

In 2004, Chrismukkah.com was launched by Ron and Michelle Gompertz, a Jewish-Christian intermarried couple in [[Bozeman, Montana]]. Their website took the fictional ''O.C.'' Chrismukkah and brought it into reality, selling humorous Chrismukkah greeting cards and dispensing detailed mythology about the fictional holiday. The Chrismukkah.com website was widely credited with popularizing Chrismukkah to a non-television watching audience.<ref name = McCarthy/>

Chrismukkah.com stirred up controversy in the Fall of 2004 when the [[New York Catholic League]] issued a national press release opposing Chrismukkah. Further, The Catholic League and the [[New York Board of Rabbis]], in a joint statement, condemned Chrismukkah as "insulting" to Jews and Christians.<ref name = McCarthy/>

In December 2004, Chrismukkah was listed in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] as one of the [[buzzword]]s of the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Year in Buzzwords|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1009896,00.html|work=Time|date=2004-12-20|accessdate=2007-03-08|archive-date=2007-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930070944/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1009896,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> It was also reported in a Scottish newspaper, that Chrismukkah had been added to the authoritative "Chambers" dictionary.<ref>{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Martell|authorlink=Peter Martell|title=Scot's Yngling sails on to Blackberries of the blogosphere|url=http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1419752004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105174707/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1419752004 |work=The Scotsman|date=2004-12-12|archivedate=December 12, 2004}}</ref> In 2005, Chrismukkah.com founder Ron Gompertz authored a humorous book of Chrismukkah recipes called ''Chrismukkah! The Merry Mish-Mash Holiday Cookbook.'' Gompertz's follow-up book, entitled ''Chrismukkah – Everything You Need to Know to Celebrate the Hybrid Holiday'' (published by Stewart, Tabori and Chang) was released in October 2006. A rival book by [[Gersh Kuntzman]], ''Chrismukkah – The Official Guide to the World's Best-Loved Holiday'' (Sasquatch Press) came out at around the same time. In ''"A Kosher Christmas: 'Tis the Season to Be Jewish,"''(Rutgers University Press, 2013) author Rabbi Joshua Eli Plaut, Ph.D discusses Chrismukkah and the creation of Festivus and other hybrid holidays among Jews in America during December.

==Years when the first night of Hanukkah exactly coincides with Christmas==
In 2005, the sunset of December 25 coincided with 25 Kislev, the first night of Hanukkah, making Christmas Day and the beginning of Hanukkah the same day. This occasion will not happen again until 2024. In 2016, the sunset of December 24 coincided with 25 Kislev, the first day of Hanukkah, making Christmas Eve and the beginning of Hanukkah the same day.<ref>https://miamiherald.com/living/food-dring/article122358444.html{{dead link|date=August 2017}}</ref><ref name="slate.com">[https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/12/why-hanukkah-and-christmas-shouldnt-be-in-competition.html "Dear Jewish Family: This Holiday Season, Let Christmas Win"]</ref> This occasion will not happen again until 2027.<ref name="slate.com"/>

==Similar holidays==
A similarly named holiday called '''Christmanukkah''' was featured in ''[[The Strangerhood]]''. Unlike Chrismukkah, Christmanukkah is twenty days long ([[twelve days of Christmas]] and another eight for Hanukkah), and all of the days are spent receiving gifts and eating until passing out. Pants and pumpkin cider are considered a traditional gift.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

Similar neologisms such as ''Chrismahanukwanzakah''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73vcbde8Cb8|title=Chrismahanukwanzakah - Virgin Mobile|last=Lafin Jack|date=19 December 2007|website=Youtube.com|accessdate=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>Amann, Joseph and Tom Breuer (2007). ''Fair and Balanced, My Ass!: An Unbridled Look at the Bizarre Reality of Fox News''. New York: Nation Books. {{ISBN|1-56858-347-8}}</ref> and ''HanuKwanzMas''<ref>"Diversity Calendar" (December 2005). Cincinnati Magazine 39(3): 66. {{ISSN|0746-8210}}.</ref> blend Christmas, Hanukkah, and [[Kwanzaa]].

==See also==
*[[Thanksgivukkah]]
*[[Messianic Judaism]]
*[[DeepaRaya]]
*[[Festivus]]
*[[Hanukkah bush]]
*[[Hanukkah Harry]]
*[[Kongsi Raya]]
*[[Nittel Nacht]]
*[[Winterval]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Chrismukkah|Chrismahanukwanzakah}}
*[http://www.wordspy.com/words/Chrismukkah.asp Wordspy Entry for Chrismukkah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726151123/http://www.wordspy.com/words/Chrismukkah.asp |date=2014-07-26 }}
*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/05/the-oc-10th-anniversary-josh-schwartz_n_3705457.html "The O.C.' 10th Anniversary: Creator Josh Schwartz On Mistakes, Mischa Barton's Exit, Chrismukkah & More" Huffington Post]
*[http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/josh-schwartz-the-oc-anniversary-interview.html "Josh Schwartz on The O.C., Casting George Lucas, and the Onslaught of Emo" Vulture]

{{The O.C.}}

[[Category:The O.C.]]
[[Category:Christian and Jewish interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Christmas traditions]]
[[Category:December observances]]
[[Category:Fictional holidays]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]
[[Category:Hanukkah]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Chris von Christierson

2026-07-17T03:37:33Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=Sources are interviews, about his company, or affiliated with him so not independent. Other sources make no mention of him so not useful. [[User:S0091|S0091]] ([[User talk:S0091|talk]]) 14:11, 2 November 2023 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=See [[WP:COI]]. All statements need to be sourced, starting with the date of birth. [[User:Greenman|Greenman]] ([[User talk:Greenman|talk]]) 19:11, 26 June 2023 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=It's not at all clear how they would pass [[WP:GNG]]? [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 17:36, 16 June 2023 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Very few of these sources support the content they are supposed to? Theroadislong (talk) 17:35, 16 June 2023 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|British entrepreneur and philanthropist}}
{{Draft topics|biography|africa}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chris von Christierson
| birth_date = 1947
| nationality = British
| occupation = Geologist
| known_for = Mining & philanthropy
}}

{{COI|date=June 2023}}

'''Chris Ingmar von Christierson''' (born 1947) is a South African mining entrepreneur<ref name="auto1">https://www.northernminer.com/fast-news/bhp-takes-minority-stake-in-kabanga-nickel/1003837856/</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/eastern-africa-and-the-horn/2021/02/05/smedvig-and-von-christierson-bet-on-barrick-and-glencore-s-former-project-kabanga-nickel,109640696-art|title=TANZANIA : Smedvig and von Christierson bet on Barrick and Glencore's former project Kabanga Nickel - 05/02/2021|date=5 February 2021|website=Africa Intelligence}}</ref>, and philanthropist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/arts/design/the-protest-art-of-cuba-finds-an-unlikely-champion.html|title=The Protest Art of Cuba Finds an Unlikely Champion|first=Roslyn|last=Sulcas|work=The New York Times |date=21 November 2017|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> He is an Honorary Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/honorary-fellows|title=Honorary Fellows|website=Magdalene College}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Von Christierson was born in Durban, South Africa. After graduating from Rhodes University<ref>https://www.rhodesalumni.com/pdf/Rhodes_RENewsletter_August2015_lowres.pdf</ref>, he later studied economics at Magdalene College [[Cambridge University]], graduating in 1963.<ref>https://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/system/files/2021-02/magdalene_college_annual_campaign_report_2020.pdf</ref> He is married to Marina Panitza-Yablansky<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/107603/without-masks-contemporary-afro-cuban-art/|title=Without Masks:Contemporary Afro-Cuban Art - e-flux Education|website=www.e-flux.com}}</ref>, with whom he has three children.

==Business career==
After leaving Cambridge, von Christierson worked in the mining sector and was a director of various listed mining companies. He was the founder and chairman of Rio Narcea Gold Mines Ltd<ref>{{cite web | url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/31397-digging-into-rio-narcea-gold-mines) | title=Digging into Rio Narcea Gold Mines (NYSE:RNO) | Seeking Alpha | date=3 April 2007 }}</ref>, which listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/08/14/rio_narcea_earnings_triple.html|title=Rio Narcea earnings triple|date=14 August 2007|website=thestar.com}}</ref> Rio Narcea brought into production a gold mine in northern Spain<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/13/business/international-business-there-s-gold-in-spain-that-the-romans-left.html|title=INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS;There's Gold in Spain That the Romans Left|first=Al|last=Goodman|work=The New York Times |date=13 June 1996|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>, the Agua Blanca nickel mine in southern Spain, and the Tassiast gold mine in Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lundinmining.com/news/lundin-mining-corporation-and-rio-narcea-gold-mine-122831/|title=Lundin Mining Corporation and Rio Narcea Gold Mines, Ltd. Enter Into Definitive Support Agreement in Connection With Cash Take-Over Bid by Lundin Mining for Rio Narcea|website=Lundin Mining Corporation}}</ref> He was also a non-executive director of [[Gold Fields Ltd]] (2000-12). <ref>https://www.goldfields.com/pdf/investors/integrated-annual-reports/2003/booklet.pdf</ref><ref> https://www.goldfields.com/reports/annual_report_2011/ts_corpgov_board.php Ltd</ref>

Chris von Christierson is currently director at Southern Prospecting<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grow-media.co.uk/top-stories/1-million-investment-cornish-lithium/|title=£1 million Investment for Cornish Lithium|first=Llew|last=Nicholls|date=15 August 2017|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702141154/https://grow-media.co.uk/top-stories/1-million-investment-cornish-lithium/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, a seed investor in Cornish Lithium<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-40922321 | title=Lithium mining in Cornwall gets £1m boost | work=BBC News | date=14 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cornishlithium.com/company-announcements/cornish-lithium-secures-1-million-investment-from-highly-experienced-mining-and-resources-investors | title=Cornish Lithium Today Announces That it Has Secured a £1 Million Investment from a Group of Highly Experienced Mining and Natural Resources Investors | date=14 August 2017 }}</ref>, a venture in Cornwall to mine lithium, and is one of the founders of Kabanga Nickel<ref name="auto1"/>, a mining project in Tanzania. He is a seed investor in Lifezone Metals<ref name="auto"/>, listed in the NYSE (July 2023)<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lifezone-metals-completes-business-combination-with-gogreen-creates-first-pure-play-nyse-publicly-traded-nickel-resource-and-cleaner-technology-company-301870554.html|title=Lifezone Metals Completes Business Combination with GoGreen, Creates First Pure-Play NYSE Publicly Traded Nickel Resource and Cleaner Technology Company|first=Lifezone|last=Metals|website=www.prnewswire.com}}</ref>, which has developed hydrometallurgical technologies to extract metals at lower costs, with smaller carbon impact and using in-country processing. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifezonemetals.com/what-we-do/kabanga-nickel/|title=Kabanga Nickel}}</ref>

==Non-profit activities==

In 2006, von Christierson established the Watch Hill Foundation, a UK-registered charity, of which he is the chairman. He is a Trustee of the Bitou Community Foundation Trust<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bitoutrust.org/about-us/# | title=About Us }}</ref>, also registered in the UK.
==== Education ====
In 1995 von Christierson, in collaboration with the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust and Magdalene College, was the founding benefactor of the Mandela Magdalene Scholarships to Cambridge University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opportunitiesforafricans.com/mandela-magdalene-college-scholarships-2017-for-south-africans-to-study-in-the-university-of-cambridge/|title=Mandela Magdalene College Scholarships 2017 for South Africans to Study in the University of Cambridge | Opportunities For Africans|date=October 6, 2016}}</ref>, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/nelson-mandela-receives-honorary-fellowship|title=Nelson Mandela receives Honorary Fellowship|date=May 2, 2001|website=University of Cambridge}}</ref> Some 50 scholarships have been awarded to date to African graduates to study for an MPhil. Von Christierson currently sits on the American University of Bulgaria Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.aubg.edu/university-council|title=University council|website=old.aubg.edu}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==== Art ====
Von Christierson began collecting contemporary Afro-Cuban art in 2007. His collection is currently owned by Without Masks-The Watch Hill Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.withoutmasks.org/news/24-chris-von-christiersons-decade-long-afro-cuban-art-odyssey-by-nicholas-forrest-for-blouin-art-info/|title=Chris von Christierson's Decade-Long Afro-Cuban Art Odyssey|website=The Watch Hill Collection}}</ref> In 2022, paintings from this collection by the Cuban artist Belkis Ayón were exhibited at La Biennale Arte in Venice in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2022/milk-dreams/belkis-ay%C3%B3n|title=Biennale Arte 2022 | Belkis Ayón|date=March 24, 2022|website=La Biennale di Venezia}}</ref>

==== Environment ====
In 2010, von Christierson became the founding chairman of the Robberg Coastal Corridor Protected Environment<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://robbergcoastalcorridor.co.za/our-partners-trustees/|title=OUR PARTNERS & TRUSTEES | Robberg Coastal Corridor}}</ref> in South Africa's Western Cape province.
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=June 2023}}
{{Draftcat|
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:People from Durban]]
[[Category:South African mining businesspeople]]
[[Category:South African philanthropists]]
[[Category:Rhodes University alumni]]
}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Chris Vander Kaay

2026-07-17T03:06:46Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

'''Chris Vander Kaay''' (born March 17, 1978) is a screenwriter and author primarily known for his work in the horror genre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/editorials/287989/horror-experts-on-their-favorite-genre-performances-that-no-one-talks-about/?amp|title=Horror Experts on their Favorite Genre Performances That No One Talks About|date=22 January 2019 }}</ref> He was the subject of the 2018 documentary ''Fear Man,'' exploring the sociological and psychological implications of horror fandom. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3483314/new-horror-fan-documentary-fear-man-released-free-amazon-prime/|title= New Horror Documentary 'Fear Man' Released Free on Prime|date= 14 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.doubtingthomasfilms.com/film|title=Doubting Thomas Films}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> With his wife Kathleen Fernandez-Vander Kaay he co-authored the 2018 book ''Indie Science Fiction Cinema Today: Conversations with 21st Century Filmmakers,'' about 21st century science fiction cinema. From 2016 to 2018, he was a contributing writer for [[Bloody Disgusting]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Articles by Chris Vander Kaay|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/author/chris-vander-kaay/}}</ref> With Chance Shirley he cofounded Subspace, a sci-fi movie curation service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://subspace.tv/about.php|title=Subspace: About Us}}</ref>

As of 2023 he serves as the Creative Director of the Brain Trust Legal Group, with whose founder [[Darryl Isaacs]] he co-authored the 2023 book ''Build Your Billion-Dollar Law Firm!: I Did It, and You Can, Too.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=145. Chris Vander Kaay, Brain Trust Legal Group — Tap In to Grow: How Story Increases Brand Awareness |url=https://rankings.io/pimm/chris-vander-kaay-interview/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Rankings |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405172857/https://rankings.io/pimm/chris-vander-kaay-interview/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Novels===

* ''Life After Death'' (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scriptophobic.ca/2020/10/28/one-missed-pod-020-one-cut-of-the-dead-2017-with-guest-chris-vander-kaay/|title=One Missed Pod 020: ONE CUT OF THE DEAD (2017) with guest Chris Vander Kaay|date=28 October 2020 }}</ref>

====With Wayne Clingman====

* ''Bones Beneath the Pale'' (2019)
* ''Narco Saints'' (2019)

===Short fiction===

* ''Year’s Best Transhuman'' (appeared in SF 2017 Anthology- November 2017)

===Nonfiction===

====With Kathleen Fernandez====

* ''The Anatomy of Fear: Conversations with Cult Horror and Science Fiction Filmmakers'' (2014) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/recent-updates/the-castle-of-horror-podcast-presents-a-special-interview-with-anatomy-of-horror-author-chris-van-der-kaay/|title=The Castle Of Horror Podcast Presents: A Special Interview With Anatomy Of Fear Author Chris Vander Kaay|date=6 November 2014 |access-date=September 21, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://popcultureuncovered.com/2014/10/31/the-anatomy-of-fear-conversations-with-cult-horror-and-science-fiction-filmmakers/|title=The Anatomy of Fear: Conversations with Cult Horror and Science-Fiction Filmmakers|date=31 October 2014 |access-date=September 21, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodygoodhorror.com/bgh/exclusive-book-excerpt-anatomy-of-fear-uncovers-the-inspiration-behind-tremors|title=Exclusive Book Excerpt: "Anatomy of Fear" uncovers the inspiration behind "Tremors"|access-date=September 21, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3416909/story-behind-missing-scenes-black-christmas-remake/|title=The Story Behind the Missing Scenes in the 'Black Christmas' Remake|date=5 December 2016 |access-date=September 21, 2023}}</ref>
* ''Horror Films by Subgenre: A Viewer’s Guide'' (2016)
* ''Indie Science Fiction Cinema Today: Conversations with 21st Century Filmmakers'' (2018)
* ''Spoiler Alert! The Badass Book of Movie Plots'' (2020; co-written with Steven Espinoza) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvandfilmguy.com/2020/03/17/spoiler-alert-the-badass-book-of-movie-plots/|title=Looking at Movie Cliches with the man who Wrote the Book|date=17 March 2020 |access-date=September 21, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://geekdad.com/2020/06/stack-overflow-movie-magic-3/|title= Stack Overflow: Movie Magic|date= 29 June 2020|access-date=September 21, 2023}}</ref>

====With Darryl Isaacs====

* Build Your Billion-Dollar Law Firm: I Did It, and You Can, Too! (2023)

==Filmography==

* ''The Redemption of Henry Myers''<ref>{{Citation |title=The Redemption of Henry Myers (2014) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2175016/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vander Kaay, Chris}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:American horror novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maryland]]
[[Category:Writers from Maryland]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Chris Urbanowicz

2026-07-17T03:01:43Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist

| name = Chris Urbanowicz
| image = File:Editors - 2006.jpg
| caption = Urbanowicz and [[Tom Smith (musician)|Tom Smith]] in 2006
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name=Christopher Dominic Urbanowicz
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|06|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aslockton]], [[Nottinghamshire]]
| death_date =
| origin = [[Nottingham]], [[England]]
| instrument = [[Guitar]], [[synthesizer]]
| genre = [[Indie rock]]
| occupation =
| years_active = 2004–present
| label = [[Kitchenware Records|Kitchenware]]
| associated_acts = [[Editors (band)|Editors]]
}}
'''Christopher Dominic "Chris" Urbanowicz''' (born 22 June 1981) is a [[British people|British]] producer and musician, best known as the former [[lead guitar]]ist and synth player of the [[indie rock]] band Editors.

He is influenced by such bands as [[The Walkmen]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/the-editors-interview/id/754 |title=The Editors Interview |last1=Shinner |first1=Josh |date=2005-07-21 |website=leftlion.co.uk |publisher=leftlion.co.uk |accessdate=2014-08-28}}</ref> [[The Strokes]], [[LCD Soundsystem]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.live4ever.uk.com/2010/02/editors-in-new-york-exclusive-interview-and-concert-photos/ |title=Editors in New York – Exclusive Interview and Concert Photos |date=2010-02-23 |website=live4ever.uk.com |publisher=live4ever.uk.com |accessdate=2014-08-28}}</ref> [[Kraftwerk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fredperrysubculture.com/music-news/6749/chris-urbanowicz-editors |title=Chris Urbanowicz - Editors |date=2010-03-01 |website=fredperrysubculture.com |publisher=fredperrysubculture.com |accessdate=2014-08-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081334/https://www.fredperrysubculture.com/music-news/6749/chris-urbanowicz-editors |archivedate=6 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Elbow (band)|Elbow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicsnobbery.com/2006/04/chris_urbanowic.html |title=Chris Urbanowicz of Editors: The MusicSnobbery.com Interview |date=2006-04-16 |website=musicsnobbery.com |publisher=musicsnobbery.com |accessdate=2014-08-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923043731/http://www.musicsnobbery.com/2006/04/chris_urbanowic.html |archivedate=23 September 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== History ==

Urbanowicz was born in Aslockton, Nottinghamshire. He studied [[music technology]] at [[Staffordshire University]] for three years with the other members of Editors. He then worked in a shoe shop with Editors [[drummer]] [[Edward Lay|Ed Lay]] in [[Birmingham]] for two years before the band signed to Kitchenware Records.

Urbanowicz features prominently in an amateur music video,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n424s0Qw-uQ|title=Never Ending Story - Dragonland|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref> produced as coursework during his studies at Staffordshire University.

He provided additional production on Airship's debut record ''Stuck In This Ocean'', which was released on 5 September 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/airship-stuck-in-this-ocean-67581 |title=Airship - Stuck In This Ocean | publisher=The Line Of Best Fit|accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saladdaysmag.com/airship-stuck-in-this-ocean-5th-september/|title=Airship 'Stuck in this Ocean' 5th September – Free download: The Human League 'Sky' (Plastic Plates remix)| publisher=saladdaysmag.com|accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref>

On 16 April 2012, Editors announced on their [[Facebook]] page that "In a decision entirely based upon future musical direction, and with huge sadness, Editors and Chris Urbanowicz have parted ways."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/editorsmusic/posts/343015885755477|title=Editors - In a decision entirely based upon future musical...|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref>

In September 2013, [[Alex Winston]] released her single "101 Vultures", which was produced by Urbanowicz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IamAlexWinston/status/378665040980631552 |title=Twitter / IamAlexWinston: "101 vultures" produced by ... |publisher=[[Twitter]] |date=2013-09-13 |accessdate=2013-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://soundcloud.com/druidsofficial/matt-and-kim-overexposed |title=Druids remix |publisher=[[SoundCloud]] |accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref>

In October 2013, Urbanowicz under the name Druids remixed Overexposed for [[Matt & Kim]] on their Light Stays Close album.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://issuu.com/mariekehutsebaut/docs/the_spectors_ep_2014_eng_def |title=The Spectors produced by ... |publisher=[[ISSUU]] |date=2014-03-15 |accessdate=2014-03-15 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010031403/http://issuu.com/mariekehutsebaut/docs/the_spectors_ep_2014_eng_def |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

In March 2014, Urbanowicz produced the self-titled debut EP for PIAS band The Spectors as well as their debut album ''Light Stays Close''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicsnobbery.com/2006/04/chris_urbanowic.html |title=Chris Urbanowicz of Editors: The MusicSnobbery.com Interview |date=2006-04-16 |website=musicsnobbery.com |publisher=musicsnobbery.com |accessdate=2014-08-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923043731/http://www.musicsnobbery.com/2006/04/chris_urbanowic.html |archivedate=23 September 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A fan of [[professional wrestling]], Urbanowicz composed the theme song for the wrestling podcast ''Keep It 2000'' in late 2016. The podcast, hosted by Bryan Mann and Nate Milton, is a chronological look at every episode of [[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]]'s ''[[WCW Monday Night Nitro|Monday Night Nitro]]'' that aired in the year 2000. Urbanowicz himself has appeared as a guest on the podcast twice<ref>{{cite web|title=Keep it 2000 – My Big Fat Italian Wedding with Chris Urbanowicz (Feb. 14, 2000)|url=https://fightnetwork.com/law/keep-it-2000-my-big-fat-italian-wedding-with-chris-urbanowicz-feb-14-2000/|website=The Fight Network|publisher=Live Audio Wrestling|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=KEEP IT 2000: Ep. 27 – “My Heart Will Go On” with Chris Urbanowicz (July 3, 2000)|url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2018/03/29/keep-it-2000-ep-27-my-heart-will-go-on-with-chris-urbanowicz-july-3-2000/|website=PostWrestling.com|publisher=Post Wrestling|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref>, and has also composed the in-episode theme music for the in-show segment "The Hogan Bump Challenge." In the segment, the hosts and their guest must attempt to guess how many [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#B|bump]]s that [[Hulk Hogan]] will take in his matches.

== Personal life ==
Urbanowicz lives in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kitchenwarerecords.com/news/articles/55 |title=Editors soon to release their third album... |date=2009-07-17 |work=kitchenwarerecords.com |publisher=Kitchenware Records |accessdate=2009-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728173908/http://www.kitchenwarerecords.com/news/articles/55 |archivedate=28 July 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://forum.editorsofficial.co.uk/viewtopic.php?t=8808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005215535/http://forum.editorsofficial.co.uk/viewtopic.php?t=8808 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-10-05 |title=Tom live with Steve Lamacq on Monday |work=See live interview |accessdate=2008-12-06 }}</ref><ref name="%2526quot%253BLamacq 2008">[[Steve Lamacq]], [[BBC 6 Music]], 8 December 2008</ref>
He has [[synesthesia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/22/popandrock |title=Violently happy |accessdate=2008-10-08 |work=guardian.co.uk | location=London | first=Dave | last=Simpson | date=2007-06-22}}</ref>

His grandparents were [[Poland|Polish]], but both mother and father were born in England.

He supports [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest Football Club]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/11417 |title=We're a bit like The Monkees... but without being twats|accessdate=2008-10-08 |work=drownedinsound.com |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010231/http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/11417 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

His left arm is tattooed with a sleeve design of coloured roses, a swallow, a modified version of the c1981-1982 [[Andy Warhol]] piece "Gun" featuring three coloured revolvers, a modified version of the Eelus art piece "Alice" with a raven and a traditional gypsy piece.

It was announced on the Editors website that Chris does not have any social media pages such as Twitter or Facebook.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://editorsofficialforum.com/phpbb2/viewtopic.php?p=251135#251135 |title=Editors Forum |work=See Admin Post}}</ref> This information has since proved outdated, since Chris can be reached on both Twitter and Instagram.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/chrisurbanowicz |title=Chris Urbanowicz on Twitter |work=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://instagram.com/chrisurbanowicz |title=Chris Urbanowicz on Instagram |work=Instagram}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090124040000/http://www.editorsmusic.co.uk/index.php/Band/Chris-Urbanowicz.html Chris Urbanowicz Biography]

{{Editors (Band)}}

Chris Taylor (Christian rock musician)

2026-07-17T02:42:35Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Chris Taylor
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| alias =
| origin = [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], U.S.
| genre = [[Christian alternative rock]]
| years_active = 1997–present
| label = Rhythm House
| associated_acts = [[Love Coma]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.christaylorworld/}}
}}

'''Chris Taylor''' is an American singer and songwriter, based in [[San Antonio, Texas]]. He is the lead singer of [[Love Coma]] and a solo performer.

Taylor won the grand prize in a Dove soap jingle contest in 1997 with a song he called ''Lather Up'' which was written to the Rolling Stones tune ''Start Me Up''.<ref name=Powell>{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Mark |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music |date=2002 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. |location=Peabody, MA |isbn=1-56563-679-1 |pages=927–928 |edition=Second}}</ref> Taylor's 2000 album, ''Worthless Pursuit of Things on the Earth'', was nominated as Rock Album of the Year for the [[Dove Awards of 2001|2001 Dove Awards]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.christiannewsassoc.com/Articles/Articles%20Mar01%20/Art_dovenom01.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722095514/http://www.christiannewsassoc.com/Articles/Articles%20Mar01%20/Art_dovenom01.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 22, 2012 | title=Third Day leads Dove nominations with nine | publisher=Christian News Association | work=Christian Times | accessdate=April 13, 2008 | author=EP News | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Discography==
* 1997: ''Good Thing'' single (Rhythm House)<ref name="christaylorworld1">[http://www.christaylorworld.com/?section=bio ''Chris Taylor'': ''Biography'']</ref>
* 1998: ''Down Goes the Day'' (Rhythm House)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tollbooth.org/review99/ctaylor.html |title=A Review by The Phantom Tollbooth |publisher=Tollbooth.org |date= |accessdate=February 10, 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070408235218/http://communiquejournal.org/q3_taylor.html ''Communiqué Journal'': ''Down Goes the Day'' (review)]</ref>
* 2000: ''Worthless Pursuit of Things on the Earth'' (Rhythm House)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152627/http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/taylor_chris/637139/album.jhtml CMT: ''Worthless Pursuit of Things on the Earth'' (profile)]</ref>
* 2001: ''The Lo-Fi Project'' (independent)<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2001: ''Brand New Ache'' (independent)<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2004: ''Under the Sun'' (independent)<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2006: ''Acoustic Collection Vol. 1'' (independent)<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2006: ''Acoustic Collection Vol. 2'' (independent)<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2008: ''Rock and Roll Heart'' (independent)<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2010: ''Twilight Sunrise'' (independent)<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2010: ''Music is the Engine'' (independent)<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2011: ''Everything Begins Here'' (independent)<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2011: ''Songs Along the Way'' compilation<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2011: ''blue'' <ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2011: ''Enter The Story (Christmas EP)'' <ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2012: ''Frame the Light''<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2013: ''Stranger's Clothes''<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2013: ''Travellers Hotel''<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2013: ''Postcards From the End of Time''<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2014: ''Daylight''<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2016: ''Never Ending Now''<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>
* 2019: ''Lovers Thieves Fools Pretenders''<ref name="christaylorworld1"/>

Chris Taylor and Dave Stewart (formerly of the Eurhythmics, worked with Mick Jagger, Bono, Sinéad O'Connor, etc.) have co-written a song called "Here and Gone (But Everlasting)".{{Citation needed}}

==See also==
* [[Love Coma]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Official website|1=http://www.christaylorworld.com}}
* [http://www.tollbooth.org/2002/features/christaylor.html ''The Phantom Tollbooth'': Chris Taylor interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201115200/https://tollbooth.org/2002/features/christaylor.html |date=December 1, 2023 }} (2002)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Chris}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American rock songwriters]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:Singers from San Antonio]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Texas]]
[[Category:Dove Awards nominees]]
{{US-rock-singer-stub}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Chris Stoddard

2026-07-17T02:31:40Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|British charity fundraising expert}}
{{Draft topics|biography|northern-europe}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Chris Stoddard
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| nationality = British
| occupation = CEO of RaiseMore, International Speaker, Author, Charity Fundraising Specialist
| known_for = Charity fundraising
| notable_works = ''A Blueprint for Fundraising''
}}

'''Chris Stoddard''' is a renowned British charity fundraising expert, author, and CEO of RaiseMore. With over 35 years of experience in the field, he has been instrumental in raising over £20 million for various charities worldwide.

== Early Life and Education ==
Chris Stoddard began his professional career as a Law Lecturer. His passion for writing led him to become a successful book editor and later, the founder of his own publishing company. After selling the company in 1983, Chris shifted his focus to charity work, where he found his true calling in fundraising.

== Career ==
{{Infobox person
| name = Chris Stoddard
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| nationality = British
| occupation = CEO of RaiseMore, International Speaker, Author, Charity Fundraising Specialist
| known_for = Charity fundraising
| notable_works = ''A Blueprint for Fundraising''
}}

'''Chris Stoddard''' is a renowned British charity fundraising expert, author, and CEO of RaiseMore. With over 35 years of experience in the field, he has been instrumental in raising over £20 million for various charities worldwide.

== Early Life and Education ==
Chris Stoddard began his professional career as a Law Lecturer. His passion for writing led him to become a successful book editor and later, the founder of his own publishing company. After selling the company in 1983, Chris shifted his focus to charity work, where he found his true calling in fundraising.

== Career ==
=== RaiseMore ===
In response to the challenges faced by smaller charities in competing with larger organisations, Chris founded RaiseMore. The company offers outsourced fundraising solutions that provide small to medium-sized charities with the same level of expertise and strategic support as major organisations. RaiseMore focuses on both offline and online fundraising strategies, helping its clients to maximise their fundraising potential{{Cite web|url=https://chrisstoddardfundraising.co.uk/chris-stoddard-raising-more-for-charities-worldwide/|title=Chris Stoddard – Raising More for Charities Worldwide|access-date=2024-07-26}}.

=== Achievements ===
Chris Stoddard is an award-winning copywriter, having received Gold, Silver, and Bronze Direct Response Creative Awards for his work with organisations such as Help the Aged, WWF, and BTCV. He has also contributed to the Open University course on Fundraising and has authored several publications. His latest book, ''A Blueprint for Fundraising,'' released in October 2023, provides a comprehensive guide for small charities to enhance their fundraising efforts{{Cite web|url=https://www.chrisstoddard.co.uk|title=Chris Stoddard – Why RaiseMore?|access-date=2024-07-26}}{{Cite book|title=A Blueprint for Fundraising on Amazon|id={{ASIN|1805140353|country=uk}} }}.

=== Publications and Media ===
Chris regularly shares his expertise through various online platforms:
* [Official Website](https://www.chrisstoddard.co.uk)
* [YouTube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4HjtRU5AC9eDxG1gr7PpAA)
* [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/chrisstoddardraisemore)
* [LinkedIn Profile](https://www.linkedin.com/in/chris-stoddard-2273a42b/)

He has been featured in numerous interviews and podcasts, including [The Worcester Business Podcast](https://www.worcesterbusinesspodcast.com{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) where he discussed modern charity fundraising techniques. Chris has also appeared on BBC Radio Gloucestershire, sharing his insights and experiences in the charity sector{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09f1f8f|title=BBC Radio Gloucestershire|access-date=2024-07-26}}.

=== Fund My Shelter ===
Chris also works with [Fund My Shelter](https://fundmyshelter.co.uk/), a UK-based initiative focused on securing funding for animal shelters. His efforts have helped numerous shelters across the UK to continue their operations and provide care for animals in need.

=== Impact and Contributions ===
Chris Stoddard has significantly impacted the charity sector, particularly through his innovative fundraising strategies for small to medium-sized charities. His approach has enabled these organisations to compete more effectively for funding, leading to greater sustainability and success in their missions. Testimonials from various charities highlight the transformative effects of his consultancy services.

== Professional Associations ==
Chris is a member of several professional organisations related to fundraising and charity management, where he often holds advisory roles.

== Philanthropy and Community Involvement ==
Beyond his professional work, Chris is actively involved in community projects and philanthropic activities. He volunteers his time to support local charities and initiatives that aim to improve community welfare.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External Links ==
* [RaiseMore Official Website](https://www.raisemore.co.uk)

=== Achievements ===
Chris Stoddard is an award-winning copywriter, having received Gold, Silver, and Bronze Direct Response Creative Awards for his work with organizations such as Help the Aged, WWF, and BTCV. He has also contributed to the Open University course on Fundraising and has authored several publications. His latest book, ''A Blueprint for Fundraising,'' released in October 2023, provides a comprehensive guide for small charities to enhance their fundraising efforts{{Cite web|url=https://www.chrisstoddard.co.uk|title=Chris Stoddard – Why RaiseMore?|access-date=2024-07-26}}.

=== Publications and Media ===
Chris regularly shares his expertise through various online platforms:
* [Official Website](https://www.chrisstoddard.co.uk)
* [YouTube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4HjtRU5AC9eDxG1gr7PpAA)
* [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/chrisstoddardraisemore)
* [CharityConnect Profile](https://www.charityconnect.co.uk/user/chris-stoddard/13641)

He has been featured in numerous interviews and podcasts, including [The Worcester Business Podcast](https://www.worcesterbusinesspodcast.com{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) where he discussed modern charity fundraising techniques. Chris has also appeared on BBC Radio Gloucestershire, sharing his insights and experiences in the charity sector{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09f1f8f|title=BBC Radio Gloucestershire|access-date=2024-07-26}}.

=== Impact and Contributions ===
Chris Stoddard has significantly impacted the charity sector, particularly through his innovative fundraising strategies for small to medium-sized charities. His approach has enabled these organizations to compete more effectively for funding, leading to greater sustainability and success in their missions. Testimonials from various charities highlight the transformative effects of his consultancy services.

== Professional Associations ==
Chris is a member of several professional organizations related to fundraising and charity management, where he often holds advisory roles.

== Philanthropy and Community Involvement ==
Beyond his professional work, Chris is actively involved in community projects and philanthropic activities. He volunteers his time to support local charities and initiatives that aim to improve community welfare.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External Links ==
* [RaiseMore Official Website](https://www.raisemore.co.uk)
* [Chris Stoddard on LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com)

[[Category:British charity fundraisers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Chris Spång

2026-07-17T02:28:25Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{short description|Swedish mixed martial artist}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Chris Spång|timestamp=20220605013245|year=2022|month=June|day=5|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Chris Spång
| other_names = The Kiss Super Model
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Christopher Lanny Spång
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|11|26|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Växjö, Sweden]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence =
| nationality = [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| weight = {{convert|170|lb|kg st|abbr=on}}
| weight_class = [[Welterweight (MMA)|Welterweight]] (MMA) [[Super Middleweight]] (Boxing) [[Light Heavyweight]] (Boxing)
| reach_in = 76.5
| style =
| stance =
| fighting_out_of = [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
| team = J-Sect MMA One Kick's Gym Allstar Training Center [[American Top Team]]
| rank =
| years_active = 2008-''present''
| relatives = [[Andreas Spang]] (''brother'')
| mma_kowin = 4
| mma_subwin = 1
| mma_decwin = 1
| mma_koloss = 1
| mma_subloss =
| mma_decloss = 2
| dq-losses =
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc =
| url =
| sherdog = 40205
| boxrec = 506735
| footnotes =
| updated =
}}

'''Christopher Lanny Spång''' (born November 26, 1987) is a Swedish professional [[mixed martial artist]] currently fighting for [[Resurrection Fighting Alliance]] (RFA) in the Welterweight division. Earlier in his career, Spång competed in the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] and [[Strikeforce (mixed martial arts)|Strikeforce]]. Spång's older brother Andreas Spang also competes in MMA.

==Mixed martial arts career==
===Early career===
According to his Strikeforce introduction, Spång began fighting at the age of four in a boxing gym with his father, a professional boxer in Sweden. Spång became a competitive gymnast at age 15.

Spång made his professional MMA debut in October 2008 in his native Sweden, winning by first-round TKO. His next two fights were on the North American regional circuit; he won the first by knockout, 16 seconds into the first round, and the second by submission due to an armbar 38 seconds into the first round.

In addition to MMA fighting, Spång has boxed professionally at [[super middleweight]] with two decision victories in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=506735&cat=boxer|title=Christopher Spang - Boxer|publisher=boxrec.com|date=2011-01-04}}</ref>

Spång currently works with self-help guru Jacob Harrington for his mental game when preparing for an upcoming match in the cage.

===Strikeforce===
In September 2011, Spång signed a four-fight deal with Strikeforce to fight in their welterweight division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmanytt.se/strikeforce/christopher-spang-skriver-kontrakt-med-strikeforce/|title=Christopher Spang signs with Strikeforce (Swedish)|publisher=mmanytt.se|date=}}</ref>

He made his debut against Joe Ray on September 23, 2011, at [[ShoMMA|Strikeforce Challengers: Larkin vs. Rossborough]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2011/09/chris-spang-replaces-jerron-peoples-meets-joe-ray-at-strikeforce-challengers-19|title=Chris Spang replaces Jerron Peoples, meets Joe Ray at Strikeforce Challengers 19|publisher=mmajunkie.com|date=2011-09-14}}</ref> He won the fight by unanimous decision.
In his next fight, Spång faced Ricky Legere on January 7, 2012, at [[Strikeforce: Rockhold vs. Jardine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strikeforce.com/events/2012/01/strikeforce-rockhold-vs-jardine/ |title=Strikeforce: Rockhold vs. Jardine |publisher=strikeforce.com |date=2011-12-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103171340/http://www.strikeforce.com/events/2012/01/strikeforce-rockhold-vs-jardine/ |archivedate=January 3, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2011/12/ricky-legere-vs-chris-spang-completes-strikeforce-rockhold-vs-jardine|title=Ricky Legere vs Chris Spang completes Strikeforce Rockhold vs Jardine|publisher=mmajunkie.com|date=2011-12-30}}</ref> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

In his third fight for the organization, Spång replaced [[Bobby Voelker]] to face [[Nah-Shon Burrell]] on May 19, 2012, at [[Strikeforce: Barnett vs. Cormier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strikeforce.com/events/2012/05/strikeforce-barnett-vs-cormier/|title=Strikeforce: Barnett vs. Cormier|publisher=strikeforce.com|date=2012-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2012/05/strikeforce-heavyweight-grand-prix-finale-lineup-finalized-with-eight-bouts-for-may-19|title=Strikeforce Heavyweight Grand Prix Finale lineup finalized with eight bouts for May 19|publisher=mmajunkie.com|date=2012-05-07}}</ref> He rebounded from the loss in his last fight by stopping Burrell by TKO in the first round.

===Ultimate Fighting Championship===
Following the dissolution of Strikeforce, Spång was brought over to the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He made his promotional debut against fellow newcomer from Strikeforce [[Adlan Amagov]] on April 6, 2013, at [[UFC on Fuel TV 9]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2013/02/report-adlan-amagov-chris-spang-added-to-ufc-on-fuel-tv-9-in-sweden|title=Adlan Amagov-Chris Spang added to UFC on FUEL TV 9 in Sweden|publisher=mmajunkie.com|date=February 8, 2013|access-date=June 5, 2022|archive-date=February 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213153852/http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2013/02/report-adlan-amagov-chris-spang-added-to-ufc-on-fuel-tv-9-in-sweden|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Amagov dominated the fight from start to finish, defeating Spång by unanimous decision. Following the loss, Spång was released from the promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fighters.com/04/30/phil-de-fries-chris-spang-and-five-others-released-from-the-ufc|title=Phil De Fries, Chris Spang and Five Others Released From The UFC|publisher=fighters.com|date=April 30, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130616083202/http://www.fighters.com/04/30/phil-de-fries-chris-spang-and-five-others-released-from-the-ufc|archivedate=June 16, 2013}}</ref>

===Resurrection Fighting Alliance===
On June 7, 2013, it was announced that Spång had signed with Resurrection Fighting Alliance (RFA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmaviking.com/chris-spang-signed-to-rfa/|title=Chris Spang signed to RFA|publisher=mmaviking.com|date=2013-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kingdommma.co.uk/2013/06/meet-rfas-latest-signings-including.html|title=Meet RFA's latest signings including Justin Lawrence, Chris Spang and Kevin Casey|publisher=kingdommma.co.uk|access-date=2013-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143242/http://www.kingdommma.co.uk/2013/06/meet-rfas-latest-signings-including.html|archive-date=2015-04-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made his debut against future UFC contender [[Alan Jouban]] on August 16, 2013, at RFA 9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmaviking.com/chris-spang-on-main-card-of-rfa-9/|title=Chris Spang on main card of RFA 9|publisher=mmaviking.com|date=2013-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2013/07/pedro-munhoz-keoni-koch-meet-for-bantamweight-title-in-rfa-9-main-event|title=Munhoz vs Koch meet for bantamweight title in RFA 9 main event|publisher=mmajunkie.com|date=2013-07-13}}</ref> After two back-and-forth rounds, Spång lost by TKO in the third.

==Mixed martial arts record==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc=
| ko-wins= 4
| ko-losses= 1
| sub-wins= 1
| sub-losses=
| dec-wins= 1
| dec-losses= 2
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 6–3
| Andrei Vasinca
| TKO (punches)
| Scandinavian Fight Nights 1
| {{dts|2016|June|4}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| [[Solna]], Sweden
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 5–3
| Alan Jouban
| TKO (punches)
| RFA 9: Munhoz vs. Curran
| {{dts|2013|August|16}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 1:23
| [[Los Angeles, California]], United States
| RFA Fight of the Year (2013)
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 5–2
| Adlan Amagov
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[UFC on Fuel TV: Mousasi vs. Latifi]]
| {{dts|2013|April|6}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Stockholm]], Sweden
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5–1
| Nah-Shon Burrell
| TKO (knees)
| Strikeforce: Barnett vs. Cormier
| {{dts|2012|May|19}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:25
| [[San Jose, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| [[Ricky Legere]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| Strikeforce: Rockhold vs. Jardine
| {{dts|2012|January|7}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Joe Ray
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[2011_in_Strikeforce#Strikeforce_Challengers:_Larkin_vs._Rossborough|Strikeforce Challengers: Larkin vs. Rossborough]]
| {{dts|2011|September|23}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Adam Hazelton
| Submission (armbar)
| Hope Fight Productions 1: Throwdown in Y-Town
| {{dts|2011|June|25}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:38
| [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia]], Canada
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Cesar Narita
| KO (punches)
| North American Challenge 25
| {{dts|2009|June|27}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:16
| [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Ugo Gaillard
| TKO (punches)
| Superior Challenge 2: Resurrection
| {{dts|2008|October|25}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:42
| Stockholm, Sweden
|
{{end}}

==Big Knockout Boxing record==
{{S-start}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="9"|'''1 Win''' (0 knockouts, 1 decision), ''' 0 Losses'''
|-
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Res.'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Record'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Opponent'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Type'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Rd., Time'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Date'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Location'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Event'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Notes'''
|-align=center
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1-0||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Samuel Horowitz
|UD
|5 (5)
|2015-06-27
|align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mandalay Bay Events Center]], Las Vegas, Nevada, [[United States]]
|align=left|{{small|BKB 3}}
|align=left|Big Knockout Boxing debut.
|-align=center
{{S-end}}

==Professional boxing record==
{{S-start}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|'''2 Wins''' (0 knockouts, 2 decisions), ''' 0 Losses'''
|-
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Res.'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Record'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Opponent'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Type'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Rd., Time'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Date'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Location'''
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Notes'''
|-align=center
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2-0||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Kevin Riding
|UD
|4 (4)
|2009-11-20
|align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Orleans Hotel & Casino]], Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1-0||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Stevan McCray
|UD
|4 (4)
|2009-08-21
|align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Orleans Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sherdog|40205}}
* {{UFC|chris-spang}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spang, Chris}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swedish male boxers]]
[[Category:Swedish male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Welterweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing]]
[[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Chris Soriano

2026-07-17T02:24:30Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=No SIGCOV either. [[User:The Herald|The Herald (Benison)]] ([[User talk:The Herald|talk]]) 05:11, 25 February 2024 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|American actor and filmmaker}}
{{Draft topics|media}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}

{{Infobox person
| birth_place = [[Naval Medical Center San Diego]], [[San Diego, California]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|filmmaker}}
| notable_works = {{Plainlist|
*''[[Almighty Zeus]]''
*''[[The Wedding Hustler]]''
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Hillary Manalac|2022}}
}}
'''Chris Soriano''' is an American actor and filmmaker who created the films ''Almighty Zeus'', ''The Master Chief: Part One'' and ''The Wedding Hustler''.

== Early life ==
Soriano was born at Naval Medical Center San Diego.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agee |first=Kelly |date=2023-02-24 |title=Navy sailor’s filmmaking son brings Filipino enlisted stories to the small screen |url=https://www.stripes.com/branches/navy/2024-02-23/master-chief-filipino-navy-film-13091538.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |language=en}}</ref> He grew up in [[Paradise Hills, San Diego]] and was [[homeschooled]] after surviving a gang attack at age 13.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=La Gente: Actor and Filmmaker Chris Soriano |url=https://hispanosnews.com/la-gente-actor-and-filmmaker-chris-soriano/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Hispanos News |language=en-US}}</ref> Soriano proposed to Hillary Manalac in 2019 and they were married in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zevely |first=Jeff |date=2022-01-13 |title=San Diego couple seeks out the 'Do's and Don'ts' of saying 'I Do' in 2022 |url=https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/zevely-zone/covid-wedding-cancellations-create-bridal-bottleneck-2022/509-81d3959b-296e-46ec-9fef-495d831cb44f |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=[[KFMB-TV]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2022, Soriano released his film called ''Almighty Zeus''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coddon |first=David L. |date=2022-12-01 |title=Arts & Culture Newsletter: To get 'Almighty Zeus' to the big screen, it definitely took a village |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/newsletter/2022-12-01/arts-culture-newsletter-arts-culture |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=[[San Diego Union-Tribune]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229092746/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/newsletter/2022-12-01/arts-culture-newsletter-arts-culture |dead-url=yes }}</ref> which [[Manny Pacquiao]] was the [[executive producer]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/videos/2022/11/9/Film-raises-awareness-on-Asian-hate-crimes.html |title=Film raises awareness on Asian hate crimes |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=[[CNN Philippines]] |archive-date=2022-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111050058/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/videos/2022/11/9/Film-raises-awareness-on-Asian-hate-crimes.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hellberg |first=Tessa Hayley |date=2022-11-24 |title=Exclusive: Chris Soriano And Miguel Matos Open Up About Tackling Asian Hate In "Almighty Zeus" |url=https://www.thethings.com/exclusive-chris-soriano-and-miguel-matos-open-up-about-tackling-asian-hate-in-almighty-zeus/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=TheThings |language=en-US}}</ref> He followed that with ''The Wedding Hustler'', featuring Kane Lim and [[Heart Evangelista]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hellberg |first=Tessa Hayley |date=2022-12-19 |title=Exclusive: Chris And Hillary Soriano On Starring Together In The Kane Lim-Produced 'The Wedding Hustler' |url=https://www.thethings.com/exclusive-chris-and-hillary-soriano-on-starring-together-in-the-kane-lim-produced-the-wedding-hustler/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=TheThings |language=en}}</ref> a film that began production on the day of his wedding.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Diane |date=2023-01-19 |title=Column: S.D. couple turns pandemic wedding saga into feature film |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/columnists/story/2023-01-19/column-couple-makes-post-pandemic-wedding-into-feature-film |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Small |first=Moses |date=2023-02-18 |title='The Wedding Hustler': San Diego couple releases movie based on pandemic wedding |url=https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/local-couple-releases-movie-based-on-pandemic-wedding |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=[[KGTV]] |language=en}}</ref> Soriano's third film was ''The Master Chief: Part One'' which is about the Filipino mafia and Navy sailors.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=De Pacina |first=Michelle |date=2023-11-03 |title=Chris Soriano film 'The Master Chief' pays tribute to Filipino sailors in US Navy |url=https://nextshark.com/the-master-chief-filipino-sailors-us-navy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103225038/https://nextshark.com/the-master-chief-filipino-sailors-us-navy |archive-date=2023-11-03 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Next Shark}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2020
|''Dynasty Boys''
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2022
|''Almighty Zeus''
|Zeus Ortega
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''The Wedding Hustler''
|Chris Soriano
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''The Master Chief: Part One''
|Gabe Rosario
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://thefilmhubinc.com/indie-film-producer-chris-soriano-on-his-journey-to-success-industry-insights-podcast/ Interview] at The Film Hub
* [https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/story/2023-11-08/opinion-filipino-american-us-military-navy-the-master-chief Opinion] at [[San Diego Union Tribune]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Chris Senn (video game designer)

2026-07-17T02:20:21Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP primary sources|date=May 2019}}
{{Notability|bio|date=May 2019}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}

}}
'''Christian Graham''' "'''Chris'''" '''Senn''' (born 1972/1973) is a [[video game designer]] perhaps best known for his work on ''[[Sonic X-treme]]'', the unfinished [[Sega Saturn]] game, during his stay at the [[Sega Technical Institute]], where he also worked on ''[[The Ooze]]'', ''[[Comix Zone]]'', and ''Die Hard Arcade''. More recently, he has worked as a game designer at companies such as [[Bob Rafei|Big Red Button Entertainment]],<ref>http://brbent.com/</ref> [[Magic Pixel Games]],<ref>http://www.magicpixelgames.com/{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> GridMob,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gridmob.com/ |title=GridMOB - reinventing karaoke |accessdate=2012-11-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022063155/http://gridmob.com/ |archivedate=2012-10-22 }}</ref> [[Luxoflux]], and [[Treyarch]] on titles including ''[[Carnival Island]]'', ''Lady Gaga iOki'', ''Jason Derulo iOki'', ''[[Spider-Man 3 (video game)|Spider-Man 3]]'', ''[[Call of Duty: Finest Hour]]'', ''[[True Crime: New York City]]'', ''[[Shrek 2 (video game)|Shrek 2]]'', and ''[[True Crime: Streets of L.A.]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.senntient.com/hire/resume.html |title=Chris Senn's resume |access-date=2006-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224021138/http://www.senntient.com/hire/resume.html |archive-date=2006-02-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Senn began his training after high school as a character animator at the California Institute of the Arts. His second summer job at [[Acme Interactive]] in 1992 marked the beginning of his videogame career as an artist and animator. Over the next twenty years, Senn transitioned to focus more on videogame design, but never lost his passion for visuals. He still employs both to this day.

Senn has also worked freelance creating websites, book illustrations, business card printing, caricatures, and creative consultation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.linkedin.com/in/senntient |title=Christian Senn - LinkedIn |access-date=2012-11-02 |archive-date=2010-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127224431/http://www.linkedin.com/in/senntient |url-status=dead }}</ref> and goes by the alias "kurisu" on his [https://web.archive.org/web/20120706063039/http://www.senntient.com/forums/ Senntient.com Gaming Forums].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.senntient.com/home/autobiography.html |title=Chris Senn's Autobiography |access-date=2006-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910030830/http://www.senntient.com/home/autobiography.html |archive-date=2006-09-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On December 23, 2015, Christian Senn shut down the forums, overhauled the site, and re-branded Sentient as a family-friendly card and board game company rather than a portfolio, as it was previously. His first distribution was a set of cards gifted to his forum members as a "thank-you". The cards included the user's avatars, join date and post count along with an instruction manual on how to play the game.

==Production history==
*''[[Battle Cars]]'' (1992) – Artist
*''[[BattleTech: A Game of Armored Combat]]'' (1993) – Artist, Animator
*''Comix Zone'' (1995) – Artist, Animator
*''Sonic X-treme'' (1996) – Co-Lead Designer, Art Director, Team Lead
*''[[Die Hard Arcade]]'' (1999) – Special Thanks
*''Cuboingo'' (2002) – Lead Designer, Art Director, Composer
*''[[True Crime: Streets of LA]]'' (2003) – Additional City Designer
*''Shrek 2'' (2004) – Game Designer
*''Call of Duty: Finest Hour'' (2004) – Game Designer (Ksar Tarsine)
*''True Crime: New York City'' (2005) – Design Manager, Game Designer
*''Spider-Man 3'' (2007) – UI Designer
*''Lady Gaga iOki'' (2010) – UI Artist
*''Jason Derulo iOki'' (2010) – UI Artist
*''EcoGoGo!'' (2010) – Lead Designer, Art Director, Composer
*''Carnival Island'' (2011) – Game Designer
*''[[Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric]]'' (2014) – Game designer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.senntient.com}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120706063039/http://www.senntient.com/forums/ Official forums]
*{{LinkedIn URL|https://www.linkedin.com/in/senntient}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Senn, Chris}}
[[Category:American video game designers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970s births]]

{{Activision-stub}}
{{videogame-bio-stub}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}