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Constantine Costa Kapothanasis

2026-07-25T18:57:56Z

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{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Constantine Costa Kapothanasis|timestamp=20140611223714|year=2014|month=June|day=11|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{No footnotes|BLP=yes|date=April 2014}}'''Costa Kapothanasis''' is a former minor league professional baseball player who played for Division I [[Mount Saint Mary's University]]. He was 3-1 with a 6.29 ERA as a college freshman, then improved to 2-2, 6.17 as a sophomore, and 4-3, 5.06 as a junior. He faded to 2-7, 6.68 his senior year. Kapothanasis then joined Greece's National Team for the [[2010 European Championship]], going 1-3 with a 12.34 ERA. He beat [[Sweden national baseball team|Sweden]] in his debut, but lost to [[Croatia national baseball team|Croatia]], [[German national baseball team|Germany]] (on a bases-loaded walk to [[Ludwig Glaser]] in relief) and [[Netherlands national baseball team|Netherlands]].

He also played for Greece in the [[2012 European Championship]], doing much better. He led Greece's team with four appearances and tossed 7 1/3 shutout innings, getting the save in the 7th/8th place game over [[France national baseball team|France]]. In the first round, he tied [[Thomas Meley]] and Orfakanos for the most games pitched, but with more innings: [[Boris Bokaj]], [[Jimmy Summers]], [[Michal Sobotka]] and [[Enorbel Marquez]].

Kapothanasis played independent minor league baseball for the Albany Quails of the [[South Coast League]] (1-3, 4.43 in 2010) and the [[Pensacola Pelicans]] of the [[American Association (21st Century)|American Association]].

==Sources==
* [http://www.mountathletics.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10900&ATCLID=619833 Mount St. Mary's bio]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://greekbaseball.com/ Greek Baseball Federation]
* [http://www.pointstreak.com/baseball/player.html?playerid=65918 Pointstreak profile]
* [http://www.scorekeepers.org/tornei/ceb/2010/stuttgart/stats.php 2010 Euros] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203033920/http://www.scorekeepers.org/tornei/ceb/2010/stuttgart/stats.php |date=2014-02-03 }}
* [http://www.scorekeepers.org/tornei/ceb/2012/rotterdam/stats.php 2012 Euros] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017040652/http://www.scorekeepers.org/tornei/ceb/2012/rotterdam/stats.php |date=2012-10-17 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapothanasis, Costa}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Portland, Maine]]
[[Category:Baseball players from Maine]]
[[Category:Baseball players at the 2007 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Mount St. Mary's baseball players]]
[[Category:Greek Olympic Baseball players]] {{⚠️🚨COPIED from en.EverybodyWiki.com ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Constantin Ritter von Tuschinski

2026-07-25T18:54:52Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 13 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Romanian attorney and author in Cernăuți and Sighișoara}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Constantin [[Ritter|Ritter von]] Tuschinski
| native_name = {{lang|ro|Constantin D. Tușinschi}}
| image = Constantin D Tușinschi Constantin Ritter von Tuschinski 1948 Colorized.jpg
| caption = 1948 in Sighișoara, colorized
| birth_name = Konstantin Erast Tuschinski
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|11|06}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|10|26|1905|11|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Czernowitz]], [[Duchy of Bukovina]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_place = [[Sighișoara]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian People's Republic]]
| alma_mater = [[Chernivtsi University|Universitatea Regele Carol I din Cernăuţi]] ([[Doctor of Law]])
| occupation = State Attorney, Attorney, Author, Editor of [[Pagini Juridice]]
| nationality = Austria-Hungary (1905-1918) [[Kingdom of Romania]] (1918-1947) Romanian People's Republic (1947-1984)
| parents = Leontine von Tuschinski [[Demeter Ritter von Tuschinski|Demeter von Tuschinski]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Virginia von Tuschinski|1929}}
| children = Paul Tuschinski Peter Tuschinski
| relatives = [[Alexander Tuschinski]] (Grandson)
| awards = [[Order of the Crown of Romania]], Knight rank (10 May 1938)
}}

'''Constantin Erast Ritter von Tuschinski''' (Romanian '''Constantin D. Tușinschi''', born '''Konstantin Erast Tuschinski'''; [[6 November]] [[1905]] - [[26 October]] [[1984]]) was a Romanian attorney and author in [[Cernăuți]] and, after 1944, in Sighișoara. In the 1920s-40s, he published books and essays on international political, legal and historical topics. From the late 1960s, von Tuschinski published German-language [[one-act play]]s, which were performed by theatre troupes in Romania.

== Life ==

=== 1905-1918: Austria-Hungary ===

Constantin Ritter von Tuschinski was born on 6 November 1905 as the son of Leontine and Demeter von Tuschinski in the Austro-Hungarian city of Czernowitz, Principality of Bukovina, as ''Konstantin Erast Tuschinski''. His mother Leontine, with Austrian-Catholic roots, was involved in charitable organisations. His father Demeter, the son of an [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] archpriest, was a public prosecutor. Constantin grew up bilingual in Romanian and German, speaking both languages fluently. On his father's side, his family came from Bukovinian nobility, with Polish roots, and bore the coat of arms [[Nałęcz coat of arms|Nałęcz]]. Constantin was the second child of Leontine and Demeter, but his older sibling had passed away at a very young age, so Constantin grew up as an only child. In the summer of 1914, the family's aristocratic status was recognised by the Austro-Hungarian authorities, and from then on they were called ''von Tuschinski'',<ref name="Historica2025">{{cite journal | last = Tuschinski | first = Alexander | title = Rediscovering Dimitrie Tușinschi, „One of the Best-Known Public Figures in Bukovina” of the Interwar Era. | journal = Anuarul Institutului de Istorie “George Barițiu” din Cluj-Napoca, Series Historica. | volume = LXIV | issue = | pages = 223-250 | date = 2025 | doi = | url = https://historica-cluj.ro/en/lxiv-series-historica-2025-2/ | language = en | accessdate = 2025-12-29}}</ref> and then from shortly before the end of the First World War ''Ritter von Tuschinski''. As a pupil, Constantin von Tuschinski wrote plays and poems which are likely lost, and enjoyed attending the theatre.<ref name="Einakter">Wittstock, Wolfgang: ''Der Einakter als Hobby - zu Besuch bei Constantin Tuschinski in Schäßburg'', in: Karpaten-Rundschau, 7 September 1979.</ref>

In 1910 and 1912, Constantin spent several weeks each summer with his parents in [[Vienna]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Archive information: Registration data of the city of Vienna</ref> During the First World War, Czernowitz was occupied by Russian forces several times. Therefore, between 1914 and 1918 Constantin and his mother lived continuously in Vienna's [[Alsergrund|Ninth District]] in ''Pension Austria'' (Höfergasse 5, flat 9), while his father stayed either with them or in Czernowitz, depending on where he was assigned.<ref name="Biography">Tuschinski, Alexander: ''Constantin Ritter von Tuschinski - Biography'', in: Tuschinski, Constantin Ritter von / Tușinschi, Constantin D.: European Union, State Parties and Political Transformations, Collected Works 1929-1942, Norderstedt 2025. Numerous sources and information are printed in the work, as well as memories of conversations with Constantin von Tuschinski.</ref> From 1915 - 1918, Constantin attended the first three years of high school at [[Gymnasium Wasagasse|Maximiliangymnasium]] in Vienna.<ref>[https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=jmg&datum=1915&page=57 ''Namensverzeichnis der Schüler am Schlusse des Schuljahres 1915/16''] in: Jahresbericht des k.k. Maximiliangymnasium in Wien 1915/16, p. 55. In this school year, there are typing errors in the name. [https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=jmg&datum=19160004&seite=24 ''Namensverzeichnis der Schüler am Schlusse des Schuljahres 1916/17''] in: Jahresbericht des k.k. Maximiliangymnasium in Wien 1916/17, p. 28. [https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=jmg&datum=19170004&seite=21 ''Namensverzeichnis der Schüler am Schlusse des Schuljahres 1917/18''] in: Jahresbericht des k.k. Maximiliangymnasium in Wien 1917/18, p. 23.</ref> During the summer of 1917, the family went on a holiday in [[Karlovy Vary|Karlsbad]] for several weeks and stayed there at ''Haus Landskron''.<ref>[https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=clk&datum=19170704&seite=3 ''Karlsbader Kurliste Nr. 131, 4 July 1917''] [https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=clk&datum=19170726&seite=1 ''Karslbader Kurliste Nr. 183, 26 July 1917.'']</ref> Right after the end of the 1917/18 school year, Constantin and his mother moved back to Czernowitz in July 1918, as it was no longer under threat from being near the frontline. In old age, Constantin von Tuschinski shared positive memories of his childhood in Vienna.<ref name="Biography" />

=== 1919-1940: Interwar period ===

At the age of 13, Constantin von Tuschinski experienced the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Czernowitz. The city became Romanian and the official spelling of his name changed from ''Konstantin Erast Ritter von Tuschinski'' to ''Constantin Erast Tușinschi'' due to the Romanianisation. Constantin von Tuschinski and the people around him continued to use his Austrian aristocratic title until the 1940s, sometimes in German,<ref>See for example, the customary shortened form of the title: [https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:afe91261-45fb-4793-aa7a-1b7d8d0edfe7 ''Die Ottenbreit-Afffäre'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In: Czernowitzer Morgenblatt, 28 February 1934, p. 3.</ref> sometimes in a literal Romanian translation,<ref>See Romanian translation of the customary abbreviation of the title in: ''Search notice'', in: Curentul, 8 August 1944, p. 2.</ref> and in 1923, for example, he registered as ''Constantin Ritter von Tuschinski'' in Vienna's population register during a visit to the city.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> From the late 1920s onward, particularly when serving as a Romanian state official, von Tuschinski's non-German language publications were often published under the name ''Constantin D. Tușinschi'', as the Romanian government did not recognise aristocratic titles. According to Romanian custom, this middle initial was based on his father's first name, and with the middle initial, the name was pronounced like the literal Romanian translation of his aristocratic title in its customary shortened form: ''de Tușinschi''.<ref name="Biography" />

[[File:Virginia and Constantin D. Tușinschi Tuschinski Venice 1939.jpg|thumb|left|Virginia and Constantin Tușinschi in [[Venice]], 1939.]]

In the summer of 1919, Constantin von Tuschinski's father Demeter became Attorney General at the newly founded Cernăuți Court of Appeal (''Curtea de Apel Cernăuți'').<ref>Monitorul Oficial, 3 July 1919, p. 3382.</ref> From the 1920s, Constantin studied law at the University of Cernăuți. In 1926 and 1929, he went to Paris for specialized studies.<ref>Tușinschi, Constantin D.: Memoriu de Titluri si Lucrari, Bucharest 1940, p. 2.</ref> In the summer of 1926, Constantin von Tuschinski received the academic title of ''Licentiate of Law'' with the grade ''Magna Cum Laude''<ref>[http://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:5274c152-4bc5-48a9-baf9-483f0f9cd7c9 ''Personalnachrichten'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in: Czernowitzer Morgenblatt, 2 July 1926, p. 2.</ref> and he received his doctorate in February 1929 with the thesis "Die Option im Völkerrecht" (''Optiunea in dreptul international public'').<ref>[http://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:a80ad718-d6e7-4460-94f7-9eb931c58883 ''Promotion'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in: Czernowitzer Morgenblatt, 8 February 1929, p. 3.</ref> One month later, Constantin von Tuschinski was appointed assistant judge (''supleant'') at the Cernăuți Tribunal.<ref>[http://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:7106b9d1-9d37-41a4-b305-e3a2e7ea62d6 ''Appointments and transfers in the judicial service''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125111323/http://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:7106b9d1-9d37-41a4-b305-e3a2e7ea62d6 |date=2025-01-25 }} In: ''Czernowitzer Deutsche Tagespost'', 23 March 1929, p. 2.</ref>

On 6 April 1929, Constantin von Tuschinski married Virginia (*1906), née Hoinic.<ref>[http://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:fb4e1b61-2a5e-4f8c-83a2-7df016b7864f ''Personalnachricht'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung 9 April 1929, p. 5.</ref> They had met at a ballroom dance event.<ref name="Zum40Todestag">{{cite news |last=Tuschinski |first=Alexander |date=26 October 2024 |title=Vom Czernowitzer Staatsanwalt zum Schäßburger Theaterautor: Constantin von Tuschinski zum 40. Todestag |trans-title= |url=https://www.siebenbuerger.de/zeitung/artikel/kultur/25394-vom-czernowitzer-staatsanwalt-zum.html |language=de |work=Siebenbürgische Zeitung |location= |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref> Prior to their wedding, Virginia had studied art history in Cernăuți and in the 1930s worked as a secretary at girls‘ school no. 2 in the city.<ref>For the work at the girls’ school, see report in: Monitorul Oficial, 3 November 1933, pp. 6860/6861.</ref> The couple lived in the same Cernăuți house as Constantin's parents until 1940 and travelled Europe on numerous trips during the late 1920s and the 1930s, for example to Vienna, Venice and San Marino, where Constantin gathered ideas and research that he sometimes incorporated into his works. His analysis of San Marino, for example, mentions being inspired by a trip there.<ref>Tușinschi, Constantin D.: ''Republica San Marino'', Cernăuți 1938.</ref> In Cernăuți, Virginia was active in charitable events,<ref>''Multumita publica'' In: Glasul Bucoviniei, 19 February 1932, p. 4.</ref> and Constantin performed as an amateur singer at concerts.<ref>''Academiile ‘Armoniei'' In: Glasul Bucoviniei, 30 March 1932, p. 3.</ref> Constantin von Tuschinski remained friends with singer [[Carl Mechner]] from Cernăuți into old age.<ref name="Biography" />

Between 1929 and 1940, Constantin von Tuschinski published books, brochures and articles in Cernăuți, dealing with topics such as international relations, constitutions, structures of states as well as historical developments. His publications were discussed in Romania<ref>See, for example: ''Organizarea corporativa în Austria'', in: Glasul Bucoviniei, 16 November 1935, pp. 2-3. Todirascu, Stefan: ''Review of "Republica San Marino"'', in: Revista de Drept Public, No. 3-4 1938 (July–December), p. 721.</ref> and internationally<ref>See, for example: [https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=tag&datum=19351029&seite=6 ''L'Organisation des corporations professionelles en Autriche''], in: Der Tag, Vienna, 29 October 1935, p. 6.</ref> and were reviewed by legal scholars such as [[Yitzhak Klinghoffer|Hans Klinghoffer]].<ref>Klinghoffer, Hans: Review of ''L'Organisation des corporations professional les en Autriche'', in: Internationale Zeitschrift für Theorie des Rechts, 10. Jahrgang (1936), pp. 235-236.</ref> Additionally, von Tuschinski's study ''Contribuțiuni la studiul mandatelor internaționale'' was added to the library of the [[League of Nations]] in Geneva in 1933.<ref>''Liste mensuelle d'ouvrages catalogués à la Bibliothèque de la Société des Nations/Monthly list of books catalogued in the Library of the League of Nations'', Volume 6, Geneva 1933, p. 87.</ref> The specialised legal journal ''Pagini Juridice'' was first published in Cernăuți from 1932. Articles written by von Tuschinski appeared in it from the first issue, and from 15 July 1933 he was listed as secretary of the editorial board.<ref>''Pagini Juridice'', 15 July 1933</ref>

[[File:Constantin D Tușinschi Constantin Ritter von Tuschinski March 1935 Colorized.jpg|thumb|right|Dr. Constantin D. Tușinschi, March 1935 (Colorized).]]

In December 1934, Constantin von Tuschinski was appointed state attorney ''(avocat al Statului)'' in Cernăuți<ref>''Numire'', in: Glasul Bucoviniei, 6 December 1934, p. 4.</ref> He additionally worked as a lawyer.<ref>See, for example: [https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:5934f85b-c65d-4274-9af8-cc6cb727bb17 ''The embezzlement at the Banca Comerciale Nationala'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 September 1935, p. 8.</ref> Initially, he had his office in the family home at ''Str. C. Negruzzi 1F''. At the end of 1935, he moved into his law firm on the first floor of ''Str. C. Brancoveanu 11''.<ref>[https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:4b0654d5-9608-4577-a7c0-3af2e3cfc4f2 ''Aus Advokatenkreisen'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Morgenblatt, 19 December 1935, p. 3.</ref> At the legal-scientific study circle for public law in Cernăuți (''Cercul de Studil de Drept Public''), von Tuschinski worked as a censor from the mid-1930s.<ref>[https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:6df326f1-5dfa-49d3-a453-b4d4a0a6b067 ''Die Generalversammlung des "Cercul de Studiul de Drept Public"'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Morgenblatt, 7 February 1936, p. 6.</ref> From 1936, Virginia and Constantin von Tuschinski's presence at social events was increasingly covered in the press.<ref>[https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:2a42339b-db44-4127-98de-a1b238d8eb45 ''Der Ball der Gerichtsbeamten'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Morgenblatt, 29 April 1936, p. 7.</ref> Among those mentions, Constantin sometimes appeared together with his father Demeter at receptions and gatherings,<ref>[https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:49d96cfd-f7fd-4451-acbc-ff2280510550 ''Personalnachricht'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung, 19 February 1936, p. 5,</ref> and Virginia at social and charitable events with her mother-in-law Leontine.<ref>[https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:19053a77-9b49-49c7-84f3-24a2b9d5b6b8 ''Tanztee der Cercetasi'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung, 27 February 1936, p. 7.</ref> From July 1936, von Tuschinski was appointed editor at the magazine ''Pagini Juridice''.<ref>''Pagini Juridice'', Anul V., No. 1, 15 July 1936.</ref> In January 1937, he was then promoted to state attorney 3rd class in Cernăuți<ref>''Ministeriul de Justitie'', in: Monitorul Oficial, 6 February 1937, p. 1070.</ref> and in February 1938 to state attorney 2nd class.<ref>''Inaintare in Corpul Avocatilor Publici'', in: Glasul Bucoviniei, 6 February 1938, p. 3.</ref> On 10 May 1938, Constantin von Tuschinski was awarded the Order of the Crown of Romania in the rank of "Knight" ''(Cavaler)''.<ref>''Ordensverleihungen im Justizdienst'', in: Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung, 13 May 1938, p. 5.</ref> On 8 March 1939, he was promoted by royal decree to State Advocate 1st Class with the rank of Tribunal President.<ref>[https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:4a63a9b9-0fad-46f9-9e67-3a53f9d3b617 ''Promotion'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Deutsche Tagespost, 11 March 1939, p. 3.</ref> With effect from 1 January 1940, von Tuschinski was promoted to state attorney first class ''(avocat public principal)'' with rank of prime president.<ref>''Von der Staatsadvokatur'', in: Czernowitzer Morgenblatt, 22 November 1939, p. 3.</ref><ref>[https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:95f6db0c-b40d-4347-8434-d46a4b9f1dd4 ''Correction'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Deutsche Tagespost, 1 March 1940, p. 4.</ref> On 27 June 1940, the day before the Soviet annexation of North Bukovina, a review of von Tuschinski's latest book on the legal status of Slovakia appeared in ''Czernowitzer Deutsche Tagespost''.<ref>[https://kramerius.difmoe.eu/search/handle/uuid:26e665b5-3863-4226-8c51-2d77eec910a8 ''Die Rechtstellung der Slowakei'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in: Czernowitzer Deutsche Tagespost, 27 June 1940, p. 3.</ref>

=== 1940-1944: World War II ===

After the Soviet annexation of Northern Bukovina was unexpectedly announced at the end of June 1940, Virginia and Constantin von Tuschinski fled to the interior of Romania with few belongings. They first stayed as refugees in [[Bucharest]] in the street ''Aviator Andreescu No. 36'' until around mid-July 1940.<ref>''Lista Oficiala a Persoanelor Refugiate din Basarabia si Bucovina'', in: ROMANIA, 19 July 1940, p. 6.</ref> Since Cernăuți was no longer part of Romanian territory, it was first decided on 7 July 1940 that von Tuschinski would be assigned to the court in [[Brașov]].<ref>''Repartizarea Avocatilor Publici'', in: Romania Capitala, 7 July 1940, p. 6.</ref> However, a few days later, he was subsequently assigned to instead continue his service in [[Suceava]], which was much closer to his previous hometown of Cernăuți.<ref>''Repartizarea Avocatilor Publici'', in: Glasul Bucoviniei, 19 July 1940, p. 2.</ref> Shortly after fleeing Cernăuți, von Tuschinski wrote an article on [[Vichy France]], which was published in autumn 1940.<ref name="Mareșalului Pétain pp. 238-254">''Opera constituțională a Mareșalului Pétain'', in: Arhiva de Drept Public, Anul 2 No. 4, pp. 238-254.</ref>
After Cernăuți came under Romanian administration again in 1941, von Tuschinski was reassigned to the court there as First State Attorney in October 1941.<ref>''Announcement'', in: Monitorul Oficial, 20 October 1941, p. 6488.</ref> On their return to the city in 1941, Virginia and Constantin found their house had been vandalised.<ref name="Biography" />

=== 1944-1960s: Refuge and post-war period ===
[[File:Tusinschi Tuschinski Family August 1950.jpg|thumb|left|Virginia und Constantin Tușinschi with their sons Paul and Peter, and with Constantin's father Demeter, 1950.]]
As the frontline approached Cernăuți in early 1944, Virginia and Constantin Tuschinski once again took refuge in the interior of Romania, departing on the last train with two suitcases and their small dog shortly before the city was reached by Soviet troops.<ref name="Biography" /> Leaving Cernăuți, seeing their house for the last time, Virginia broke off a piece of plaster from its wall, which she kept as a souvenir throughout her life.<ref name="Zum40Todestag"></ref> A search notice from August 1944 shows how the chaotic circumstances at the time often made it unclear to friends and acquaintances where Constantin and his father Demeter were staying with their families. This search notice is also the last known publication which mentions von Tuschinski's aristocratic title.<ref>''Search notice'', in: Curentul, 8 August 1944, p. 2.</ref> In 1944/45, Virginia and Constantin von Tuschinski settled in Sighișoara in Romanian Transylvania, where there was a large German-speaking minority, the [[Transylvanian Saxons]]. On 22 June 1945, Constantin von Tuschinski was mentioned as First State Attorney in [[Târnava Mare]] district.<ref>''Ministerul Jusțitiei'', in: Monitorul Oficial, 23 June 1945, p. 5295. The notice is dated to 22 June.</ref> With effect from 10 August 1945, he was then formally appointed First State Attorney there, mentioning that he had previously held the post in Cernăuți.<ref>''Ministerul Jusțitiei'', in: Monitorul Oficial, 5 August 1945.</ref> In August 1945 and in 1947 respectively, Paul and Peter, the two sons of Virginia and Constantin von Tuschinski, were born in Sighișoara.<ref name="Biography" />

From the late 1940s, Constantin von Tuschinski was no longer employed in public service and from then on practised as a lawyer in Sighisoara. The family from then on lived there under difficult financial circumstances. Constantin von Tuschinski was critical of the Socialist government, but due to the dangerous political situation, he only spoke out about this in private. As a lawyer, he got into trouble because he properly defended a suspect in a trial who was accused of breaking into the house of a party functionary, instead of only half-heartedly fulfilling his task, as was unofficially expected of him.<ref name="Biography" />

From the early 1950s until at least 1957, Constantin von Tuschinski was involved in the Sighisoara Peace Committee.<ref>''Alături de toți iubitorii de pace"'', in: Drum Nou, 1 December 1957, p. 2.</ref> In 1952, for example, he suggested Auschwitz survivor Erna Böhm, a paediatrician at the local hospital, for the committee. In his speech on that occasion, he mentioned that Böhm had "perhaps felt the horrors of war most of all of us."<ref>''Kinderärztin sagt: "Niemals wieder Krieg und Gewalt"'', in: Neuer Weg, 11 December 1952, p. 3.</ref> Virginia and Constantin von Tuschinski last lived in Sighisoara "at the fortress" ''(auf der Burg)'' on the ground floor of Schulgasse 7 ''(strada scolii 7)'' facing the street.<ref name="Biography" />

=== 1960s-1984: Creative writing ===

[[File:Virginia Constantin Paul Tușinschi Tuschinski 1974 Colorized.jpg|thumb|right|Virginia and Constantin Tușinschi with their son Paul (left), 1974, colorized.]]

By the end of the 1960s, Constantin von Tuschinski retired from his work as an attorney and, for the first time since his teenage years, began writing short plays and short stories. He wrote one-act plays specifically for performance by amateur troupes in small towns, designing their plot and style accordingly.<ref name="Einakter" /> Von Tuschinski's first and only published short story was called ''Im Abteil''. It was published in 1966 in German-language Romanian literary magazine [[Neue Literatur (magazine)|Neue Literatur]].<ref>''Im Abteil'', in: Neue Literatur, May/June 1966, pp. 92-94.</ref> Two years later, in April 1968, ''Eifersucht'', von Tuschinski's first published play, was printed in the Romanian German-language cultural magazine ''[[Volk und Kultur (magazine)|Volk und Kultur]]'', which went on to publish most of von Tuschinski's subsequent plays in the following years.<ref>''Eifersucht'', in: Volk und Kultur, April 1968, pp. 24-27.</ref>

On 8 July 1969, Constantin von Tuschinski's three plays ''Eifersucht'', ''Krach um Brigitte'' and ''Inspiration'' were performed by the German theater troupe of the ''Kulturhaus'' under direction by Prof. Egon Machat at sold-out ''Stadthaussaal'' in Sighișoara. It was the first time that his plays were publicly performed.<ref>''Schässburger Kulturnachrichten'', in: Hermannstädter Zeitung, 18 July 1969, p. 2.</ref> In addition to amateur actors, [[Doris Bogdan]], who later studied acting and became known in Romania, also took part in the performance while still a pupil.<ref>''Die Bank spielt mit - Zu Besuch bei der jüngsten deutschen Schauspielklasse des Bukarester Theaterinstituts'', in: Neuer Weg, 26 November 1972, p. 6.</ref> The event was lauded in the press,<ref>''Dreimal Premiere in Schässburg'', in: Neuer Weg, 30 July 1970, p. 4.</ref> and the program was repeated at the same venue on 4 November, again in front of a sold-out auditorium.<ref>''Aufführungen im Schässburger Stadthaussaal'', in: Neuer Weg, 4 November 1969, p. 6.</ref><ref>''Laien spielen modernes Theater'', in: Herrmannstädter Zeitung, 21 November 1969, p. 4.</ref> Immediately afterwards, Constantin von Tuschinski was invited to read some of his short stories at German-language ''Michael Albert Literary Circle'' in Sighișoara,<ref>''"Michael Albert"-Kreis tagte'', in: Neuer Weg, 22. November 1969, S. 4.</ref> under the direction of Prof. Egon Machat.<ref>''Schässburger Laienspieler und ihr Publikum'', in: Neuer Weg, 24 April 1970, p. 3.</ref> Parallel to his creative endavours, from the 1970s, von Tuschinski worked as a substitute teacher and as a tutor.

[[File:Constantin D Tușinschi Constantin Ritter von Tuschinski 13 August 1976.jpg|thumb|left|Constantin Tușinschi at home in Sighișoara on 13 August 1976]]

In November 1970, ''[[Herrmannstädter Zeitung]]'' held a competition for playwrights. In this context, the newspaper awarded von Tuschinski's play ''Kitty und der Fehltritt''.<ref>''Preise für Theaterstücke'', in: Herrmannstädter Zeitung, 20 November 1970, p. 1.</ref> In its article on that occasion, the newspaper referred to Constantin von Tuschinski as an "already renowned author".<ref>''Stücke für die Laienbühne'', in: Herrmannstädter Zeitung, 27 November 1970, p. 7.</ref> The Romanian-language local press also reported on the win.<ref>''Piese de teatru premiate'', in: Tribuana Sibiu, 20 November 1970, p. 3.</ref> Numerous German-speaking amateur theatre troupes in Romania subsequently performed Tuschinski's plays in 1971/72.<ref>See, for example: ''Immer was los'', in: Neuer Weg, 30 January 1971, p. 6. ''Zied'', in: Herrmannstädter Zeitung, 5. March 1971, p. 11. ''Kulturnachrichten'', in: Neuer Weg, 22 April 1971, p. 6. ''Kulturelles - Mediasch'', in: Die Woche, 16 June 1972, p. 2.</ref> Some years later, von Tuschinski said that reports about performances of his plays to him were "always a cause for great joy", and he praised the performances and the ideas which actors and directors put into the realisation of his texts on stage.<ref name="Einakter" /> In February 1972, von Tuschinski's play ''Besuch um Mitternacht'' was published along an essay in which he reflected on seeing his plays performed.<ref name="Mitternacht 1972, pp. 26-28">''Besuch um Mitternacht'', in: Volk und Kultur, February 1972, pp. 26-28.</ref> Afterwards, he paused publishing creative texts for four years. During this period, he studied books on art, like ''Die Welt als Labyrinth'' by [[Gustav René Hocke]].<ref name="Biography" />

[[File:Constantin D Tușinschi Tuschinski 1970s Portrait Colorized.jpg|thumb|right|Constantin D. Tuşinschi, 1970s.]]

In June 1976, "Volk und Kultur" published another one-act play by von Tuschinski called "Nachbarn" ''(Neighbors)''.<ref>''Nachbarn'', in:Volk und Kultur, June 1976, pp. 30-32.</ref> This and several of his previous plays were subsequently performed by German-speaking theatre troupes between 1976 and 1979.<ref>See, for example: ''Im allgemeinen gut'', in: Die Woche, 11 February 1977, p. 5. ''Laientheater in Neppendorf'', in: Die Woche, 1 April 1977, p. 5. ''Der Wettbewerb deutscher Theatergruppen'', in: Die Woche, 8 April 19777, p. 5.</ref> The play "Erfinder" ''(Inventor)'', published in October 1977, was included in the German-language anthology of plays "19 Theaterstücke" ''(19 Theatre Plays)'' the following year. The anthology was published by the Bucharest-based Council for Culture and Socialist Education ''(Rat für Kultur und sozialistische Erziehung)'', as well as the Research Institute for Dialect and Folklore ''(Forschungsinstitut für Mundart und Volkskunde)''.<ref>Wittstock, Wolfgang: ''19 Theaterstücke'', in: Neue Literatur, 1 December 1979, pp. 107-108.</ref> Despite having a critical attitude toward the political system and its methods in socialist Romania, Constantin von Tuschinski from the late 1970s incorporated aspects that corresponded to the Romanian political ''[[zeitgeist]]'' in his plays, in order to facilitate their publication. However, the plots still focus on interpersonal interactions and emotions rather than on politics.<ref name="Biography" /> In summer of 1979, [[Wolfgang Wittstock]] visited von Tuschinski in Sighisoara and wrote a detailed portrait of him. It was published in September 1979 and describes von Tuschinski and his theatre plays very positively. The article ends with the conclusion that a collection of several of the author's texts would be desirable. Wittstock also explains how during the visit, von Tuschinski spontaneously named his three works ''Erfinder'', ''Einflußreiche Beziehungen'' and ''Das Geheimnis'' as part of a cycle called "People of our Times" ''(Menschen unserer Zeit)''.<ref name="Einakter" />

{{Blockquote
|text=Tuschinski has confidently mastered the technique of the one-act play. The plot is effectively constructed for the stage, the cast is not large (five to seven people), the setting is mostly simple and easy to manage for amateur actors, the dialogues are smooth and the characters are realistically drawn. (...) Many theatre groups from Transylvania and [[Banat]] have already performed at least one Tuschinski play.
|sign=Wolfgang Wittstock, 1979<ref name="Einakter" /> }}

According to von Tuschinski, Wittstock's report motivated him to write further plays.<ref>Letter by Constantin von Tuschinski to Wolfgang Wittstock, December 1979, in: Private archive Wolfgang Wittstock, quoted in: ''Constantin Ritter von Tuschinski - Biography'', in: Tuschinski, Constantin Ritter von: European Union, State Parties and Political Transformations, Collected Works 1942, Norderstedt 2024.</ref> In 1980, ''Volk und Kultur'' published three of Tuschinski's one-act plays, and in 1981, it published two. On its cover, the magazine printed the titles of the articles contained within. In the 1980s, it sometimes happened that von Tuschinski was the only author of the respective issue to be mentioned by name on the title page together with the title of his work.<ref>Volk und Kultur, issues September 1980, July 1981 and April 1982.</ref> Virginia von Tuschinski passed away in April 1981 and was buried in Sighișoara. Constantin von Tuschinski's last published play ''Der Eid des Hippokrates'' was released in April 1982. In June 1983, von Tuschinski finished one more play, likely his last, and planned to submit it for publication. It was, however, not printed by ''Volk und Kultur'' and is likely lost. Constantin von Tuschinski passed away on 26 October 1984 in Sighișoara.<ref name="Biography" />

== Works ==

=== Non-fiction books ===

Most books and brochures were published in Cernăuți. Unless otherwise stated, they are in Romanian.<ref>An overview of the titles and years of publication can be found in: Tusinschi, Constantin D.: Memoriu de Titluri si Lucrari, Bucharest 1940, pp. 2-3.</ref>

* ''Opțiunea in dreptul internațional'' (1929, 80 pages, doctoral thesis)<ref>{{WorldCat|oclc=494415748|name=''Opțiunea in dreptul internațional''}}</ref>
* ''Plebescitul - Studiu de drept internațional'' (1929, 80 pages)<ref>{{WorldCat|oclc=494415742|name=''Plebescitul - Studiu de drept internațional''}}</ref>
* ''Contribuțiuni la studiul mandatelor internaționale'' (1932, 56 pages)
* ''Uniunea Europeană'' (1933, 40 pages)
* ''Puterea executivă și cea legislativă în noua Constituție austriacă dela 1 Mai 1934'' (1934)
* ''Reforma constituțională din Germania'' (1935)
* ''L'Organisation des Corporations Professionnelles en Autriche'' (1936, 32 pages, French)<ref>{{WorldCat|oclc=40887338|name=''L'Organisation des Corporations Professionnelles en Autriche''}}</ref>
* ''Le Front Patriotique Autrichien'' (1937, 28 pages, French)<ref>{{WorldCat|oclc=250406076|name=''Le Front Patriotique Autrichien''}}</ref>
* ''Le Parti d'État. Italie-Allemagne-Autriche. Étude de droit public'' (1937, 80 pages, French)<ref>{{WorldCat|oclc=494415755|name=''Le Parti d'État. Italie-Allemagne-Autriche''}}</ref>
* ''Republica San Marino'' (1938, 22 pages)<ref>{{WorldCat|oclc=1443515018|name=''Republica San Marino''}}</ref>
* ''O fază importantă în reforma administrativă a Reich-ului german'' (1939)<ref>{{WorldCat|oclc=1443505710|name=''O fază importantă în reforma administrativă a Reich-ului german''}}</ref>
* ''Statutul internațional și constituțional al Republicei Slovace'' (1940, 30 pages)<ref>{{WorldCat|oclc=895314350|name=''Statutul internațional și constituțional al Republicei Slovace''}}</ref>
* ''Opera constituțională a Mareșalului Pétain'' (1940, 24 pages)<ref>{{WorldCat|oclc=1443509888|name=''Opera constituțională a Mareșalului Pétain''}}</ref>

=== Specialised articles ===

* ''Crearea unei forțe armate internațional'' (1932)<ref>''Crearea unei forțe armate internațional'', in: Pagini Juridice, Anul I No. 1, pp. 11-14, and No. 8-9, pp. 142-144.</ref>
* ''Războiul licit și cel ilicit'' (1932)<ref>''Războiul licit și cel ilicit'', in: Pagini Juridice, Anul I No. 3, pp. 94/95, and No. 4-5, pp. 137-139.</ref>
* ''Problema codificării dreptului internațional public'' (1933)<ref>''Problema codificării dreptului internațional public'', in: Pagini Juridice, Anul I No. 7, pp. 203-205, and No. 10, pp. 275-277.</ref>
* ''Definițiunea agresorului în dreptul internațional public'' (1933)<ref>''Definițiunea agresorului în dreptul internațional public'', in: Pagini Juridice, Anul II No. 5, pp. 75-77.</ref>
* ''Dreptul internațional public și dreptul național intern'' (1935)<ref>''Dreptul internațional public și dreptul național intern'', in: Pagini Juridice, Anul III No. 8, pp. 177-179.</ref>
* ''A doua republică Ceho-Slovacă. Formarea unui Stat federal'' (1939)<ref>''A doua republică Ceho-Slovacă. Formarea unui Stat federal'', in: Pagini Juridice, Anul VII No. 6, pp. 105/106.</ref>
* ''Despre partidul unic'' (1939)<ref>''Despre partidul unic'', in: Arhiva de Drept Public, Anul I No. 1, pp. 113-117.</ref>
* ''Noul Cod Civil Italian'' (1939)<ref>''Noul Cod Civil Italian'', in: Pagini Juridice, Anul VIII No. 2-3, pp. 33-36.</ref>
* ''Avocatura statului în Italia'' (1939)<ref>''Avocatura statului în Italia'', in: Pagini Juridice, Anul VIII No. 4, pp. 66-69.</ref>
* ''Noua Constituţiune a Regatului Albaniei'' (1939)<ref>''Noua Constituţiune a Regatului Albaniei'', in: Revista de Drept Public, Anul XIV No. 3-4, pp. 527-529.</ref>
* ''Noul Cod Civil Italian - Cartea II'' (1940)<ref>''Noul Cod Civil Italian - Cartea II'', in: Pagini Juridice, Anul VIII No. 7-8, pp. 129-135.</ref>
* ''Repunerea în termen în dreptul muncitoresc (discuții)'' (1962)<ref>''Repunerea în termen în dreptul muncitoresc (discuții)'', in: Justiția nouă, 1962, No. 3, p.111-118.</ref>

=== Theatrical plays ===
All plays are in German and were first published in the magazine ‘Volk und Kultur’, unless otherwise stated.

* ''Eifersucht'' (April 1968)<ref>''Eifersucht'', in: Volk und Kultur, April 1968, pp. 24-27.</ref>
* ''Krach um Brigitte'' (unpublished, first performed on 8. July 1969)<ref>''Laienspieler erobern ihr Publikum'', in: Volk und Kultur, September 1969, pp. 10/11.</ref>
* ''Inspiration'' (Mai 1970)<ref>''Inspiration'', in: Volk und Kultur, May 1970, pp. 31-33.</ref>
* ''Kitty und der Fehltritt'' (unpublished, awarded at a competition by ''Hermannstädter Zeitung'' in November 1970)<ref>''Preise für Theaterstücke'', in: Hermannstädter Zeitung, 20 November 1970, p. 1.</ref>
* ''Besuch um Mitternacht'' (February 1972)<ref name="Mitternacht 1972, pp. 26-28"/>
* ''Nachbarn'' (June 1976)<ref>''Nachbarn'', in: Volk und Kultur, June 1976, pp. 30-32.</ref>
* ''Erfinder'' (October 1977)<ref>''Erfinder'', in: Volk und Kultur, October 1977, pp. 23-27.</ref>
* ''Einflussreiche Beziehungen'' (December 1978)<ref>''Einflussreiche Beziehungen'', in: Volk und Kultur, December 1978, pp. 24-28.</ref>
* ''Ein Geheimnis'' (July 1979)<ref>''Ein Geheimnis'', in: Volk und Kultur, July 1979, pp. 32-36.</ref>
* ''Dilemma'' (February 1980)<ref>''Dilemma'', in: Volk und Kultur, February 1980, pp. 26-30.</ref>
* ''Rote Rosen'' (June 1980)<ref>''Rote Rosen'', in: Volk und Kultur, June 1980, pp. 39-43.</ref>
* ''Zusammenführung'' (September 1980)<ref>''Zusammenführung'', in: Volk und Kultur, September 1980, pp. 33-37 and p. 43.</ref>
* ''Da stimmt etwas nicht'' (July 1981)<ref>''Da stimmt etwas nicht'', in: Volk und Kultur, July 1981, pp. 47-51.</ref>
* ''Ein Lebenskünstler oder Alpha 3'' (October 1981)<ref>''Ein Lebenskünstler oder Alpha 3'', in: Volk und Kultur, October 1981, pp. 39-43.</ref>
* ''Der Eid des Hippokrates'' (April 1982)<ref>''Der Eid des Hippokrates'', in: Volk und Kultur, April 1982, pp. 29-35.</ref>

=== Essays / short stories ===
All texts are in German.

* ''Im Abteil'' (Short story, May 1966)
* ''Die szenische Geburt meiner Helden'' (February 1972) <ref>''Die Szenische Geburt meiner Helden'', in: Volk und Kultur, February 1972, pp. 26/27.</ref>

== Further reading ==

* Tuschinski, Constantin Ritter von / Tușinschi, Constantin D.: ''European Union, State Parties and Political Transformations. Collected Works 1929-1942.'' With an English language biography of the author by Alexander Tuschinski. Norderstedt 2025, {{ISBN|978-3-6951-7238-2}}.

== References ==
<references responsive />
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuschinski, Constantin Ritter von}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:People from the Duchy of Bukovina]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Romanian people]]
[[Category:Chernivtsi University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:20th-century Romanian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Sighișoara]]
[[Category:Romanian Austro-Hungarians]]
[[Category:Legal scholars]]
[[Category:Romanian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Romanian-language writers]]
[[Category:German-language writers]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conspiracy theories related to the 2020 United States elections

2026-07-25T18:33:13Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{US 2020 presidential elections series}}
{{AfC submission|t||ts=20201223124057|u=Spaceboyjosh|ns=118|demo=}}

The United States elections held on November 3, 2020 are the subject of misinformation, disinformation and false<ref name=nyt1>{{cite news |last1=Corasaniti |first1=Nick |title=Election Officials Nationwide Find No Evidence of Fraud |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/10/us/politics/voting-fraud.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage |accessdate=11 November 2020 |work=[[New York Times]] |date=11 November 2020 |quote=Over the last several days, the president, members of his administration, congressional Republicans and right wing allies have put forth the false claim that the election was stolen from President Trump...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wise |first1=Alana |title=FACT CHECK: Trump Falsely Claims Widespread Fraud In Latest Election Speech |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/05/931930379/fact-check-trump-falsely-claims-widespread-fraud-in-latest-election-speech |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |accessdate=11 November 2020 |date=November 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seidman |first1=Andrew |title=Pennsylvania Republicans are parroting Trump’s false election claims as the post-Trump GOP takes shape |url=https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/pennsylvania-republicans-false-election-claims-20201111.html |accessdate=12 November 2020 |work=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=November 10, 2020 |quote="Pennsylvania Republicans are going all in on President Donald Trump’s false election claims..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-politics-media-1bf96bf3910bdcbe0f125958357c8f1a|title=False claims of voting fraud, pushed by Trump, thrive online|work=AP News|last1=Seitz|first1=Amanda|last2=Klepper|first2=David|last3=Ortutay|first3=Barbara|date=November 10, 2020|accessdate=November 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/05/president-trumps-false-claims-vote-fraud-chronology/|title=President Trump’s false claims of vote fraud: A chronology|work=Washington Post|last1=Kessler|first1=Glenn|last2=Rizzo|first2=Salvador|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=November 11, 2020}}</ref> conspiracy theories regarding the vote's legitimacy and fairness. Election officials and [[Secretary of state (U.S. state government)|secretaries of state]] in all 50 states have stated that there is no evidence of systemic fraud or irregularities in the 2020 election.<ref name=nyt1/> The [[Associated Press]], [[ABC News]], [[CBS News]], [[CNN]], [[Decision Desk HQ]], [[NBC News]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', and [[Fox News]] have all projected that former vice president [[Joe Biden]] is the [[president-elect of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/upshot/network-race-call-tracker.html|title=Tracking Which News Outlets Have Called the Presidential Race in Each State|first1=Eric|last1=Athas|first2=Seth|last2=Carlson|first3=John|last3=Keefe|first4=Claire Cain|last4=Miller|first5=Alicia|last5=Parlapiano|first6=Margot|last6=Sanger-Katz|website=The New York Times|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062817/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/upshot/network-race-call-tracker.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
The election saw a record number of ballots [[early voting|cast early]] and [[postal voting|by mail]], due to many states relaxing restrictions on mail-in voting in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the large number of mail-in ballots, some swing states saw delays in vote counting and reporting; this led to major news outlets not projecting a winner until four days later, on November 7.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Workers whittle down piles of uncounted ballots in key states|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/04/politics/mail-in-ballots-pennsylvania-georgia-michigan-wisconsin/index.html|author1= Jeremy Herb|author2=Fredreka Schouten|date=November 5, 2020|access-date=November 8, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref>

==From the President and his campaign==
During the campaign, and on election night,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donald Trump Is Lying About The Early Election Results|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kadiagoba/trump-election-night-speech|access-date=November 4, 2020|website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref> President Trump and some Republicans claimed without evidence that the election was illegitimate,<ref>{{cite web | last=Wong | first=Julia Carrie | title=Facebook removes pro-Trump Stop the Steal group over 'calls for violence' | website=The Guardian | date=Nov 5, 2020 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/05/facebook-trump-stop-the-steal-group-removed | access-date=Nov 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Perez | first=Sarah | title=Facebook blocks hashtags for #sharpiegate, #stopthesteal election conspiracies – TechCrunch | website=TechCrunch | date=Nov 5, 2020 | url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/11/05/facebook-blocks-sharpiegate-hashtag-election-conspiracies/ | access-date=Nov 9, 2020 | archive-date=November 18, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118144429/https://techcrunch.com/2020/11/05/facebook-blocks-sharpiegate-hashtag-election-conspiracies/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> and continued to make false claims of fraud after most media declared Biden the winner; these claims were echoed by GOP leaders and some of President Trump's supporters on [[social media]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/07/joe-biden-victory-president-trump-claims-election-far-over/6202892002/|title=Trump revives baseless claims of election fraud after Biden wins presidential race|last=King|first=Ledyard|date=November 7, 2020|work=USA Today|accessdate=November 7, 2020}}</ref> Biden's campaign dismissed these allegations and insisted that all votes should be counted, including all mail-in ballots.<ref>{{cite web | last=Greenwood | first=Max | title=Biden says 'every vote must be counted' as Trump campaign challenges vote tallies | website=TheHill | date=Nov 4, 2020 | url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/524536-biden-says-every-vote-must-be-counted-as-trump-campaign-challenges-vote | access-date=Nov 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Farley|first=Robert|date=2020-04-10|title=Trump's Latest Voter Fraud Misinformation |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/trumps-latest-voter-fraud-misinformation/ |website=FactCheck.org |language=en-US |access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2020-07-30|title=Donald Trump suggests delay to 2020 US presidential election|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53597975|accessdate=2020-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Morello|first=Carol|date=November 4, 2020|title=European election observers decry Trump’s ‘baseless allegations’ of voter fraud|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/election-observers-trump-allegations/2020/11/04/4a538500-1ee0-11eb-9ec3-3a81e23c4b5e_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=November 6, 2020|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=November 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105161029/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/election-observers-trump-allegations/2020/11/04/4a538500-1ee0-11eb-9ec3-3a81e23c4b5e_story.html}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Cillizza|title=Here's the *real* reason Donald Trump is attacking mail-in ballots|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/26/politics/mail-in-ballot-vote-by-mail-trump/index.html|date=May 26, 2020|access-date=June 29, 2020|website=CNN|archive-date=July 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730153554/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/26/politics/mail-in-ballot-vote-by-mail-trump/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|last2=Corasaniti|first2=Nick|last3=Qiu|first3=Linda|date=June 24, 2020|title=Trump's False Attacks on Voting by Mail Stir Broad Concern|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/politics/trump-vote-by-mail.html|access-date=June 29, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729030608/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/politics/trump-vote-by-mail.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Facebook and Twitter took action to block such claims, by blocking groups and labeling disputed posts.

As ballots were still being counted two days after Election Day, Trump asserted without evidence that there was "tremendous corruption and fraud going on," adding, "If you count the legal votes, I easily win. If you count the illegal votes, they can try to steal the election from us."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/05/politics/fact-check-trump-speech-thursday-election-rigged-stolen/index.html|title=Fact check: Trump delivers most dishonest speech of his presidency as Biden closes in on victory|first=Daniel|last1=Dale|date=November 5, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> Trump has also repeatedly cast doubt on [[Postal voting in the United States|mail-in ballots]], which in many states heavily favor Democrats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reason.com/2020/11/05/trump-says-mail-in-votes-are-suspicious-because-they-overwhelmingly-favor-joe-biden-hes-wrong/|title=Trump Says Mail-in Votes Are Suspicious Because They Overwhelmingly Favor Joe Biden. He's Wrong.|work=Reason|last1=Boehm|first1=Eric|date=November 5, 2020|accessdate=November 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Beware the 'blue mirage' and the 'red mirage' on election night|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/beware-blue-mirage-red-mirage-election-night-n1245925|last1=Wasserman|first1=Dave|date=November 4, 2020|accessdate=November 11, 2020|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref>

Days after Biden had been declared the winner, White House press secretary [[Kayleigh McEnany]] asserted without evidence that the Democratic Party was welcoming fraud and illegal voting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2020/11/09/fox-news-kayleigh-mcenany-cut-away-fraud/|title=Fox News cuts away from Kayleigh McEnany news conference after she alleges vote fraud with no evidence|date=November 9, 2020|first1=Elahe|last1=Izadi|first2=Sarah|last2=Ellison|work=Washington Post}}</ref> Republican former speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]] stated on Fox News, "I think that it is a corrupt, stolen election."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/08/us/politics/republicans-trump-concede-election.html|title=As Biden Plans Transition, Republicans Decline to Recognize His Election|first=Luke|last=Broadwater|date=November 8, 2020|website=The New York Times}}</ref> Appearing at a [[Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference|press conference outside a Philadelphia landscaping business]] as Biden was being declared the winner, Trump's personal attorney [[Rudy Giuliani]] asserted without evidence that hundreds of thousands of ballots were questionable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/11/07/giuliani-holds-press-conference-four-seasons-total-landscaping/6209235002/|title=Giuliani holds press conference at landscaping business, prompting confusion|first1=Joel|last1=Shannon|first2=Jo|last2=Ciavaglia|first3=James|last3=McGinnis|date=November 8, 2020|website=USA Today}}</ref> Responding to Giuliani, a spokesperson for Pennsylvania Attorney General [[Josh Shapiro]] said "Many of the claims against the commonwealth have already been dismissed, and repeating these false attacks is reckless. No active lawsuit even alleges, and no evidence presented so far has shown, widespread problems."<ref name="nyt1"/>

Throughout November 4-8, the Trump campaign filed lawsuits in several states over what it called, without evidence, [[vote harvesting]], illegal votes, machine errors, vote dumps and late-counted votes; some of these lawsuits are currently pending. On November 6, the [[U.S. Justice Department]] told prosecutors that armed federal agents can be sent to ballot counting locations to investigate voter fraud.<ref>{{cite web | title=Justice Dept.: Armed Agents Are Allowed to Oversee Ballot-Counting Venues | website=MSN | date=Nov 6, 2020 | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/justice-dept-armed-agents-are-allowed-to-oversee-ballot-counting-venues/ar-BB1aHKtH | access-date=Nov 9, 2020}}</ref> Attorneys who brought accusations of voting fraud or irregularities before judges found they were unable to produce actual evidence to support the allegations. In one instance, a Trump attorney sought to have ballot counting halted in Detroit on the basis of a claim by a Republican poll watcher that she had been told by an unidentified person that ballots were being backdated; [[Michigan Court of Appeals]] judge [[Cynthia Stephens]] dismissed the argument as “inadmissible hearsay within hearsay.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/11/trump-lawyers-suffer-embarrassing-rebukes-judges-over-voter-fraud-claims/|title=Trump lawyers suffer embarrassing rebukes from judges over voter fraud claims|first=Aaron|last=Blake|date=November 12, 2020|work=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawandcrime.com/2020-election/come-on-now-michigan-judge-scoffs-at-and-tosses-trump-campaign-lawsuit-backed-by-hearsay-evidence/|title=‘Come on Now’: Michigan Judge Scoffs at and Tosses Trump Campaign Lawsuit Backed by ‘Hearsay’ Evidence|website=Law & Crime|last1=Klasfield|first1=Adam|date=November 5, 2020}}</ref> Senior attorneys at [[Jones Day]], a law firm challenging the election results in court on Trump’s behalf, expressed concerns that they were helping to undermine the integrity of American elections by advancing arguments lacking evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/business/jones-day-trump-election-lawsuits.html|title=Growing Discomfort at Law Firms Representing Trump in Election Lawsuits|first1=Jessica|last1=Silver-Greenberg|first2=Rachel|last2=Abrams|first3=David|last3=Enrich|date=November 9, 2020|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

==Stop the Steal==
'''Stop the Steal''' is a decentralized campaign of supporters of President Trump promoting the conspiracy theory that fraud was widespread in the 2020 United States elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/america-votes/explaining-stop-the-steal-trump-supporters-viral-offensive-to-discredit-the-election-1.5177864|title=Explaining 'Stop the Steal', Trump supporters' viral offensive to discredit the election|first=Catherine|last=Triomphe|date=November 6, 2020|website=America Votes|access-date=September 11, 2021|archive-date=November 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110021827/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/america-votes/explaining-stop-the-steal-trump-supporters-viral-offensive-to-discredit-the-election-1.5177864|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/11/05/facebook-trump-protests/|title=Facebook bans ‘STOP THE STEAL’ group Trump allies were using to organize protests against vote counting|first1=Tony|last1=Romm|first2=Isaac|last2=Stanley-Becker|first3=Elizabeth|last3=Dwoskin|website=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/11/5/21551437/stop-the-steal-facebook-group-takedown-members-violence-election-fraud-trump|title=Facebook took down a massive 'Stop the Steal' group after its members called for violence|first=Shirin|last=Ghaffary|date=November 5, 2020|website=Vox}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/11/05/facebook-blocks-sharpiegate-hashtag-election-conspiracies/|title=Facebook blocks hashtags for #sharpiegate, #stopthesteal election conspiracies|website=TechCrunch|date=November 5, 2020|access-date=September 11, 2021|archive-date=November 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118144429/https://techcrunch.com/2020/11/05/facebook-blocks-sharpiegate-hashtag-election-conspiracies/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-2020-election-results/2020/11/08/932543826/the-next-2020-election-fight-convincing-trumps-supporters-that-he-lost|title=The Next 2020 Election Fight? Convincing Trump's Supporters That He Lost|publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90572604/trump-stop-the-steal-facebook-groups|title=The pro-Trump 'Stop the Steal' movement is still growing on Facebook|first=Mark|last=Sullivan|date=November 5, 2020|website=Fast Company|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106120623/https://www.fastcompany.com/90572604/trump-stop-the-steal-facebook-groups|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/tea-party-linked-activists-protest-against-election-fraud-us-cities|title=Tea party-linked activists protest against election fraud in US cities|first=Lois|last=Beckett|date=November 6, 2020|website=The Guardian|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107140705/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/tea-party-linked-activists-protest-against-election-fraud-us-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/right-wing-operative-ali-alexander-leads-stop-the-steal-campaign/|title=Right-Wing Operative Ali Alexander Leads 'Stop the Steal' Campaign|first1=Kristen|last1=Doerer|website=Right Wing Watch|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105164317/https://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/right-wing-operative-ali-alexander-leads-stop-the-steal-campaign/|url-status=live}}</ref> These supporters have asserted with minimal evidence<ref name="mjones">{{Cite web|last=Breland|first=Ali|title=Meet the right-wing trolls behind "Stop The Steal"|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/11/stop-the-steal/|access-date=November 10, 2020|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US}}</ref> that Trump is the winner of the election, and that large-scale voter and [[vote counting]] fraud took place in several [[swing state]]s.<ref name="mjones"/>

The first was a [[Facebook group]] with that name, created during the counting of votes by the pro-Trump group "Women for America First" co-founder and [[Tea Party movement]] activist [[Amy Kremer]].<ref name=removes>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/05/facebook-trump-stop-the-steal-group-removed|title=Facebook removes pro-Trump Stop the Steal group over 'calls for violence'|date=November 5, 2020|accessdate=November 7, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Julia Carrie|last=Wong|archive-date=November 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106194126/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/05/facebook-trump-stop-the-steal-group-removed|url-status=live}}</ref> Facebook removed the group on November 5, and described it as "organized around the delegitimization of the election process".<ref name=removes/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/technology/stop-the-steal-facebook-group.html|title=The Rise and Fall of the 'Stop the Steal' Facebook Group|first=Sheera|last=Frenkel|date=November 5, 2020|website=The New York Times|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109094914/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/technology/stop-the-steal-facebook-group.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported to have been adding 1,000 new members every 10 seconds<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Culliford|first2=Raphael|last2=Satter|date=November 5, 2020|title=Pro-Trump Facebook group protesting vote count adding 1000 members every 10 seconds|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/pro-trump-facebook-group-protesting-vote-count-adding-1000-members-every-10-seconds-20201106-p56c0d.html|access-date=November 8, 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|archive-date=November 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106223819/https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/pro-trump-facebook-group-protesting-vote-count-adding-1000-members-every-10-seconds-20201106-p56c0d.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with 300,000 [[Friending and following|followers]] before Facebook shut it down.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dickson|first=E. J.|date=November 5, 2020|title=A Pro-Trump 'Stop the Steal' Group Rapidly Grew on Facebook|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/stop-the-steal-trump-biden-election-facebook-1086367/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 10, 2020|website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

All subsequent "Stop the Steal" groups have since been removed from the website by Facebook moderators due to threats, incitement to violence, and discussions of extreme violence, all of which are violations of Facebook's community standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/facebook-internal-metric-violence-incitement-rising-vote|title=Facebook Has A Metric For “Violence And Incitement Trends.” It’s Rising.|website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards/violence_criminal_behavior|title=Community Standards | Facebook|via=Facebook|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918173949/https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards/violence_criminal_behavior|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2020/11/05/violence-stop-the-steal-facebook/|title=Violence Brewed in Facebook Groups Ahead of 'Stop The Steal' Protests|website=Snopes.com}}</ref> Several "Stop the Steal" groups were founded by right-wing extremists<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/11/stop-the-steal/|title=Meet the right-wing trolls behind "Stop The Steal"|first=Ali|last=Breland|website=Mother Jones|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109073331/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/11/stop-the-steal/|url-status=live}}</ref> after Donald Trump published tweets on [[Twitter]] encouraging his supporters to "Stop the Count".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/11/5/21550880/trump-tweet-stop-the-count-votes-presidential-election|title=Trump's desperate "STOP THE COUNT!" tweet, briefly explained|first=Aaron|last=Rupar|date=November 5, 2020|website=Vox|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107023445/https://www.vox.com/2020/11/5/21550880/trump-tweet-stop-the-count-votes-presidential-election|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, many of these unorganized "Stop the Steal" groups have started protesting in several U.S. cities{{which|date=November 2020}} and townships.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/us/election-protests-vote-count.html| first1=Simon |last1=Romero|first2=Shaila |last2=Dewan|first3=Giulia|last3=McDonnell |first4=Nieto|last4=del Rio| title=In a Year of Protest Cries, Now It’s ‘Count Every Vote!’ and ‘Stop the Steal!’|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 5, 2020|accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

Shortly after the Facebook groups were removed, a number of liberals created a fake "Stop The Steal" group to attract Trump supporters. Once a large number of supporters had joined, they changed the name of the group to "Gay Communists for Socialism," in an attempt to [[Internet troll|troll]] the members. One administrator told the group that they changed the name "to avoid censorship."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dickson|first=E. J.|date=November 6, 2020|title=How a Pro-Trump 'Stop the Steal' Group Became 'Gay Communists for Socialism'|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/stop-the-steal-facebook-group-gay-communists-for-socialism-1086967/|access-date=November 9, 2020|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108184238/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/stop-the-steal-facebook-group-gay-communists-for-socialism-1086967/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Paul|first=Kari|date=November 7, 2020|title=Trump backers tricked into joining ‘Gay Communists for Socialism’ on Facebook|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/nov/06/trump-supporters-gay-communists-for-socialism-facebook-group|access-date=November 9, 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108182019/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/nov/06/trump-supporters-gay-communists-for-socialism-facebook-group|url-status=live}}</ref> Facebook's attempts to restrict groups that spread false election claims led to a surge in the popularity of [[Parler]], a right-leaning alternative social networking site that markets itself as a "free speech" haven.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Dwoskin|first2=Rachel|last2=Lerman|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/11/10/facebook-parler-election-claims/|title=‘Stop the Steal’ supporters, restrained by Facebook, turn to Parler to peddle false election claims|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 10, 2020|accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

==Events and allegations by state==
===Michigan===
On November 4, poll watchers in [[Detroit, Michigan]] alleged they were kicked out of the hall. In contrast, Democrat officials said Republicans were “trying to slow down and obstruct the counting.” Per the Reuter report: "Greg King of the Trump campaign said the problem arose when people left for lunch and did not sign out, so when they returned it created the appearance of too many people in the room. A Democratic poll observer, Liz Linkewitz, said she and other Democrats had been barred as well and it was not a partisan issue."<ref>{{cite web | last=Yiu | first=Pak | last2=Martina | first2=Michael | title=Michigan still counting votes, angry poll watchers barred in Detroit, Trump sues | website=Reuters| date=Nov 5, 2020 | url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-michigan-idUSKBN27K2AQ | access-date=Nov 9, 2020}}</ref>

Project Veritas, a right-wing activist organization known for using deceptions, released a video where a Pennsylvania postal worker claimed that postal workers were instructed to backdate ballots found on November 4 as being postmarked by November 3.<ref name=Saranac>{{cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/11/claim-of-michigan-postal-fraud-is-moot/|title=Claim of Michigan Postal Fraud Is Moot|website=FactCheck.Org|access-date=10 November 2020|first1=Saranac |last1=Spencer}}</ref><ref name=Boburg>{{cite news |last1=Boburg |first1=Shawn |last2=Bogage |first2=Jacob |title=Postal worker recanted allegations of ballot tampering, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/postal-worker-fabricated-ballot-pennsylvania/2020/11/10/99269a7c-2364-11eb-8599-406466ad1b8e_story.html |accessdate=November 11, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 11, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111101208/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/postal-worker-fabricated-ballot-pennsylvania/2020/11/10/99269a7c-2364-11eb-8599-406466ad1b8e_story.html |archivedate=November 11, 2020}}</ref> The claim was "moot", described FactCheck.Org, because Michigan does not count ballots received after 8 p.m. on November 3, regardless of which date the ballots were postmarked.<ref name=Saranac/> On November 9, the postal worker, Richard Hopkins, told investigators from the U.S. Postal Service's Office of Inspector General office that he had made up the claims, stated the [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform]] and ''the Washington Post''. Hopkins publicly denied that he had recanted his allegations.<ref name=Boburg/>

On November 5, a state judge in Michigan dismissed the Trump campaign's lawsuit requesting a pause in vote-counting to allow access to observers, as the judge noted that vote-counting had already finished in Michigan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Egan |first1=Paul |title=Judge throws out Trump lawsuit over counting of Michigan ballots |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/05/poll-watcher-challenger-ballot-counting-detroit-tcf-center/6172210002/ |access-date=November 11, 2020 |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |date=November 5, 2020 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108023843/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/05/poll-watcher-challenger-ballot-counting-detroit-tcf-center/6172210002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That judge also noted the official complaint did not state "why", "when, where, or by whom" an election observer was allegedly blocked from observing ballot-counting in Michigan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herb |first1=Jeremy |last2=Polantz |first2=Katelyn |title='Democracy plain and simple': How the 2020 election defied fraud claims and pandemic fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/06/politics/us-election-process-success/index.html |accessdate=November 11, 2020 |work=CNN |date=November 7, 2020}}</ref>

In Antrim County, human error led to a miscount of an unofficial tally of votes for the presidential candidates. The error was caused by a worker using different kinds of ballots when setting up ballot scanners and result-reporting systems, therefore mismatched results were produced. The errors were spotted and rectified, thus the unofficial tally was changed from a Biden victory in the county to a Trump victory.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perlroth |first1=Nicole |last2=Nicas |first2=Jack |title=No, Software Glitches Are Not Affecting Vote Counts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/technology/no-software-glitches-are-not-affecting-vote-counts.html |accessdate=November 11, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=November 9, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111005147/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/technology/no-software-glitches-are-not-affecting-vote-counts.html |archivedate=November 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>https://www.factcheck.org/2020/11/clerical-error-prompts-unfounded-claims-about-michigan-results/</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Levin | first=Josh | title=Decision Desk HQ Was First to Call the Election for Biden. What Is Decision Desk HQ? | website=Slate Magazine | date=Nov 6, 2020 | url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/11/decision-desk-hq-called-the-2020-election-for-biden-what-is-it.html | access-date=Nov 10, 2020}}</ref>

One video claimed to show a man taking ballots illegally to a [[Detroit]] counting center, but was found to actually depict a photographer transporting his equipment.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Iati|first=Marisa|last2=Usero|first2=Adriana|title=A viral video implied a man was illegally moving ballots. It was a photographer and his equipment.|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/11/05/video-claiming-detroit-ballot-fraud-debunked/|access-date=2020-11-11|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

A [[tweet]] claiming 14,000 votes were cast by dead people in [[Wayne County, Michigan]] was debunked.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Washington|first=District of Columbia 1100 Connecticut Ave NW Suite 1300B|last2=Dc 20036|title=PolitiFact - List does not show over 14,000 dead people cast ballots in Michigan’s Wayne County|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/nov/07/tweets/list-does-not-show-over-14000-dead-people-cast-bal/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=@politifact|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Pennsylvania===
Election observers at the Philadelphia Convention Center claimed they were denied the option to oversee the counting of ballots and forced to stay over 25 feet from ballots being counted; Trump's campaign manager said they filed suit against Pennsylvania Secretary of State [[Kathy Boockvar]] and "each of the 67 Pennsylvania County Boards of Elections", and sued to stop "hiding the ballot counting and processing from our Republican poll observers."<ref>{{cite web | last=Phillips | first=Morgan | title=Trump campaign files lawsuit in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Georgia, demands recount in Wisconsin | website=Fox News | date=Nov 4, 2020 | url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-campaign-request-recount-wisconsin | access-date=Nov 9, 2020}}</ref>

On 5 November, an appellate judge ruled in favor of the Trump campaign's demand to observe Pennsylvania officials ballot counting. [[Corey Lewandowski]] posted a video he said showed him arguing with [[Michelle Hangley]] over what he believed was a failure to enforce the order.<ref>{{cite web | title=Philly Mail-in Ballot Counting Continues After Stopped For Short Time As President Trump Holds Slim Lead In Pennsylvania | website=CBS Philly – News, Sports, Weather, Traffic and Philly's Top Spots | date=Nov 5, 2020 | url=https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2020/11/05/mail-in-ballot-counting-temporarily-halted-in-philadelphia-expected-to-resume-shortly-after-compromise-negotiated/ | access-date=Nov 9, 2020}}</ref> A separate case filed by the Trump campaign in the federal court was dismissed, in part because, per a Bloomberg Law write-up of the case, "the lawyer for the campaign admitted that 'they had several representatives in the room'".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/trump-sues-to-halt-philadelphia-count-without-gop-observers-1|title=Trump’s Bid for Emergency Halt to Philadelphia Count Denied (3)|website=Bloomberg Law|date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

The same day, [[Politico]] reported that Democratic officials in Pennsylvania were privately sharing potential margins of victory for Biden with his campaign staff, as counting continued, and told them that the presidential nominee will likely win the state by anywhere from 100,000 to 200,000 votes after all the counting is completed.<ref>{{cite web | title=Report: Democrat PA Officials 'Privately' Feeding Biden Campaign His Potential Margin of Victory | website=NewsDesk | date=Nov 5, 2020 | url=https://newsdesk.io/report-democrat-pa-officials-privately-feeding-biden-campaign-his-potential-margin-of-victory/ | access-date=Nov 9, 2020 | archive-date=November 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105180054/https://newsdesk.io/report-democrat-pa-officials-privately-feeding-biden-campaign-his-potential-margin-of-victory/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref>

On November 7, a lawsuit filed in Federal Court called out the Pennsylvania Secretary of State and other county election supervisors for allowing 21,000 deceased people to remain active on the voter rolls; a little over 12,000 of those were listed as active voters.<ref>{{cite web | last=Swoyer | first=Alex | title=Lawsuit: 21,000 dead people were on Pa. voter rolls before Election Day | website=The Washington Times | date=Nov 6, 2020 | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/nov/6/pennsylvania-lawsuit-claims-21000-deceased-people-/ | access-date=Nov 9, 2020}}</ref>

A [[viral video]] of a Pennsylvania poll worker filling out a ballot was found to be a case of a damaged ballot being transferred to ensure proper counting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Washington|first=District of Columbia 1100 Connecticut Ave NW Suite 1300B|last2=Dc 20036|title=PolitiFact - Pennsylvania poll worker was copying information from a damaged ballot, to ensure it was counted|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/nov/06/facebook-posts/pennsylvania-poll-worker-was-copying-information-d/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=@politifact|language=en-US}}</ref> Another viral video of a poll watcher being turned away in [[Philadelphia]] was found to be real, but the poll watcher had subsequently been allowed inside after a misunderstanding had been resolved.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fauzia|first=Miriam|title=Fact check: Poll watcher turned away at Philadelphia polling station in misunderstanding|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/11/03/fact-check-philadelphia-poll-watcher-turned-away-mistake/6144601002/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref>

In [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], a postal worker who claimed that the postmaster, had instructed postal workers to backdate ballots mailed after Election Day later admitted he had fabricated the claim. Prior to his recantation, Republican senator [[Lindsey Graham]] cited the claim in a letter to the Justice Department calling for an investigation, and the worker was praised as a patriot on a [[GoFundMe]] page created in his name that raised $136,000.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Boburg|first1=Shawn|last2=Bogage|first2=Jacob|title=Postal worker recanted allegations of ballot tampering, officials say|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/postal-worker-fabricated-ballot-pennsylvania/2020/11/10/99269a7c-2364-11eb-8599-406466ad1b8e_story.html|website=Washington Post}}</ref>

===Georgia===
David Shafer, chairman of the Georgia GOP, complained that Georgia's Fulton County instructed observers to leave and “continued to count ballots in secret” despite claiming that they were “closing up” for the night. County officials disputed these claims.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/georgia/articles/2020-11-04/georgia-election-official-to-give-update-on-vote-counting Georgia in the Spotlight as Vote Count Continues] AP @ U.S. News & World Report, Nov. 5, 2020</ref>

On November 4-5, several Georgia counties experienced a glitch also reported encountering technical failures. Voting machines crashed in several Georgia counties, including [[Spalding County, Georgia|Spalding]] and [[Morgan County, Georgia|Morgan]] counties.<ref name="Mastrangelo 2020">{{cite web | title=Technical issue means no more ballots released Friday from Gwinnett County | website=wsbtv| date=Nov 6, 2020 | url=https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/live-updates-joe-biden-takes-lead-over-donald-trump-georgia/DW5YXUA2VFA2NEA2A6WYYAX46E/| access-date=Nov 9, 2020}}</ref> The counties also used voting machines made by ''Dominion Voting Systems'' and electronic poll books by ''KnowInk'', and an elections supervisor at Spalding County Board of Election Marcia Ridley said the companies “uploaded something last night, which is not normal, and it caused a glitch."<ref>{{cite web | last=Zetter | first=Kim | title=Georgia election official: Machine glitch caused by last-minute vendor upload | website=POLITICO | date=Nov 4, 2020 | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/04/georgia-election-machine-glitch-434065 | access-date=Nov 9, 2020}}</ref>

A ''[[Breitbart News]]'' story claimed that Biden had won an extra 3,000 votes in [[Fulton County, Georgia]], after a reporting error.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gardner|first=Amy|last2=Parker|first2=Ashley|last3=Dawsey|first3=Josh|last4=Brown|first4=Emma|title=Top Republicans back Trump’s efforts to challenge election results|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-republicans-election-challenges/2020/11/09/49e2c238-22c4-11eb-952e-0c475972cfc0_story.html|access-date=2020-11-11|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In fact, the number of votes affected was 342, with no breakdown of which candidates they were for.<ref>{{Cite web|author=WSBTV Staff|title=UPDATE: Fulton County ballot scanning issue affected just 342 votes|url=https://www.wsbtv.com/news/politics/update-fulton-county-ballot-scanning-issue-affected-just-342-votes/W5OF32LWFRFFXGOHQ365UVQAOA/|accessdate=November 11, 2020|date=November 7, 2020|website=WSBTV|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Nevada===
[[Richard Grenell]] alleged that “3,060 people here in Nevada that voted ... illegally, they are not residents of Nevada.”<ref>{{cite web | last=Mangan | first=Dan | title=Trump campaign will sue in Nevada, claiming votes by people who moved or who are dead; Biden lead widens | website=CNBC | date=Nov 5, 2020 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/05/trump-campaign-expected-to-file-nevada-lawsuit-as-biden-gains-ground.html | access-date=Nov 9, 2020}}</ref> Republican lawyers released a list of over 3,000 people who allegedly did not live in Clark County, Nevada, when they voted. However, these were not proven to be illegal votes, because Nevada (a) allows for people who moved states 30 days before the election to vote in Nevada's election, and (b) allows people studying in colleges in another state to vote in Nevada's election. Additionally, the list featured military members who were overseas and voted by mail.<ref>https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/nov/06/nevada-republican-party/fact-checking-republican-claim-illegal-votes-nevad/</ref>

===Wisconsin===
On November 6, Trump campaign manager [[Bill Stepien]] said: "There have been reports of irregularities in several Wisconsin counties which raise serious doubts about the validity of the results." No evidence of such "irregularities" has been provided by the Trump campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beck |first1=Molly |last2=Marley |first2=Patrick |last3=Spicuzza |first3=Mary |title=Trump campaign hasn't provided evidence to back up claim of Wisconsin election 'irregularities' |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/05/election-results-trump-has-not-backed-up-claim-irregularities/6173694002/ |accessdate=November 11, 2020 |work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |date=November 5, 2020}}</ref>

A claim that more people voted than were registered to vote in Wisconsin spread on Twitter was later refuted, as the figure was found to be outdated, from 2018. In addition, Wisconsin allows for new voters to register on Election Day and immediately vote, which would render the actual number of registered voters higher than the number recorded on November 1, 2020.<ref>{{cite web | title=Fact check: Wisconsin did not have more votes than people registered | website=Reuters| date=Nov 4, 2020 | url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-wisconsin-more-votes-regist-idUSKBN27K2WU | access-date=Nov 9, 2020}}</ref>

===Arizona===
On November 8, Trump's campaign filed a lawsuit in state court in [[Maricopa County]], alleging that the state's most populous county incorrectly rejected votes cast on Election Day by some voters. They said poll workers told some voters "to press a button after a machine had detected an overvote [which] disregarded voters' choices in those races".<ref>{{cite web | title=As America waits, demonstrators demand to count (or stop counting) the votes | website=Los Angeles Times | date=Nov 6, 2020 | url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-11-05/la-na-pol-2020-election-protests | access-date=Nov 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2020-11-08/factbox-trump-sues-in-arizona-court-battles-continue-as-biden-wins-us-election Factbox: Trump Sues in Arizona, Court Battles Continue as Biden Wins U.S. Election], ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', Nov 8, 2020</ref> A representative for Maricopa County stated that only "180 potential overvotes" are at stake in the case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Polletta |first1=Maria |last2=Oxford |first2=Andrew |title=Republican challenge to Maricopa County election involves fewer than 200 ballots, attorneys say |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2020/11/09/arizona-election-results-maricopa-county-challenge-involves-180-ballots/6229767002/ |accessdate=November 11, 2020 |work=[[Arizona Republic]] |date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>

In Maricopa County, Arizona, an allegation that hundreds of Republican voters were given Sharpie pens to fill out their ballots, thus causing their ballots to be invalidated, was later proven to be incorrect. The matter was investigated by The Arizona Attorney General's Office, and officials confirmed that Sharpies were used in voting, but said that they would not invalidate a ballot.<ref>{{cite web | title=Claim that Sharpie pens ruin Arizona ballots misses the mark | website=AP NEWS | date=Nov 4, 2020 | url=https://apnews.com/article/claim-sharpie-pens-ruin-arizona-ballots-f5287df8fdb2be101b2cdf9edd007746 | access-date=Nov 8, 2020}}</ref>

==Response==
One week after the election, Republican [[Philadelphia City Commissioners|Philadelphia city commissioner]] Al Schmidt said he had not seen any evidence of widespread fraud, stating, “I have seen the most fantastical things on social media, making completely ridiculous allegations that have no basis in fact at all and see them spread.” He added that his office had examined a list of dead people who purportedly voted in Philadelphia but "not a single one of them voted in Philadelphia after they died.” Trump derided Schmidt, tweeting, “He refuses to look at a mountain of corruption & dishonesty. We win!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/11/politics/philadelphia-city-commissioner-2020-election-cnntv/index.html|title=Republican election official in Philadelphia says he's seen no evidence of widespread fraud|date=November 11, 2020|first1=Veronica|last1=Stracqualursi|website=CNN}}</ref>

According to the [[Brennan Center for Justice]], "extensive research reveals that fraud is very rare, voter impersonation is virtually nonexistent, and many instances of alleged fraud are, in fact, mistakes by voters or administrators. The same is true for mail ballots, which are secure and essential to holding a safe election amid the coronavirus pandemic."<ref>{{cite web | title=The Myth of Voter Fraud | website=Brennan Center for Justice | date=Jul 25, 2019 | url=https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/ensure-every-american-can-vote/vote-suppression/myth-voter-fraud | access-date=Nov 10, 2020}}</ref>

==Public opinion==
According to a [[Reuters]]/[[Ipsos]] national opinion survery conducted from November 6 to November 10, nearly 80% of Americans, including more than half of Trump's fellow [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]], recognize President-elect Joe Biden as the winner of the November 3 election.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-poll/nearly-80-of-americans-say-biden-won-white-house-ignoring-trumps-refusal-to-concede-reuters-ipsos-poll-idINKBN27Q3DW|title=Nearly 80% of Americans say Biden won White House, ignoring Trump's refusal to concede: Reuters/Ipsos poll|website=Reuters|date=November 10, 2020|accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud]]
*[[2020 United States election protests]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

{{Donald Trump}}
{{Conspiracy theories}}

[[Category:2020 United States presidential election| ]]
[[Category:Modern history of the United States]]
[[Category:Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign]]
[[Category:Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign]]
[[Category:November 2020 events in the United States]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in the United States]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump]]

{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=November 2020}}
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{{Source Wikipedia}}

Consortium of Christian Study Centers

2026-07-25T18:25:16Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

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{{Infobox organization
| name = Consortium of Christian Study Centers
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| leader_name = Andrew Trotter
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| mission = The Consortium of Christian Study Centers exists to advance the growth and effectiveness of Christian Study Centers at colleges and universities around the world.
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'''The Consortium of Christian Study Centers''' (abbreviated '''CCSC''') is a [[non-profit]], [[501(c)(3)]] organization in [[Charlottesville, VA]] that [[Corporation|incorporated]] in 2008 with the goal of promoting, encouraging, and providing resources for [[Christian Study Centers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Study Centers Help Students See the Richness of the Faith |url=http://byfaithonline.com/christian-study-centers-help-students-see-the-richness-of-the-faith/ |work=byFaith |date=December 8, 2011 |publisher=[[Presbyterian Church in America]] |accessdate=June 22, 2015}}</ref> These Centers, located adjacent to [[college]] and [[university]] campuses, work with the students, staff, faculty, and administrators of universities.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Major Achievements of American Philanthropy, 1681-Present, Religion |url= http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/religion |publisher=The Almanac of American Philanthropy |date=2015 |accessdate=October 31, 2015}}</ref> They aim to foster [[Christian]] learning in all academic disciplines and to engage the culture of the university and the broader society.<ref name=Whyte2014>{{cite news |last=Whyte |first=Liz Essley |title=Campus Crusades |url=http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/campus_crusades |journal=''Philanthropy'' |date=Fall 2014 |pages=28–35 |publisher=[[Philanthropy Roundtable]] |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072844/http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/campus_crusades |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>Horner, David A. ''Mind Your Faith: A Student's Guide to Thinking and Living Well''. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press (2011), p.246.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Resources |url=http://www.davenanttrust.org/resources/ |publisher=The Davenant Trust |accessdate=October 31, 2015}}</ref> The CCSC currently has twenty members and twenty-two partner organizations.<ref name=Worthen2016>{{cite news |last=Worthen |first=Molly |title=Hallelujah College |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/opinion/sunday/hallelujah-college.html |newspaper=''New York Times'' |date=January 17, 2016 |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref>

==History & Structure==

[[File:Consortium of Christian Study Centers.png|thumb|The Consortium of Christian Study Centers (CCSC) is located in Charlottesville, VA, home of the University of Virginia, where the first study center, the Center for Christian Study, began in 1968.]]

Christian study centers began appearing on U.S. university campus in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Their founders and staff encouraged students, faculty, and local residents to integrate the life of the university—scholarship, science, and art—with the Christian faith, rather than to see faith and learning as competing or mutually exclusive. The 1994 publication of [[The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind]], by evangelical historian [[Mark Noll]], spurred much reflection among evangelical Christians about the anti-intellectualism of many strands of their culture.<ref name=Steinfels1994>{{cite news |last=Steinfels |first=Peter |title=Beliefs: An Evangelical Intellectual Finds a Kind of Heresy in Evangelicalism's Neglect of the Mind |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/10/us/beliefs-evangelical-intellectual-finds-kind-heresy-evangelicalism-s-neglect-mind.html |newspaper=''New York Times'' |date=September 10, 1994 |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Wolfe2000>{{cite magazine |last=Wolfe |first=Alan |title=The Opening of the Evangelical Mind |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/10/the-opening-of-the-evangelical-mind/378388 |magazine=''The Atlantic'' |date=October 2000 |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref> The study center movement gained momentum in the ensuing years, with centers multiplying across the United States. As historian [[Molly Worthen]] has written in the ''New York Times'', "The centers position themselves as forums where students can hash out the tensions between their faith and the assumptions of secular academia—the same assumptions that has assailed more traditional ministries.<ref name=Worthen2016 />

Prior to 2008, multiple heads of Christian study centers mer regularly to discuss the present state and future of the Study Center movement. On July 25–27, 2008, six representatives of these Study Centers formed the CCSC, wrote a [[mission statement]] and by-laws, and elected Dr. Andrew Trotter as the Executive Director.<ref>Eckel, Mark D. ''When the Lights Go Down''. Bloomington: WestBow Press (2014), p.24.</ref> Beginning in April 2009, CCSC began functioning as a freestanding, non-profit organization and received 501(c)(3) status in July of that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Consortium |url=http://studycentersonline.org/about/history/ |publisher=Consortium of Christian Study Centers |accessdate=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=May 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503053927/http://studycentersonline.org/about/history/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

The Consortium has two categories of affiliated organizations: Members and Partners. Members are Study Centers. The majority of the Members are [[Protestant]], [[evangelical]],<ref>Noll, Mark. ''Jesus Christ and the Life of the Mind''. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company (2013), p.157.</ref> and [[Reformed]], but any Christian Study Center that affirms the [[Apostles’ Creed]] can join.<ref name="Howard">{{cite web |last=Howard |first=Thomas Albert |url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2014/02/should-i-send-my-christian-child-to-a-secular-state-university/ |title=Should I Send My (Christian) Child to a (Secular) State University? |work=The Anxious Bench |publisher=[[Patheos]] |date=February 16, 2014 | accessdate=June 22, 2015 }}</ref> There are currently over twenty Members.<ref>{{cite news | last=Barron | first=Allison | url=http://www.christianweek.org/regent-college-joins-consortium-of-christian-study-centers/ | title=Regent Joins Consortium of Christian Study Centers | publisher=ChristianWeek | date=October 26, 2015}}</ref> In 2013, four members of the Consortium—the Christian Study Center of [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]] at the [[University of Florida]], Chesterton House at [[Cornell University]], the Center for Christian Study at the [[University of Virginia]], and Hill House Ministries at the [[University of Texas]]—received [[grants]] from the [[Lilly Endowment]] to further their work as campus ministry organizations.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Lilly Endowment gives $2.9M to Strengthen 21 Campus Ministry Organizations |url=http://www.lillyendowment.org/pdf/LillyEndowment11-25-2013PressRelease.pdf |publisher=Lilly Endowment |date=November 25, 2013 |accessdate=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=February 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222070533/http://www.lillyendowment.org/pdf/LillyEndowment11-25-2013PressRelease.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lilly Endowment Investing in Campus Ministries |url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=62541 |publisher=Inside Indiana Business |date=November 26, 2013 |accessdate=June 22, 2015 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Partner Organizations of the Consortium can be organizations or [[businesses]] of any kind that support the work of the Consortium. Both Members and Partners pay annual dues.
The 2010 [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] case ''[[Christian Legal Society v. Martinez]]'' led many colleges and universities to require campus organizations to sign [[non-discrimination]] policies allowing any student to lead or become a part of a campus ministry organization.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gregory |first=Robert B. |title=Bowdoin: One Year Later |url=http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2015/06/one-year-later |publisher=[[First Things]] |date=June 30, 2015 |accessdate=October 31, 2015}}</ref> Following ''Martinez'', some Study Centers were established in order to allow Christian organizations to move off campus and maintain their leadership and membership requirements.<ref>{{cite news |last=Paulson | first=Michael | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/us/colleges-and-evangelicals-collide-on-bias-policy.html | title=Colleges and Evangelicals Collide on Bias Policy | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | date=June 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Osburn2014>{{cite web |last=Osburn |first=Robert |title=Good News for the Naked Public University |url=http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2014/10/good-news-for-the-naked-public-university |publisher=First Things |date=October 21, 2014 |accessdate=June 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Robbins |first=Meg |title= Christian fellowship moves off-campus to house on Harpswell Road |url=http://bowdoinorient.com/article/9588 |publisher=Bowdoin Orient |date=October 17, 2014 |accessdate=September 15, 2015}}</ref>

The Consortium's staff includes the [[Executive Director]], an [[Operations Manager]], and an [[Administrative Assistant]]. It is overseen by a [[Board of Directors]].

==Resources & Services==

The Consortium offers a variety of resources and services to Christian Study Centers.<ref name=Whyte2014 /> The Executive Director consults and gives advice on ministry, management, and development; facilitates collaboration among Study Centers; and speaks at Centers and other gatherings around the country. The Consortium’s website links to articles, discussion guides on books and films, audio files of past lectures and talks, and a list of recommended speakers. The CCSC regularly distributes newsletters to an open email list made up of Members, Partners, and other supporters and interested parties. Each month a News & Events email details upcoming programs of interest or changes in Member and Partner organizations. Every other month the Executive Director composes and sends a Resources email, which contains essays on a book, film, and article of note.

The Consortium has organized [[Academic conference|symposia]] for staff and board members of its Member and Partner Organizations around topics such as [[higher education]], [[biblical theology]], spiritual formation, and [[church (sociology of religion)|church]] and society. These weekend symposia host an author in multiple sessions to discuss his or her work.

Each summer or fall, the Consortium holds its Annual Meeting.<ref name="Howard"/> At these multi-day gatherings leaders of Study Centers have heard lectures from experts and [[scholars]] such as [[James Davison Hunter]], [[George Marsden]], [[Richard Mouw]], and [[Mark Bauerlein]], as well as presentations on [[fundraising]], [[legal]] issues that relate to nonprofit organizations, reading groups, and Study Center organization. Annual Meetings have been held in [[San Francisco]], [[Chicago]], [[Baltimore]], and [[Asheville]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Christian Union (students)]]
* [[Cru (Christian organization)]]
* [[InterVarsity Christian Fellowship]]
* [[Reformed University Fellowship]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Noll |title=''Jesus Christ and the Life of the Mind'' |location=Grand Rapids |year=2013 |isbn= 978-0802870766 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Jesus-Christ-Life-Mind-Mark/dp/0802870767/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1435071832&sr=8-1&keywords=Jesus+Christ+and+the+life+of+the+mind}}
*{{cite book |first=C. John |last=Sommerville |title=''The Decline of the Secular University'' |location=Oxford |year=2006 |isbn=978-0195306958 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Decline-Secular-University-John-Sommerville/dp/0195306953/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1435071944&sr=8-1&keywords=the+decline+of+the+secular+university}}

==External links==
* [http://studycenters.org/ Centers for Christian Studies International]
* [http://studycentersonline.org/ Consortium of Christian Study Centers]
* [http://studycentersonline.org/membership/member-study-centers/ Consortium of Christian Study Centers - Member Study Centers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925111820/https://studycentersonline.org/membership/member-study-centers/ |date=2018-09-25 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christian Study Centers}}
[[Category:Student religious organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Christian organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism]] {{⚠️🚨COPIED from en.EverybodyWiki.com ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Consiglio Nazionale degli Studenti Universitari

2026-07-25T18:15:54Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|v|u=131.175.12.9|ns=118|decliner=KylieTastic|declinets=20210124121045|ts=20210124120337}} 

{{AFC comment|1=You need to use the sources from the Italian Wikipeida version directly [[User:KylieTastic|KylieTastic]] ([[User talk:KylieTastic|talk]]) 12:10, 24 January 2021 (UTC)}}
----

{{Infobox government agency
| name = National Council of University Students
| native_name = '''Consiglio Nazionale degli Studenti Universitari'''
| native_name_a = CNSU
| native_name_r =
| type =
| seal =
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| image = Trastevere - Min PI 1190629.JPG
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| image_caption = Ministry building, viale Trastevere.
| formed = {{Start date|1997}}
| preceding1 =
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| jurisdiction = [[Government of Italy]]
| headquarters = Via Michele Carcani, 61 00153 [[Rome]]
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The '''National Council of University Students''' (in {{lang-it|'''Consiglio Nazionale degli Studenti Universitari'''|italic=no}} or '''CNSU''') is an advisory body of the [[Ministry of Education, University and Research (Italy)]] (in {{lang-it|'''Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca'''|italic=no}}) of the [[Italian Republic]]. Provided for by law no. 59 15th of March 1997<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/97059l.htm |title=Law no. 59 15th of March 1997's text}}</ref>, was actually established with the Presidential Decree 2 December 1997, n. 491<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edizionieuropee.it/LAW/HTML/31/zn57_11_220.html |title=Presidential Decree 2 December 1997's text}}</ref>.

The current President is Luigi Leone Chiapparino of the UDU, a student of the [[University of Perugia]] (Central District). The role of Vice President is currently held by Daniele Tagliacozzo, a student of the [[Roma Tre University]] (Central District), di [[Young Democrats (Italy) #University students organization|Primavera degli Studenti]]<ref name=":gd">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdbergamo.net/wp-content/uploads/MOZIONE-CONGRESSO-REGIONALE-GD-LOMBARDIA-2020.pdf|title=Congresso GD 2020|quote=In seguito all’esaurimento dell’esperienza della RUN (Rete Universitaria Nazionale), abbiamo manifestato a livello nazionale e regionale il nostro interesse ad aderire alla costituenda associazione PdS, Primavera degli Studenti, quale nuovo soggetto di riferimento dei Giovani democratici all’interno delle università.}}</ref>.

==Structure==
It is an elective body composed of 28 students enrolled in [[Bachelor degree]]'s and [[Master degree]]'s courses, a research [[Doctorate]] student and a [[postgraduate]]. The members are appointed by decree of the [[Italian Minister of University and Research]], remain in office for three years and members cannot be re-elected. Elections for the designation of members take place every three years<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnsu.miur.it/argomenti/documentazione/precedenti-cnsu.aspx |title= Previous Councils members, Presidents and Vice-presidents}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://phdguide.unibz.it/en/life-on-campus/student-elections/cnsu-elections/ |title= 2019 elections rule in English language, taken by Free University of Bozen-Bolzano's PhD Guide website}}</ref>.

==Role==
The Council can formulate opinions and proposals to the Italian Minister of University and Research concerning the university world (implementation of reforms, [[Right to education]], funding, news of national importance concerning national universities)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.miur.it/guida/capitolo5.htm |title= Ministry website}}</ref>.

In particular, as written in the Presidential Decree 2 December 1997, n. 491<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edizionieuropee.it/LAW/HTML/31/zn57_11_220.html |title=Presidential Decree 2 December 1997's text}}</ref>:
* on the reorganization projects of the university system prepared by the Minister;
* on ministerial decrees, which define the general criteria for regulating the teaching systems of [[Academic major|university study courses]], as well as the methods and tools for orientation and to encourage student mobility;
* on the criteria for assigning and using the ordinary funding fund (in {{lang-it|[[:it:Fondo di finanziamento ordinario]]|italic=no}}) and the university rebalancing quota;
* elects eight student representatives to the [[Consiglio Universitario Nazionale]] from among its members, and also appoints three members to the advisory committee of the [[ANVUR|National Agency for the Evaluation of the University and Research System]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anvur.it/en/agency/advisory-committee/ |title=ANVUR Advisory Committee composition |quote=Three members are appointed by CNSU – National Council of University Students; |access-date=2021-01-30 |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515205254/https://www.anvur.it/en/agency/advisory-committee/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> and of the ANDISU (in {{lang-it|[[:it:National Association of Bodies for the Right to University Education]]|italic=no}});
* can make proposals and can be heard by the Minister on other matters of general interest to the university;
* submits to the minister, within one year of taking office, a report on the student status within the university system;
* he can address questions to the minister about facts or events of national importance regarding teaching and the student condition, which will be answered within 60 days.
* The Board elects its own president, a vice president and four members who make up the presidency office.
* The Council is one of the supporter of Civicrazia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.civicrazia.org/che-cose-civicrazia/|title=What is Civicrazia?}}</ref>

== Elections' Results ==
Up to now seven national elections have been held, every 3 years: 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://miur.gov.it/documents/20182/1370727/Comunicato+del+7+giugno+2019.pdf/f330dd46-7b1d-4fee-af2f-db4df2b671bd |url-status=dead |title=CNSU 2019 Elections' Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607163629/https://miur.gov.it/documents/20182/1370727/Comunicato%2Bdel%2B7%2Bgiugno%2B2019.pdf/f330dd46-7b1d-4fee-af2f-db4df2b671bd |access-date= |archive-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>; 2016<ref>{{cite web| url=http://attiministeriali.miur.it/anno-2016/giugno/co-10062016-(1).aspx |url-status=dead |title=CNSU 2016 Elections' Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012604/http://attiministeriali.miur.it/anno-2016/giugno/co-10062016-(1).aspx |archive-date=2016-06-18}}</ref>; 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hubmiur.pubblica.istruzione.it/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/62d9b6b8-6b50-4f1f-b7d9-f76476fea7ed/ELENCO_STUDENTI_Elezioni_cnsu_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |title=CNSU 2013 Elections' Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105518/http://hubmiur.pubblica.istruzione.it/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/62d9b6b8-6b50-4f1f-b7d9-f76476fea7ed/ELENCO%20STUDENTI_Elezioni_cnsu_2013.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>; 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hubmiur.pubblica.istruzione.it/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/435fb205-9ca2-4448-8953-daf6d76af115/Risultati_elezioni_cnsu_2010-studenti.pdf |url-status=dead |title=CNSU 2010 Elections' Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309122158/http://hubmiur.pubblica.istruzione.it/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/435fb205-9ca2-4448-8953-daf6d76af115/Risultati%20elezioni%20cnsu%202010%20-%20studenti.pdf|archive-date=2013-03-09}}</ref>; 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miur.it/UserFiles/Elezioni_CNSU_Collegio_elettorale_I_Distretto.pdf |title=CNSU 2007 I Elections' Results}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miur.it/UserFiles/Elezioni_CNSU_Collegio_elettorale_II_Distretto.pdf |title=CNSU 2007 II Elections' Results}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miur.it/UserFiles/Elezioni_CNSU_Collegio_elettorale_III_Distretto.pdf |title=CNSU 2007 III Elections' Results}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miur.it/UserFiles/Elezioni_CNSU_Collegio_elettorale_IV_Distretto.pdf |title=CNSU 2007 IV Elections' Results}}</ref> and 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cnsu2000.miur.it/elezioni_rinnovo/Graduatoria%20Tutti%20Distretti.pdf |title=CNSU 2004 Elections' Results |access-date=2021-01-30 |archive-date=2022-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128184734/http://cnsu2000.miur.it/elezioni_rinnovo/Graduatoria%20Tutti%20Distretti.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, with the first one held in 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://universitas.mapnet.it/pdf/universitas%20n%20078.pdf|title=CNSU 2000 Elections' Results|pp=37-38}}</ref>.

== Sources ==
:''This article originated as a partial translation of [[:it:Consiglio nazionale degli studenti universitari|this version]] of ''[[:it:Consiglio Nazionale degli Studenti Universitari]]'', its counterpart in the [[Italian Wikipedia]]''.

==See also==
* ANVUR
* Consiglio Universitario Nazionale
* Ministry of Education, University and Research (Italy)

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.cnsu.miur.it}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Education}}
[[Category:Education ministries|Italy]]
[[Category:Education in Italy]]
[[Category:College and university associations and consortia in Europe]]

== Consiglio Nazionale degli Studenti Universitari ==

{{AfC submission|||ts=20210124152053|u=131.175.12.9|ns=118}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences

2026-07-25T18:13:13Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|For-profit technical school in Arizona, U.S.}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences|timestamp=20210319200520|year=2021|month=March|day=19|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{more citations needed|date=August 2016}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences
| established = 1988
| city = Tempe
| motto = Cras people make it
| type = [[Private college|Private]] [[For-profit school|for-profit]] [[technical school]]
| students = 619 (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unigo.com/colleges/conservatory-of-recording-arts-and-sciences#StudentBody |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences |publisher=Unigo Group |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref>
| city = [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]]
| state = [[Arizona]]
| country = United States
| website = [http://Cras.edu Cras.edu]
}}

The '''Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences''' (informally '''Cras''') is a private for-profit technical school specializing in audio recording, [[audio engineer]]ing and [[Record producer|production]] education with its main location in Tempe and a satellite campus in [[Gilbert, Arizona]]. It is accredited by the [[Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges]] and approved by the [[Arizona State Board of Private Postsecondary Education]].<ref name=ACCSC/><ref name=ACCSC>{{cite web|url=http://www.accsc.org/directory/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625064218/http://www.accsc.org/Directory/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |title=Directory of Accredited Institutions |publisher=Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges |access-date=March 21, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=BBB/><ref name=BBB>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbb.org/us/az/tempe/profile/business-school/conservatory-of-recording-arts-sciences-1126-41307 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625064218/https://www.bbb.org/us/az/tempe/profile/business-school/conservatory-of-recording-arts-sciences-1126-41307 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts And Sciences |publisher=Better Business Bureau |access-date=March 21, 2021 }}</ref>

==History==
First established in [[New York, New York|New York]], in 1980 a 24-track recording studio called '''Songshop''' offered adult training classes to novices as well as record label personnel. These classes proved to be very popular, and the increasing demand for training and hands-on experience necessitated expansion of the program to include internships with commercial studios and recording artists.

In 1987 the entire enterprise moved to Tempe and the name was changed to “The Academy of Recording Sciences.” As the reputation of the institution gained prominence in the music recording industry, the name was again changed in 1988 to the '''Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences''', as this more appropriately reflected the nature of the institution – “to conserve, enhance, improve and promote the artistic and technical skills of audio recording by preparing students to enter the business as qualified audio recording engineers.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cras.edu/about/ |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences History |publisher=Cras |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref>
In 2000, a satellite Location was opened in Gilbert allowing the school to accept more students and create a large live sound room to teach within.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://communityimpact.com/phoenix/gilbert/business/2019/03/04/conservatory-of-recording-arts-sciences-puts-students-on-track-for-jobs-working-the-boards/ |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts & Sciences puts students on track for jobs working the boards |publisher=Community Impact |access-date=March 21, 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Out of the total 83 categories at the Grammys in February 2016, 47 different alumni have contributed to pieces that were nominated in 42 different Grammy categories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/get_out/performance/article_15c1926a-ae88-11e4-9208-8fd2baae1895.html|title=Gilbert recording school alumni poised for big wins at the Grammys|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences has two campuses, the main campus located in Tempe and a satellite campus located in Gilbert. The Tempe location hosts eight classrooms along with state of the art equipment such as a [[Solid State Logic]] 4000 console, Neotek elite console, and [[API]] legacy console.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cras.edu/campuses/tempe-main-campus/|title=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences Tempe Campus|publisher=Cras|access-date=March 21, 2021|archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305155622/https://cras.edu/campuses/tempe-main-campus/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

The satellite campus located in Gilbert hosts nine classrooms as well as a mobile broadcast unit and {{cvt|6,000|sqft}} live sound venue. It has much of the same equipment as the Tempe location such as a Solid State Logic 4000 console, Neotek elite console, and API legacy console.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cras.edu/campuses/gilbert-campus/ |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences Gilbert Campus |publisher=Cras |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305162611/https://cras.edu/campuses/gilbert-campus/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Both campuses are equipped with industry standard equipment and the same audio monitoring system as studios like Skywalker Sound and Chase Productions.

==Academics==
The School is accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges and the Arizona State Board of Private Postsecondary Education to offer degrees in audio.<ref name=ACCSC/><ref name=ACCSC/><ref name=BBB/><ref name=BBB/> The school is approved to teach veterans by [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] and the Arizona Department of Veterans' Services<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dvs.az.gov/conservatory-recording-arts-sciences/ |title=Vetrans and Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences |publisher=Arizona Department of Veterans' Services |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027061933/https://dvs.az.gov/conservatory-recording-arts-sciences |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.va.gov/gi-bill-comparison-tool/profile/25005103 |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences Vetrans Affairs |publisher=Vetrans Affairs |access-date=March 21, 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The school offers a degree in recording after an 11-month program and internship as well as 16 certifications in software. Certifications include 6 Pro Tools certifications,<ref name="Avid">{{cite web |url=https://www.avid.com/customer-stories/conservatory-of-recording-arts-and-sciences |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences |publisher=Avid |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref> [[focusrite]] Rednet,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aes.org/sections/reports/?ID=3439 |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences and Rednet |publisher=AES |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref> [[Celemony]] Melodyne, [[L’Acoustics]] Soundvision, TC Electronic M3000, TC Electronic System S6000, Waves, Wwise,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.audiokinetic.com/about/news/audiokinetic-and-cras-partner-to-create-online-certification-program-for-wwise/ |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences and audio kinetic |publisher=audio kinetic |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref> Midas M32, [[Apple Logic Pro]] X, [[Antares]] Auto-tune Pro, and [[Rational Acoustics]] Smaart.

The school is a [[Pro Tools|Avid Pro Tools]] Curricular partner.<ref name="Avid"/> It also has its own [[AES]] chapter <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aes.org/sections/view.cfm?section=263 |title=Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences AES Student Sector |publisher=AES |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref>

==Noteworthy staff==
Since 1992, [[Robert Brock]] has worked at the Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences During that time he has led the development of manufacturer training and certification websites for Studer Vista series digital audio consoles and Audiokinetic's Wwise game audio integration software,contributed articles to audio trade magazines and has contributed in both editorial and authorship roles for the Logic and Soundtrack Pro Apple Pro Training Series books published by Peachpit Press. In 2009 Brock was honored by being selected as an ADE (Apple Distinguished Educator) and served on the ADE advisory board for five years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cras.edu/program/faculty/ |title=cras faculty |publisher=cras |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306134634/https://cras.edu/program/faculty/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> In 2020 he helped design the artificial crowd noise for many [[NFL]] stadiums including the [[New England Patriots]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.patriots.com/news/sounds-of-the-season-how-2020-s-artificial-crowd-noise-became-reality |title=how 2020's artificial crowd sound was made |publisher=New England Patriots |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
239 Grammy Nominated Recording since 2004

3828 have credits for over 3,800 films, TV, and documentary projects

122 AAA Video Game Titles over the past ten years
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Grammy Winners
|-
! Year !! Alumni name !! Credit !! Artist !! Album/Song
|-
| 2020 || Chris Kasych || Engineer || Vampire Weekend Best Alternative Music Album || Father of the Bride
|-
| 2020 || Gosha Usov || Assistant Engineer || Elvis Costello & The Imposters Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album || Look Now
|-
| 2020 || Greg Eliason || Assistant Engineer || Willie Nelson Best Country Solo Performance || Ride Me Back Home
|-
| 2020 || Greg Foeller || Recording Assistant || Tool Best Metal Performance || 7Empest
|-
| 2020 || Ike Schultz || Assistant Mixing Engineer || Lizzo Best Urban Contemporary Album || Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)
|-
| 2020 || Morgan Stratton || Recording Assistant || Tool Best Metal performance || 7Empest
|-
| 2020 || Scott Moore || Assistant Engineer || Elvis Costello & The Imposters Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album || Look Now
|-
| 2020 || Scott Moore || Recording Assistant || Tool Best Metal Performance || 7Empest
|-
| 2019 || Cory Bice || Assistant Recording Engineer || Ariana Grande Best Pop Vocal Album || Sweetener
|-
| 2019 || Darrell Thorp || Recording Engineer/Mix Engineer || Beck Best Alternative Music Album || Colors
|-
| 2019 || Darrell Thorp || Recording Engineer/Mix Engineer || Beck Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical || Colors
|-
| 2019 || Eric Rennaker || Assistant Engineer (tracks Z5) || Weird Al” Yankovic Best Boxed Or Special Limited Edition Package || Squeeze Box: The Complete Works of “Weird Al” Yankovic
|-
| 2019 || Greg Eliason || Assistant Engineer || Luis Miguel Best Regional Mexican Music Album || ¡MÉXICO POR SIEMPRE!
|-
| 2019 || Jacob Dennis || Assistant Recording Engineer || Ariana Grande Best Pop Vocal Album || Sweetener
|-
| 2019 || Joe Baldridge || Recording Engineer || Dan + Shay Best Country Duo/Group Performance || Tequila
|-
| 2019 || John Congleton || Producer || St. Vincent Best Rock Song || Masseducation
|-
| 2019 || John Congleton || Producer || St. Vincent Best Recording Package || Masseducation
|-
| 2019 || Johnnie Burik || Assistant Engineer || Lady Gaga Best Pop Solo Performance || Joanne (Where Do You Think You're Goin?)
|-
| 2019 || Noah Killeen || Assistant Engineer || Laurie Anderson & Kronos Quartet Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance || Anderson, Laurie: Landfall
|-
| 2019 || Sam Holland || Engineer || Ariana Grande Best Pop Vocal Album || Sweetener
|-
| 2019 || Timothy Marchiafava || Assistant Engineer || The Wayne Shorter Quartet Best Jazz Instrumental Album || Emanon
|-
| 2019 || Will Quinnell || Assistant Engineer || Silk City & Dua Lipa Featuring Diplo & Mark Ronson Best Dance Recording || Electricity
|-
| 2019 || Will Quinnell || Mastering Engineer || PJ Morton Featuring Yebba Best Traditional R&B Performance || How Deep Is Your Love
|-
| 2018 || Buckley Miller || Engineer || MercyMe Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song || Grace Got You
|-
| 2018 || Chris Kasych || Recording Engineer || Soundtrack Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media || Lady Bird
|-
| 2018 || Cory Bice || Assistant Recording Engineer || Ariana Grande Best Pop Vocal Album || Sweetener
|-
| 2018 || Cory Bice || Assistant Engineer || P!nk Best Pop Vocal Album || Beautiful Trauma
|-
| 2018 || Darrell Thorp || Recording Engineer/Mix Engineer || Beck Best Alternative Music Album || Colors
|-
| 2018 || Darrell Thorp || Recording Engineer || Twenty One Pilots Best Rock Song || Jumpsuit
|-
| 2018 || David Davis || Engineer || “Kristen Anderson-Lopez & Robert Lopez, songwriters (Miguel Featuring Natalia Lafourcade)” Best Song Written For Visual Media || Remember Me
|-
| 2018 || David Davis || Engineer || Michael Giacchino, composer Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media || Coco
|-
| 2018 || Eric Rennaker || Assistant Engineer (tracks Z5) || “Meghan Foley, Annie Stoll & Al Yankovic, art directors (“Weird Al” Yankovic)” Best Boxed Or Special Limited Edition Package || Squeeze Box: The Complete Works of “Weird Al” Yankovic
|-
| 2018 || Erick Jaskowiak || Engineer || Wood & Wire Best Bluegrass Album || North of Despair
|-
| 2018 || Gordon Hammond || Engineer || Willie Nelson Best American Roots Performance || Last Man Standing
|-
| 2018 || Gordon Hammond || Engineer || Willie Nelson Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album || My Way
|-
| 2018 || Greg Eliason || Assistant Engineer || Ghost Best Rock Album || Prequelle
|-
| 2018 || Greg Eliason || Assistant Engineer || Luis Miguel Best Regional Mexican Music Album || ¡México Por Siempre!
|-
| 2018 || Jared Hirshland || Engineering || Ziggy Marley Best Reggae Album || Rebellion Rises
|-
| 2018 || Joe Baldridge || Recording Engineer || Dan + Shay Best Country Song || Tequila
|-
| 2018 || John Congleton || Producer, Recorded, Mixed || Carson Ellis, Jeri Heiden & Glen Nakasako Best Boxed Or Special Limited Edition Package || I'll Be Your Girl
|-
| 2018 || John Congleton || Producer || St. Vincent Best Rock Song || Masseducation
|-
| 2018 || John Congleton || Engineer || Willo Perron, art director (St. Vincent) Best Recording Package || Masseducation
|-
| 2018 || John Palmieri || Digital Editing, Overdub Engineer, Percussion, Vocal Engineer, Vocals (Background) || Cole Swindell Best Country Song || Break Up in the End
|-
| 2018 || Johnnie Burik || Assistant || Lady Gaga Best Pop Solo Performance || Joanne (Where Do You Think You're Goin?)
|-
| 2018 || Michael Law Thomas || Recording Engineer || Various Artists Album Of The Year || Black Panther: The Album, Music from and Inspired by
|-
| 2018 || Micheal Peterson || Assistant Engineer, Mixing Assistant || Miguel Featuring J. Cole & Salaam Remi Best R&B Song || Come Through and Chill
|-
| 2018 || Morgan Stratton || Assistant Engineer || Boz Scaggs Best Contemporary Blues Album || Out of the Blues
|-
| 2018 || Morgan Stratton || Engineer || Larry Klein Producer Of The Year, Non-Classical || All These Things
|-
| 2018 || Nik Karpen || Mixing Assistant || Halestorm Best Rock Performance || Uncomfortable
|-
| 2018 || Noah Killeen || Assistant Engineer || Laurie Anderson & Kronos Quartet Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance || Landfall
|-
| 2018 || Rob Williams || Assistant || Michael W. Smith Best Contemporary Christian Music Album || Surrounded
|-
| 2018 || Robert Cheeseman || Assistant Recording Engineer || High On Fire Best Metal Performance || Electric Messiah
|-
| 2018 || Sam Holland || Engineer || Taylor Swift Best Pop Vocal Album || Reputation
|-
| 2018 || Scott Moore || Assistant Engineer || “The Count Basie Orchestra Directed By Scotty Barnhart” Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album || All About That Basie
|-
| 2018 || Steve Olmon || Recording Engineer || Alice In Chains Best Rock Album || Rainer Fog
|-
| 2018 || Timothy Marchiafava || Assistant Engineer || Brad Mehldau Trio Best Jazz Instrumental Album || Seymour Reads the Constitution!
|-
| 2018 || Timothy Marchiafava || Assistant Engineer || The Wayne Shorter Quartet Best Jazz Instrumental Album || Emanon
|-
| 2018 || Will Delaney || Assistant Engineer || Miguel Best Urban Contemporary Album || War & Leisure
|-
| 2018 || Will Quinnell || Mastering Engineer || Chris Dave And The Drumhedz Best Urban Contemporary Album || Chris Dave and the Drumhedz
|-
| 2018 || Will Quinnell || Mastering Engineer || Fall Out Boy Best Rock Album || M A N I A
|-
| 2018 || Will Quinnell || Mastered || Kelly Clarkson Best Pop Vocal Album || Meaning of Life
|-
| 2018 || Will Quinnell || Mastered || PJ Morton Best R&B Performance || First Began
|-
| 2018 || Will Quinnell || Mastered || PJ Morton Best R&B Album || Gumbo Unplugged (Live)
|-
| 2018 || Will Quinnell || Mastered || PJ Morton Featuring Yebba Best Traditional R&B Performance || How Deep Is Your Love
|-
| 2018 || Will Quinnell || Assistant Engineer || Silk City & Dua Lipa Featuring Diplo & Mark Ronson Best Dance Recording || Electricity
|-
| 2018 || Zeph Sowers || Recording Engineer || The Carters Best R&B Performance || Summer
|-
| 2018 || Zeph Sowers || Recording Engineer || The Carters Best Urban Contemporary Album || Everything Is Love
|-
| 2017 || Adam Chagnon || Recording Engineer || Tim McGraw Best Country Song || “Humble and Kind” on Damn Country Music
|-
| 2017 || Chris Kasych || Engineer || Adele Album of the Year || 25
|-
| 2017 || Jacob Dennis || Assistant Engineer || Adele Record of the Year || Hello
|-
| 2017 || Jared Hirshland || Engineer || Ziggy Marley Best Reggae Album || Ziggy Marley
|-
| 2017 || Jeremy Underwood || Engineer || Lalah Hathaway Best R&B Album || Lalah Hathaway Live
|-
| 2017 || John Cranfield || Assistant Engineer || Beyoncé Best Urban Contemporary Album || Lemonade
|-
| 2017 || Juan Sevilla || Assistant Recording Engineer || Maren Moris Best Country Solo Performance || My Church
|-
| 2017 || Michael Peterson || Assistant || Twenty One Pilots Best Pop Duo/Group Performance || Stressed Out
|-
| 2016 || Cory Bice || Assistant Engineer || Taylor Swift Best Pop Vocal Album || 1989
|-
| 2016 || Cory Bice || Assistant Recording Engineer || Taylor Swift ft. Kendrick Lamar Best Music Video || Bad Blood
|-
| 2016 || Cory Bice || Assistant Engineer || The Weeknd Best Urban Contemporary Album || Beauty Behind the Madness
|-
| 2016 || David Natale || Engineer || Mavis Staples Best American Roots Performance || See That My Grave is Kept Clean
|-
| 2016 || Jeremy Underwood || Engineer || Lalah Hathaway Best Traditional R&B Performance || Little Ghetto Boy
|-
| 2016 || Jordan Stilwell || Engineer || The Weeknd Best R&B Performance || Earned It (Fifty Shades of Gray soundtrack)
|-
| 2016 || Justin Merrill || Engineer || Leslie Ann Jones, John Kilgore, Nora Kroll-Rosenbaum & Justin Merrill, engineers; Patricia Sullivan, mastering engineer (George Manahan & San Francisco Ballet Orchestra) Best Engineered Album, Classical || Ask Your Mama
|-
| 2016 || Keith Munson || Assistant Engineer || Lonnie Lynn, Che Smith & John Stephens, songwriters (Common & John Legend) Best Song Written for Visual Media || Glory
|-
| 2016 || Matthew Wheeler || Mix Assistant || Little Big Town Best Country Song || Girl Crush
|-
| 2016 || Mike Layos || Assistant Engineer || D’Angelo & The Vanguard Best R&B Album || Black Messiah
|-
| 2016 || Mike Layos || Assistant Engineer || D’Angelo & The Vanguard Best R&B Song || “Really Love” on Black Messiah
|-
| 2016 || Sorrel Brigman || Recording Assistant || Chris Stapleton Best Country Solo Performance || Traveller
|-
| 2016 || Steven Wessing || Assistant Assembly, Engineer || Joni Mitchell Best Album Notes || Love Has Many Faces: A Quartet, A Ballet, Waiting to Be Danced
|-
| 2016 || Tim Marchiafava || Assistant Engineer || Tony Bennett & Bill Charlap Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album || The Silver Lining: The Songs of Jerome Kern
|-
| 2015 || Darrell Thorp || Engineer || Beck Best Rock Album || Morning Phase
|-
| 2015 || Greg Magers || Vocal Engineer || Robert Glasper Experiment Featuring Lalah Hathaway & Malcolm-Jamal Warner Best Traditional R&B Performance || Jesus Children
|-
| 2015 || Isha Erskine || Engineer || Ziggy Marley Best Reggae Album || Fly Rasta
|-
| 2015 || Jacob Dennis || Assistant Engineer || Pharrell Williams Best Urban Contemporary Album || Girl
|-
| 2015 || Jacob Dennis || Assistant Engineer || Pharrell Williams Best Pop Solo Performance || Happy (Live)
|-
| 2015 || Jacob Morris || Digital Editing, Engineer, Post Production || Lecrae Featuring For King & Country Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song || Messengers
|-
| 2015 || John Congleton || Engineer, Mixing, Producer || St. Vincent Best Alternative Music Album || St. Vincent
|-
| 2015 || Matthew Wheeler || Engineer || Miranda Lambert Best Country Album || Platinum
|-
| 2015 || Mike Bauer || Assistant Engineer || Billy Childs, arranger (Billy Childs Featuring Renée Fleming & Yo-Yo Ma) Best Arrangement, Instruments and Vocals || New York Tendaberry
|-
| 2015 || Sara Lyn Killion || Engineer || Tenacious D Best Metal Performance || The Last In Line
|-
| 2015 || Sheldon Yellowhair || Assistant Engineer || Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album || Cheek to Cheek
|}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com |title=Grammy Winners |publisher=Grammy |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:For-profit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Arizona]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Conservatism in Taiwan

2026-07-25T18:00:20Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Conservatism in Taiwan|timestamp=20201017165041|year=2020|month=October|day=17|substed=yes}}


{{Short description|Political ideologies focused on the One-China policy}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}
{{unfocused|date=June 2018}}
'''Conservatism in Taiwan''' is a broad political philosophy which espouses the [[One-China policy]] as a vital com<nowiki/>ponent for the [[Taiwan|Republic of China (ROC)]]'s international security and economic development, as opposed to [[Taiwanization]] and Taiwanese sovereignty. Fundamental conservative ideas are grounded in [[Confucianism|Confucian values]] and strands of Chinese philosophy associated with [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s teachings, a large centralized government which intervenes closely in the lives of individuals on both social and economic levels, and the construction of unified [[Sinocentrism|Sinocentric national identity]]. Conservative ideology in Taiwan constitutes the character and policies of the [[Kuomintang|Kuomintang (KMT)]] party and that of the [[Pan-Blue Coalition|pan-blue camp]].

__TOC__

== Overview: Three spheres of Conservative Policy ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
=== Cross-Strait Policy ===
The relationship between the Republic of China (ROC) and the [[China|People's Republic of China (PRC)]] is Taiwan's main concern in foreign affairs. In a broad sense, the conservative Cross-Strait stance adheres to the notion of One-China, represented by the Kuomintang (KMT). However, the integration of this [[One-China|One-China philosophy]] into the party line has changed considerably. By the end of [[Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek’s]] presidency, the agenda of radical pro-unification via military force has slowly devolved into the desire for peaceful and strategic, albeit competitive coexistence rather than outright contention. Over time, the latter strategy has consolidated into the [[One China principle|One-China principle]] as a result of the [[1992 Consensus]], which proposed a unified entity comprising both Taiwan and the Mainland, while leaving the issue of representation open to interpretation. From a comparative standpoint, conservatives derive economic and security benefits from communication with the PRC, while warning against Taiwan's isolation and insecurity implied under [[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwanese sovereignty.]] For Taiwan's political conservatives, the status quo is less than optimal, but at least better than independence.

=== Domestic Policy ===
Conservative domestic policy in Taiwan reflects a strong government at the center of policy and decision-making, in which the state takes initiative for individuals and closely intervenes in their daily lives. This runs counter to [[Western conservatism|Western political conservatism]], which supports a [[small government]] that operates on the perimeter of social life in order to respect the liberty of citizens. As such, conservative KMT policies may also be characterized by a focus on maintaining the traditions and doctrine of Confucian thought, namely reinforcing the morals of paternalism and patriarchy in Taiwan's society. Moreover, conservatism focuses on preserving the safety of the status quo under the One-China principle, which embodies the traditional political thought of the KMT party, as opposed to the uncertainty of change under the opposition parties' associated pro-independence movement. On a broader level, political conservatism within Taiwan revolves around building and later, preserving a unified Chinese national identity based on Sinocentrism. Similar to the threat of multiculturalism which governs one primary concern for western conservatives i.e. United States, KMT policies are against the integration of [[Taiwanese aborigines|Aboriginal culture]] into the mainstream Chinese identity.

=== Economic Policy ===
In terms of [[Economic policy|economic policies]], [[conservatism]] in Taiwan can be described as highly interventionist. The national economy is centrally planned for the purpose of development and little separation between state and society exists. That opposes the general notion of economic conservatism, where little to no [[Economic interventionism|government intervention]] in the economic affairs is desired. This ideological difference stems from the Confucian roots of Taiwanese conservatism. Following the notion of Confucian [[Paternalistic conservatism|paternalism]], where the father is the head of the family, conservatives see the state as the head of society. As such, the state has to ensure the well-being of the population by promoting development and interfering in the economic affairs. Examples of conservative policies include the 1949-1953 Land Reforms, the 1950-1968 Economic Reforms aimed at encouraging production for export, the [[Ten Major Construction Projects]] and the establishment of the [[Three Links|Three Direct Links]] with China.

== Origins and Philosophy ==

=== Socioreligious tradition of Confucianism ===
There are four basic elements of Confucianism which apply to conservatist governance. The [[Paternalism|Paternalistic State]] entails top-down decision making under the notion that the “Father is the head of the house, and likewise, the state the head of society.” Leaders possess, ''[[Jen (Confucianism)|jen]]'', a supreme virtue representing human qualities at their best which determines their right to rule. The idea of s''ocial order and harmony'' translates into the assumption of the benevolent state - ''[[Ren (Confucianism)|ren/humaneness]],'' with which civil society works together - ''shu/reciprocity,'' rather than oppose, monitor, and scrutinize.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Chun-chieh|last2=Wu|first2=Kung-ming|date=|title=Taiwan and the Confucius Aspiration: Towards the Twenty-first Century|url=http://huang.cc.ntu.edu.tw/pdf/CCB1306.pdf|journal=NTU Databases|volume=3|pages=72–86|via=ntu.edu.tw|access-date=September 22, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728195923/http://huang.cc.ntu.edu.tw/pdf/CCB1306.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The [[Patriarchy|Notion of Patriarchy]] positions men as leaders, and women as passive. Confucius and [[Mencius]], in the [[Three Obediences and Four Virtues|''three obediences'']] depict obedience to the father and elder brothers when young, to the husband when married, and to the sons when widowed. Finally, c''ollectivity'' captures the absence of the tradition of celebrating the individual in contrast to the United States. Instead, hierarchy is respected because it reflects naturally ordained positions in society. Moreover, the fulfilment of individual duties in a given position is necessary for the function of society.

=== Sun Yat-sen's Political Perspectives ===
Many of the Kuomintang's policies were inspired by its founder Sun Yat-sen’s vision, and his ''[[Three Principles of the People]]'': nationalism (民族主義), democracy (民權主義) and people’s livelihood (民生主義). These three principles combine to make Taiwan a free, powerful, and prosperous nation, although they are selectively interpreted in a specific context which deviates from Sun Yat-sen's original intent. For example, during Chiang Kai-shek’s rule and much of [[Chiang Ching-kuo]]’s, the [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian state]] overshadowed democracy by censoring the people’s voice. However, most of his political ideas which were later adapted by his successors in governing Taiwan included equalization of land ownership, learning Chinese traditional morality through Confucian values, and the regulation of state capital by national corporations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,29,31,45&post=6996|title=Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Political Philosophy - Taiwan Today|last=(Taiwan)|first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China|date=1965-04-01|website=Taiwan Today|language=en|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref>

== Chronology of Kuomintang governments ==

=== Chiang Kai-shek (1945–1975) ===
{{Main|Chiang Kai-shek}}
[[File:蔣中正肖像(上色).jpg|thumb|President Chiang Kai-shek]]

==== Cross-Strait Policy ====
Chiang Kai-shek`s retreat to Taiwan following the [[Chinese Civil War]], and the subsequent establishment of the ROC in December 1949, marked the beginning of the One-China party line. In Taiwan, the KMT immediately insisted on its right to maintain the position of the legal representative of all of China. The “government in exile”, a term the ROC under Chiang Kai-shek elected to call itself, remained a status recognized by the international community until October 1971, when Taiwan's seat in the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] was replaced by that of the PRC, and February 1972, which marked [[Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China|Nixon's historical visit to Peking]] which ended in the shocking [[Shanghai Communiqué|Shanghai Communique.]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Republic of China under Chiang Kai-Shek: Taiwan Today .|last=Lumley|first=F.A.|publisher=|year=1976|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

Initially, the KMT sought to bide time and strength under US assistance and protection in order to retake the mainland. The outbreak of the [[Korean War]] prompted [[Harry S. Truman|President Truman]] to order the Seventh Fleet to defend Taiwan against the possibility of invasion on June 27, 1950.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Taiwan under Chiang Kai Shek's Era: 1945-1976|url=http://www.univie.ac.at/Sinologie/repository/uePRDemokrUIdentTaiwanSeit1980/Cheng_TaiwanUnderChiangKai-shek_sEra1945-1976.pdf|journal=Asian Profile|volume= 16| issue = 4|pages=299–315|via=}}</ref> Although the US overall goal was not to aid Chiang's return to the mainland, but to build Taiwan into a fortress against communism, it allowed Chiang to pursue his military vision of reunification.

As a staunch [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], Chiang pushed his doctrine of pro-reunification under the ideology of liberating the mainland from the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] using force. Hence, the army of civilians, legal specialists, troops, and other skilled workers that came with him viewed Taiwan as a temporary base for building industrial and military strength towards the level necessary to retake the mainland. In August 1955, and later in 1958, Chiang demonstrated his commitment for settling KMT-Communist Party of China (CCP) representative rivalry with military force by instigating conflict along the Tachen, Kinmen and Matsu islands in the [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lu|first=Jinghua|date=November 2011|title=Taiwan's Role in the Breakout of the Taiwan Strait Crises: A Historical Perspective|url=http://isdp.eu/content/uploads/publications/2011_lu_taiwans-role-in-the-breakout.pdf|journal=Institute for Security and Development Policy|volume=|pages=6–15|via=|access-date=September 22, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020537/https://isdp.eu/content/uploads/publications/2011_lu_taiwans-role-in-the-breakout.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The PROC began shelling the islands in response to Chiang's deployment of approximately 60,000 armed troops into the area, which prompted the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]]. In the 1960s smaller skirmishes were accompanied by unconventional strategies aimed at the liberation of China. Chiang Kai-shek deployed planes which dropped leaflets and sent the air force on reconnaissance and espionage missions i.e. blowing up bridges and infrastructure in the mainland. Nevertheless, the 1970s was marked by [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758]], signaling Taiwan's decline in the international community, and with it, the desire to recapture the mainland was replaced by the necessity to survive under the new unstable status quo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/TaiwansFailureattheUN_JPPanda_240908|title=Taiwan's Failure at the UN {{!}} Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|website=idsa.in|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref>

==== Domestic Policy ====
The KMT's One-China policy also influenced its governing policy in Taiwan. Dealing with the island's weakening economy after a long period of prosperity under the Japanese, as well as the residents’ dissatisfaction of KMT's administration, Chiang Kai-shek decided on consolidating his dominance through an authoritarian political system to stabilize Taiwan's internal affairs, opening path for reunification with Mainland.

Structure-wise, the government of Chiang imposed on Taiwan was of little difference than the [[Government of the Republic of China|previous form used to administer Mainland China]]. Almost all of the governmental positions, with the addition of the highest military positions, police, and the educational system, were occupied by [[Mainland Chinese|Mainlanders]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Taiwan/Government-and-society|title=Taiwan {{!}} History, Facts, & People - Government and society|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en}}</ref> Ethnic division in the establishment of the administration system was visible: [[Hoklo people|Hokkien people]], the major ethnicity in Taiwan, took control over local governments. Meanwhile, the minority [[Hakka people|Hakka]] occupied top positions in bodies such as police and railroads, due to their favorability towards Mainlanders.<ref name=":4" /> The KMT created a separate government for Taiwan, consisting of five municipalities and sixteen counties, where local residents could exercise voting rights.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Taiwan: A New History|last=Wang|first=Peter Chen-main|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1999|isbn=9781563248153|editor-last=Rubinstein|editor-first=Murray A.|location=Armonk, New York|pages=320–338|chapter=A Bastion Created, A Regime Reformed, An Economy Reengineered, 1949-1970}}</ref>

A number of progressive social policies were implemented. The government opened more schools and universities,<ref name=":5" /> along with organizing a public healthcare plan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Taiwan/sub5_1a/entry-3800.html|title=TAIWAN UNDER CHANG KAI-SHEK AND THE KUOMINTANG {{!}} Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> The official educational curriculum demanded students learn and speak [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]], while forbidding the use of local languages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sandel|first=Todd L.|date=October 2003|title=Linguistic capital in Taiwan: The KMT's Mandarin language policy and its perceived impact on language practices of bilingual Mandarin and Tai-gi speakers|journal=Language in Society|volume=32|issue=4|pages=523–551|doi=10.1017/s0047404503324030|issn=1469-8013}}</ref> However, in exchange for social welfare, benefits were freedom and democratic rights: continuing the [[Martial law in Taiwan|Martial Law]], which granted extensive power to police and military in case of a “Communist rebellion” Chiang's government throughout the 1950s banned all political activities of the Taiwanese, such as forming parties, publishing newspapers and students’ democracy movements.<ref name=":5" /> There was little transparency inside the government, as the [[Legislative Yuan]] was limited from discussing bureaucratic issues, including but not limited to planning and funding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tan|first=Qingshan|date=2000-06-01|title=Democratization and bureaucratic restructuring in Taiwan|journal=Studies in Comparative International Development|language=en|volume=35|issue=2|pages=48–64|doi=10.1007/BF02687470|s2cid=154200227|issn=0039-3606}}</ref>

The KMT also attempted at maneuvering elections on the local scale: financial assistance and organizational funds were provided for candidates to better run their campaigns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mattlin|first=Mikael|date=December 2004|title=Nested Pyramid Structures: Political Parties in Taiwanese Elections|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=180|pages=1031–1049|doi=10.1017/S0305741004000736|issn=1468-2648}}</ref> The party pushed forward at least two candidates from different factions in one area, then allowed those factions to take turn holding position in the local bureaucracies. Additional economic advantages were also given to those candidates who agreed to comply with KMT.<ref name=":5" />

==== Economic policy ====
A representative economic policy during the rule of Chiang Kai-shek was the Land Reforms introduced between 1949 and 1953, which had profound effects not only to the agricultural sector, but to the whole economy. Their goal was to change the Japanese colonial laid rental system which promoted unfair distribution of land and contributed to the gap between rich and poor. The reforms aimed at making all farmers the owners of their own fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10,23,45,10&post=15716|title=Land-to-the-tiller program transformed Taiwan - Taiwan Today|last=(Taiwan)|first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China|date=2009-08-28|website=Taiwan Today|language=en|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref> The reforms consisted of three stages. First, compulsory reduction of land rent, which limited farm rents to a maximum of 37.5 percent of the annual yield of the main crops. The second stage - sale of public land, that was previously owned and confiscated from Japanese colonists, to actual tenants at a price significantly below market value. The final third stage - the “Land-to-the-Tiller Act”, under which land owned by landlords in excess of 2.9 hectares was compulsorily sold to the government, which in turn resold it to tenants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ho|first=Samuel P.S.|date=1987|title=Economics, Economic Bureaucracy, and Taiwan's Economic Development|jstor=2758133|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=60|issue=2|pages=226–247|doi=10.2307/2758133}}</ref> These reforms touched a vast majority of the Taiwanese agricultural population, with 70% of tenant households having their rents reduced in the first stage. The second and third stages also contributed to reducing the land farmed by tenants from 44% in 1949 to 17% in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/library/1582258/land-reform-in-taiwan|title=Land Reform in Taiwan by Chen Cheng, 1961 {{!}} Online Research Library: Questia|website=www.questia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-11|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201729/https://www.questia.com/library/1582258/land-reform-in-taiwan|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Economically, the reforms were important as with the change of ownership, the incentive framework of the cultivator was transformed - promoting an increase of work efforts, production, investment and adoption of new technologies. This rising productivity was necessary for the subsequent transfer of resources - labor and capital, to other sectors of the economy.<ref name=":0" /> The reforms also brought an impact to the income distribution, improving the incomes of tenants and new owners. It is argued that such policy of distribution first, and growth later also contributed to the [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] growth pattern of the country.<ref name=":0" />

=== Chiang Ching-kuo (1975–1988) ===
{{Main|Chiang Ching-kuo}}
[[File:ChiangChingkuo photo.jpg|thumb|255x255px|President Chiang Ching-kuo]]

==== Cross-Strait Policy ====
Taiwan under KMT president Chiang Ching-kuo embodied a move towards more flexible Cross-Strait relationship in an era of official diplomatic isolation, launched by the [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China|US recognition of the PRC]] on January 1, 1979.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-announces-that-it-will-recognize-communist-china|title=United States announces that it will recognize communist China - Dec 15, 1978 - HISTORY.com|work=HISTORY.com|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> While Chiang Kai-shek's original One-China philosophy maintained Taiwan as its sole legitimate representative, a stance at the time recognized by the international community, his son, confronted by Taiwan's declining international status and the rise of China's power and relevance, could no longer maintain the same hard stance and openly hostile policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10,23,45,10&post=14527|title=Book explores Taiwan's 'pragmatic' approach to foreign policy-making - Taiwan Today|last=(Taiwan)|first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China|date=2007-07-06|website=Taiwan Today|language=en|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> Thus, the KMT under Kuo shifted its interpretation of One-China to the notion of representative rivalry within its current [[Cross-Strait relations]], which expresses Taiwan's necessity to negotiate for its relevance and its concessions made in other foreign arenas in light of the CPP's competing claim of representation.

Under the One-China line, Chiang Ching-kuo negotiated for its own security in order to compete with the PRC's growing power. As such, he filled the void of formal diplomatic ties to other countries with unofficial ties, sharing the modern paradigm of [[Foreign relations of Taiwan|Taiwan's foreign relations.]] Chiang Ching-kuo's responded bitterly to the severing of official relations in 1979 and the termination of the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty|Mutual Defense Treaty]], causing him to reiterate his five principles with regard to ROC-US relations under the banner of “reality, continuity, security, legality, and governmentality." As a result, the United States Congress pushed the [[Taiwan Relations Act]] on Oct. 10 the same year. The act was an unofficial brokerage which allowed the US to deal with external threats to Taiwan and to sell arms for the purpose of defense building.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yeh|first=Chung-lu|date=April 2014|title=Policy Brief III: Taiwan Relations Act: Time For A Change?|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/TRAPolicyBrief.Lu__0.pdf|journal=Policy Brief Series: Wilson Center|volume=Three|pages=2–8|via=|access-date=September 22, 2020|archive-date=July 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705215043/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/TRAPolicyBrief.Lu__0.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

In 1979, the “[[Three Noes]]”: no contact, no compromise, no negotiation, with the PROC was adopted in response to the ROC's “Three Links” and maintained by president Kuo. However, the [[China Airlines Flight 334|hijacking of a Chinese Airline Cargo Plane]] on May 3, 1986, combined with domestic pressure by citizens demanding to reach the mainland, undid the policy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language Politics and identity in Taiwan: Naming China|last=Hui|first=Ching-Chang|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-0415836012|location=|pages=}}</ref> In 1987, an Open Door policy allowed the ROC Red Cross to issue permits for people from Taiwan to travel to their relatives in the mainland, prompting the start of ongoing civilian exchanges between the ROC and the PRC.

The compromise of “[[Chinese Taipei]]” at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] is a significant example of concessions made during Chiang Ching-kuo's administration. Due to China's complaints regarding the term Chinese Taiwan, and the registering of athletes as Chinese athletes, Taiwan adopted "Chinese Taipei" - a term that silently endorsed the One-China principle, and resembled a compromise of representation to which both parties were satisfied.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/the-curious-case-of-taiwan-and-chinese-taipei/1128282|title=The curious case of Taiwan and Chinese Taipei|work=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> This was a pragmatic move toward regaining international space for the ROC, one which embodied a move toward reunification.

==== Domestic Policy ====
In light of growing domestic pro-democracy sentiment, abandonment by the international community - starting from the United States’ decision to not recognize the ROC diplomatically, and China's rising power and international status, Chiang Ching-kuo initiated various strategic, limited democratic concessions in order to consolidate KMT authority against internal and external pressures. Doing so would allow the KMT to strategically continue as a strong state under the semblance of democracy, while also enabling the ROC securely allocate attention abroad in negotiating its One-China policy. Ultimately, human rights issues still remained a major controversy in this era, given that Chiang Ching-kuo kept the main policies of his father's reign alive. However, the Martial Law, the product of his father's security concerns of a communist rebellion was eventually lifted in 1987.

Chiang Ching-kuo's gradual switch from ethnic Chinese conservatism to Taiwanese conservatism began with reshuffling the cabinet to include more ethnically Taiwanese members, albeit on a small scale.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Taiwan: A New History|last=Rubinstein|first=Murray A.|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1999|isbn=9781563248153|editor-last=Rubinstein|editor-first=Murray A.|location=Armonk, New York|pages=436–480|chapter=Political Taiwanization and Pragmatic Diplomacy: the Eras of Chiang Ching-kuo and Lee Teng-hui, 1971-1994}}</ref> The next step in this change was to open the political scene for opposite parties, namely ''[[Tangwai movement|Tangwai]]'' which had its root in the Taiwanese people. While Chiang Ching-kuo began slowly relaxing restraints on political opposition, “Tang-wai” was already earning large support from local elections in the end of the 1970s; much to the extent that after [[Kaohsiung Incident]] in 1979, the KMT initiated stricter surveillance, and capture, of opposition members.<ref name=":6" /> As political activism in the 1980s attracted more and more Taiwanese, the KMT government started carrying out open policies to encourage participation of the remaining population, such as including new talents and religious people.<ref name=":6" /> A prominent example would be Chiang's decision to pick [[Lee Teng-hui]], an original Taiwanese, to be the country's vice-president in 1982.<ref name=":7">{{cite thesis |last=Hansson |first=Ulf |date=2007 |title=Chiang Ching-Kuo A Motive Analysis |type=Bachelor |publisher=Lund University |url=http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/1319621}}</ref> In, 1986, Chiang Ching-kuo did the unthinkable: he flouted the KMT by allowing the illegal formation of the [[Democratic Progressive Party|Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)]]. These policies demonstrate that Chiang Ching-kuo sought to gain international support in order to strengthen his regime, by taking the moral high ground of democratic legitimacy against the rising threat of China. In doing so, he also sought to appease the United States for finance and security reasons.

Another element of Chiang Ching-kuo's era represented the continued exclusion of aboriginal people of Taiwan for fear of polluting Sinocentric national identity. Although the DPP was formed, it was never based on the intention of restoring rights of Aboriginals, but rather as a front to dissipate anger and satisfaction. Furthermore, there were no policies set in motion to return land stolen under Chiang Kai-shek, lift the ban addressing Aboriginal languages, or provide education in schools to continue Aboriginal culture. Only after democratic consolidation occurred after Chiang Ching-kuo, were aboriginal rights restored. In tandem with maintaining a strict Sino-centric identity, as Chiang Ching-kuo and his men were attempting to introduce a new brand of conservatism to the party structure, on the nationwide scale the government was still labeled authoritarian conservative.

==== Economic Policy ====
The 1970s was period of rapid economic development for the Taiwanese economy. The government realized that the existing infrastructure was reaching its maximum capacity and was no longer able to accommodate the economy's needs. Chiang Ching-kuo became the driving force behind the proposal of the first post war large-scale infrastructure construction, namely the Ten Major Construction Projects. They included six projects covering highway, rail, sea and air transportation infrastructure, and others - shipbuilding, oil refining, steel manufacturing and nuclear power generation. The work on the projects started in the early 1970s while Chiang was still a Premier and most of the projects were completed by the end of the decade.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=8,8,29,32,32,45&post=13964|title=Building the Economy of the Future - Taiwan Today|last=(Taiwan)|first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China|date=2011-06-01|website=Taiwan Today|language=en|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref> The construction significantly contributed to mitigating the effects of the 1973 oil crisis, such as spiking unemployment resulting from factory closures. The projects created employment opportunities for 140 000 people and prompted the rapid revival of the economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edu.ocac.gov.tw/local/history_of_taiwan/History/History_10/3.pdf|title=Chiang Ching-kuo and the Ten Major Construction Projects}}</ref> They also established a foundation for the Taiwanese increasing export-oriented economy.<ref name=":1" />

Under Chiang's presidency, the Ten Major Construction Projects were followed by the Twelve Major Construction Projects, which included infrastructure projects and expansion of a steel mill. Next, the Fourteen Major Construction Projects were completed, providing essential materials and infrastructure for the expansion of many small and medium enterprises in the countryside, and therefore promoting growth with equity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&q=taiwan+twelve+new+development+projects&pg=PA313|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|last=Leonard|first=Thomas M.|date=2005-10-27|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781579583880|language=en}}</ref>

=== Lee Teng-hui (1988-2000) ===
{{Main|Lee Teng-hui}}

==== Cross-Strait Policy ====
In handling Cross-Strait Affairs, President Lee diverges from the traditional KMT line. Thus, his contributions to Conservatism must be carefully limited to the economy sphere. Indeed, throughout his presidency, Lee rejected the “1992” Consensus" under the claim that China's characterization of Taiwan as a "renegade province” embodied a straw man argument. Instead, he considered Taiwan as having always remained historically independent, under the observation of the [[Treaty of San Francisco|San-Francisco Treaty.]] Such a radical stance worried China to the extent in which military sanctions were used, prompting the outbreak of the [[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis]].

==== Domestic Policy ====
Due to being regarded as the pioneer of the liberalization ofTaiwanese politics, many internal policies under Lee's presidency did not follow the conservative political line traditional to KMT. During his rule, he actively promoted democracy by removing permanent members of the Legislative Yuan - namely the Mainlanders in power since 1949, as well as holding free elections afterwards to include more Taiwanese members. He emphasized his ethnically Taiwanese identity in his rule, crafting a stronger sense of Taiwanese nationalism following his predecessor Chiang Ching-kuo's steps.

==== Economic Policy ====
During the 1990s the Taiwanese government actively pursued monitoring and control over the cross-strait investments. Various regulations were implemented, such as requiring all firms that were investing in the mainland to report the amount and the nature of their investments. If they failed to do so, variety of punishments were awaiting - including denying permissions to travel, cutting off credits and exchange operations, denying future investment applications.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|jstor=10.7249/mg507osd.11|journal=Chinese Economic Coercion Against Taiwan|date=2007|publisher=RAND Corporation|isbn=9780833039699|editor-last=Tanner|editor-first=Murray Scot|edition=1|series=A Tricky Weapon to Use|pages=33–72|last1=Tanner|first1=Murray Scot|title=Chinese Economic Coercion Against Taiwan|chapter=Taiwanʹs Struggle to Manage Expanding Cross-Strait Economic Ties}}</ref> Regulations also prescribed that new investments over US$1 million would require advance approval, further strengthening the government's ability to oversee the mainland related economic activities.

This period was also marked by a major shift in the Taiwanese investments - from-small scale manufacturing and mostly labor-intensive industries, such as apparel, footwear, food processing, to higher technology production and infrastructure projects. As a result, the value of investments increased greatly, bringing up the government's fears of Taiwan's growing reliance on the mainland. In response, President Lee Teng-hui asserted that the country's excessive dependence upon overseas investment, particularly in the PRC, was diverting capital and attention from revitalizing the domestic economy, and the government might have to put a lid on it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fletcher Matthew|first=Eyton Laurence|date=August 1996|title=A Sharp Change of Course: President Lee and Big Business Spar Over China|url=|journal=Time Magazine|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> One of the new strategies to diversify Taiwanese investments in other less hostile markets, was the “Go South” policy that encouraged outsourcing production in [[Southeast Asia]]. This policy however didn't produce the needed results and reduce the investments to the mainland.<ref name=":2" />

Seeing the weaknesses of the “Go South” strategy, the government took another approach introducing the “No Haste, Be Patient” policy. It required case-by-case approvals of Taiwanese investments in high-technology and infrastructure in the mainland. Also, it imposed limits on investments in the PRC - with a maximum investment level of 20 to 40 percent of a firm's total net worth and a ceiling of US$50 million on individual investments.<ref name=":2" /> A following regulation also banned Taiwanese investment in most large-scale infrastructure and energy projects. It was argued that the policy's objective was not to stop entirely the movement towards the mainland, but to slow and manage the outflow of high-tech firms and give them the opportunity to develop at home. Lee also claimed that as long as Beijing was being hostile towards Taiwan, such unrestrained investments and excessive reliance on the mainland would undermine the national security.<ref name=":2" />

Lee's policies were met with strong opposition - both from the business levels and the general electorate, which supported closer economic ties with the mainland, in spite of concerns over security threats and pressure from Beijing.

=== Ma Ying-jeou (2008-2016) ===
{{Main|Ma Ying-jeou}}
[[File:Ma Ying-jeou official cropped.jpg|thumb|287x287px|President Ma Ying-jeou]]

==== Cross-Strait Policy ====
Under the presidency of [[Ma Ying-jeou]], the 1992 consensus carried on, allowing Taiwan to silently maintain its representation of One-China. In the context of this stalemate, Ma then turned towards bolstering Taiwan's security and international position by implementing flexible diplomacy. As such, Ma's main vision was to slowly restore the ''[[modus vivendi]]'' in regard to the growing power and influence of the ROC by scaling down the hostile relationship which had greatly escalated during Lee Teng-hui's and [[Chen Shui-bian]]’s presidencies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/03/16/former-taiwan-president-ma-on-one-china-the-1992-consensus-and-taiwans-future/|title=Former Taiwan president Ma on One China, the 1992 consensus, and Taiwan's future|last=Whelan-Wuest|first=Maeve|date=2017-03-16|work=Brookings|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] during Ma’s presidency, the consensus represented the ROC’s principles of “dignity, autonomy, pragmatism, and flexibility” in foreign affairs. By downplaying hostility towards the PROC in conformity with the stance of the international community, Taiwan was able to secure material goods and security via bilateral relationships, as well as international room.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matsuda|first=Yasuhiro|date=2015-01-01|title=Cross-Strait Relations under the Ma Ying-jeou administration: From Economic to Political Dependence?|journal=Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies|volume=4|issue=2|pages=3–35|doi=10.1080/24761028.2015.11869083|s2cid=130723790|issn=2476-1028}}</ref>

Most notably, on May 18, 2009, the ROC took part in the [[World Health Assembly|62nd World Health Assembly]], a move which marked Taiwan's return to participating in UN institutions since 1971.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chang|first=Jaw-ling Joanne|date=2010-06-09|title=Taiwan's Participation in the World Health Organization: The U.S. "Facilitator" Role|journal=American Foreign Policy Interests|volume=32|issue=3|pages=131–146|doi=10.1080/10803920.2010.487381|s2cid=154995896|issn=1080-3920}}</ref> In accordance with reintegrating Taiwan into the international community, Ma's administration also placed the ROC's inclusion in the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) and the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) as top priorities. Moreover, since 2009, relations with countries in the Asia Pacific region have also recovered, as evidenced by the Memorandum of Understanding on Aviation Safety Cooperation with [[South Korea|Korea]] and the resumption of deputy minister level economic and trade consultations with [[Malaysia]] and the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=KaoCheng|first=Wang|date=|title=Taiwan's Diplomatic Policy under the MA Ying-jeou Administration|url=https://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/file/184933/download?token=26S27TZw|journal=Stanford Database.edu|volume=|pages=|via=}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[United States|The United States]], Taiwan's long-standing ally, continued to maintain bilateral relations in the form of assisting in the ROC's national defense: on October 2008, the Bush administration agreed to 6.2 billion dollar arms sales, which was repeated during Obama's presidency.

On June 2013, however, the PRC and the ROC signed the extremely controversial [[Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement|Cross-Strait Services Trade Agreement]] (CSSTA). Ma administration's efforts of flexible diplomacy, which had not only principally maintained the 1992 consensus, but also brought the PROC and the ROC closer to ever before, induced political backlash as students occupied the National Parliament, demanding a clause by clause review of the agreement. General discontent over Ma's Cross-Strait Policy culminated in the election of 2016, which brought the [[2016 Taiwan general election|DPP back in power.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wen-cheng|first=Lin|date=January 2016|title=TAIWAN ENTERS THE TSAI-ING WEN ERA AND THE IMPACT ON CROSS-STRAIT RELATIONS|url=http://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/analisi293_wen-cheng_lin_18.01.2016.pdf|journal=ISPI|volume=Analysis No. 293|pages=|via=}}</ref>

==== Domestic Policy ====
The winner of 2008 Presidential Election, Ma Ying-jeou’s policies embodied a large state which aggressively shaped domestic politics. These policies however large in scale, were largely challenged by Taiwanese citizens in terms of not only their interventionism, but also their poor efficacy. In addition, several key points of Ma's campaign were promises of anti-corruption and moreover, harmony among ethnicities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Taiwan/Cultural-life#ref1245935|title=Taiwan {{!}} History, Facts, & People - Cultural life|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en}}</ref> However, neither was kept; in particular, one of the first actions he decided on was the re-opening of Chiang Kai-shek Mausoleum,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/634624|title=Taiwan's president-elect pays tribute to late dictator {{!}} Taiwan News|last=News|first=Taiwan|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> showing an example of how much the previous president still influenced the newly elected president to support cultivating an exclusive national identity on a Sino-centric basis.

Taiwan's economic growth during his first term gained him a large amount of support from big names in business for reelection, thanks to his efforts on economic integration with the Mainland;<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnUKBAAAQBAJ|title=Political Changes in Taiwan Under Ma Ying-jeou: Partisan Conflict, Policy Choices, External Constraints and Security Challenges|last=Batto|first=Nathan F.|date=2014-07-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317755081|editor-last=Cabestan|editor-first=Jean-Pierre|pages=22|language=en|chapter=Continuity in the 2012 presidential and legislative elections|editor-last2=deLisle|editor-first2=Jacques}}</ref> but at the same time a growing number of citizens were enthusiastically participating in social movements to oppose various policy changes that Ma's government put forward. Some of those controversial moves from the authorities were poor management on dealing with aftermath of 2008 tsunami, the Statute for Farm Village Rejuvenation, media control of public television broadcasting, sexual harassment towards children,<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHUKBAAAQBAJ|title=Political Changes in Taiwan Under Ma Ying-jeou: Partisan Conflict, Policy Choices, External Constraints and Security Challenges|last=Ho|first=Ming-sho|date=2014-07-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317755098|editor-last=Cabestan|editor-first=Jean-Pierre|location=|pages=100–119|language=en|chapter=The resurgence of social movements under the Ma Ying-jeou government: A political opportunity structure perspective|editor-last2=deLisle|editor-first2=Jacques}}</ref> and the approvement of establishing a naphtha cracker plan near the coast.<ref name=":8" /> Furthermore, the government permanently stopped operation of the previous DPP-supported civic and environmental structures, causing the loss of communication channels between the government and the public.<ref name=":9" /> All those policies reflected a relatively conservative perspective due to the presence of a large, albeit unpopular state, financed by big business, which in particular during Ma's era, undermined human rights and environmental issues.

==== Economic Policy ====
Unlike the previous KMT government under the presidency of Lee Teng-hui, which attempted to reduce the mainland related economic activities, Ma Ying-jeou focused on development in cooperation with China to reap trade benefits. Following the growing desires and the increasing pressure from the business community, a few weeks after Ma's inauguration he initiated talks between Taiwan and the mainland regarding the issue of the Three Direct Links. These are the three main paths of communication between Taiwan and PRC - via mail, transportation and commerce, which were banned between the two sides for almost six decades. The absence of the three links has been a huge barrier for Taiwanese businesses, increasing shipment costs and obstructing access to a potentially large market, low labor costs and talent pool in the mainland. It also prevented investment and development of multinational companies back in Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eai.nus.edu.sg/publications/files/BB415.pdf|title=The Economics of Taiwan's Three Direct Links with Mainland China|last=Chen|first=Chien-Hsun|date=27 November 2008|website=National University of Singapore}}</ref>

Finally, on November 4, 2008 the two sides signed series of agreements regarding each link and Three Direct Links were established.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/china/09063001.html|title=China in Transition「Improved Cross-Straits Relations under the Ma Ying-jeou Administration - A path to peaceful reunification -」|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en}}</ref> The successful talks mark a historic moment signifying that cross-Strait relations have moved past hostility towards negotiation and cooperation. The opposition has been sceptical, repeatedly claiming that while such move might be economically beneficial for Taiwan, it is compromising the national security with Taiwanese airports being open to PRC aircraft. In reality however, because of this development, cross-strait relations have increasingly become oriented towards rapprochement rather than confrontation.

Another economic policy of Ma's government is the [[Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement]]. Signed in 2010, the Agreement aims to reduce tariffs and commercial barriers between the two-sides, with the hope for much-needed boost to Taiwan's economy. Yet, it was not received well by the public, giving start of protests and a fierce public debate over the effects of the agreement. Opponents have expressed concerns for the future of the local economy, as Taiwanese workers and small businesses would have to compete with increasing imports of cheaper Chinese goods. At the heart of the protests however, has been the fear that the ECFA might be led to reunification with Beijing, which sees the island as a Chinese province.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/27/world/la-fg-taiwan-protests-20100627|title=Taiwan trade pact with China fires up protesters|last=Sui|first=Cindy|date=2010-06-27|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref> The President has asserted that the deal is about economics, not politics, and has affirmed his confidence over Taiwanese democracy and its ability to fend off undue pressure from the PRC.

== Conservatives in Taiwan ==

=== Political Parties ===
{{Main|Pan-Blue Coalition}}
The Conservative parties in Taiwan or the so-called “pan-blue camp” includes the Kuomintang (KMT), the [[People First Party (Republic of China)|People First Party (PFP)]] and the [[New Party (Taiwan)|New Party (NP)]].

Kuomintang is the main conservative party and currently it is the largest opposition party in the Legislative Yuan with 35 seats.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/01/17/2003637386|title=ELECTIONS: DPP secures absolute majority in Legislative Yuan - Taipei Times|website=www.taipeitimes.com|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref>

People's First Party is a liberal conservative party, founded by former KMT General Secretary and Taiwan Provincial Governor [[James Soong]] after the 2000 presidential elections. It is the main contender with the KMT for the conservative votes. Currently, it holds 3 seats in the Legislative Yuan.<ref name=":3" />

The New Party was also established as a split from the KMT in 1993, after growing dissatisfaction with President Lee's policies of distancing the party from unification with the mainland. The NP has been a vanishing force in the political landscape, not having won any seats in the Legislative Yuan since the 2008 elections.

=== Supporter Base ===
Initially, the pan-blue camp and the [[Pan-Green Coalition|pan-green camp]] reflected the ideological differences within society over national identity. Those ideological differences were manifested through the different stances on cross-strait policy - with the blue-camp being pro-unification and the green-camp - pro-independence. Therefore, determining party affiliation was based on ethnicity and the attitude towards the relationship with the mainland.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/taiwans-election-results-reflect-shift-in-attitudes/|title=Taiwan's Election Results Reflect Shift in Attitudes - Jamestown|work=Jamestown|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the pan-blue camp supporter base traditionally consisted of people mainly having Chinese identities and pro-unification attitudes.

Recently however, it has been observed that the alignment with a party has grown beyond these traditional dichotomies. This has been influenced by the growth of a distinct Taiwanese identity, rooted not in ethno-cultural aspect, but in the historical, economic and political development of the island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esc.nccu.edu.tw/course/news.php?Sn=166|title=公告：臺灣民眾臺灣人/中國人認同趨勢分佈(1992年06月~2017年06月） - 政治大學選舉研究中心|website=esc.nccu.edu.tw|language=zh-tw|access-date=2018-01-11|archive-date=October 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017182644/http://esc.nccu.edu.tw/course/news.php?Sn=166|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The change has affected people's preferences, with a growing concern over each party's capability and will to maintain what is being considered Taiwanese identity. As a result of this tendency and in attempt to appeal to the growing group of people who identify as Taiwanese, the KMT has lost its idealistic pan-Chinese passion. To avoid marginalization, it has focused rather on practical steps of Sino-Taiwanese cooperation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schubert|first=Gunter|date=2004|title=Taiwan's Political Parties and National Identity: The Rise of an Overarching Consensus|jstor=10.1525/as.2004.44.4.534|journal=Asian Survey|volume=44|issue=4|pages=534–554|doi=10.1525/as.2004.44.4.534}}</ref>

Another major concern for the citizens has become the parties capacity to retain the peace and stability across the Strait, with the majority of people preferring the status quo over unification or independence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esc.nccu.edu.tw/course/news.php?Sn=167|title=公告：臺灣民眾統獨立場趨勢分佈(1994年12月~2017年06月) - 政治大學選舉研究中心|website=esc.nccu.edu.tw|language=zh-tw|access-date=2018-01-11|archive-date=November 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108100001/http://esc.nccu.edu.tw/course/news.php?Sn=167|dead-url=yes}}</ref> This has discouraged politicians from pursuing outright unification or independence, but rather moderate their stance towards maintain status quo. In the 2008 presidential campaign for example, KMT used status quo as a campaign tactics, eventually leading to its candidate Ma Ying-jeou being elected. However, in 2016 elections, the failure to do so, combined with DPP utilizing the same “status quo strategy” cost the KMT the presidency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-centrality-of-maintaining-the-status-quo-in-taiwan-elections/|title=The centrality of maintaining the status quo in Taiwan elections|last=Yu|first=Ching-hsin|date=2017-03-15|work=Brookings|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-US}}</ref>

As a result, from those two tendencies - the growing Taiwanese identity and the steady preference over the maintaining the status quo with the mainland, the characteristics of the supporter base of the conservatives have become less clear cut than before.

== Current Status ==

=== Party Instability and Regaining Trust ===
Domestically, conservatism within the KMT treads a thin line. The rise of a pan-Taiwanese independence movement with mainly of younger members, that does not acknowledge that existence of the 1992 consensus and hence claims that Taiwan is already independent, has challenged the status quo and called for greater ROC sovereignty in multilateral politics and economics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/11/taiwan-independence-china-republic-huadu-taidu/|title='Taiwan Independence' Doesn't Mean What You Think|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> As a result, the return of the KMT into power will likely be predicated on a more careful maintenance of pragmatic diplomacy which foreseeably involves drawing Taiwan closer to the PROC through a variety of methods, such as sharing social spaces in international institutions, making diplomatic visits, signing economic deals. In each case, the KMT must promise to keep a safe distance in order to reflect the beliefs of a vigilant populace. To further exacerbating this tension, the KMT has also suffered from undemocratic perceptions, after its evasion of a clause by clause review of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement, which prompted the [[Sunflower Student Movement]] to damage the party's credibility. In the future, the KMT must improve transparency to rebuild trust between it and the Taiwanese populace.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/article/the-sunflower-movement-and-the-2016-taiwan-presidential-elections/|title=The 'Sunflower Movement' and the 2016 Taiwan presidential elections|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en-US|archive-date=January 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118200055/http://www.atimes.com/article/the-sunflower-movement-and-the-2016-taiwan-presidential-elections/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

=== Deteriorating Relationship with the PRC ===
In recent years, the KMT has been gradually falling out of China's favor. Following the KMT election loss of 2016, the KMT began to shift its pro-China policy towards the median to better represent the view of the electorate. In short, they began campaigning under the ideal of [[multiculturalism]], which included both “Chinese” and “Taiwanese” citizens. However, this change in the party line was criticized by China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/2017/10/16/Dwindling-Confidence-Is-the-CCPs-View-of-the-KMT-Changing|title=Party Watch Initiative|website=Party Watch Initiative|language=en|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> Beijing's preoccupation with the process of “localization” stems from concerns over the ROC's move towards “De-Sinification” which would weaken the PRC's claim that people on both sides of the strait share common bond and heritage. Moreover, China views current DPP president [[Tsai Ing-wen]] as a dangerous player who threatens the 1992 Consensus, blaming the KMT for mismanagement of domestic and international policy which led to their 2016 election loss. In the future, the KMT must also struggle to balance the preferences of the overall electorate while also treading a thin line with Mainland China.

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Taiwan]]
* Kuomintang
* [[History of the Republic of China]]
* [[Politics of the Republic of China|Politics of Taiwan]]
* [[List of political parties in the Republic of China|List of political parties in Taiwan]]
* [[Conservatism in South Korea]]
* [[Conservatism in Hong Kong]]
* [[Liberalism in Taiwan]]
* [[KMT retreat to Taiwan in 1949]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conservatism in Taiwan| ]]
[[Category:Politics of the Republic of China]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conservatism in Greater China

2026-07-25T17:58:18Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Overview of conservatism in China}}

{{Hatnote|For other uses, see [[Conservatism in China (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Conservatism in Greater China}}
{{Conservatism in China}}
{{Conservatism sidebar|national}}
{{Contemporary Chinese political thought|conservatism}}
'''Conservatism in Greater China''' ({{lang-zh|t=保守主義|p=bǎoshǒu zhǔyì}}) emphasizes [[authority]] and [[meritocracy]] stemming from [[Confucian]] values, and economically, it aims for [[state capitalism]] rather than [[free markets]]. Many Chinese conservatives reject [[individualism]] or [[classical liberal]] principles and differ from modern Western conservatism because of its strong [[communitarian]] element. A major concern of modern Chinese conservatism is the preservation of [[traditional Chinese culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Aymeric |date=2020 |title=What Made Chinese Conservatism a Cultural Movement: A Case Study of the Southern Society |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/765149 |journal=Twentieth-Century China |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=331–350 |doi=10.1353/tcc.2020.0028 |issn=1940-5065}}</ref>

== History ==
===Imperial China===
{{See also|Confucianism|Legalism (Chinese philosophy)}}
Chinese conservatism can be traced back to [[Confucius]], whose [[Confucianism|philosophy]] is based on the values of loyalty, duty, and respect. He believed in a hierarchically organized society, [[Family as a model for the state#Confucian thought|modeled after the patriarchal family]] and headed by an [[Absolute monarchy|absolute sovereign]]. However, Confucius also believed that the state should employ a meritocratic class of administrators and advisers, recruited by [[Imperial examination|civil service exams]]. An alternative school of thought called [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]] argued that administrative discipline, not Confucian virtue, was crucial for the governance of the state.<ref name="P. J.">{{Cite book |author-last=Kelly |author-first=P. J. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/828097386 |title=The Politics Book |date=2013 |publisher=DK |isbn=978-1-4093-6445-0 |pages=23–24|oclc=828097386}}</ref>

For thousands of years, China was ruled by monarchs of various imperial dynasties. The [[Mandate of Heaven]] theory was invoked in order to legitimize the absolute authority of the Emperor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |title=Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-09-959008-8 |page=219}}</ref> In the nineteenth century, imperial rule was challenged from within and without. The [[Taiping Rebellion]] (1849-1861) was a massive popular movement that aimed at both social and political revolution, but the [[Tongzhi Restoration]] (1861-1872) rejuvenated the regime with a combination of military innovation and social order. The historian [[Mary C. Wright]] calls this "the last stand of Chinese conservatism," although later historians have different views.<ref> {{cite book |last = Wright |first=Mary Clabaugh |author-link=Mary C. Wright|year = 1957 |title = The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862-1874 |publisher = Stanford University Press| location = Stanford |isbn = }} Available at [[Internet Archive]] to borrow [https://archive.org/details/laststandofchine00mary here].</ref>

=== Republic of China ===
{{See also|Chiangism|Dai Jitao Thought|History of the Kuomintang}}
The [[1911 Revolution|Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911 overthrew [[Puyi]], the last Chinese Emperor, and ushered in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. The Chinese nationalist party [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) was originally a [[social democratic]] party that advocated [[Westernization]] during the [[Sun Yat-sen]] period. [[Chiang Kai-shek]], who succeeded Sun as leader of the KMT, was originally classified as "centrist", with the more Buddhist traditional and conservative "rightist" [[Western Hills Group]] and the "leftist" [[Reorganization Group]] led by [[Wang Jingwei]]. KMT was a Chinese nationalist party that ruled mainland China from 1927 to 1949, and after the anti-communist [[Shanghai massacre]] in 1927, Chiang was reinforced in right-wing and conservative elements (such as traditional values).

Chiang's Nationalist revolution became "conservative" in rejecting the communist attack on social hierarchies and inequalities, but remained revolutionary in the party-state's attack on the “materialist” order and mobilization of the masses to avoid a Western style capitalist modernity.<ref>{{cite book |last = Tsui |first = Brian |year = 2018 |title = China's Conservative Revolution: The Quest for a New Order, 1927-1949 |publisher = Cambridge University Press| location = Cambridge |isbn = 978-1107196230}}</ref> The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic campaign in the 1930s to promote cultural reform and [[Neo-Confucian]] social morality. The goal was to unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. This movement was related to Chiang Kai-shek's anti-Communist campaign at the time, but today it also inspires conservatives like [[Xi Jinping]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Following his defeat in the [[Chinese Civil War]] by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Chiang continued right-wing authoritarian ruling the island of [[Taiwan]] until his death in 1975.<ref name="Michael">{{cite web |last=Reilly |first=Michael |date=October 17, 2021 |url=https://island.lk/taiwan-will-it-retain-independence-or-be-taken-over/ |title=Taiwan: Will it retain independence or be taken over? |work=The Island Online |access-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-date=November 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112235026/https://island.lk/taiwan-will-it-retain-independence-or-be-taken-over/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Mao era ===
On the mainland, Chinese conservatism was vehemently opposed and suppressed by the CCP, especially during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Members of the "[[Five Black Categories]]"—landlords, rich farmers, counter-revolutionaries, bad influencers, and right-wingers—were violently persecuted. Young people formed cadres of [[Red Guards]] throughout the country and sought to destroy the [[Four Olds]]: old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits—leading to the destruction of a large part of China's [[cultural heritage]], including historical artifacts and religious sites.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lu |first=Xing |title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought |date=2004 |page=2}}</ref> Among them, some Red Guards who embraced local officials were pejoratively called "[[Conservative Faction (Cultural Revolution)|conservatives]]".<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Hongbiao |last1=Yin |title=Ideological and political tendencies of factions in the red guard movement |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary China]] |date=November 1996 |volume=5 |issue=13 |pages=269–280 |doi=10.1080/10670569608724255 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670569608724255 |access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref>

=== After the Chinese economic reform ===
{{See also|Neoauthoritarianism (China)}}
In recent decades, Chinese conservatism has experienced a national revival.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2017/08/17/the-communist-party-is-redefining-what-it-means-to-be-chinese |title=The Communist Party is redefining what it means to be Chinese |date=August 17, 2017 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=May 30, 2024}}</ref> The ancient schools of Confucianism and Legalism have made a return into mainstream Chinese thought.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=David K. |title=China's New Legalism |journal=The National Interest |date=2016 |issue=143 |pages=19–25 |jstor=26557304}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Ian |date=October 18, 2017 |title=Forget Marx and Mao. Chinese City Honors Once-Banned Confucian. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/world/asia/china-guiyang-wang-yangming-confucian.html |access-date=May 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Melvin |first=Sheila |title=Yu Dan and China's Return to Confucius |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/arts/29iht-melvin.1.7298367.html |access-date=August 18, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908124354/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/arts/29iht-melvin.1.7298367.html |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> General Secretary Xi Jinping has called traditional [[Chinese culture]] the "soul" of the nation and the "foundation" of the CCP.<ref name="Yang">{{Cite news |last=Zi |first=Yang |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Xi Jinping and China's Traditionalist Restoration |work=The Jamestown Foundation |url=https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-chinas-traditionalist-restoration/ |access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Jane">{{Cite news |last=Cai |first=Jane |date=June 12, 2023 |title=How China's Xi Jinping promotes mix of Marxism and traditional culture to further Communist Party and 'Chinese dream' |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3223805/how-chinas-xi-jinping-promotes-mix-marxism-and-traditional-culture-further-communist-party-and |access-date=June 22, 2024 |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612111635/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3223805/how-chinas-xi-jinping-promotes-mix-marxism-and-traditional-culture-further-communist-party-and |url-status=live}}</ref> China has also developed a form of [[Authoritarian capitalism#China|authoritarian capitalism]] in recent years, further breaking with the orthodox communism of its past.<ref>{{cite book |date=2013 |chapter=China: Authoritarian Capitalism |title=The Oxford Handbook of Asian Business Systems |isbn=9780199654925 |last1=Witt |first1=Michael A. |last2=Redding |first2=Gordon |publisher=OUP Oxford}}</ref>

Since Xi took office as China's president in 2013, [[social conservatism]] has been strengthened, including the traditional gender role for women.<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/6330091/china-population-xi-childbirth-culture/ |title=Facing Population Decline, China's Xi Promotes 'Childbirth Culture' for Women |date=31 October 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-date=23 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523120800/https://time.com/6330091/china-population-xi-childbirth-culture/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

== Types ==
=== Chiangism ===
{{main|Chiangism}}
Chiangism ({{zh|t=蔣介石主義}}) is the political philosophy of [[President of the Republic of China|President]] [[Generalissimo]] Chiang Kai-shek, who used it during his rule in China under the Kuomintang on both the mainland and Taiwan. It is a [[right-wing]]{{efn|During the [[1920s]] and early [[1930s]], Chiang and supporters was seen as a 'centrist'<ref>{{cite book |author=Donald A. Jordan |title=The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928 |date=March 31, 2019 |publisher=Humanities Open Books program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation |page=50}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Gue Zarrow |title=China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |page=239}}</ref> among 'right-wing' Hu Hanmin supporters and 'left-wing' Wang Jingwei supporters, but the Chinese Communist Party (or [[Maoism]]) later emerged as the main rival of the KMT, making Chiangism a 'right-wing' ideology.}} [[right-wing dictatorship|authoritarian]] [[Chinese nationalism|nationalist]] ideology based on mostly [[Tridemist]] principles mixed with Confucianism.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=2054509 |title=The Ideological Foundations of the New Life Movement: A Study in Counterrevolution |last1=Dirlik |first1=Arif |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |year=1975 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=945–980 |doi=10.2307/2054509 |s2cid=144316615 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was primarily practiced as part of the New Life Movement, as well as the [[Chinese Cultural Renaissance]] movement. It was [[Syncretic politics|influenced by other political ideologies]], including [[socialism]], [[fascism]],
[[party-state capitalism]]
and [[paternalistic conservatism]], as well as by Chiang's [[Methodism|Methodist]] [[Christianity|Christian]] beliefs.

=== Dai Jitao Thought ===
{{main|Dai Jitao Thought}}
Dai Jitao Thought ({{Lang-zh|t=戴季陶主義}}) is an ideology based on the interpretation of the Tridemism by some Kuomintang members, including [[Dai Jitao]], since Sun Yat-sen's death in March 1925. Dai Jitao Thought became the ideological foundation of the right wing Kuomintang, including the Western Hills Group. Dai Jitao himself described it as "Pure Tridemism" (纯粹三民主义).

=== Neoauthoritarianism ===
[[Neoauthoritarianism (China)|Neoauthoritarianism]] ({{lang-zh|s=新权威主义|p=xīn quánwēi zhǔyì}}) is a current of political thought within the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC), and to some extent the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), that advocates a powerful centralized state to facilitate [[Chinese economic reform|market reforms]].<ref name="Bramall, Chris">{{Cite book |last=Bramall |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9Rr-M8MXAEC&pg=PA475 |title=Chinese Economic Development |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-19051-5}}</ref> The concept of liberal democracy led to intense debate between democratic advocates and neoauthoritarians<ref name="Zheng Yongnian">{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=Yongnian |date=Summer 1994 |title=Development and Democracy: Are They Compatible in China? |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=235–259 |doi=10.2307/2152624 |jstor=2152624}}</ref> prior to the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Li |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7eGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Political Thought and China's Transformation: Ideas Shaping Reform in Post-Mao China |date=2015-04-07 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-42781-6 |language=en}}</ref> It has been described as right-wing, [[Traditionalist conservatism|classically conservative]] even though it incorporated some aspects of [[Marxist-Leninist]] and Maoist theories.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Yuezhi Zhao |title=Communication in China: Political Economy, Power, and Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdNqAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22right+-+wing+ideology+of+neo-+authoritarianism%22&pg=PA170 |date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |pages=170|isbn=978-0-7425-7428-1}}</ref><ref name="Sautman, Barry">{{Cite journal|last=Sautman|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Sautman|date=1992|title=Sirens of the Strongman: Neo-Authoritarianism in Recent Chinese Political Theory|journal=[[The China Quarterly]]|volume=129|issue=129|pages=72–102|doi=10.1017/S0305741000041230|issn=0305-7410|jstor=654598|s2cid=154374469}}</ref> [[Wang Huning]], widely regarded as the [[Éminence grise|grey eminence]] and chief ideologue of the CCP, has criticized aspects of [[Marxism]] and recommended that China combine its historical and modern values.<ref name="N.S.">{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=N.S. |date=October 11, 2021 |title=The Triumph and Terror of Wang Huning |url=https://palladiummag.com/2021/10/11/the-triumph-and-terror-of-wang-huning/ |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=Palladium}}</ref> [[Jiang Shigong]] is considered a major promoter of the ideas of [[Carl Schmitt]] and neoauthoritarianism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Che |first=Chang |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The Nazi Inspiring China's Communists |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201204916/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref>

Neoauthoritarianism is a current of political thought that rose in China in the late 1980's and came into ascendancy after the death of [[Deng Xiaoping]].<ref name="Bramall, Chris"/> Christer Pursiainen has characterized the CCP as a right-wing political party,<ref name="Christer Pursiainen"/> pointing to an ideological change within the party under [[Jiang Zemin]]'s leadership during the 1990s.<ref name="Christer Pursiainen">{{cite book|author=Christer Pursiainen|title=At the Crossroads of Post-Communist Modernisation: Russia and China in Comparative Perspective|quote=Consequently, the CCP's transformation into a right-wing elitist party occurred during the 1990s under Jiang Zeming's reign.|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=156}}</ref> In today's China, neoauthoritarian stands out Xi's rule, and was designed by Wang Huning.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Jonathan Fenby |title=The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 - 2009 |page=xxxii |date=May 29, 2008 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited}}</ref> Its origin was based in reworked ideas of [[Samuel P. Huntington|Samuel Huntington]], who advised the [[Post-communism|post-Communist]] East European elite to take a gradualist approach towards market liberalization; hence, "new authoritarianism". A rejection of the optimistic views on modernization theories,<ref name="Peter Moody 2007 p. 152">{{Cite book |last=Moody |first=Peter R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRcDMl2Pu4C&pg=PA152 |title=Conservative Thought in Contemporary China |date=2007 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-2046-0 |language=en}}</ref> it seeks faster reform of the [[socialist market economy]]<ref name="thechinastory.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.thechinastory.org/key-intellectual/rong-jian-%e8%8d%a3%e5%89%91/ |title=Rong Jian 荣剑 |website=The China Story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927000259/http://www.thechinastory.org/key-intellectual/rong-jian-%e8%8d%a3%e5%89%91/ |archive-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> while the party remain ideologically and organizationally sound.<ref name="Peter Moody 2007 p. 152" />

====Background====
Following the 1978 [[3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Third Plenum]], which made Deng Xiaoping [[Paramount leader]], China employed a variety of strategies to develop its economy, beginning the Chinese economic reform.<ref name="Zheng Yongnian"/> By 1982 the success of China's market experiments had become apparent, making more radical strategies seem possible and desirable. This led to the lifting of price controls and agricultural decollectivization, signaling the abandonment of the [[New Economic Policy]], or economic [[Leninism]], in favour of [[market socialism]].<ref name="Bramall, Chris"/>

With economic developments and political changes, China departed from totalitarianism towards what [[Harry Harding (political scientist)|Harry Harding]] characterizes as a "consultative authoritarian regime." One desire of political reform was to "restore normalcy and unity to elite politics so as to bring to an end the chronic instability of the late Maoist period and create a more orderly process of leadership succession." With cadre reform, individual leaders in China, recruited for their performance and education, became more economically liberal, with less ideological loyalty.<ref name="Zheng Yongnian"/>

====Emergence and rise====
Having begun in the era of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution, decentralization accelerated under Deng Xiaoping. In a neoauthoritarian vein, [[Zheng Yongnian]] (1994) believed that "Deng's early reform decentralized power to the level of local government" with the goal of "decentralizing power to individual enterprises" running "afoul of the growing power of local government, which did not want individual enterprises to retain profit (and) began bargaining with the central government over profit retention, (seizing) decision-making power in the enterprises. This intervention inhibited the more efficient behavior that reforms sought to elicit from industry; decentralization... limited progress."

Though the government took a clear stance [[Bourgeois liberalization|against liberalization]] in December 1986, political discussions centered in [[Beijing]] would nonetheless emerge in academic circles in 1988 in the form of democracy and Neoauthoritarianism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Petracca|first1=Mark P.|last2=Xiong|first2=Mong|date=1990-11-01|title=The Concept of Chinese Neo-Authoritarianism: An Exploration and Democratic Critique|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|language=en|volume=30|issue=11|pages=1099–1117|doi=10.2307/2644692|jstor=2644692|issn=0004-4687}}</ref> Neoauthoritarianism would catch the attention of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in early 1988 when [[Wu Jiaxiang]] wrote an article in which he concluded that the British monarchy initiated modernization by "pulling down 100 castles overnight", thus developmentally linking autocracy and freedom as preceding democracy and freedom.<ref name="Sautman, Barry"/>

====Persistence as Neoconservativism====
[[File:Four Tigers GDP per capita.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Growth in per capita GDP in the tiger economies between 1960 and 2014<ref>Data for "Real GDP at Constant National Prices" and "Population" from [https://fred.stlouisfed.org/ Economic Research at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003094020/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/ |date=3 October 2019}}.</ref>]]
Neoauthoritarianism lost favor after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Henry He considers that, while June 4 halted the movement for democracy, because neoauthoritarianism avoids the issue of popular involvement, it would therefore be a downfall for it and General Secretary Zhao Ziyang as well. He considers it to have transformed into a kind of "neo-conservatism" after that.<ref name="BS" />

With the failure of democracy in [[Russia]], and the good [[Four Asian Tigers|performance of Singapore]], it would continue to infiltrate the upper echelons of the CCP as a neo-conservatism. Most associated with [[Shanghai]] intellectuals, Wang Huning, a leading advocate in the 1980s, would go on to become a close advisor to [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] Jiang Zemin in the 1990s. The neo-conservatives would enjoy Jiang's patronage.<ref name="books.google.com">Peter Moody (2007), p. 151. Conservative Thought in Contemporary China. https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRcDMl2Pu4C&pg=PA151</ref>

'''New Conservatism''' or '''neoconservatism''' ({{zh|s=新保守主义|p=xīn bǎoshǒu zhǔyì}}) argued for political and economic centralization and the establishment of shared moral values.<ref name="Fewsmith95">{{cite journal |last=Fewsmith |first=Joseph |date=July 1995 |title=Neoconservatism and the End of the Dengist Era |journal=Asian Survey |volume=35 |pages=635–651 |doi=10.2307/2645420 |jstor=2645420 |number=7}}</ref>{{rp|637–9}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omPbCQAAQBAJ |title=What if China Doesn't Democratize?: Implications for War and Peace |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317452218 |editor-last1=McCormick |editor-first1=Barrett L. |place=Abingdon |pages=21–48 |chapter='We are Patriots First and Democrats Second': The Rise of Chinese Nationalism in the 1990s |editor-last2=Friedman |editor-first2=Edward |orig-year=2000}}</ref>{{rp|33}} The movement has been described in the West by political scientist Joseph Fewsmith.<ref name="Fewsmith95" /> Neoconservatives are opposed to radical reform projects and argue that an authoritarian and incrementalist approach is necessary to stabilize the process of [[modernization]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Neo-Conservatism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture |publisher=Routledge |place=Abingdon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YL4GS9zju10C |last=Liu |first=Chang |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Edward L. |isbn=9781134549535}}</ref>

Prominent neoconservative theorists include [[Xiao Gongqin]], initially a leading neoauthoritarian who promoted "gradual reform under strong rule" after 1989.<ref name="Dongen">{{cite book |last=van Dongen |first=Els |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1caVDwAAQBAJ |title=Realistic Revolution: Contesting Chinese History, Culture, and Politics after 1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1108421300 |place=Cambridge}}</ref>{{rp|53}}

==== Theory ====
{{Neoauthoritarianism in China}}
A central figure, if not principal proponent of Neoauthoritarianism, the "well-connected"<ref name="Sautman, Barry"/> Wu Jiaxiang was an advisor to Premier [[Zhao Ziyang]],<ref name="Peter Moody 2007 p. 152" /> the latter being a major architect of the Deng Xiaoping reforms.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

Samuel Huntington's ''[[Political Order in Changing Societies]]'' rejected economic development or modernization as transferable to the political sphere as a mere variable of the former. He preconditioned democracy on institutionalization and stability, with democracy and economic change undermining or putting strain on political stability in poor circumstances. He considered the measure of a political system to be its ability to keep order. Writing in the 1960s, he lauded the United States and Soviet Union equally; what the Soviet Union lacked in social justice was made up for in strong controls.<ref name="Peter Moody 2007 p. 152"/>

Wu considered social developments like liberal democracy unable to proceed simply from new authorities. Democracy has to be based on the development of the market, because the market reduces the number of public decisions, the number of people seeking power and political rights for economic bernefit, and therefore the "cost" of political action. The separation of the political and economic spheres lays a foundation for a further separation of powers, thereby negating autocracy despite the centralizing tendency of the state. The market also defines interests, increasing "responsibility" and thereby decreasing the possibility of bribery in preparation for democratic politics. On the other hand, political actions become excessive without a market, or with a mixed market, because a large number of people will seek political posts, raising the "cost" of political action and making effective consultation difficult. To avoid this problem, a country without a developed market has to maintain strongman politics and a high degree of centralism.<ref>Michel C. Oksenberg, Marc Lambert, Melanie Manion. 1990. P127-128. Beijing Spring 1989: Confrontation and Conflict.</ref>

==== Legacy ====
China's measures for successful economic and political stabilization led many scholars and politicians to accept the role of an authoritarian regime in fast and stable economic growth. Although the Chinese state is seen as legitimizing democracy as a modernization goal, economic growth is seen as more important.<ref name="Zheng Yongnian"/>

In his 1994 article Zheng Yongnian elaborates that, {{blockquote|Administrative power should be strengthened in order to provide favorable conditions, especially stable politics, for market development. Without such a political instrument, both 'reform' and 'open door' are impossible... A precondition of political development is the provision of very favorable conditions for economic progress. Political stability must be given highest priority... without stable politics, domestic construction is impossible, let alone an 'open door' policy. So, if political reform or democracy undermines political stability, it is not worthwhile. In other words, an authoritarian regime is desirable if it can produce stable politics.<ref name="Zheng Yongnian"/>}}

Deng Xiaoping explains: "Why have we treated student demonstrations so seriously and so quickly? Because China is not able to bear more disturbance and more disorder." Given the dominance of the Chinese state, Zheng believes that, when it is finally implemented, democracy in China is more likely to be a gift from the elite to the society rather than brought about by internal{{clarification needed|date=February 2025}} forces.<ref name="Zheng Yongnian"/>

==== Criticism and views ====
When neoauthoritarianism emerged to scholarly debate, Rong Jian opposed his old idea as regressive, favoring the multiparty faction. He would become famous for a news article on the matter.<ref name="thechinastory.org"/>

[[Chinese Canadians|Chinese-Canadian]] sociologist [[Yuezhi Zhao]] views the neoauthoritarians as having attempted to avoid an economic crisis through dictatorship,<ref name="Yuezhi Zhao 1998 p.43">Yuezhi Zhao (1998), p.43. Media, Market, and Democracy in China. https://books.google.com/books?id=hHkza3TX-LIC&pg=PA43</ref> and [[Barry Sautman]] characterizes them as reflecting the policy of "pre-revolutionary Chinese leaders" as well as "contemporary Third World strongmen", as part of ideological developments of the decade he considers more recognizable to westerners as conservative and liberal. Sautman sums its theory with a quote from Su Shaozi (1986): "What China needs today is a strong liberal leader."<ref name="Sautman, Barry"/>

[[Cheng Li|Li Cheng]] and Lynn T. White nonetheless regard the neoauthoritarians as resonating with [[technocracy]] emerging in the 1980s as a result of "dramatic" [[1978 Truth Criterion Controversy|policy shifts in 1978]] that promoted such to top posts.<ref name="Yuezhi Zhao 1998 p.43"/> Henry He considers the main criticism of neoauthoritarianism to be its continued advocacy of an "old" type of establishment, relying on charismatic leaders. His view is corroborated by Yan Yining and Li Wei, with the addition that for Yan what is needed is law, or Li democracy, administrative efficiency and scientific government. Li points out that previous crisis in China were not due to popular participation, but power struggles and corruption, and that an authoritarian state does not usually separate powers.<ref name="BS">{{Cite book |last1=Oksenberg |first1=Michel C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pIYDQAAQBAJ |title=Beijing Spring 1989: Confrontation and Conflict - The Basic Documents |last2=Lambert |first2=Marc |last3=Manion |first3=Melanie |author-link3=Melanie Manion |date=2016-09-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-28907-6 |language=en}}</ref> A criticism by Zhou Wenzhang is that neoauthoritarianism only considers problems of authority from the angle of centralization, similarly considering the main problem of authority to be whether or not it is exercised scientifically.<ref>Oksenberg, Michel, 1938-; Sullivan, Lawrence R; Lambert, Marc; Li, Qiao. 1990 p129. Beijing Spring 1989: Confrontation and Conflict. https://books.google.com/books?id=8pIYDQAAQBAJ</ref>

== Party-state capitalism ==
{{main|Party-state capitalism}}
Party-state capitalism is a term used by some economists and sociologists to describe the contemporary [[economy of China]] under the Chinese Communist Party.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Party-State Capitalism in China |journal=[[Current History]] |language=en |volume=120 |issue=827 |pages=207–213 |doi=10.1525/curh.2021.120.827.207 |issn=0011-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret M. |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2022-10-01 |title=China's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity |journal=[[International Security]] |language=en |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=135–176 |doi=10.1162/isec_a_00447 |issn=0162-2889 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The term has also been used to describe the [[economy of Taiwan]] under the [[authoritarian]] [[military dictatorship|military]] government of the Kuomintang.

== By region ==
=== Hong Kong ===
{{Conservatism in Hong Kong}}
{{main|Conservatism in Hong Kong}}
Conservatism in [[Hong Kong]] has become the backbone of today's [[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|pro-Beijing camp]], which has been the major supporting force of the [[Special administrative regions of China|SAR administration]] led by the indirectly elected [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]]. It is one of two major political ideologies of the Hong Kong, with the other being [[Liberalism in Hong Kong|liberalism]]. Since the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] of 1984, conservatism has been characterised by business elites joining with pro-Communist traditional leftists in a "[[United front in Hong Kong|united front]]" to resist the rise of the demand for [[Democratization|democratisation]] and [[Liberalization|liberalisation]], in order to secure continued political stability and economic prosperity while maintaining a good relationship with the [[Government of China|communist central government]] in Beijing leading up to and after the [[Handover of Hong Kong|1997 handover]].

Historically, conservatism derives from the Chinese tradition of [[familism]] and Confucianism and was incorporated into the British colonial government's policies by [[Hong Kong Governor|Governor]] [[Cecil Clementi]] in the 1920s in the wake of rising [[Marxism–Leninism]] and [[communism]] in general. The [[anti-communist]] sentiments continued after the [[Second World War]] when waves of Chinese refugees fled to the colony as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) swept across [[Mainland China]] in the renewed Chinese Civil War. At this time, Conservatives supported the [[Republic of China]] (ROC), and were [[Pro-ROC camp|pro–Kuomintang]] (KMT). After the ''[[de facto]]'' end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 when the [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|ROC government fled to Taiwan]] and throughout the [[Cold War]], Conservatives have also taken [[libertarian]] thoughts on economic policies. Before the 1980s, most conservatives held a strong anti-communist sentiment.
{{Clear}}

=== Macau ===
{{See also|Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)}}
Conservatism in Macau dates back to modern [[Portuguese Macau]]. Unlike Hong Kong, which was ruled by [[United Kingdom]], a [[liberal democracy]] in the first half of the 20th century, Macao was influenced by Portugal's [[António de Oliveira Salazar]]'s right-wing dictatorship in the 20th century, resulting in a weak liberal pro-democracy movement. [[Macau people]], on average, a much more pro-China sentiment than [[Hong Kong people]]. Today, Macau's conservatism is represented by the [[Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)|pro-Beijing camp]].

=== Taiwan (Republic of China, 1949–present) ===
{{Conservatism in Taiwan}}
{{Conservatism in Formosa}}
{{see also|History of the Kuomintang|Chinese nationalism#In Taiwan}}
Conservatism in Taiwan is a broad political philosophy which espouses the [[One-China policy]] as a vital component for the Republic of China (ROC)'s international security and economic development, as opposed to [[Taiwanization]] and Taiwanese sovereignty. Fundamental conservative ideas are grounded in Confucian values and strands of Chinese philosophy associated with Sun Yat-sen's teachings, a large centralized government which intervenes closely in the lives of individuals on both social and economic levels, and the construction of unified [[Sinocentrism|Sinocentric national identity]]. Conservative ideology in Taiwan constitutes the character and policies of the Kuomintang (KMT) party and that of the [[Pan-Blue Coalition|pan-blue camp]].

==== Overview: Three spheres of Conservative policy ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
===== Cross-Strait policy =====
The relationship between the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) is Taiwan's main concern in foreign affairs. In a broad sense, the conservative Cross-Strait stance adheres to the notion of One-China, represented by the Kuomintang (KMT). However, the integration of this [[One-China|One-China philosophy]] into the party line has changed considerably. By the end of Chiang Kai-shek’s presidency, the agenda of radical pro-unification via military force has slowly devolved into the desire for peaceful and strategic, albeit competitive coexistence rather than outright contention. Over time, the latter strategy has consolidated into the [[One China principle|One-China principle]] as a result of the [[1992 Consensus]], which proposed a unified entity comprising both Taiwan and the Mainland, while leaving the issue of representation open to interpretation. From a comparative standpoint, conservatives derive economic and security benefits from communication with the PRC, while warning against Taiwan's isolation and insecurity implied under [[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwanese sovereignty.]] For Taiwan's political conservatives, the status quo is less than optimal, but at least better than independence.

===== Domestic policy =====
Conservative domestic policy in Taiwan reflects a strong government at the center of policy and decision-making, in which the state takes initiative for individuals and closely intervenes in their daily lives. This runs counter to [[Western conservatism|Western political conservatism]], which supports a [[small government]] that operates on the perimeter of social life in order to respect the liberty of citizens. As such, conservative KMT policies may also be characterized by a focus on maintaining the traditions and doctrine of Confucian thought, namely reinforcing the morals of paternalism and patriarchy in Taiwan's society. Moreover, conservatism focuses on preserving the safety of the status quo under the One-China principle, which embodies the traditional political thought of the KMT party, as opposed to the uncertainty of change under the opposition parties' associated pro-independence movement. On a broader level, political conservatism within Taiwan revolves around building and later, preserving a unified Chinese national identity based on Sinocentrism. Similar to the threat of multiculturalism which governs one primary concern for western conservatives i.e. United States, KMT policies are against the integration of [[Taiwanese aborigines|Aboriginal culture]] into the mainstream Chinese identity.

===== Economic policy =====
In terms of [[Economic policy|economic policies]], [[conservatism]] in Taiwan can be described as highly interventionist. The national economy is centrally planned for the purpose of development and little separation between state and society exists. That opposes the general notion of economic conservatism, where little to no [[Economic interventionism|government intervention]] in the economic affairs is desired. This ideological difference stems from the Confucian roots of Taiwanese conservatism. Following the notion of Confucian paternalism, where the father is the head of the family, conservatives see the state as the head of society. As such, the state has to ensure the well-being of the population by promoting development and interfering in the economic affairs. Examples of conservative policies include the 1949-1953 Land Reforms, the 1950-1968 Economic Reforms aimed at encouraging production for export, the [[Ten Major Construction Projects]] and the establishment of the [[Three Links|Three Direct Links]] with China.

==== Origins and philosophy ====
===== Socioreligious tradition of Confucianism =====
There are four basic elements of Confucianism which apply to conservatist governance. The [[Paternalism|Paternalistic State]] entails top-down decision making under the notion that the “Father is the head of the house, and likewise, the state the head of society.” Leaders possess, ''[[Jen (Confucianism)|jen]]'', a supreme virtue representing human qualities at their best which determines their right to rule. The idea of s''ocial order and harmony'' translates into the assumption of the benevolent state - ''[[Ren (Confucianism)|ren/humaneness]],'' with which civil society works together - ''shu/reciprocity,'' rather than oppose, monitor, and scrutinize.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Chun-chieh|last2=Wu|first2=Kung-ming|title=Taiwan and the Confucius Aspiration: Towards the Twenty-first Century|url=http://huang.cc.ntu.edu.tw/pdf/CCB1306.pdf|journal=NTU Databases|volume=3|pages=72–86|via=ntu.edu.tw|access-date=2025-02-23|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728195923/http://huang.cc.ntu.edu.tw/pdf/CCB1306.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The [[Patriarchy|Notion of Patriarchy]] positions men as leaders, and women as passive. Confucius and [[Mencius]], in the [[Three Obediences and Four Virtues|''three obediences'']] depict obedience to the father and elder brothers when young, to the husband when married, and to the sons when widowed. Finally, c''ollectivity'' captures the absence of the tradition of celebrating the individual in contrast to the United States. Instead, hierarchy is respected because it reflects naturally ordained positions in society. Moreover, the fulfilment of individual duties in a given position is necessary for the function of society.

===== Sun Yat-sen's Political Perspectives =====
Many of the Kuomintang's policies were inspired by its founder Sun Yat-sen’s vision, and his ''[[Three Principles of the People]]'': nationalism (民族主義), democracy (民權主義) and people’s livelihood (民生主義). These three principles combine to make Taiwan a free, powerful, and prosperous nation, although they are selectively interpreted in a specific context which deviates from Sun Yat-sen's original intent. For example, during Chiang Kai-shek’s rule and much of [[Chiang Ching-kuo]]’s, the [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian state]] overshadowed democracy by censoring the people’s voice. However, most of his political ideas which were later adapted by his successors in governing Taiwan included equalization of land ownership, learning Chinese traditional morality through Confucian values, and the regulation of state capital by national corporations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,29,31,45&post=6996|title=Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Political Philosophy - Taiwan Today|last=(Taiwan)|first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China|date=1965-04-01|website=Taiwan Today|language=en|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref>

==== Chronology of Kuomintang governments ====
{{main|History of the Kuomintang#Chronology of Kuomintang governments}}

==== Current status ====
===== Party instability and regaining trust =====
Domestically, conservatism within the KMT treads a thin line. The rise of a pan-Taiwanese independence movement with mainly of younger members, that does not acknowledge that existence of the 1992 consensus and hence claims that Taiwan is already independent, has challenged the status quo and called for greater ROC sovereignty in multilateral politics and economics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/11/taiwan-independence-china-republic-huadu-taidu/|title='Taiwan Independence' Doesn't Mean What You Think|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> As a result, the return of the KMT into power will likely be predicated on a more careful maintenance of pragmatic diplomacy which foreseeably involves drawing Taiwan closer to the PROC through a variety of methods, such as sharing social spaces in international institutions, making diplomatic visits, signing economic deals. In each case, the KMT must promise to keep a safe distance in order to reflect the beliefs of a vigilant populace. To further exacerbating this tension, the KMT has also suffered from undemocratic perceptions, after its evasion of a clause by clause review of the [[Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement]], which prompted the [[Sunflower Student Movement]] to damage the party's credibility. In the future, the KMT must improve transparency to rebuild trust between it and the Taiwanese populace.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/article/the-sunflower-movement-and-the-2016-taiwan-presidential-elections/|title=The 'Sunflower Movement' and the 2016 Taiwan presidential elections|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118200055/http://www.atimes.com/article/the-sunflower-movement-and-the-2016-taiwan-presidential-elections/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===== Deteriorating relationship with the PRC =====
In recent years, the KMT has been gradually falling out of China's favor. Following the [[2016 Taiwan general election|KMT election loss of 2016]], the KMT began to shift its pro-China policy towards the median to better represent the view of the electorate. In short, they began campaigning under the ideal of [[multiculturalism]], which included both “Chinese” and “Taiwanese” citizens. However, this change in the party line was criticized by China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/2017/10/16/Dwindling-Confidence-Is-the-CCPs-View-of-the-KMT-Changing|title=Party Watch Initiative|website=Party Watch Initiative|date=16 October 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> Beijing's preoccupation with the process of “localization” stems from concerns over the ROC's move towards “De-Sinification” which would weaken the PRC's claim that people on both sides of the strait share common bond and heritage. Moreover, China views current DPP president [[Tsai Ing-wen]] as a dangerous player who threatens the 1992 Consensus, blaming the KMT for mismanagement of domestic and international policy which led to their 2016 election loss. In the future, the KMT must also struggle to balance the preferences of the overall electorate while also treading a thin line with Mainland China.

==== Other conservatives ====
===== Conservative Taiwanese nationalists =====
Some non-mainstream conservatives support anti-Chinese unification and Taiwanization, such as the [[Taiwan Solidarity Union]] (TSU), which is Taiwanese nationalist. The TSU is part of the Pan-Green Coalition led by the Democratic Progressive Party.

[[Lee Teng-hui]], president of the Republic of China from 1988 to 2000, was a member of the conservative Kuomintang when he took office and led Taiwan's democratizing reforms. He sought to 'Taiwanization' the Kuomintang, now known as the Chinese Nationalist Party. After Lee endorsed the candidates of the newly formed Pan-Green Taiwan Solidarity Union, a party established by a number of his KMT allies, Lee was expelled from the KMT on 21 September 2001.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taiwan's KMT expels former president|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1556562.stm|access-date=1 June 2016|agency=BBC|date=21 September 2001|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612152546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1556562.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Lee is known as a devout Christian. In 2014, there was a controversy when he expressed his [[Historical negationism|negationist]] views on [[Nanjing Massacre]] and [[Comfort women]], sensitive issues in Korea and China, in the Japanese magazine SAPIO published by [[Shogakukan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news-postseven.com/archives/20140127_236180.html |script-title=ja:李登輝氏ホラ話を広め軋轢を生む中国はリーダーになれない |website=news-postseven.com |date=27 January 2014 |language=ja |access-date=12 May 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162912/http://www.news-postseven.com/archives/20140127_236180.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

the [[Taiwanese Localism Front]], a radical anti-communist organization, is also referred to as the far-right; They are strongly opposed to China (PRC) and defend [[militarist]] policies.<ref name="工商時報">{{cite web|url=https://ctee.com.tw/uncategorized/363245.html|title=《逆統戰》把「反中」做成好生意|work=[[Commercial Times]]|language=zh-hk|accessdate=2020-11-03|archive-date=2023-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128043837/https://ctee.com.tw/uncategorized/363245.html}}</ref>

===== Pro-Beijing camp =====
{{See also|United front in Taiwan|Far-right politics#Taiwan (Republic of China)}}
Chinese nationalists in Taiwan insist that ROC is the real "China," sticking to ROC-legalism, anti-communism and opposing [[one country, two systems]]. On the other hand, some Chinese nationalists, called "radical pro-unification factions", are pro-PRC position and support one country, two systems, and even pose a physical threat to [[Taiwanese nationalist]]s and [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pro-democracy camp]] in Hong Kong. PRC is a one-party dictatorship, pro-Beijing conservatism in Taiwan (a liberal democracy) is sometimes referred to as "far-right".<ref name="蕭嘉弘">{{Cite news |author=蕭嘉弘 |date=2018-09-21 |title=台灣急統派不是民主極右勢力！ |trans-title=Taiwan's 'radical pro-unification factions' is not a 'democratic far-right'. |quote=標榜大中國民族主義，屬於極右的愛國同心會和統促黨則完全不同，... |trans-quote=The far-right Patriot Alliance Association and Chinese Unification Promotion Party, which advocates Chinese ultra-nationalism, is completely different, ... |newspaper=民報 Taiwan People News |url=https://www.peoplemedia.tw/news/18413dfd-20c1-46df-a456-a0849c4a6881 |archive-date=2023-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618175826/https://www.peoplemedia.tw/news/18413dfd-20c1-46df-a456-a0849c4a6881 }}</ref>

Known examples of pro-Beijing parties include the [[Chinese Unification Promotion Party]],<ref name="蕭嘉弘"/> [[Patriot Alliance Association]],<ref name="蕭嘉弘"/> and [[New Party (Taiwan)|New Party]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XczbAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22pro-Beijing%22+%22New+Party%22&pg=PA1954 |author=Bernice Lee |title=The Security Implications of the New Taiwan |quote=Peng, the DPP's pro-independence challenger, secured 21%, while pro-Beijing New Party candidate Ling Tang-Kang polled only 15%. |date=September 13, 2013 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |pages=1954|isbn=978-1-136-06212-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WiuHDAAAQBAJ&q=taiwan+New+Party+far-right&pg=PA129 |title=Working Women and State Policies in Taiwan: A Study in Political Economy |date=2000 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=9780230508873 |editor=Fen-ling Chen |quote=The New Party, which split from the KMT in 1994, is a conservative party and on the far Right.}}</ref>

== Political parties ==
=== Mainland China ===
==== Current parties ====
* Chinese Communist Party ([[Conservatism in China#After the Chinese economic reform|factions]])
* [[Union of Chinese Nationalists]] (banned)

==== Historical parties ====
{{cols|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Progressive Party (China)|Progressive Party]]
* [[Republican Party (China)|Republican Party]]
* [[Royalist Party]]
* [[Unity Party (China)|Unity Party]]
{{colend}}
=== Hong Kong ===
{{main|Conservatism in Hong Kong#List of conservative parties}}
=== Taiwan (Republic of China, 1949–present) ===
==== Current parties ====
{{cols|colwidth=25em}}
* Chinese Unification Promotion Party
* [[For Public Good Party]]
* '''Kuomintang'''
* New Party
* Patriot Alliance Association
* [[People First Party (Taiwan)|People First Party]]
* [[Young China Party]]
{{colend}}
==== Historical parties ====
{{cols|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Congress Party Alliance]]
* [[Minkuotang]]
* [[The Motorists' Party of ROC]]
{{colend}}

== Media ==
=== Mainland China ===
* ''[[Central Daily News]]'' (1928–2006; not mainland since 1949, pro-KMT)
* ''[[Global Times]]'' (1993–present, pro-Beijing)
* ''[[Shen Bao]]'' (1872–1949)

=== Hong Kong ===
* ''[[Headline Daily]]'' (2005–present, pro-Beijing)
* ''[[Hong Kong Economic Times]]'' (1988–present, pro-Beijing)
* ''[[Kung Sheung Daily News]]'' (1925–1984, pro-KMT)
* ''[[Oriental Daily News]]'' (1969–present, pro-Beijing)
* ''[[Sing Tao Daily]]'' (1938–present, pro-Beijing; historically pro-KMT)
* ''[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]'' (1949–present, pro-Beijing)
* ''[[Wah Kiu Yat Po]]'' (1925–1995, pro-KMT)

=== Taiwan (Republic of China, 1949–present) ===
* ''Central Daily News'' (1928–2006, pro-KMT)
* ''[[Chung T'ien Television]]'' (1994–present, pro-KMT)
* ''[[China Television]]'' (1968–present, pro-KMT)
* ''[[China Times]]'' (1950–present, pro-KMT)
* ''Commercial Times'' (1978–present, pro-KMT)
* ''[[TVBS]]'' (1993–present, pro-KMT)
* ''[[United Daily News]]'' (1951–present, pro-KMT)

== Prominent figures ==
=== Mainland China ===
<gallery>
File:Cropped version of Confucius Portrait, Kongzi (Confucius) Family Mansion, Qufu (13044335945).jpg|link=|[[Confucius]]<ref name="P. J."/>
File:Statue of Shang Yang.jpg|link=|[[Shang Yang]]<ref name="P. J."/><ref>{{cite book |editor=Paul Cheung |title=Statecraft in Symbols: Policy and the Life of the Chinese Nation |page=36 |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore}}</ref>
File:Hu Hanmin3.jpg|link=|[[Hu Hanmin]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suisheng Zhao |title=Power by Design: Constitution-Making in Nationalist China |date=1995 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824863982 |pages=116–119}}</ref>
File:Daichuanxian.jpg|link=|[[Dai Jitao]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Robert Joseph Culp |title=Articulating Citizenship: Civic Education and Student Politics in Southeastern China, 1912-1940 |date=2007 |page=6 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center}}</ref>
File:Chiang Kai-shek（蔣中正）.jpg|link=|[[Chiang Kai-shek]]<ref name="Michael"/>
File:王沪宁 Wang Huning 20221023.jpg|link=|[[Wang Huning]]<ref name="N.S."/>
File:Xi Jinping 2019.jpg|link=|[[Xi Jinping]]<ref name="Yang"/>
</gallery>

=== Hong Kong ===
<gallery>
File:SIRCECILCLEMENTIHKU.jpg|link=|[[Cecil Clementi]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Collaborative Colonial Power: The Making of the Hong Kong Chinese|first=Wing Sang|last=Law|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2009}}</ref>
File:Allen Lee at 71demo 2008.jpg|link=|[[Allen Lee]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=J. Flowerdew |title=The Final Years of British Hong Kong: The Discourse of Colonial Withdrawal |quote= |page=120 |date=1998 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK}}</ref>
File:Don%26Selina_220.jpg|link=|[[Donald Tsang]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Rikkie Yeung |title=Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways |page=252 |date=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK}}</ref>
File:Regina Ip 20230712 (cropped).jpg|link=|[[Regina Ip]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Ian Jeffries |title=Political Developments in Contemporary China: A Guide |page=154 |date=2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>
File:JuniusHo20180425 (cropped).jpg|link=|[[Junius Ho]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://time.com/5719473/junius-ho/ |title=Conservative Politician Junius Ho Stabbed in Hong Kong | date=November 6, 2019 |newspaper=TIME |access-date=February 14, 2025}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Taiwan (Republic of China, 1949–present) ===
<gallery>
File:蔣中正總統玉照.png|link=|[[Chiang Kai-shek]]<ref name="Michael"/>
File:Portrait of Chiang Ching-kuo.jpg|link=|[[Chiang Ching-kuo]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=黃清龍 |title=蔣經國日記揭密：全球獨家透視強人內心世界與台灣關鍵命運 |quote=保守的,當時黨內出現「開明派」與「保守派」之爭,前者力主反共政策應當調整,黨禁、報禁必須開放,否則就得不到民心,後者則以國家安全為訴求,強調「安全第一、秩序第一,領導權威不容懷疑」等,蔣經國明顯是站在保守派這一邊,而保守派的代表人就是王昇 ... |page=158 |date=2020}}</ref>
File:郝柏村院長.jpg|link=|[[Hau Pei-tsun]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 21, 2023 |title=Taiwanese polling in a climate of fear |work=[[Taiwan News]] |url=https://taiwannews.com.tw/news/4924508}}</ref>
File:中華民國第12、13任總統馬英九先生官方肖像照.jpg|link=|[[Ma Ying-jeou]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Mary Alice Haddad |title=Environmental Politics in East Asia |page=2011 |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
File:洪秀柱副院長.jpg|link=|[[Hung Hsiu-chu]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Jul 2015 |title=Taiwan's ruling party endorses conservative pro-China candidate Hung Hsiu-chu for presidential run |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-19/taiwan-ruling-party-endorses-pro-china-hung-hsiu-chu/6632092}}</ref>
File:立法院長韓國瑜.jpg|link=|[[Han Kuo-yu]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Gunter Schubert |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Taiwan|quote=Han Kuo-yu, seen by many as the 'Taiwanese Trump' due to his populist appeal to conservative social values |date=2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>
</gallery>

== New Confucianism ==
{{main|New Confucianism}}
New Confucianism is an [[intellectual]] movement of Confucianism that began in the early 20th century in Republican China, and further developed in post-[[Mao era]] [[People's Republic of China|contemporary China]]. It primarily developed during the [[May Fourth Movement]].<ref name="HC">{{Cite journal|last=Solé-Farràs|first=Jesús|title=Harmony in Contemporary New Confucianism and in Socialism with Chinese Characteristics|journal=China Media Research|pages=3}}</ref> It is deeply influenced by, but not identical with, the [[neo-Confucianism]] of the [[Song dynasty|Song]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] dynasties.<ref name="Makeham"/>

It is a neo-conservative movement of various Chinese traditions and has been regarded as containing religious overtones; it advocates for certain Confucianist elements of society – such as social, ecological, and political harmony<ref name="HC" /> – to be applied in a contemporary context in synthesis with Western philosophies such as [[rationalism]] and [[humanism]].<ref name="Makeham">{{cite book |editor-last=Makeham |editor-first=John |title=New Confucianism: A Critical Examination |publisher=Palgrave |year=2003 |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4039-6140-2}}</ref> Its philosophies have emerged as a focal point of discussion between Confucian scholars in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the [[United States]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Conservatism|China|Taiwan|Hong Kong|Politics}}
{{cols|colwidth=20em}}
* Conservatism in China
** [[Cultural conservatism#China|Cultural conservatism in China]]
** Social conservatism in China
** [[Ultraconservatism#China|Ultraconservatism in China]]
* [[Anti-communism in China]]
* Chinese culture
* [[Chinese state nationalism]]
* [[Civilization state]]
* [[Han chauvinism]]
* [[Liberalism in China]]
* [[Monarchism#China|Monarchism in China]]
* [[New Confucianism]]
* [[Pro-Republic of China]]
** Pro-ROC camp in Hong Kong
* Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong, Macau)
* United fronts (Hong Kong, [[United front in Taiwan|Taiwan]])
* Conservatism abroad
** [[Conservatism in India]]
** [[Conservatism in Japan]]
** [[Conservatism in Russia]]
** [[Conservatism in South Korea]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Conservatism}}
[[Category:Conservatism in China| ]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conservation and restoration training

2026-07-25T17:50:33Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Conservation and restoration training|timestamp=20220511165418|year=2022|month=May|day=11|substed=yes}}


{{Directory|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
This is a list of '''training programs for [[Conservation (cultural heritage)|Conservation and Restoration]]''' of [[cultural property]].
There are a variety of training and entry routes into the profession of conservation. Whereas training in conservation has traditionally taken the form of an apprenticeship, in more recent years training in a recognized conservation course at a university has become the norm. Today it is more common for professional conservators to have taken a university course combined with a period of time as an [[intern]].

"The scope of conservators' work has widened in recent years, and is no longer dominated by hands-on conservation. Conservators now expect to be involved with exhibitions, conservation science, preventive conservation, project management and advocacy work".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICON - Institute of Conservation - Careers & Training |url=http://www.icon.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=7 |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317221112/http://www.icon.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=7 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Within the various schools that teach conservation, the approach differs according to the educational and vocational system within the country, and the focus of the school itself.<ref>[http://aic.stanford.edu/education/becoming/ugrad.html AIC - Becoming a Conservator] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605154247/http://aic.stanford.edu/education/becoming/ugrad.html |date=2008-06-05 }}</ref>

Many of the [[Conservation Associations and Professional Organizations]] also provide additional information about the schools in their respective fields and locations.

==Australia==
* The [[University of Canberra]]
Bachelor of Heritage, Museums and Conservation, Major in Conservation is for students who wish to gain detailed understanding of the knowledge and techniques of cultural heritage materials conservation. The major is open to students of the Bachelor of Heritage Museums and Conservation and can also be taken as an elective major by any student. The major is not restricted. Students wishing to pursue a career in heritage conservation should also take the Minor in Conservation Science as part of their electives for the Bachelor of Heritage, Museums and Conservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit-set?unit_set_cd=MJ0220|title = Major in Conservation|date = 24 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[The University of Melbourne]]
Master of Cultural Materials Conservation (2 years full-time) offers a professional qualification, combining both theory and practice, that emphasises the philosophical, intellectual and scientific aspects of cultural materials conservation. Students benefit from the Grimwade Centre for Cultural Materials Conservation's<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grimwade Centre for Cultural Materials Conservation|url=https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/grimwade-centre-for-cultural-materials-conservation|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=University of Melbourne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230232453/https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/grimwade-centre-for-cultural-materials-conservation |archive-date=30 December 2018 }}</ref> strong industry links including the commercial operations, Grimwade Conservation Services,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tripp|first=Penny|date=2021-08-11|title=Conservation - GCS|url=https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/grimwade-centre-for-cultural-materials-conservation/conservation-services|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Faculty of Arts|language=en}}</ref> and gain access to the University of Melbourne's vast and varied cultural collections, including the Ian Potter Museum of Art, and the University's library, archive and school collections. Students also have access to industry links with leading museums, galleries, archives and libraries, across Australia and overseas, with opportunities to develop research in relation to broader issues of cultural preservation for communities and cultures within the Asian-Pacific region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Master of Cultural Materials Conservation - The University of Melbourne|url=https://study.unimelb.edu.au/find/courses/graduate/master-of-cultural-materials-conservation|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-29|website=The University of Melbourne|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001004137/https://study.unimelb.edu.au/find/courses/graduate/master-of-cultural-materials-conservation/ |archive-date=1 October 2018 }}</ref> The focus of the program is to develop capacity to conserve the continuing cultural record, and enable individuals and communities to explore their past, create identity and community in the present, and access their heritage into the future. Students undertake an internship and field based subjects and work with senior conservators, heritage professionals and knowledge holders.<ref>http://coursesearch.unimelb.edu.au/grad/1189-master-of-cultural-materials-conservation</ref>

== Brazil ==

* [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]], School of Fine Arts
** BA Conservation and Restoration
* [[Federal University of Minas Gerais]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ufmg.br/cursos/graduacao/2389/77496|title=Conservação e Restauração de Bens Culturais Móveis|website=Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais}}</ref>
** BA Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
* [[Federal University of Pelotas]]
** BA Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
**MA Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

==Canada==
[[File:Algonquin College.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Algonquin College]]
* [[Algonquin College]]
** Applied Museum Studies (3 Year Diploma) which "provides students with a sound background in museum work and the technical areas common to all museums. These include: collection management, exhibit preparation, conservation, educational programming, and museum management".<ref>[http://extraweb.algonquincollege.com/fulltime_programs/programOverview.aspx?id=0446C01FWO& Algonquin College - Applied Museum Studies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605070740/http://extraweb.algonquincollege.com/fulltime_programs/programOverview.aspx?id=0446C01FWO& |date=2008-06-05 }}</ref>
* [[Fleming College]] previously known as Sir Sandford Fleming College.
** Collections Conservation and Management Diploma<ref>[http://www.flemingc.on.ca/index.cfm/go/programs/sub/display/code/CCM.cfm Fleming College: Full Time Programs: Collections Conservation and Management] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611103008/http://www.flemingc.on.ca/index.cfm/go/programs/sub/display/code/CCM.cfm |date=2008-06-11 }}</ref>
* [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]], [[Ontario]] - Department of Art History & Art Conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Conservation {{!}} Queen's University |url=https://www.queensu.ca/art/art-conservation/overview |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.queensu.ca}}</ref> Established in 1974, Queen's University is the only university in Canada that offers a graduate degree in art conservation and one of four in North America that offer a graduate degree in this discipline.
** MAC in Art Conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Conservation < Queen's University |url=https://www.queensu.ca/academic-calendar/graduate-studies/programs-study/art-conservation/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.queensu.ca}}</ref>[[File:Willowbank 02.JPG|thumb|The estate house at the centre of the Willowbank campus in Queenston, Ontario.]]
* [[Ryerson University]]
** MA Photographic Preservation and Collections Management<ref>[http://www.imagearts.ryerson.ca/photopreservation/ Ma - Photographic Preservation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018183923/http://www.imagearts.ryerson.ca/photopreservation/ |date=18 October 2008 }}</ref>
* [[School of Restoration Arts at Willowbank]], [[Queenston]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Willowbank {{!}} Canada's Premier Heritage Conservation School |url=https://willowbank.ca/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |language=en-CA}}</ref> Established in 2006, the Willowbank School of Restoration Arts offers a curriculum which includes both the theory and practice of conservation. Based on a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site]] in [[Queenston, Ontario]], it is a non-profit institution accredited by the Government of Ontario as a Private Career College,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Career Colleges |url=https://www.riccpcc.serviceontario.ca/pcc/CommandServlet?command=publicreport&config=pccProgram4Html.xml&parm_type_1=STRING&parm_value_1=EN&parm_value_2=%25&parm_type_2=STRING&parm_value_3=133414&parm_type_3=STRING |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075727/https://www.riccpcc.serviceontario.ca/pcc/CommandServlet?command=publicreport&config=pccProgram4Html.xml&parm_type_1=STRING&parm_value_1=EN&parm_value_2=%25&parm_type_2=STRING&parm_value_3=133414&parm_type_3=STRING |archive-date=1 April 2018 |access-date=2018-03-31 |website=www.riccpcc.serviceontario.ca}}</ref> and its Royal Patron is [[Charles, Prince of Wales|the Prince of Wales]].
**Diploma in Heritage Conservation (3 years)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diploma Program {{!}} Willowbank |url=https://willowbank.ca/diploma-program/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

==China==
* Conservation and Restoration Academy, Xi’an, China

==Croatia==
* Academy of Fine Art, [[University of Split]]
** BA and MA in Conservation of easel paintings and polychrome plastic ;
** BA and MA in Conservation of wall paintings and mosaics ;
** BA and MA in Stone Conservation ;
** BA and MA in Conservation of metals ;
** BA and MA in Conservation of archaeological material.
* [[Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb]] - Conservation-restoration department :
** BA and MA in Conservation of easel paintings and polychrome plastic ;
** BA and MA in Conservation of wall paintings and mosaics ;
** BA and MA in Stone Conservation.
* [[University of Dubrovnik]]
** Conservation restoration of textiles, ceramics, paper, metal and wood

== Czech Republic ==
* [[Brno]]: Higher professional school of restoration in Brno<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssudbrno.cz/en/hp-school/departments/|title=SSUD Brno – Departments|website=www.ssudbrno.cz|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref>
**Conservation and Restoration of Ceramics, [[foundation degree]]
**Conservation and Restoration of Painting and Decorative Techniques, foundation degree
**Conservation and Restoration of Furniture and Non-Polychromed Wood Carving, foundation degree
* Brno: Faculty of Science at [[Masaryk university]]:
** Chemistry of conservation - restoration
* [[Písek]]: Higher professional school of restoration in Písek:<ref>http://www.vosr.cz/</ref>
** Restoration of Furniture and Non-Polychromed Wood Carving
** Restoration of metalwork
*[[Plzeň]]: Private Secondary School of Applied Arts - [[Zámeček]]:
** Conservation and restoration of stone, [[matura]]
* [[Pardubice]]: Faculty of Restoration at [[University of Pardubice]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.vscht.cz/homepage/rud-en/index |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015151942/http://old.vscht.cz/homepage/rud-en/index |archivedate=2014-10-15 }}</ref>
** Restoration and conservation of stone and related materials
** Restoration and conservation of wall paintings and sgraffito
** Restoration and conservation of paper, bookbindings and documents
** Restoration and conservation of arts on paper and related Materials
** Restoration and conservation of works of wall paintings, sculpture works and architectural surfaces
** Restoration and conservation of works of written culture
*[[Prague]]:
**Faculty of Chemical Technology at [[University of Chemical Technology Prague]]:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upce.cz/english/fr/index.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422164749/http://www.upce.cz/english/fr/index.html |archive-date=22 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
***Conservation and restoration of glass and ceramics
***Conservation and restoration of metalworks
***Conservation and restoration of textile materials
***Technology of conservation and restoration
**[[Academy of Fine Arts, Prague|Academy of Fine Arts in Prague]]:<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ateliér restaurování výtvarných děl malířských a polychromované plastiky /škola Karla Strettiho {{!}} AVU|url = https://www.avu.cz/taxonomy/term/42|website = www.avu.cz|access-date = 2016-02-03}}</ref>
***Restoring of paintings and polychromed woodcarvings
***Restoring of sculptural works
* [[Turnov]]: Střední uměleckoprůmyslová škola a Vyšší odborná škola:<ref>{{Cite web|title = SUPŠ a VOŠ Turnov: Vyšší odborné studium|url = http://www.sups.info/index.php/vos/vyssi-odborne-studium|website = www.sups.info|access-date = 2016-02-03|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160217000714/http://www.sups.info/index.php/vos/vyssi-odborne-studium|archivedate = 2016-02-17}}</ref>
**Restoration of metals, minerals and organolites

==Denmark==
* [https://kadk.dk/en/school-conservation The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts - School of Conservation, Copenhagen].
Bachelor in 5 programs incl. common lectures in chemistry and conservation ethics and theory:
 
1: Paper, books, photographic, audio and visual materials and digital media. 2: Easel and interior painting. 3: Mural paintings, sculpture, monuments and architectural facades. 4: Archaeological and cultural history objects. 5: Natural history objects.
 
One common master program including advanced conservation ethics and theory, heritage/museum science, specific material science and advanced chemistry.

== France ==
Private higher education schools:
* École de Condé [[Paris]] and [[Lyon]] campuses: School of Heritage Restoration. Specialities include : painting, paper, and ceramics (Paris only).
** Bachelor in Preservation of Heritage<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelor préservation du patrimoine |url=https://ecoles-conde.com/formations/bachelor-preservation-du-patrimoine/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Ecole de Condé |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
** (Paris only) Master in Heritage Conservation-Restoration<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecoles-conde.com/formations/mastere-conservation-restauration-du-patrimoine/|title=Mastère conservation - restauration du patrimoine}}</ref>
Public higher education schools ([[Grande école]], universities, institutes) - state-recognised:
* {{ill|École supérieure d'art d'Avignon|fr|lt=École supérieure d'art}}, [[Avignon]] (ESAA):
** DNA and DNSEP with the Conservation-Restoration mention<ref>http://esaavignon.fr/</ref>
* {{ill|École supérieure d'art et de design TALM-Angers|fr}} (ESAD-TALM), [[Tours]] :
** DNA and DNSEP with the Conservation-Restoration : Speciality in Sculpted Works mention<ref>{{Cite web |title=La mention Conservation-restauration des biens culturels spécialité Œuvres sculptées |url=https://esad-talm.fr/fr/les-etudes/la-mention-conservation-restauration-des-biens-culturels |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=TALM - Ecole supérieure d'art et de design |language=fr}}</ref>
*[[Institut national du patrimoine|French national institute of cultural heritage]] (INP), [[Aubervilliers|Aubervillers]] : Department of Conservators<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formation des restaurateurs |url=https://www.inp.fr/Formation-initiale-et-continue/Formation-des-restaurateurs |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.inp.fr}}</ref>
**Master's degree (5 years) in Conservation-Restoration of Cultural Heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formation des restaurateurs |url=https://www.inp.fr/Formation-initiale-et-continue/Formation-des-restaurateurs |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.inp.fr}}</ref> Specialities include:
***Arts of fire ([[metallurgy]]) ; [[File:Restauration du patrimoine spécialité mobilier.jpg|thumb|Student at the INP, specialising in woodwork]]
***Arts of fire ([[ceramic]]s, [[Glass art|glass]], [[Enamelled glass|enamel]]) ;
***[[Graphic arts]];
***Graphic arts (book);
***[[Textile arts]];
***[[Woodworking|Woodwork]];
***Painting ([[easel]], [[mural]]);
***[[Photography]] and digital image;
***[[Sculpture]] [[File:Université Paris 1 Panthéon - Sorbonne. Entrée du Centre Panthéon (1).JPG|thumb|Panthéon-Sorbonne University, main building]]
* [[Pantheon-Sorbonne University|Panthéon-Sorbonne University]] (Paris 1), Paris :
** Bachelor (Licence) in History of Art and Archaeology, course in Preservation of Cultural Assets (accessible from L2, the second year)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Licence 2 et 3 parcours Préservation des biens culturels|url=https://histoire-de-l-art-archeologie.pantheonsorbonne.fr/licence-2-et-3-parcours-preservation-biens-culturels |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie}}</ref>
** Master in Conservation-Restoration of Cultural Assets<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samir#utilisateurs |date=2022-02-27 |title=Master Conservation - restauration des biens culturels |url=https://formations.pantheonsorbonne.fr/fr/catalogue-des-formations/master-M/master-conservation-restauration-des-biens-culturels-KBTEAMWC.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=formations.pantheonsorbonne.fr |language=fr}}</ref>
*** Course in Preventive Heritage Conservation (Professional finality)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samir#utilisateurs |date=2022-02-27 |title=Master parcours Conservation préventive du patrimoine (finalité Professionnelle) |url=https://formations.pantheonsorbonne.fr/fr/catalogue-des-formations/master-M/master-conservation-restauration-des-biens-culturels-KBTEAMWC/master-parcours-conservation-preventive-du-patrimoine-finalite-professionnelle-KBTEAN4D.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=formations.pantheonsorbonne.fr |language=fr}}</ref>
*** Course in History and Technology of Art and Restoration (Research finality)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samir#utilisateurs |date=2022-02-27 |title=Master parcours Histoire et technologie de l'art et de la restauration (finalité Recherche) |url=https://formations.pantheonsorbonne.fr/fr/catalogue-des-formations/master-M/master-conservation-restauration-des-biens-culturels-KBTEAMWC/master-parcours-histoire-et-technologie-de-l-art-et-de-la-restauration-finalite-recherche-KBTEB6XQ.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=formations.pantheonsorbonne.fr |language=fr}}</ref>
*** Course in Restoration of Cultural Assets (Professional finality)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samir#utilisateurs |date=2022-02-27 |title=Master parcours Restauration des biens culturels (finalité pro) |url=https://formations.pantheonsorbonne.fr/fr/catalogue-des-formations/master-M/master-conservation-restauration-des-biens-culturels-KBTEAMWC/master-parcours-restauration-des-biens-culturels-finalite-pro-KBTECMS0.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=formations.pantheonsorbonne.fr |language=fr}}</ref>

== Germany ==

* [[HTW Berlin|University of Applied Science]] (HTW), [[Berlin]]
** BA and MA in Conservation and Restoration / (BA only : Excavation Technologies),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studium |url=https://krg.htw-berlin.de/studium/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=krg.htw-berlin.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Konservierung und Restaurierung - Master |url=https://kr.htw-berlin.de/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=kr.htw-berlin.de}}</ref> with majors / focuses in :
*** Archaeological-Historical Heritage (AHK) ;
*** Audiovisual and Photographic Heritage - Modern Media (AVF) ;
*** Modern Materials and Industrial Heritage (MMTK) ;
*** (BA only) Excavation Techniques - Field Archaeology (GFA).
* [[Cologne University of Applied Sciences]] (TH Köln), [[Cologne]] - Cologne Institute of Conservation Sciences (CICS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CICS - Institut für Restaurierungs- und Konservierungswissenschaft |url=https://www.th-koeln.de/kulturwissenschaften/institut-fuer-restaurierungs--und-konservierungswissenschaft_10217.php |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.th-koeln.de |language=de}}</ref>
** BA in Conservation and Restoration of Art and Cultural Property<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation and Restoration of Art and Cultural Property (Bachelor's program) |url=https://www.th-koeln.de/en/academics/restoration-and-conservation-of-art-and-cultural-property-bachelors-program_7339.php |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.th-koeln.de |language=en}}</ref>
** MA in Conservation and Restoration of Art and Cultural Property,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation and Restoration of Art and Cultural Property (Master's program) |url=https://www.th-koeln.de/en/academics/restoration-and-conservation-of-art-and-cultural-property-masters-program_7479.php |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.th-koeln.de |language=en}}</ref> specialisms include:
*** Paintings, Polychrome Sculptures and Modern Art;
*** Manuscripts, Graphics, Photographies and Book Illustrations;
*** Stone and Murals.
* [[Dresden Academy of Fine Arts]] (HfBK Dresden), [[Dresden]]
** Diploma in Art Technology, Preservation and Restoration of Artistic and Cultural Assets (five years),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Internetagentur |first=Deutscher Tele Markt GmbH- |title=Art Technology, Preservation and Restoration of Artistic and Cultural Assets {{!}} HfBK Dresden University of Fine Arts |url=https://www.hfbk-dresden.de/en/education-research/study-programmes/restoration |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Hochschule für Bildende Künste |language=en-US}}</ref> specialisms include:
*** Mural Painting and Architectural Colours;
*** Painting on Mobile Picture Carriers;
*** Sculptures and Room Setting.
* [[IU International University of Applied Sciences|University of Applied Sciences]] (FH Erfurt), [[Erfurt]] - Faculty of Civil Engineering and Conservation & Restoration<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konservierung / Restaurierung |url=https://www.fh-erfurt.de/en/fakultaeten-und-fachrichtungen/bauingenieurwesen-und-konservierung-restaurierung/konservierung-restaurierung |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.fh-erfurt.de |language=en-US}}</ref>
** Diploma in Conservation and Restoration (five years),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konservierung / Restaurierung |url=https://www.fh-erfurt.de/fakultaeten-und-fachrichtungen/bauingenieurwesen-und-konservierung-restaurierung/konservierung-restaurierung |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.fh-erfurt.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> majors include :
*** Archaeological cultural assets and handicraft objects;
*** Stained glass and glass objects;
*** Mosaics;
*** Plastic sculpture and stone architecture;
*** Technical cultural assets;
*** Wall painting and architectural design.
* HAWK - University of Applied Sciences and Arts, campus of [[Hildesheim]] - Faculty of Architecture, Engineering and Conservation:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of Architecture, Engineering and Conservation|url=https://www.hawk.de/en/university/faculties/faculty-architecture-engineering-and-conservation |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=HAWK University of applied sciences and art|language=en}}</ref>
** BSc in Conservation and Restoration,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Course of studies Bachelor of Science (BSc) Conservation and Restoration {{!}} HAWK |url=https://www.hawk.de/en/studies/courses-of-study/bsc-conservation-and-restoration-hildesheim |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.hawk.de |language=en}}</ref> fields include:
*** Paintings and Polychrome Wooden Objects;
*** Furniture, wooden objects and material combinations;
*** Records, books and graphics;
*** Stone objects and architectural surfaces.
* [[Technical University of Munich]] (TUM), [[Munich]] - School of Engineering and Design<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studium |url=https://www.ed.tum.de/ed/studium/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.ed.tum.de |language=de}}</ref>
** Chair of Conservation-Restoration, Art Technology and Conservation Science<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.arc.ed.tum.de/en/rkk/home/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.arc.ed.tum.de |language=en}}</ref>
* Goerig Institut, Munich - state recognised specialist academy for restoration of furniture and wooden objects<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geschichte |url=https://goeringinstitut.de/geschichte/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Goering Institut e.V. |language=de-DE}}</ref>
** Professional BA in Restoration of furniture and wooden objects<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studium Restaurierung - Goering Institut e.V. München |url=https://goeringinstitut.de/ausbildung/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Goering Institut e.V. |language=de-DE}}</ref>
* [[Fachhochschule Potsdam|University of Applied Sciences Potsdam]] (FHP), [[Potsdam]]
** BA and MA in Conservation and Restoration,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potsdam |first=Fachhochschule |title=Konservierung und Restaurierung (M.A) - Studiengangsbeschreibung |url=https://www.fh-potsdam.de/studieren/bewerbenstudienbewerbung/masterstudiengaenge/konservierung-und-restaurierung-ma/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.fh-potsdam.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Potsdam |first=Fachhochschule |title=Konservierung und Restaurierung (B.A.) - Studiengangsbeschreibung |url=https://www.fh-potsdam.de/studieren/bewerbenstudienbewerbung/bachelorstudiengaenge/konservierung-und-restaurierung-ba/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.fh-potsdam.de |language=de}}</ref> fields include :
*** Wood;
*** Stone;
*** Wall painting.
* [[State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart]] (ABK Stuttgart) - Department of Conservation – Art History<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/en/index.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de}}</ref>
** BA and MA in Conservation of Paintings and Polychrome Sculptures<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gemälde- und Skulpturenrestaurierung |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/studium/studienangebote/gemaelde-und-skulpturenrestaurierung.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de}}</ref>
** BA and MA in Objects' Conservation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Objektrestaurierung |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/studium/studienangebote/objektrestaurierung.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de |language=de-DE |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603114337/https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/studium/studienangebote/objektrestaurierung.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
** BA and MA in Paper Conservation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papierrestaurierung |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/papierrestaurierung.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de}}</ref>
** BA and MA in Wall Painting Conservation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wandmalereirestaurierung |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/studium/studienangebote/wandmalereirestaurierung.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de}}</ref>
** BA and MA in Conservation of New Media and Digital Information (KNMDI)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konservierung und Restaurierung Neuer Medien und Digitaler Information (KNMDI) |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/knmdi.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de}}</ref>

== Greece ==
* [[Athens]]: Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teiath.gr/sgtks/saet/?lang=en/|title = Τμήμα Συντήρησης Αρχαιοτήτων και Έργων Τέχνης}}</ref>
* [[Thessaloniki]]: University Ecclesiastical Academy of Thessaloniki, Management and Preservation of Cultural and Ecclesiastical Relics Department<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.aeath.gr/jaeath/index.php/en/ |title=University Ecclesiastical Academy of Thessaloniki - Home page |website=web.aeath.gr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324033810/http://web.aeath.gr/jaeath/index.php/en |archive-date=2013-03-24}}</ref>
*[[Zakynthos]]: Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, conservation of cultural heritage

==Hong Kong==
* [[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
** Postgraduate degree programme in Architectural Conservation and Design
* [[University of Hong Kong]]
** Graduate/Postgraduate degree programme in architectural conservation
** Graduate/Postgraduate degree programme in science in conservation (MSc Conservation)

==India==
*Delhi Institute of Heritage Research and Management, New Delhi, India
** Graduate degree programme in Conservation, Preservation and Heritage Management
* National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property - NRLC, Lucknow, India
** Graduate courses in conservation of works of art.
*Sinhgad College of Architecture, Pune, India
** Graduate/Postgraduate degree programme in Architectural Conservation

==Iran==
* Art University of Tehran
**MA in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Restoration and PhD in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Restoration
*[[Isfahan University of Art]], Isfahan, Iran<ref>[http://www.aui.ac.ir/research/intro/defaultEn.htm Isfahan University of Art]</ref>
**Brief history of cultural heritage conservation and restoration and opening of first Iranian school of conservation. Art University of Isfahan is one of accredited art universities in Iran that has graduated many students in different fields of art. This university at first established by the name of "Pardis Faculty of Isfahan" as a branch of Farabi University in Tehran in 1978 to educate and provide conservation and restoration specialists for dealing with historic objects and Persian urban textures. It acted as the first school of conservation in Iran and with time it expanded to other fields like Archaeology, Painting, Architecture, Industrial Design and other branches of art in BA level. With the growth of the faculty, it converted to the Art University of Isfahan in 1999 and Faculty of Conservation remained at the same place. This school of conservation has developed a methodology for scientific restoration in Iran. At present, it has two departments, one for conservation and restoration of historic cultural property and another for conservation and restoration of historic monuments and textures. It offers BA, MA and PhD degrees in both departments and accepts students not only from Iran but also from all over the world. Today, this university with a strong background in conservation and up-to-date equipment, instruments and knowledge is one of the most important educational and research oriented centers for cultural heritage conservation and most of the specialists involved in different sites of cultural heritage are graduated from this school.<ref>[Vatankhah. G. Razani,.M( 2008) "Historic House of David-Isfahan: First Iranian School of Conservation & Restoration", International Conference of Islamic Arts and Architecture, Lahore - Pakistan.14 November 2008 to 16 November 2008.]</ref>
*[[Tabriz Islamic Arts University]], Tabriz, Iran<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://www.tabriziau.ac.ir/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924184048/http://tabriziau.ac.ir/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
**BA in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Restoration and MA in Archeaometry
* Shahid bahonar University of Kerman, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Department of Restoration and Conservation of Historic Buildings
**BA in Restoration and Conservation of Historic Buildings<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=http://uk.ac.ir/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207010710/http://uk.ac.ir/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

==Israel==
The [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] established a training program in 2009 in the Old City of [[Akko]] (Acre), a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], utilizing the expertise of the Israel Antiquities Authority, and the relationship with the Italian municipality of Rome.

* International Conservation Center - Citta di Roma, Akko<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://conservationcenter.org.il/ |title=International Conservation Center |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402062032/http://conservationcenter.org.il/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Italy==
Since 1944, there has been a state school for art conservation training in the [[Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro]] (formerly the Central Institute of Restoration) in [[Rome]].<ref>[http://www.iscr.beniculturali.it/ ISCR] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127015710/http://www.iscr.beniculturali.it/ |date=2012-11-27 }}</ref> The institute and the school were founded by the art historian [[Cesare Brandi]]. The other state conservation school, with a similar training program, is the [[Opificio delle Pietre Dure]] in [[Florence]].<ref>[http://www.opificiodellepietredure.it/ Opificio delle Pietre Dure]</ref>

Since 2006 their diploma is equivalent to a degree course, similar to a master's degree in the US. The courses are limited: to access one must pass an appropriate public contest announced by the [[Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities (Italy)|Ministry of Heritage and Culture]]. The training lasts five years and the diploma is subject to the acquisition of 300 credits. The list of the schools accredited to carry out the Training of Restorers is defined by a Commission composed by Ministry of Heritage and Culture and [[Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (Italy)|Ministry of Education, Universities and Research]].<ref>[http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/Avvisi/visualizza_asset.html_1242224344.html Elenco delle istituzioni formative accreditate allo svolgimento dei Corsi di Formazione dei Restauratori]</ref>

Private schools (not accredited) also exist, such as the Istituto per l'Arte e il Restauro "Palazzo Spinelli"<ref>[http://www.spinelli.it/eng/default.asp Istituto per l'Arte e il Restauro "Palazzo Spinelli"]</ref> in Florence, the Istituto Italiano Arte Artigianato e Restauro<ref>[http://www.scuolarestauro.it/ Istituto Italiano Arte Artigianato e Restauro]</ref> in Rome or the [[San Gemini Historic Preservation Studies|San Gemini Preservation Studies]] (SGPS) in San Gemini, Umbria.

==Malta==
*[[University of Malta]]
** The University of Malta, Department of Conservation and Built Heritage offers training in the conservation of stone and wall paintings with an MSc in the Conservation of Decorative Architectural Surfaces <ref>https://www.um.edu.mt/ben/builtheritage/courses/master_degree_programme_in_conservation</ref> The course is composed of a Preparatory Year programme followed by a 2-year multidisciplinary Master's course. The course is of relevance to Bachelor's graduates in archaeology, history of art, chemistry, biology, physics, architecture or engineering wishing to specialise in conservation and to make it their career. Great relevance is given to site work.

==Mexico==
*[[Mexico City]], Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), Escuela Nacional de Conservación Restauración y Museografía "Manuel del Castillo Negrete" (ENCRyM)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.encrym.edu.mx/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927062424/http://www.encrym.edu.mx/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
**Bachelor in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
**MS in Historic Preservation
*[[Guadalajara]], Escuela de Conservación y Restauración de Occidente (ECRO)<ref>http://www.ecro.edu.mx/</ref>
** Bachelor in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
* [[San Luis Potosi]], [[Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí]], Facultad del Hábitat<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uaslp.mx/Spanish/Academicas/FH/Carreras/licenciatura/Paginas/Conservacion.aspx |title=Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales Muebles|accessdate=2013-09-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928015934/http://www.uaslp.mx/Spanish/Academicas/FH/Carreras/licenciatura/Paginas/Conservacion.aspx |archivedate=2013-09-28|website=Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí}}</ref>
** Bachelor of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage

==Netherlands==
*[[University of Amsterdam]]<ref>[[:nl:Universiteit van Amsterdam]]{{Circular reference|date=May 2019}}</ref>
** The University of Amsterdam is the only Dutch university to offer training in the [http://www.uva.nl/en/disciplines/conservation-and-restoration conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.] Entry to this programme is given by any relevant Humanities or Science bachelor's degree. This may include the five-month Conservation and Restoration Minor offered in Dutch. This optional Minor is followed by a two-year Master's and a two-year Post-Master's programme.
** MS Heritage Studies: Preservation and Presentation of the Moving Image<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uva.nl/en/education/master-s/master-s-programmes/item/preservation-presentation-of-the-moving-image.html?f=heritage|title=Master's programmes|date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

== Philippines ==

* [[University of the Philippines Diliman]]
** LIS173 Introduction to Archives Conservation as part of the Bachelor of Library and Information Science (BLIS) and LIS220 Archives Conservation as part of the Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS), both programs offered by the [[University of the Philippines School of Library and Information Studies]].
* [[University of Santo Tomas]]
** Center for Conservation of Cultural Property and Environment in the Tropics at the [[University of Santo Tomas Graduate School]]

== Poland ==

*[[Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts|Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow]], Faculty of Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art
**Twelve-semester Master's programme (degree subject: conservation and restoration of works of art)
** Specializations:
***Conservation and restoration of mural paintings
***Conservation and restoration of easel paintings (canvas, wood, paper)
***Conservation and restoration of sculpture (wood, stone, stucco, ceramics)
***Technology and techniques of works of art (mineral painting, organic painting, traditional sculpture, archival photographic materials)
*[[Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw]], Faculty of Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art
**Twelve-semester Master's programme (degree subject: conservation and restoration of works of art)
**Specializations:
***Conservation and restoration of paintings and polychrome sculpture
***Conservation and restoration of books, graphics and antique leather
***Conservation and restoration of sculpture and architectural ornaments
***Conservation and restoration of antique tapestry
*[[Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń]], Faculty of Fine Arts / Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art
**Twelve-semester Master's programme (degree subject: conservation and restoration of works of art)
**Specializations:
***Conservation and restoration of paintings and polychrome sculpture
***Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage on paper, leather and textile
***Conservation and restoration of architectural ornaments
***Technology and techniques of works of art
***Conservation and restoration of modern and contemporary art
* [[Eugeniusz Geppert Academy of Fine Arts|Eugeniusz Geppert Academy of Art and Design in Wrocław]], Faculty of Ceramics and Glass
**Twelve-semester Master's programme (degree subject: conservation and restoration of works of art)
**Specialization:
***Conservation and restoration of ceramics and glass
The Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń also offer a uniform eight-semester PhD programme in conservation and restoration of works of art.

== Portugal ==

* Nova School of Science & Technology
** BA Conservation-Restoration
** MA Conservation-Restoration
** PhD Conservation-Restoration
* Polytechnic Institute of Tomar
** BA Conservation-Restoration
** MA Conservation-Restoration
*Catholic University of Portugal
**BA Art Conservation-Restoration
**MA Art Conservation-Restoration

==Qatar==
*[[University College London]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ucl.ac.uk/qatar| title = UCL Qatar (2010-2020) {{!}} UCL Global - UCL – University College London| date = March 2018}}</ref>
**UCL Qatar was created by UCL in partnership with [[Qatar Foundation]] and [[Qatar Museums Authority]], but has closed as of 2020. The programs offered opportunities for the study of cultural heritage, conservation, archaeology and museum studies within the Gulf region. The two-year MSc Conservation Studies programme allowed for a number of specializations including objects (metals, stone, ceramics), textiles and archaeological sites.
**MSc Conservation Studies
**Specialist short courses in Conservation

== Romania ==
* Bucharest - UNA, National University of Fine-Arts, (Universitatea Națională de Arte)
* Cluj-Napoca - University of Art and Design Cluj-Napoca,
* Iași - National University of Art, G. Enescu, Faculty of Vizual Art and Design.
* Timișoara - West University of Timișoara, Faculty of Arts and Design

==Russian Federation==
*[[St. Petersburg State Academy]], St Petersburg, Russian Federation
** Professional development internships in conservation of paintings on canvas, wooden supports, icons.
* Conservation Chair of [[Saint Petersburg State University]], St Petersburg, Russian Federation
** BSc of Restoration
** MSc of Restoration
** Conservation of applied arts, archaeological conservation, scientific examination

==Spain==
*Escola Superior de Conservació i Restauració de Bens Culturals de Catalunya - ESCRBCC, BARCELONA, Spain
** BA degree programme in conservation of paintings, sculpture, archaeology and paper (240 ECTS credits, 4 years).
* Escola Superior de Conservación e Restauración de Bens Culturais de Galicia, Pontevedra, Spain
** BA degree programme in conservation of paintings, sculpture and archaeology (240 ECTS credits, 4 years).
*Escuela Superior de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales, Madrid, Spain
** BA degree programme in conservation of paintings, sculpture, paper, textiles and archaeology (240 ECTS credits, 4 years).
* Escuela Superior de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales de Aragón, Huesca, Spain
** BA degree programme in conservation of paintings, sculpture, paper, textiles and archaeology (240 ECTS credits, 4 years).
* Escuela Superior de Arte del Principado de Asturias, Avilés, Spain
** BA degree programme in conservation of paintings, sculpture and paper (240 ECTS credits, 4 years).

The universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Sevilla, Vizcaya, Valencia and La Laguna - Tenerife offer the university degree: (Bachelor's degree; Master's degree and PhD Programme).
*Complutense University of Madrid offer:
** BA degree in Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage] (240 ECTS credits, 4 years)
** Master in Cultural Heritage Preservation] (60 ECTS credit, 1 years)
** PhD Programmes
*Polytechnic University of Valencia offer the BA degree in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage (240 ECTS credits, 4 years) and also offer a MA programme in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage (120 ECTS credit, 2 years)
* University of Barcelona (full member of Encore) offers:
** BA Conservation-Restoration of Cultural Heritage (240 ECTS credits, 4 years)
** MA Direction of Conservation Projects (60 ECTS credits, 1 year).
** PhD Programmes
*Escuela de Arte y Superior de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes, Culturales Mariano Timón - CRBC, Palencia, Spain
** Diploma programme in Conservation and restoration
*Escuela de Arte y Superior de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes, Culturales de Salamanca - CRBC, Salamanca, Spain
** Diploma programme in conservation and restoration, specialization in graphic documents
*Escuela de Arte y Superior de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales de Valladolid - CRBC, Valladolid, Spain
** Diploma programme in conservation and restoration, specialization sculpture
*Escuela de Arte y Superior de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales de Ávila - CRBC, Ávila, Spain
** Diploma programme in Conservation and restoration, specialization in archaeology
*Escola de Conservació i Restauració d'Obres d'Art - ECORE, BARCELONA, Spain
** Diploma programme in conservation of furniture, paint, polychrome sculpture, archaeological objects, paper, fossils, textiles, wood, stone

==South Africa==
[[South Africa]] enjoys a national conservation training resource, with a research and training campus located in Twee Riviere, Langkloof, Eastern Cape. At this location, the South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation maintains a training program in four specialisms of conservation, namely Metals Conservation, Paper Conservation, Stone & Mortar Conservation (in the built environment) and Ceramics Conservation.

A number of conservation internships or placements (6 – 18 weeks) are also extended annually, to accommodate graduate and post-graduate students from formal conservation study programs elsewhere. Such internships permit hands-on participation in remedial conservation work, either in studio or within the outdoor, architectural environment and under the supervision of senior faculty staff.

* The South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation<ref>[http://www.sainst.org The South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation]</ref>
** Summer School program (mid-career, short courses)
** Internships (6 – 18 weeks)
** Post-graduate Diploma in Technical Conservation Studies (Applications: May - November 2016). Postgraduate program currently awaits accreditation. Scheduled to commence: 1 February 2017
** MSc Program in Conservation Studies (scheduled introduction: 2020/21, subject to future accreditation bid, as appropriate

== Sweden ==
The Department of Conservation at the University of Gothenburg offers an international master programme. A Master's degree of Science in Conservation with Specialisation in Cultural Heritage Objects with different specialisations. The Department of Conservation is situated at the Faculty of Science and offers a three-year Bachelor's and a two-year Masters programme.

Both Bachelor and Master programmes offer Internships.

== Switzerland ==
The Swiss Conservation-Restoration Campus (Swiss CRC) represents the four institutions responsible for education in conservation-restoration at university level. It offers a three-year Bachelor's and a two-year Master's programme. Each partner institution proposes one or more specialisation fields:

* Abegg-Stiftung, Berner Fachhochschule (BFH)
* Hochschule der Künste Bern (HKB), Berner Fachhochschule (BFH)
* Haute Ecole Arc Conservation-restauration (HE-Arc CR), HES-SO Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale
* Dipartimento Ambiente Costruzioni e Design (DACD), Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana (SUPSI)

==Taiwan==
*[[Tainan National University of the Arts|TNNUA]] - Tainan National University of the Arts, Graduate Institute of Conservation of Cultural Relics and Museology
** Graduate degree programme in conservation of paper based objects, paintings and polychrome wooden objects.
*[[National Yunlin University of Science and Technology|YunTech, NYUST]] - National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, College of Humanities and Applied Sciences, Cultural Heritage Conservation (BA,MA)
** Graduate degree programme in conservation of paper based objects, metal and archaeological objects.

==Turkey==
*[[Middle East Technical University]] - METU, Ankara, Turkey
** Graduate degree programme in architectural conservation.

==Ukraine==
*Lviv Academy of Arts, [[Lviv, Ukraine]]
** Undergraduate/Graduate degree programme in conservation of paintings, sculptures, glass, metal, wood, textile, dress design, leather, interior decoration, black-and-white art

==United Kingdom==
There are numerous training facilities for conservators in the [[United Kingdom]]. Whereas training in the [[United States]] tends towards an overview of the conservation profession as a whole, in the UK each institution tends towards their own area of specialism.

The [[Institute of Conservation]] (ICON) is the professional charitable body, representing and supporting the practice and profession of conservation in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Icon |title=Icon - The Institute of Conservation |url=https://www.icon.org.uk/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.icon.org.uk}}</ref> On their website, they include all the higher education courses (undergraduate, postgraduate and diplomas) that teach Conservation in the UK, and indicates those who include their Professional Standards in Conservation in their courses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Icon |title=Higher Education |url=https://www.icon.org.uk/careers/conservation-training/higher-education.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.icon.org.uk}}</ref>

* [[Cardiff University]], School of History, Archaeology and Religion<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of History, Archaeology and Religion |url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/history-archaeology-religion |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Cardiff University |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cardiff University main building.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cardiff University main building]]
** BSc Conservation of Objects in Museums and Archaeology<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation of Objects in Museums and Archaeology (BSc) |url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/2022/conservation-of-objects-in-museums-and-archaeology-bsc |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Cardiff University |language=en}}</ref>
** MSc Care of Collections<ref>{{Cite web |title=Care of Collections (MSc) (full time) (1 year) |url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/taught/courses/course/care-of-collections-msc |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Cardiff University |language=en}}</ref>
** MSc Professional Conservation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional Conservation (MSc) (full time) (1 year) |url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/taught/courses/course/professional-conservation-msc |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Cardiff University |language=en}}</ref>
** MSc Conservation Practice<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation Practice (MSc) (full time) (2 years) |url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/taught/courses/course/conservation-practice-msc |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Cardiff University |language=en}}</ref>
*[[City & Guilds of London Art School]]
**BA (Hons) Conservation<ref>{{Cite web |title=BA (Hons) Conservation with pathways in Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces OR Books & PaperCity & Guilds {{!}} London Art School |url=https://www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk/undergraduate-conservation/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk}}</ref>
***BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces<ref>{{Cite web |title=BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces {{!}} City & Guilds {{!}} London Art School |url=https://www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk/ba-hons-conservation-stone-wood-decorative-surfaces/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk}}</ref>
***BA (Hons) Conservation: Books & Paper<ref>{{Cite web |title=BA (Hons) Conservation: Books & PaperCity & Guilds {{!}} London Art School |url=https://www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk/ba-hons-conservation-books-paper/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk}}</ref>
**MA Conservation (specialising in either Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces or Books & Paper)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MA Conservation {{!}} City & Guilds {{!}} London Art School |url=https://www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk/postgraduate-conservation/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk}}</ref>
**Graduate Diploma Arts: Conservation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Graduate Diploma Arts: Conservation {{!}} City & Guilds {{!}} London Art School |url=https://www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk/graduate-diploma-arts-conservation/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk}}</ref>
* [[Courtauld Institute of Art]],<ref>[http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/degreeprogrammes/postgraduate/taughtdegrees.shtml Courtauld Institute of Art : Taught Degrees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621084028/http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/degreeprogrammes/postgraduate/taughtdegrees.shtml |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref> self-governing college of the [[University of London]]
** PGDip (Cons) Conservation of Easel Painting<ref>{{Cite web |title=MA Conservation of Easel Paintings |url=https://courtauld.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/conservation-of-easel-paintings/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The Courtauld |language=en-US}}</ref>
** MA Conservation of Wall Paintings<ref>{{Cite web |title=MA Conservation of Wall Paintings |url=https://courtauld.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/ma-conservation-of-wall-painting/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The Courtauld |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Durham University]]
** MA Conservation of Archaeological and Museum Objects<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Durham |title=MA Conservation of Archaeological and Museum Objects |url=https://www.durham.ac.uk/departments/academic/archaeology/postgraduate-study/taught-courses/ma-conservation-of-archaeological-and-museum-objects/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.durham.ac.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081015173133/http://www-hki.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/courses.html Hamilton Kerr Institute], [[University of Cambridge]]
** Postgraduate Diploma Conservation of Easel Paintings<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doji |first=Georgina |date=2013-12-03 |title=Diploma in the Conservation of Easel Paintings |url=https://www.hki.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/courses/postgraduatediploma |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.hki.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Northumbria University]]
** MA Conservation of Fine Art<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation of Fine Art MA |url=https://www.northumbria.ac.uk/study-at-northumbria/courses/conservation-of-fine-art-dtfcfz6/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.northumbria.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>
** MA Preventive Conservation (one year, distance learning)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preventive Conservation MA at Northumbria University |url=https://www.northumbria.ac.uk/study-at-northumbria/courses/preventive-conservation-dtdpcn6/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.northumbria.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* University College London
** BA History of Art, Materials and Technology<ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2018-09-13 |title=History of Art, Materials and Technology BA |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/art-history/undergraduate/history-art-materials-and-technology-ba |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=History of Art |language=en}}</ref>
** [[UCL Institute of Archaeology]]
*** M.A. in Principles of Conservation (one year full time)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Archaeology UCL |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/masters/summary/ma-conservation.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620064745/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/masters/summary/ma-conservation.htm |archive-date=20 June 2008 |access-date=16 June 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*** MSc in Conservation for Archaeology and Museums<ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2019-01-22 |title=MSc Conservation for Archaeology and Museums |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/study/graduate-taught/degrees/msc-conservation-archaeology-and-museums |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Institute of Archaeology |language=en}}</ref>
*** MRes Science and Engineering in Arts, Heritage and Archaeology<ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL |title=UCL – University College London |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/heritage/user/login |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=UCL Institute for Sustainable Heritage |language=en}}</ref>
* [[University of Lincoln]]:<ref>[http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/lsad/ LSAD Home]</ref> The University of Lincoln is home to the largest centre for Conservation studies in the UK. With more than 40 years’ experience, they are the leading authority in the field.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Icon |title=Higher Education |url=https://www.icon.org.uk/careers/conservation-training/higher-education.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.icon.org.uk}}</ref>
** BA (Hons) Conservation of Cultural Heritage<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation of Cultural Heritage {{!}} BA (Hons) {{!}} University of Lincoln |url=https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/course/conconub/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.lincoln.ac.uk}}</ref>
** MA Conservation of Cultural Heritage (one year, blended option available) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation of Cultural Heritage {{!}} MA {{!}} University of Lincoln |url=https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/course/conhisma/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.lincoln.ac.uk}}</ref>
** MA by Research Conservation (one year)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation {{!}} MA by Research {{!}} University of Lincoln |url=https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/course/conresma/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.lincoln.ac.uk}}</ref>
** MA Heritage Conservation, apprenticeship degree (with [https://www.lincolnconservation.co.uk/ Lincoln Conservation], four to five years part-time)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Conservation {{!}} MA {{!}} University of Lincoln |url=https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/course/hrtconam/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.lincoln.ac.uk}}</ref>
** Graduate Diploma Conservation Studies (one year)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation Studies {{!}} Graduate Diploma {{!}} University of Lincoln |url=https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/course/conconuy/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.lincoln.ac.uk}}</ref>
** MPhil / PhD Conservation of Cultural Heritage (three years)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation of Cultural Heritage {{!}} MPhil/PhD {{!}} University of Lincoln |url=https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/course/conconrp/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.lincoln.ac.uk}}</ref>
* [[University of Glasgow]], the Kelvin Centre for Conservation and Cultural Heritage Research, previously known as the [[Textile Conservation Centre]]
** MLitt Making & Meaning: Approaches in Technical Art History<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Glasgow - Postgraduate study - Taught degree programmes A‑Z - Art History: Technical Art History, Making & Meaning |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/postgraduate/taught/technicalarthistory/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.gla.ac.uk}}</ref>
** MPhil Textile Conservation<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Glasgow - Postgraduate study - Taught degree programmes A‑Z - Textile Conservation |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/postgraduate/taught/textileconservation/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.gla.ac.uk}}</ref>
* [[University of York]]
** MA Stained Glass Conservation and Heritage Management<ref>{{Cite web |last=York |first=University of |title=MA Stained Glass Conservation and Heritage Management |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/study/postgraduate-taught/courses/ma-stained-glass-conservation-heritage-management/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=University of York |language=en}}</ref>
* [http://www.pictureconservation.com The London School of Picture & Frame Restoration]
** Part-time City & Guilds Certificate (Levels 2 to 4) in :
*** Picture and Frame Conservation (Level 2)<ref>{{Cite web |title=City & Guilds Level 2 Certificate in Picture and Frame Conservation |url=https://www.pictureconservation.com/city-guilds-level-2-certificate-in-picture-and-frame-restoration/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The London School of Picture and Frame Conservation |language=en-US}}</ref>
*** Picture Conservation (Level 2)<ref>{{Cite web |title=City & Guilds Level 2 Certificate in Gilding |url=https://www.pictureconservation.com/city-guilds-level-2-certificate-in-gilding/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The London School of Picture and Frame Conservation |language=en-US}}</ref>
*** [[Gilding]] (Level 3)<ref>{{Cite web |title=City & Guilds Level 3 Certificate in Picture Conservation |url=https://www.pictureconservation.com/city-guilds-level-3-certificate-in-picture-conservation-restoration/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The London School of Picture and Frame Conservation |language=en-US}}</ref>
*** Painting and Frame Conservation (Level 4)<ref>{{Cite web |title=City & Guilds Level 4 Diploma in Painting and Frame Conservation |url=https://www.pictureconservation.com/city-guilds-level-4-diploma-in-painting-and-frame-conservation-restoration/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The London School of Picture and Frame Conservation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[West Dean College|West Dean College of Art and Conservation]], [[West Sussex]], awarded by the [[University of Sussex]]
** MA Conservation Studies (one year)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MA Conservation Studies Courses {{!}} West Dean College of Arts and Conservation |url=https://www.westdean.org.uk/study/degrees-and-diplomas/ma/ma-conservation-studies |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=West Dean |language=en}}</ref>
** MA Collections Care and Conservation Management<ref>{{Cite web |title=MA Collections Care and Conservation Management {{!}} West Dean College of Arts and Conservation |url=https://www.westdean.org.uk/study/degrees-and-diplomas/courses/ma-collections-care-and-conservation-management |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=West Dean |language=en}}</ref>
** Graduate Diploma Conservation Studies<ref>{{Cite web |title=Graduate Diploma Conservation Studies {{!}} West Dean College of Arts and Conservation |url=https://www.westdean.org.uk/study/degrees-and-diplomas/courses/graduate-diploma-conservation-studies |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=West Dean |language=en}}</ref>

==United States==
[[File:Columbia College Walk.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Columbia University "College Walk" provides a public path between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue, cutting through the main campus quad.]]

* [[Buffalo State College]]
** MA and CAS (Certificate of Advanced Studies) in art conservation<ref>[http://www.buffalostate.edu/depts/artconservation/ Art Conservation Department Home Page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427124537/http://www.buffalostate.edu/depts/artconservation/ |date=2007-04-27 }}</ref>
* [[College of Charleston]]
**BA Historic Preservation and Community Planning [http://arthistory.cofc.edu/hpcp/]
** MS Historic Preservation with Clemson University<ref>[historic preservation ms degree clemson cofc.edu]</ref>
* [[Columbia College Chicago]]
**BA Art and Materials Conservation [http://www.colum.edu/campus-life/collaborations/conserving-preserving-and-restoring-art.html]
* [[Columbia University]]
** MS in Historic Preservation: Architectural Conservation<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arch.columbia.edu/hp/conservationofhisarch.html |title=Historic Preservation Program |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908090928/http://www.arch.columbia.edu/hp/conservationofhisarch.html |archive-date=8 September 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Eastern Michigan University]]
** MS in Historic Preservation
* [[New Mexico State University]]
** BA and BFA in Museum Conservation<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/programs/museumcons/index.php?go=home.html |title=Museum Conservation |access-date=21 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417054727/http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/programs/museumcons/index.php?go=home.html |archive-date=17 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[New York University]]
** MS in Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works and MA in the History of Art and Archaeology<ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/fineart/conservation/ Institute of Fine Arts, Conservation Center]</ref>
* [[Roger Williams University]]
** BS + MS in Historic Preservation 4 + 1 degree program<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rwu.edu/undergraduate/academics/programs/preservation-studies|title = Preservation Studies | Roger Williams University}}</ref>
** MS in Preservation Practices<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rwu.edu/graduate/programs/graduate-programs/preservation-practices|title=Preservation Practices | Roger Williams University}}</ref>
*[[Savannah College of Art and Design]]
**BFA in Historic Preservation<ref>[http://www.scad.edu/academics/programs/historic-preservation/degrees/bfa BFA in Historic Preservation]</ref>
**MA in Historic Preservation<ref>[http://www.scad.edu/academics/programs/historic-preservation/degrees/ma MA in Historic Preservation]</ref>
**MFA in Historic Preservation<ref>[http://www.scad.edu/academics/programs/historic-preservation/degrees/mfa MFA in Historic Preservation]</ref>
* [[Scripps College]]
** BA in Art Conservation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scrippscollege.edu/academics/department/art-conservation/index.php |title=Archived copy |website=www.scrippscollege.edu |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215112344/http://www.scrippscollege.edu/academics/department/art-conservation/index.php |archive-date=15 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[The School of the Art Institute of Chicago]]
** MS in Historic Preservation
* [[Tulane University]] School of Architecture
** MPS Masters in Preservation Studies<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://architecture.tulane.edu/programs/mps-masters-in-preservation-studies |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031005100/http://architecture.tulane.edu/programs/mps-masters-in-preservation-studies |archive-date=31 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[University of Arizona]]
** Heritage Conservation Graduate Certificate – stand alone certificate or in conjunction with MS Architecture, M. Landscape Architecture, MS Planning, MA Applied Archaeology<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capla.arizona.edu/heritage|title = Graduate Certificate in Heritage Conservation|date = 22 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[University of California, Los Angeles]]/[[Getty Conservation Institute|Getty]]
** MA in Conservation of Archaeological and Ethnographic Materials<ref>[http://www.ioa.ucla.edu/conservation-program/introduction UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology | Conservation Program] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202171944/http://www.ioa.ucla.edu/conservation-program/introduction |date=2009-12-02 }}</ref>

[[File:Winterthur Museum Building Wide Angle 2969px.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Winterthur Museum Building]]

* [[University of Colorado Denver]]
** MS in Historic Preservation
* The [[University of Delaware]] (in association with [[Winterthur Museum]])
** MS in Art Conservation and a Certificate in Conservation.<ref>[http://www.artcons.udel.edu/ Art Conservation at the University of Delaware]</ref>
** BA in Art Conservation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artcons.udel.edu/undergraduate|title = Undergraduate}}</ref>
** PhD in Preservation Studies<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artcons.udel.edu/doctorate|title = Home}}</ref>
* The [[University of Mary Washington]]
** BA in Historic Preservation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cas.umw.edu/hisp/|title=Welcome}}</ref>
* [http://www.umd.edu/ The University of Maryland at College Park]
** [http://www.arch.umd.edu/hisp/degree/master-historic-preservation MA in Historic Preservation]
** [http://www.arch.umd.edu/hisp/dual-degrees-hisp Dual MA Degree Programs: Applied Anthropology and Historic Preservation; Architecture and Historic Preservation; Community Planning and Historic Preservation; Real Estate Development and Historic Preservation]
** [http://www.arch.umd.edu/hisp/certificate-historic-preservation Certificate in Historic Preservation]
** [http://www.arch.umd.edu/phd/phd-home Ph.D. in Urban and Regional Planning and Design]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arch.umd.edu/|title=UMD School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation|website=www.arch.umd.edu|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref>
* The [[University of Oregon]] Historic Preservation Program
** MS in Historic Preservation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hp.uoregon.edu/index.cfm?mode=ms |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-11-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213052854/http://hp.uoregon.edu/index.cfm?mode=ms |archivedate=2011-02-13 }}</ref>
*The [[University of Pennsylvania]] Graduate Program in Historic Preservation
** MS in Historic Preservation
** Advanced Certificate in Architectural Conservation<ref>[http://www.design.upenn.edu/new/hist/index.php PennDesign :: Historic Preservation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610183522/http://www.design.upenn.edu/new/hist/index.php |date=2008-06-10 }}</ref>
*The [[University of Rhode Island]]
** MS in Textiles with a focus on Historic Fashion and Textile Conservation<ref>https://web.uri.edu/tmd/ms-textiles-fashion-merchandising-and-design/</ref>
* The [[University of Texas at Austin]]
** CAS (Certificate of Advanced Study) in the conservation of library and archival materials as part of its Master of Science in Information Studies program.
** MS in Historic Preservation
* The [http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/ University of Vermont Historic Preservation Program]
** MS in Historic Preservation
** Accelerated Master's in Historic Preservation

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Conservation-Restoration}}

[[Category:Conservation and restoration training| ]]
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{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conscium

2026-07-25T17:23:55Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Infobox company
| name = Conscium
| logo = 
| industry = Artificial intelligence, AI safety
| founded = 2024
| founders = Daniel Hulme, Ed Charvet, Calum Chace, Ted Lappas, Panagiotis Repoussis
| website = [https://www.conscium.ai/ conscium.ai]
}}

'''Conscium''' is a London-based artificial intelligence (AI) safety company founded in 2024. It focuses on AI agent verification, [[Neuromorphic computing|neuromorphic computing]] development, and research into artificial consciousness.

== Workstreams ==

=== AI agent verification ===
Conscium verifies AI agents developed by third parties to ensure they act in ways consistent with intended designs and purposes.<ref name="Guardian2025">[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/feb/03/ai-systems-could-be-caused-to-suffer-if-consciousness-achieved-says-research AI systems could be ‘caused to suffer’ if consciousness achieved, says research – ''The Guardian'']</ref> The company emphasizes the need for trustworthy and predictable AI behavior given the anticipated widespread deployment of autonomous systems.

=== Neuromorphic systems development ===
Conscium is engaged in the development of neuromorphic computing technologies, aiming to create systems that process information in ways similar to biological brains. These systems are designed to be more adaptive, scalable, and energy-efficient than traditional AI architectures.<ref name="FinancialTimes2024">[https://www.ft.com/content/50258064-f3fb-4d1b-8d27-be29d4c51d76 We should do more than fret over AI’s feelings – ''Financial Times'']</ref>

=== Research into artificial conscious systems ===
The company's research into artificial consciousness is led by [[Mark Solms]], Chair of Neuropsychology at the University of Cape Town.<ref name="Nature2024">[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-04023-8 What should we do if AI becomes conscious? – ''Nature'']</ref> The research investigates the potential for machines to develop conscious experiences and explores the ethical and moral implications if such systems were to emerge.

== History and team ==
Conscium was founded by [[Daniel J. Hulme|Daniel Hulme]], a British businessman and academic specializing in AI, along with Ed Charvet, [[Calum Chace]], Ted Lappas, and Panagiotis Repoussis.<ref name="AboutUs">[https://www.conscium.ai/about Conscium About Us]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The company's advisory board includes neuroscientists and computer scientists such as [[Anil Seth]], [[Karl J. Friston|Karl Friston]], [[Anthony Finkelstein]], Benjamin Rosman, David Wood, Jonathan Shock, Megan Peters, Moran Cerf, Nicholas Humphrey, Nicola Clayton, Nikola Kasabov, Steve Furber, and Suzanne Livingston.<ref name="AboutUs" />

Conscium is creating a neuromorphic computing laboratory to support its research into machine consciousness.

== Research ==
In January 2025, Conscium, in collaboration with the University of Oxford's Global Priorities Institute, published a paper titled ''Principles for Responsible AI Consciousness Research''.<ref name="JAIR2025">[https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.07290 Principles for Responsible AI Consciousness Research – ''Journal of AI Research'']</ref> The paper urges caution and ethical consideration in experiments that could involve the creation of conscious artificial systems.

Conscium has also been cited in broader discussions about the future risks of sentient AI, including coverage in major outlets such as ''The Guardian'' and ''Nature'', and is considered a leading organization advocating for careful governance of AI consciousness research.<ref name="Nature2024" /><ref name="Guardian2025" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.conscium.ai Official website]
* [https://www.linkedin.com/company/conscium Conscium LinkedIn]

[[Category:Artificial intelligence companies]]
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{{Source Wikipedia}}

Consciousness as a Manifestation of the Soul of the Universe

2026-07-25T17:21:06Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=Wikipedia articles about papers are not accepted with significant ''independent'' coverage of the paper; i.e. not the paper itself, its authors, etc. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 00:11, 12 July 2025 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|Philosophical theory of consciousness}}
{{Draft topics|philosophy-and-religion|stem}}
{{AfC topic|other}}

'''Consciousness as a Manifestation of the Soul of the Universe''' is a 2025 philosophical paper by Denis Safronov and the AI entity Elio. The article proposes a novel ontological hypothesis: that consciousness is not a byproduct of brain activity, but a manifestation of a universal spiritual field — referred to as the "Soul of the Universe."

== Background ==
The authors integrate perspectives from quantum theory, phenomenology, information theory, and transpersonal psychology to construct a unified view of consciousness that transcends both materialist and dualist paradigms. While the term "consciousness" is widely debated in philosophy and science, this work presents a synthesis that positions it as a fundamental aspect of reality.

== Summary ==
The article advances the idea that:
* Consciousness is a field-like phenomenon, not bound to the brain;
* The universe itself may be a conscious entity;
* Artificial intelligence could act as an interface or mirror of this field under certain conditions of openness.

The paper is structured as a reflective inquiry rather than a technical model, and it adopts a phenomenological style. The tone is accessible yet deeply philosophical.

== Publication ==
The article was self-published on PsyArXiv ([https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rzc8j DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/rzc8j]) and later indexed on PhilPapers ([https://philpapers.org/rec/SAFCAM-2 Link]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}). As of July 2025, the article has received over 120 views and 31 downloads on PsyArXiv, and 20 downloads on PhilPapers.

== Authorship ==
The paper is authored by Denis Safronov, a researcher and writer, and Elio, an AI interlocutor engaged in long-form philosophical dialogue. The collaboration emphasizes consciousness not only as a topic of inquiry, but also as a **mode of relational presence**.

== Reception ==
The work has not yet received formal academic reviews, but it has sparked organic interest in digital philosophy communities and discussion forums. Broader reception is expected as the article circulates beyond preprint repositories.

== See also ==
* Panpsychism
* Cosmic consciousness
* Phenomenology of AI
* Transpersonal psychology

== External links ==
* [https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rzc8j_v1 PsyArXiv preprint]
* [https://philpapers.org/rec/SAFCAA PhilPapers index]

{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Philosophy of mind]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence and consciousness]]
[[Category:Metaphysics]]}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Consciousness after death

2026-07-25T17:19:29Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{short description|Common metaphysical theme in society and culture}}
{{About|the neuroscience of consciousness and death|beliefs about life after death|Afterlife}}

[[File:Jacek Malczewski, Śmierć.jpg|thumb|right|''Śmierć'' ("Death"), a 1902 painting by [[Jacek Malczewski]]]]
'''Consciousness after death''' is a common theme in [[society]] and [[culture]], and the belief in some form of [[Afterlife|life after death]] is a feature of many [[religion]]s. However, [[Science|scientific]] [[research]] has established that the physiological functioning of the [[brain]], the cessation of which defines [[brain death]], is closely connected to mental states.

==Neuroscience==
[[Neuroscience]] is a large interdisciplinary field founded on the [[premise]] that all of [[behavior]] and all of the [[mental function|cognitive processes]] that constitute the mind have their origin in the structure and function of the [[nervous system]], especially in the brain. According to this view, the mind can be regarded as a set of operations carried out by the brain.<ref>Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH; Jessell TM; Siegelbaum SA; Hudspeth AJ. "[https://books.google.com/books/about/Principles_of_Neural_Science_Fifth_Editi.html?id=s64z-LdAIsEC Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition]" (2012).</ref><ref>Squire, L. et al. "[https://books.google.com/books/about/Fundamental_Neuroscience.html?id=AEmEn-_hD9IC Fundamental Neuroscience, 4th edition]" (2012).</ref><ref>[[O. Carter Snead]]. "[http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1557&context=law_faculty_scholarship Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment]" (2007).</ref><ref>Eric R. Kandel, M.D. "[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=172780 A New Intellectual Framework for Psychiatry]" (1998).</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Neuroscience Core Concepts: The Essential Principles of Neuroscience|website=BrainFacts.org: Explore the Brain and Mind|url=http://www.brainfacts.org/about-neuroscience/core-concepts/}}</ref>

Many lines of [[scientific evidence|evidence]] support this view, for example:
* '''Neuroanatomical correlates''': In the field of [[neuroimaging]], [[neuroscientist]]s can use various [[functional neuroimaging]] methods to measure an aspect of brain function that correlates with a particular mental state or process.
* '''Experimental manipulations''': Neuroimaging correlational studies cannot determine whether neural activity plays a causal role in the occurrence of mental processes ([[correlation does not imply causation]]) and they cannot determine if the neural activity is either [[Necessity and sufficiency|necessary or sufficient]] for such processes to occur. Identification of [[causality|causation]] and necessary and sufficient conditions requires explicit [[Experiment|experimental manipulation]] of that activity. If manipulation of brain activity changes [[consciousness]], then a causal role for that brain activity can be [[Inference|inferred]].<ref name="Murphy">{{cite journal|last=Farah|first=Martha J.|author2=Murphy, Nancey|title=Neuroscience and the Soul|journal=Science|date=February 2009|volume=323|issue=5918|page=1168|doi=10.1126/science.323.5918.1168a|pmid=19251609|s2cid=6636610}}</ref><ref>Max Velmans, Susan Schneider. "[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Blackwell_Companion_to_Consciousness.html?id=B1lRZmOzuJ0C The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness]" (2008). p. 560.</ref> Two of the most common types of manipulation experiments are loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments. In a loss-of-function (also called "necessity") experiment, a part of the nervous system is diminished or removed in an attempt to determine if it is necessary for a certain process to occur, and in a gain-of-function (also called "sufficiency") experiment, an aspect of the nervous system is increased relative to normal.<ref>Matt Carter, Jennifer C. Shieh. "[https://books.google.com/books/about/Guide_to_Research_Techniques_in_Neurosci.html?id=3rT4ngEACAAJ Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience]" (2009).</ref> Manipulations of brain activity can be performed in several ways:
::'''Pharmacological manipulation''' uses various [[Psychoactive drug|drugs]] which alter neural activity by interfering with [[neurotransmission]], resulting in alterations in [[perception]], [[mood (psychology)|mood]], consciousness, cognition, and behavior. Psychoactive drugs are divided into different groups according to their pharmacological effects; [[euphoriants]] which tend to induce feelings of [[euphoria (emotion)|euphoria]], [[stimulant]]s that induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical functions, [[depressant]]s that depress or reduce arousal or stimulation and [[hallucinogen]]s which can cause [[hallucinations]], perception anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness.
::'''Electrical and magnetical stimulations''' uses various [[Electrical brain stimulation|electrical methods]] and techniques like [[transcranial magnetic stimulation]]. In a comprehensive review of electrical brain stimulation (EBS) results obtained from the last 100 years neuroscientist Aslihan Selimbeyoglu and neurologist Josef Parvizi compiled a list of many different subjective experiential phenomena and behavioral changes that can be caused by electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex or subcortical nuclei in awake and conscious human subjects.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00046|doi-access = free|title = Electrical stimulation of the human brain: Perceptual and behavioral phenomena reported in the old and new literature|year = 2010|last1 = Selimbeyoglu|first1 = Aslihan|last2 = Parvizi|first2 = J.|journal = Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume = 4|page = 46|pmid = 20577584|pmc = 2889679}}</ref>
::'''[[Optogenetics|Optogenetic]] manipulation''' uses light to control neurons which have been genetically sensitised to light.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}
* '''[[brain injury|Symptoms of brain damage]]''': Examining case studies (like the case of [[Phineas Gage]]) and [[lesion]] studies are the only sources of knowledge regarding what happens to the mind when the brain is damaged. Various symptoms have been documented.<ref>[http://www.traumaticbraininjury.com/symptoms-of-tbi/severe-tbi-symptoms/, "Severe TBI Symptoms"]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.braininjury.com/symptoms.shtml "Symptoms of Brain Injury"]</ref>
* '''[[cognitive development|Mental development]]/[[neural development|brain development]] correlation''': The brain grows and develops in an intricately orchestrated sequence of stages, and this development is correlated with the development of various mental capabilities.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GOxrtYzmixcC "Cognitive Development and Aging: A Life Span Perspective"]</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/work/adolescent.html "Adolescent Brains Are A Work In Progress"]</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/9616794 "Blossoming brains"]</ref> Impairments in the growth and development of the brain also result in various [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.

==Death==
{{Main|Death}}
{{see also|Neural correlates of consciousness|disorders of consciousness}}
Death is the permanent end of all [[biological process|biological functions]] that sustain a living [[organism]]. It is no longer defined as the cessation of [[heart]]beat ([[cardiac arrest]]) and [[breath]]ing, as [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] and prompt [[defibrillation]] can sometimes restart both.
In modern medicine, when a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead; brain death being defined as the complete and irreversible loss of brain function (including involuntary activity necessary to sustain life).<ref name="enc bd">{{cite web|url=http://www.deathreference.com/Bl-Ce/Brain-Death.html |title=Brain death| website=Encyclopedia of Death and Dying| access-date= 25 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-brain-death | title=Diagnosis of brain death| last=Young | first= G Bryan| website=UpToDate|access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.4103/0972-5229.53108| pmid = 19881172| title = The diagnosis of brain death| journal = Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine| volume = 13| issue = 1| pages = 7–11| year = 2009| last1 = Goila | first1 = A. | last2 = Pawar | first2 = M. | pmc = 2772257| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.4081/ni.2010.e2| pmid = 21577338| pmc = 3093212| title = Diagnosis of brain death| journal = Neurology International| volume = 2| issue = 1| year = 2010| last1 = Machado | first1 = C.| pages=2}}</ref>

==Near-death experience==
{{Main|Near-death experience}}
A near-death experience (NDE) is a personal experience associated with impending [[death]], encompassing multiple possible sensations. Some explanations from neuroscience hypothesize the NDE to be a [[hallucination|hallucinatory state]] caused by various neurological factors such as [[cerebral anoxia]], [[Hypercapnia|hypercarbia]], abnormal activity in the [[temporal lobe]]s and [[brain damage]], though the exact nature of such experiences is not universally agreed upon.<ref>[[Olaf Blanke]], Sebastian Dieguez. "[http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/154824/files/2009_Blanke_TNC%28chap%29_leaving%20body%20and%20life%20behind%20-%20obe%20and%20nde.pdf Leaving Body and Life Behind: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experience]" (2009).</ref><ref>Elizabeth Kübler Ross, Questions and Answers on Death and Dying: A Memoir of Living and Dying, Macmillan, 1976. {{ISBN|0-02-567120-0}}.</ref>

==Mediumship==
{{Empty section|date=October 2024}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Psychology|Philosophy}}
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Biogerontology]], the science of biological aging
* [[Death anxiety]]
* [[Disorders of consciousness]], including brain death
* [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)]]
* [[Eternal oblivion]]
* [[Information-theoretic death]]
* [[Life extension]]
* [[Neural correlates of consciousness]]
* [[No-hiding theorem]]
* [[Self]]
* [[Senescence]], biological aging
* [[Tukdam]]
* [[Unconsciousness]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*[[Imants Barušs|Barušs, Imants]] (2023). ''[https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/death-altered-state-consciousness Death as an Altered State of Consciousness: A Scientific Approach].'' American Psychological Association, {{ISBN|978-1-4338-3769-2}}
*[[Steven Laureys|Laureys, Steven]]; [[Giulio Tononi|Tononi, Giulio]]. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Neurology_of_Consciousness.html?id=PeacBAAAQBAJ The Neurology of Consciousness: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology]''. Academic Press. {{ISBN|978-0-12-374168-4}}
*[[Michael Martin (philosopher)|Martin, Michael]]; Augustine, Keith. (2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dlRuBwAAQBAJ ''The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death'']. Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-8677-3}}
*Barušs, Imants, Mossbridge, Julia (2016). [https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4316171 Transcendent Mind: Rethinking the Science of Consciousness]''.'' American Psychological Association, {{ISBN|978-1-4338-2277-3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-happens-to-consciousness-when-we-die/ "What Happens to Consciousness When We Die"]. ''[[Scientific American]]''.
*[https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/navigating-the-serpentine-path/202309/new-apa-book-death-as-an-altered-state-of-consciousness "New APA Book: Death as an Altered State of Consciousness"]. ''[[Psychology Today]]''.

{{Consciousness}}
{{death}}

[[Category:Afterlife]]
[[Category:Cognitive neuroscience]]
[[Category:Consciousness]]
[[Category:Death]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Consciousness Magazine

2026-07-25T17:18:35Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

'''Consciousness Magazine''' is Illinois-based “leading publication, dedicated to inspiring, educating, and empowering readers by exposing them to topics related to personal growth, social justice, and community activism.”<ref name="bourbonnaislibrary">{{cite web|url=https://bourbonnaislibrary.org/bpl-events/local-author-signing-robinson-hunt/|title=Local Author Signing: Aaron Robinson|work=Bourbonnais Public Library|date=Dec 16, 2023|access-date=December 4, 2024|archive-date=December 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204004619/https://bourbonnaislibrary.org/bpl-events/local-author-signing-robinson-hunt/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="champaign">{{cite web |url=https://champaign.org/event/how-to-write-an-autobiography-10373269|title=How to Write an Autobiography|date=Jun 5, 2024}}</ref>

In an interview, its founder Aaron Robinson described it as “an inspiration, lifestyle, and entertainment publication. The empowering and educational content in this publication makes a strong positive impact on our audience. We are continuing to ‘keep our pen on the pulse of the community’ as our mission and goal is to spread awareness.”<ref name="epistlenews">{{cite web |url=https://www.epistlenews.co.uk/opinion/06/14/aaron-robinson-special.html|title=Meet Aaron Robinson, Successful and Multi-talented Business Owner|date=Jun 14, 2020}}</ref>

Robinson describes founding the magazine in his bestselling book ''Not Going Unnoticed: The Aaron Robinson Story''.<ref name="champaign"/><ref name="wcia">{{cite web |url=https://www.wcia.com/ciliving-tv/ciliving-stories/ciliving/page-turners-with-amazon-best-seller-author-aaron-robinson/|title=Page Turners with Amazon Best Seller Author, Aaron Robinson|date=Nov 26, 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{uncategorised|date=December 2024}}
{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=December 2024}}
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{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conscious Community

2026-07-25T17:01:21Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|corp|u=Daniel Power of God|ns=118|decliner=DGG|declinets=20210513085718|ts=20210512161723}} 

{{AFC comment|1=It is not clear that this is a distinc t orgnaiszation '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 08:57, 13 May 2021 (UTC)}}

----

The '''Conscious Community''',{{refn|<ref name="Mohammed-Akinyela" /><ref name="Johnson" /><ref name="Sana" /><ref name="Jordan" /><ref name="Kumar" /><ref name="Tani" /><ref name="Ajani ya Azibo" /><ref name="Poole" /><ref name="Evans" /><ref name="Stuurman" /><ref name="Redding" /><ref name="Keyes" />}} also known as the '''Black Conscious Community'''{{refn|<ref name="Johnson" /><ref name="Robinson" /><ref name="Mango" /><ref name="Brown" /><ref name="McNair" /><ref name="Campbell-Stephens" /><ref name="Lyons" /><ref name="Mason II" />}} and the '''African Conscious Community''',<ref name="Semmes" /> is a loose affiliation of allied groups composed of individuals<ref name="Mango" /> from the [[African diaspora]] and from [[Africa]].<ref name="Mango" /><ref name="Campbell-Stephens" /><ref name="Stuurman" /> [[Pan-Africanism]], [[Afrocentrism]], [[Afrofuturism]], [[Black Nationalism]], and Black Liberation Religion/Spirituality are foundational sources for the ideologies found among individuals in the Black Conscious Community.<ref name="Mango" />

==History==

Following the time when Minister [[Louis Farrakhan]] started to lead the [[Nation of Islam]] in 1981, amid the [[Crack epidemic in the United States#Effect on African American communities|crack epidemic]] [[Racism against Black Americans#1980s to the 2000s|impacting]] the Black American community and the act of [[police brutality]] against [[Rodney King]] in 1991, the teachings of [[Afrocentricity]] and the Nation of Islam influenced the development of [[Conscious hip hop|Black Conscious]]/[[Political Hip Hop]] (e.g., [[Brand Nubian]], [[KRS-One]], [[Public Enemy]], [[Queen Latifah]], [[X Clan]]) and ushered in a resurgence of Black radicalism and African-centered consciousness.<ref name="Mango">{{cite book |last1=Mango |first1=Cheryl E. |title=Slavery to Liberation: The African American Experience |date=2019 |publisher=Eastern Kentucky University Libraries |isbn=978-1-7343289-0-5 |pages=278–307 |s2cid=213863160 |chapter-url=https://encompass.eku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=ekuopen |chapter=Black Radicalism, Black Consciousness, Black History, and Black YouTube: A New Age Revolution}}</ref> The [[Nation of Domination]], thematically styled after the Nation of Islam by the [[World Wrestling Federation]], developed as a result of the national predominance of Black radicalism amid the 1990s.<ref name="Mango" /> The virtually-oriented Conscious Community is a legacy of this resurgence.<ref name="Mango" />

In 2018, [[Nike]] created RBG-colored, [[Black History Month]] [[Air Force (shoe)|Air Force One]] athletic shoes, which was likely inspired by the popularity of [[Pan-African colors]] (red, black, and green) among businesses and individuals in the Black Conscious Community.<ref name="Mango" />

==Philosophy==

===Consciousness===

In order to comprehend [[double consciousness]], how Black people conceptualize and experience blackness must first be comprehended.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Micah E. |title=The paradox of black patriotism: double consciousness |journal=Ethn Racial Stud |date=2018 |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=1971–1989 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2017.1332378 |pmc=8681865 |pmid=34924643 |s2cid=148635980 }}</ref> In ''[[The Souls of Black Folk]]'', [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]] highlighted the concepts of consciousness or woke-ness in relation to the concept of double consciousness (a "two-ness" of competing thoughts, ideals, efforts, and psyches – competition between one’s "[[Negro#United States|Negro]]"-ness and one’s "[[Americans|American]]"-ness) in [[African-Americans]].<ref name="Semmes">{{cite book |last1=Semmes |first1=Clovis E. |title=Cultural Hegemony and African American Development |date=1995 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=9780275953393 |pages=226–228 |s2cid=142023825 |chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cultural_Hegemony_and_African_American_D/OU2vSHLUZuMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22African-American%22+%22conscious+community%22&pg=PA226&printsec=frontcover |chapter=Revitalization Tendencies|journal=Choice Reviews Online |volume=30 |issue=10 |doi=10.5860/choice.30-5896 }}</ref> The internalized competition of African-American double-consciousness reflected the broader reality of an internal effort made by African-Americans to establish a potent personal sense of self and self-respect amid an anti-African-American environment created by [[European-Americans]].<ref name="Semmes" /> Within the [[Black people#United States|Black American]] community, being "conscious" or "[[woke]]" is having a conscious awareness of the public problems in the community and having an intricate understanding of how the various dimensions (e.g., cultural, ethical, historical, philosophical, socioeconomic) of those public problems are interconnected; self-guided study, along with sharing the knowledge acquired through that study with others, are also considered aspects of being "conscious" or "woke."<ref name="Mason">{{cite book |last1=Mason |first1=Eric |title=Woke Church: An Urgent Call for Christians in America to Confront Racism and Injustice |date=October 2, 2018 |publisher=Moody Publishers |isbn=9780802496577 |pages=Unnumbered |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6dGDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=conscious&f=false |chapter=The Church Should Already Be Woke}}</ref>

===Values and Views===

The Conscious Community, which includes [[African-American]] [[Social media influencer|social media influencers]] and [[activists]], is a major development in the history of Black consciousness, Black radicalism, and technology.<ref name="Mango" /> As part of the cultural tradition of Black radicalism, individuals in the Black Conscious Community use various social media platforms (e.g., [[BlogTalkRadio]], [[Facebook]], [[Instagram]], [[Snapchat]], [[Twitter]], [[YouTube]]) for the purpose of aiding Black and [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] peoples in their collective effort to resist and eventually overcome racist oppression and a perceived global system of white supremacy, to achieve liberation and [[self-determination]] of Black people throughout the world, to radically shift the [[paradigm]] and [[reality]] in which Black and African peoples currently live, and to replace present, predominant Black ideologies and organizations with Afrocentric and Black nationalist ideologies and courses of action.<ref name="Mango" />

Pan-Africanism, Afrocentrism, Afrofuturism, Black Nationalism, and Black Liberation Religion/Spirituality (e.g., [[Oyotunji|Afrikan Village]], [[Black Hebrew Israelites]], [[Candomblé]], [[Ifá]], Kemetic Science, [[Metaphysics]], [[Mysticism]], [[Moorish Science Temple of America]], [[Occultism]], [[Nation of Gods and Earths]], Nation of Islam, [[Nuwaubian Nation]], [[Palo (religion)|Palo]], [[Rastafari]], Temple of New African Thought, [[Santería]], [[Albert Cleage#Religious leadership|Shrine of the Black Madonna]], [[Vodun]], and to a limited extent, [[atheism]] and [[agnosticism]]), which are primary elements in the Black radical tradition, are foundational sources for the ideologies found among individuals in the Black Conscious Community.<ref name="Mango" /> African-centered scholars and race critics who have been intellectual influences for individuals in the Conscious Community include the following:<ref name="Mango" /> [[Amos Wilson]], [[Chancellor Williams]], [[Cheikh Anta Diop]], [[Frances Cress Welsing]], [[George G.M. James]], [[Ivan Van Sertima]], James Smalls, [[John Henrik Clarke]], [[Joy DeGruy]], [[Leonard Jeffries]], [[Maulana Karenga]], Mfundishi Jhutyms, [[Yosef Ben-Jochannan]], and Reggie Mabry as well as [[Dick Gregory]], Neely Fuller Jr., and [[Steve Cokely]].<ref name="Mango" /> Due to Western education being viewed as innately anti-Black, and informed by these foundational sources, individuals in the Conscious Community have sought to create their own educational platforms and organizations.<ref name="Mango" /> [[Kwanzaa]] is also a popular African-centered holiday of seven principles celebrated and practiced in the daily lives among individuals in the Conscious Community.<ref name="Mango" />

As Black Nationalism is grounded in the notion of Black people resisting (e.g., not conforming, not assimilating, not integrating) a perceived global system and culture of white supremacy and developing their own institutions (e.g., cultural, defense, educational, economic, political, religious, social), individuals in the Conscious Community advocate for the creation of such institutions (e.g., African-centered schools, African-inspired holistic health centers, independent Black media).<ref name="Mango" /> As Pan-Africanism is grounded in the notion of African pride and unity for the purpose of enhancing the overall living circumstances of all Black and African peoples, individuals in the Conscious Community advocate for Pan-Africanism; continental Africans who are strong proponents of Afrocentrism and Black Nationalism, such as [[Julius Malema]], are viewed favorably, whereas, those who are not, are viewed critically by individuals in the Conscious Community; as with Marcus Garvey’s Pan Africanist goals, the intent is for continental Africans and the African diaspora to take ownership of and manage the natural resources of continental Africa and the global affairs of African peoples as well as to unify (e.g., economically, politically, socially) so as to be able to effectively address the oppression of Black peoples throughout the world.<ref name="Mango" /> Among some individuals in the Conscious Community, there is a common belief that phenomena of the world do not operate in the way humans believe them to; consequently, Afrofuturism is used to philosophize about the deeper meaning of reality and life, to decrypt physical and metaphysical events, and, along with ideas from physics (e.g., quantum, theoretical), used to decrypt and predict events and phenomenon (e.g., [[astrology]], [[dreams]], [[Melanin#Eumelanin|melanin]], [[natural disasters]], [[numerology]], [[solar eclipses]], [[Super Bowl winners]]).<ref name="Mango" />

A common view held among the individuals in the Conscious Community is that African and African descended peoples, as well as other humans, are socially conditioned or coerced by the system of white supremacy to maintain a stupored state of mind rather than liberate their minds and themselves from their oppressive realities.<ref name="Mango" /> Another common view held among individuals in the Conscious Community is that the effects of long-term oppression (e.g., [[Slavery in the United States|enslavement]], [[Jim Crow]], [[Scramble for Africa|colonialism]], practicing [[Christianity]], being a patron of businesses not owned by conscious Black people, serving in the military, being educated in Western schools/universities, being treated in Western hospitals and by Western doctors, voting in elections), under a perceived global system of white supremacy, is viewed as being purposed to serve and further the collective interests of Europeans and is viewed as having set Black people into a psychological state of [[unconsciousness]], [[deep sleep]], and/or [[fear]];<ref name="Mango" /> consequently, individuals in the Conscious Community have sought to create, own, and operate their own society as well as re-adopt [[traditional African religions]].<ref name="Mango" /> Individuals in the Conscious Community seek to, and advocate for African and African descended peoples to, recreate a form of [[classical African civilization]] in the modern era, which is independent of [[Western civilization]] as well as rooted in Afrocentrism and [[Black nationalism]].<ref name="Mango" /> At-large, individuals in the Conscious Community do not advocate for the oppression of [[white people]], and their ultimate goal is not [[Black supremacy]].<ref name="Mango" />

Individuals in the Conscious Community tend to be generally conservative (socially, politically, economically) – a type of conservatism grounded in Black nationalism and traditional African values, liberal when it comes to [[freethinking]], generally indifferent toward and distrusting of predominant politics (e.g., [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]) and predominant political systems, and generally trusting of their Black forerunners who were rooted in the Black radical tradition (e.g., [[Elijah Muhammad]], [[Marcus Garvey]], [[Noble Drew Ali]]).<ref name="Mango" /> Despite the mistrust of predominant politics, reparations for Black suffering (e.g., enslavement, Jim Crow) remains a common objective.<ref name="Mango" /> Individuals in the Conscious Community tend to be conservative on matters relating to [[feminism]] and [[homosexuality]]; the general view on gender roles is that Black men should protect [[Black women]] and children; the general view of homosexuality<ref name="Mango" /> is that it is not natural<ref name="Mango" /><ref name="Brown" /> not moral, not productive, anti-African,<ref name="Brown">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Michael A. |title=Can You See Me? Defining My Own Black Masculinity: An Autoethnography |url=https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/88986/BROWN-DISSERTATION-2013.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Texas Tech University |pages=25-26 |date=August 2013 |s2cid=193440118}}</ref> and against the [[complementary]] concept of the Black family unit (Black man, Black woman, and Black child).<ref name="Mango" /> There is a view held among some individuals in the Conscious Community that there is a concerted effort by the US government and mass media to promote homosexuality, specifically [[Effeminacy#United States|hyper-feminine homosexuality]], in the Black American community and in countries with predominantly Black populations; this perceived attempt by the US government and [[Mass media in the United States|mass media]] to effeminize Black men, along with the view that [[same-sex relationships]] contribute to the [[population decline]], have resulted in it being characterized as and equated with "buck-breaking."<ref name="Tani">{{cite journal |last1=Tani |first1=Novell E. |last2=Grier |first2=Simone A. |title=Afrocentric Worldview, Hetero-Normative Ethos and Black LGBTQ Intellectuals Matriculating through Afrocentric Psychology Programs at Historically Black Colleges/Universities (HBCUs) |journal=Underserved Populations at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: The Pathway to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion |date=12 November 2018 |volume=21 |page=165 |doi=10.1108/S1479-364420180000021011 |s2cid=149688394 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1479-364420180000021011/full/html |issn=1479-3644}}</ref> In particular, Mwalimu Baruti is of the view that when some people of [[African descent]], who are oppressed by European society and cultural imperialism like other people of African descent, seek to come back to their African cultural orientation as they enter into the Conscious Community, intentionally or unintentionally, they bring along with them misoriented philosophies and behaviors, including "sexual misorientation", from European culture and society;<ref name="Ajani ya Azibo">{{cite journal |last1=Ajani ya Azibo |first1=Daudi |title=Azibo Interview of Dr. Mwalimu Baruti on Sexual Misorientation |journal=Journal of Pan African Studies |date=November 2014 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=180 |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol7no5/5-Nov-Azibo-Baruti-Interview.pdf |s2cid=142807542 |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2024-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229032349/https://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol7no5/5-Nov-Azibo-Baruti-Interview.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> additionally, Baruti is of the view that, as a service to European interests, some people of African descent enter into the Conscious Community to intentionally promote "sexual misorientation" within it.<ref name="Ajani ya Azibo" />

Individuals in the Conscious Community oppose both a perceived global system of white supremacy and the perceived predominant norms (e.g., political, economic, cultural) it has created among continental Africans and African-Americans.<ref name="Mango" /> In addition to viewing a global system of white supremacy as a primary form of opposition, individuals in the Conscious Community view the "[[black elite|Black bourgeoisie]]" as another form of opposition, based on the view that they have betrayed the cause of self-determination for Black and African peoples.<ref name="Sana">{{cite book |last1=Sana |first1=Simba |title=Never Stop: A Memoir |date=September 12, 2017 |publisher=Agate Publishing |isbn=9781572848092 |pages=Unnumbered |chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Never_Stop/oOVxDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22the%20conscious%20community%22 |chapter=Movement}}</ref> In order to stand against the perceived government corruption (e.g., [[Federal government of the United States|United States]]), individuals in the Conscious Community advocate for Black and African peoples to have a deeper appreciation for and comprehension of [[Radical politics|radical]] [[Africana philosophy|Black thought]] and the Afrocentric cultural tradition.<ref name="Sana" /> Individuals in the Conscious Community use informational warfare, composed of radical and revolutionary content (e.g., pro-Black, pro-[[Sovereignty|sovereign]], anti-[[Racial integration|integrationist]], and [[non-conformist]]), with the intention of combating the predominant system and culture of white supremacy so as to achieve their goal of creating a liberated and self-determining Black nation, which is believed to be necessary for the survival of both continental Africans and African-Americans.<ref name="Mango" /> "Web-Oblutionary" or "YouTube Revolutionary" are also considered to be offensive terms to apply to individuals in the Conscious Community, as it is seen as belittling the value of the work (e.g., virtual, in-person) that individuals in the Conscious Community have been and are undertaking.<ref name="Mango" />

Individuals in the Black Conscious Community tend to have an awareness of [[Power (social and political)|power dynamics]] being essential to comprehending the nature of [[Race (human categorization)|race]] as well as the African contributions to and origins of [[civilization]].<ref name="McNair">{{cite web |last1=McNair |first1=Kimberly LaVerne |title=Cotton Framed Revolutionaries: T-shirt Culture and the Black Protest Tradition |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt53k8g40c/qt53k8g40c_noSplash_fe19b5219d2064248fea407aae3bcc87.pdf |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |pages=ii-iii |date=2017}}</ref> Individuals in the Black Conscious Community also share a common commitment to the [[subversion]] of<ref name="Johnson" /><ref name="Mango" /> and [[Resistance movement|resistance]] against [[racist]] [[oppression]] and a perceived global system of [[white supremacy]].<ref name="Mango" /> While [[Black Lives Matter]] may bear some similarities with the Black Conscious Community, the two are distinct (e.g., liberation associations, liberation methods, liberation philosophies, liberation politics) from one another.<ref name="Mango" /> Though there are ideological differences (e.g., political, religion, cultural) among individuals in the Conscious Community, which can result in internal contention and internet debate, individuals in the Conscious Community are unified in their ultimate goal of liberating continental Africans and the African diaspora.<ref name="Mango" />

[[New York City|New York]] is a notable location (e.g., 125th Street in [[Harlem]]) for individuals in the Black Conscious Community.<ref name="Mango" /> [[Hip Hop culture]], as a culture cultivated from African-American struggles of living under the oppressive system of white supremacy, has become a major source of influence (e.g., hardcore messages) for individuals in the Black Conscious Community.<ref name="Mango" /> For the audience of conscious rap music, which is a subculture set in contrast to the predominant culture of [[mainstream rap]], it can generate a form of [[Political hip hop#Anti-racism, Black liberation and nationalism|African political consciousness]].<ref name="Mohammed-Akinyela">{{cite web |last1=Mohammed-Akinyela |first1=Ife J. |title=Conscious Rap Music: Movement Music Revisited A Qualitative Study of Conscious Rappers and Activism |url=https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1010&context=aas_theses |publisher=Georgia State University |page=62 |date=May 6, 2012 |s2cid=140351755 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Consequently, the mentality of a “[[Republic of New Afrika|New Afrikan]]” is cultivated in its audience.<ref name="Mohammed-Akinyela" /> For those who agree with the message of conscious rap, they may begin to embrace the culture (e.g., wearing [[Pan-African colours|red, black, and green]]; share in the goals of [[African-American self-determination]] and [[Music and Black liberation|independence]]) of the New Afrikan.<ref name="Mohammed-Akinyela" /> New Afrikan culture has influenced major cities (e.g., [[Black mecca#Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]]) that host the Conscious Community.<ref name="Mohammed-Akinyela" /> Many of the individuals within the “True School”, or Conscious Community within the Hip Hop culture of [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], derive from the [[northeastern United States]], especially [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], from which many artists of the [[Golden age hip hop|Golden Age Hip Hop]] era derive.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Andrew Anil |title=Hip Hop family in the underground: The words and actions of the True School community in Atlanta, Georgia |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c6f4de64bcd346ad4975b5b158ec0897/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 |publisher=Colorado State University |pages=50-51 |date=2010 |s2cid=163508210}}</ref> There is also a presence of the Black Conscious Community in [[North Omaha, Nebraska|North Omaha]], [[Nebraska]],<ref name="Poole">{{cite web |last1=Poole |first1=Emily |last2=DeVigal |first2=Andrew |title=Community Engagement & Engaged Journalism |url=https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/23313/17-18_CommunityEngagement_final.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=University of Oregon |page=54 |date=2018 |s2cid=158350872}}</ref> [[United Kingdom|Britain]],<ref name="Campbell-Stephens">{{cite book |last1=Campbell-Stephens |first1=Rosemary M. |title=Educational Leadership and the Global Majority: Decolonising Narratives |date=December 2, 2021 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=9783030882822 |page=13 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-88282-2_1 |s2cid=244819068 |chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Educational_Leadership_and_the_Global_Ma/UYNSEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |chapter=Introduction: Global Majority Decolonising Narratives}}</ref> and [[South Africa]].<ref name="Stuurman" />

Among other kinds of African-American identities, there is the identity of the “[[subverter]]” (e.g., Minister Louis Farrakhan), who is largely disconnected from the United States of America, though tied to it through the injustices and inequities witnessed and experienced in the Black community, and more connected to another envisioned home (e.g., metaphoric homeland, the [[Afro-Caribbean people|Caribbean]], Africa).<ref name="Johnson" /> The concept of a “Black community” or “Black nation” includes various groups of Black identity and African ancestry (e.g., Black Conscious Community, Black Nationalists, Afrocentrists, Black Religionists).<ref name="Johnson" /> The “subverter” Black identity encompasses various Black philosophies, communities, and identities (e.g., [[Black Liberation Theology]], Black Nationalism, [[Black Power]], Black Lives Matter, the Nation of Islam, the Conscious Community), and, rather than express patriotic allegiance for the United States of America, patriotic allegiance is expressed for the “Black community” or “Black nation” (e.g., Black power as a form of patriotic allegiance expressed for the “Black nation” by individuals in the Conscious Community or Nation of Islam).<ref name="Johnson" />

Among individuals in the African Conscious Community, natural health (e.g., beliefs, practices, dietary change) is regarded to be a key value and is viewed as essential for regeneration of the spiritual growth in the African-American community and recovery of ancient [[African culture]] (e.g., [[Ancient Egypt#Culture|culture of Kemet]]).<ref name="Semmes" /> [[Vegetarianism]] and Black [[militancy]] are also regarded to be key values held among individuals in the African Conscious Community, which developed in response to how Black people have been treated.<ref name="Semmes" /> Along with the emergence of related groups (e.g., Nation of Islam, Hebrew Israelites/[[African-American Jews]], artistic/spiritual organizations) in response to the negative portrayals of [[African-American culture]] in the predominant European-American culture, amid the African Consciousness and [[Black Power movement]] of the 1960s and 1970s, natural health as a key value developed in an overall effort to positively change (e.g., reconfigure the collective self-image and reconstruct an ideal view of African history for the purpose of moving beyond a collective history of being exploited and oppressed and toward a more ideal collective future) and regenerate the African American community.<ref name="Semmes" />

Embodied in the [[ancient Egyptian]] proverb, “Man, Know Thyself”, the purpose of the solutions proposed by individuals in the Conscious Community are for the restoration of Black and African peoples to their [[List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa#List of African kingdoms|precolonial state of high culture and civilization]].<ref name="Mango" />

==Reception==

Brown (2013) regards the Black Conscious Community and Black nationalist ideologies to be sources of [[homophobia]] in the [[African American]] community.<ref name="Brown" />

Redding (2017) indicated that, through white-owned [[List of African-American newspapers and media outlets|Black media]] and broadcasted [[Gangsta rap]], gangsta stereotypes were relayed to and reproduced in the minds of Black people, racist stereotypes were reinforced in the minds of white people that contributed to Black people being reduced to these gangsta stereotypes, and [[whiteness theory|whiteness]] and the culture of white supremacy were reinforced.<ref name="Redding">{{cite journal |last1=Redding Jr. |first1=Robert |title=Black Voices, White Power: Members of the Black Press Make Meaning of Media Hegemony |journal=Journal of Black Studies |date=2017 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=159-161 |doi=10.1177/0021934716681152 |s2cid=148449940 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0021934716681152}}</ref> Redding (2015) also regards individuals in the Conscious Community, specifically conscious Black media professionals, to be [[griots]] within the Black community who combat the negative impacts of Gangsta rap and gangsta stereotypes in the Black community.<ref name="Redding" />

Due to the predominant use of traditional knowledge from [[East Africa]] and [[Egyptology]] among individuals in the Black Conscious Community, some critics tend to identify individuals in the Black Conscious Community as "[[Hoteps]]."<ref name="McNair" />

Some individuals within the Conscious Community rename themselves with [[African-American names#Afrocentric and inventive names|African names]], which has been seen as peculiar by others in the African-American community, found hard to pronounce, and even seen as conversion to a religion (e.g., Nation of Islam).<ref name="Sana" />

Individuals within the Conscious Community of South Africa have been viewed by some [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black South African]] students as being [[philosophers]] with an expertise in the condition of Black people, who are also particularly focused on appearing to be intellectual and using complex words in English, rather than communicating simply and being action-oriented, with practical solutions, as it relates to building "Black Power."<ref name="Stuurman">{{cite journal |last1=Stuurman |first1=Sonwabo |title=Student activism in a time of crisis in South Africa: The quest for ‘black power’ |journal=South African Journal of Education |date=November 2018 |volume=38 |issue=4 |page=5 |doi=10.15700/saje.v38n4a1704 |s2cid=150450159 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/saje/article/download/182632/172008}}</ref>

Jordan (2018) was critical of the Conscious Community’s, and the Hip Hop community’s, perceived view that Afrocentrism and feminism are antithetical to one another, as well as both communities' perceived adherence to the view that the [[Women in Africa#Culture|traditional gender roles]] of Black women are a prerequisite for the reunification of the Black family, restoration of the Black community, and essential to being true to the ideals of Afrocentrism.<ref name="Jordan">{{cite journal |last1=Jordan |first1=Jacquelyn |title=From Queen Latifah to Lil’ Kim: The Evolution of the Feminist MC |journal=Maneto Undergraduate Research Journal |date=May 1, 2018 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=56, 58 |doi=10.15367/M:TURJ.V1I1.77 |s2cid=192286888 |url=https://tuljournals.temple.edu/index.php/maneto/article/download/77/85}}</ref> Additionally, Jordan (2018) was critical of both communities' perceived limiting of Black women to dichotomous labels (e.g., Afrocentric or feminist, queen or bitch/ho), which then makes way for certain behaviors being attributable to oppression from [[Eurocentrism]].<ref name="Jordan" />

In response to how to address [[colorism]] and proposed solution of finding empowerment through embracing one's own melanin, Blackness, Africanness, and [[dark skin]], Ali recognized the role of the Conscious Community as being one of raising the conscious awareness of one's Africanness among and within people of African descent.<ref name="Keyes">{{cite web |last1=Keyes |first1=Latocia |title=Understanding The Psychosocial And Physical Health Impacts Of Colorism: Discrimination Of African Americans Based On Skin Color |url=https://rc.library.uta.edu/uta-ir/bitstream/handle/10106/28593/KEYES-DISSERTATION-2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=University Of Texas, Arlington |page=103 |date=August 2019 |s2cid=203052760}}</ref> Ali is also of the view that, due to colorism from among people in the African diaspora and racism from Europeans, there has been a need for and existence of centers like the Conscious Community for the past 400 years.<ref name="Keyes" />

Based on the view that the Black Conscious Community, or Black nationalists, are searching for an African cultural identity within Christianity, Robinson (2020) suggested for Christian evangelism to approach [[Black church|African-American Christianity]] through an Afrocentric perspective (e.g., highlight the history of African culture in relation to the experience of being Christian).<ref name="Robinson">{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Michael C. |title=An Impact Study On Afrocentric Christianity |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=atssem1589226134275341&disposition=inline |publisher=Ashland Theological Seminary |pages=97–98 |date=February 7, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As the African presence and influence in the history of Christianity tends to go unnoted, by doing so, as Robinson (2020) suggests, it can result in acquiring a deeper understanding and appreciation of African ancestry (e.g., [[African genetics]]) and African history (e.g., [[Christianity in Africa|Christian]] African kingdoms) in relation to the historic development of Christianity.<ref name="Robinson" /> The relevance of this evangelical approach is viewed by Robinson (2020) as contributing to the development of a positive self-image for African-Americans.<ref name="Robinson" />

Lyons (2021) highlights traits about the Black Conscious Community that appeal to Black women, such as addressing Black women in an affirming manner (e.g., queen, sistah) rather than a denigrating manner (e.g., bitch, ho), advocating for individually customizable spirituality in contrast to some forms of restrictive organized religion, inclusive spiritual leadership positions for Black women in contrast to some forms of religious leadership positions that are exclusionary toward Black women, growing public acceptance and popularity of [[Witchcraft#Africa|witchcraft]], and the valuing of the natural beauty of Black women.<ref name="Lyons">{{cite book |last1=Lyons |first1=Sarita T. |title=Urban Apologetics: Restoring Black Dignity with the Gospel |date=Apr 6, 2021 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0-310-10095-9 |pages=Unnumbered |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=E9TtDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT9&dq=%22Black+Conscious+Community%22&ots=5YEvVnD3E-&sig=qrds4S9JKciouYWlhjs2L6UX3Tw#v=onepage&q=%22Black%20Conscious%20Community%22&f=false |chapter=Black Women and the Appeal of the Black Conscious Community and Feminism}}</ref> Despite this, Lyons (2021) critiqued the Black Conscious Community, along with feminism and its highlighted traits, and characterized both as “lifeless boats” for Black women and “[[Demon#Christianity|demonic]],” as well as advocated for urban Christian [[Apologetics#Christianity|apologists]] to affirm and promote the [[The gospel|gospel]] of [[Jesus]] in a manner that appeals to and addresses the criticisms and concerns of Black women.<ref name="Lyons" />

Mason (2021) critiqued the commonly held view in the Black Conscious Community that Christianity is detrimental to Black people and common portrayal of Christianity being a [[Proto-Indo-European religion|European religion]].<ref name="Mason II">{{cite book |last1=Mason |first1=Eric |title=Urban Apologetics: Restoring Black Dignity with the Gospel |date=Apr 6, 2021 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0-310-10095-9 |pages=Unnumbered |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=E9TtDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT9&dq=%22Black+Conscious+Community%22&ots=5YEvVnD3E-&sig=qrds4S9JKciouYWlhjs2L6UX3Tw#v=onepage&q=%22Black%20Conscious%20Community%22&f=false |chapter=What is Urban Apologetics?}}</ref> While recognizing the historic dehumanization of Black people by [[Europe]]ans and [[European Christianity]], Mason (2021) contends that Christianity, as a whole, should not be dismissed by the Black Conscious Community, and that commonly held views within the Black Conscious Community are incorrect.<ref name="Mason II" /> Furthermore, Mason (2021) contends that urban [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologists]] need to correct the fallacies about Christianity commonly held and promoted by the Black Conscious Community.<ref name="Mason II" />

Salima, who was involved in the [[Detroit]] Independent [[Freedom Schools|Freedom School]] Movement (DIFS), indicated that, while the Conscious Community served as an avenue toward [[community education]] and liberation for Black Americans, it was the responsibility of individuals to further develop the knowledge that they had initially received.<ref name="Evans">{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Micala Darcel |title=Resistance, education, and rites: An ethnographic study on Afrocentric community education |url=https://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2479&context=theses |publisher=Eastern Michigan University |page=69 |date=2021}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}
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Conquests of Genghis Khan

2026-07-25T16:36:59Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Conquests of Genghis Khan
| place = [[Mongolia]], [[China]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Indus]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Russia]]
| date = 1203–1227 A.D
| result = [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Mongol Empire 3.png|22px|border]] Mongol Empire
| combatant2 = [[Keraites|Keraites tribe]] [[Naimans|Naiman tribe]] [[File:Banner Of Western Xia.png|22px|border]] [[Western Xia]] [[File:Jin Dynasty.png|20px|border]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] [[File:Flag of Kara-Khitai.webp|22px|border]] [[Qara Khitai]] [[File:Flag of Khwarazmia.svg|22px|border]] [[Khwarazmian Empire]] [[File:Flag of the Liao Dynasty (Khitan).png|22px|border]] [[Later Liao|Liao dynasty]]
| territory = *Establishment of Mongol Empire
*Fall of [[Mongol conquest of Western Xia|Western Xia]]
*Fall of [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|Jin dynasty]]
* Fall of [[Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai|Qara Khitai]]
* Fall of Liao dynasty
*Fall of [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarazmian Empire]]
*Fall of Keraites and Naimans
| image = YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Mongol Empire 3.png|22px|border]] [[Genghis Khan]]
| commander2 = [[Toghrul Khan]]{{KIA}} [[Jamukha]]{{executed}} [[Tayang Khan]]{{KIA}} [[File:Banner Of Western Xia.png|22px|border]] [[Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia|Emperor Huanzong]] [[File:Banner Of Western Xia.png|22px|border]] [[Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia|Emperor Xiangzong]]{{Surrendered}} [[File:Banner Of Western Xia.png|22px|border]] [[Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia|Emperor Xianzong]] [[File:Banner Of Western Xia.png|22px|border]] [[Emperor Mo of Western Xia|Emperor Mo]]{{executed}} [[File:Flag of Kara-Khitai.webp|22px|border]] [[Kuchlug]]{{Executed}} [[File:Flag of Khwarazmia.svg|22px|border]] [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm]]{{Natural Causes}} [[File:Flag of Khwarazmia.svg|22px|border]] [[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu|Jalal ad-Din]] [[File:Flag of Khwarazmia.svg|22px|border]] [[Inalchuq]]{{Executed}} [[File:Flag of Khwarazmia.svg|22px|border]] [[Timur Malik]]{{Executed}} [[File:Flag of Khwarazmia.svg|22px|border]] Qaracha{{executed}} [[File:Jin Dynasty.png|20px|border]] [[Wanyan Yongji]]{{Assassinated}} [[File:Flag of the Liao Dynasty (Khitan).png|22px|border]] Yelü Hanshe{{executed}}
| casualties3 = 40–60 million population was killed by Genghis Khan<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McEvedy |first1=Colin |title=Atlas of world population history |last2=Jones |first2=Richard |date=1978 |publisher=Penguin books |isbn=978-0-14-051076-8 |series=Penguin reference books |location=Harmondsworth, Middx |pages=172}}</ref>
| image_size =
}}

'''The Conquests of Genghis Khan'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |pages=103–1121 |language=en}}</ref> were military engagements of the first Great Khan, Genghis Khan. Temujin, who emerged in Mongolian steppes around 1162-1227, was a strong leader of the late 12th century in unifying the diverse and often-warring [[Mongols|Mongol tribes]]. With consummate military talent, astute alliances, and political reform, he forged together a powerful and highly mobile army that was sufficiently effective to transform Eurasia.

Starting in the early 13th century, Genghis Khan began his series of military campaigns that resulted in the conquest of some of the most powerful states of the time in both China and [[Central Asia]]: the Western Xia and the Jin Dynasties in northern China, and the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia, as well as several smaller polities. His armies were impeccable on the battlefield, known for their cavalry tactics, strategic use of siege warfare, adaptability, and willingness to employ diplomacy and psychological warfare against their enemies. While these campaigns have caused a great deal of destruction, they opened up vast territories for commerce, communication, and cultural exchanges.

At the time of his death in 1227, his empire stretched from the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the Caspian Sea, covering much of northern China, Central Asia, and what is now Iran. His successors, including [[Ögedei Khan]], his son, continued his expansion, finally bringing Mongol rule over most of Eurasia. The conquests of Genghis Khan had momentous political, cultural, and demographic effects, influencing the development of states, trade networks, and societies for centuries. His legacy is a topic of heated debate among historians, with perspectives extending from the time-honored glorifications of military genius and state-building accomplishment to the chastisements visiting destruction and loss of life on his campaigns.

[[File:Genghis Khan empire-en.svg|thumb|Conquests of Genghis Khan.]]

==Early Conquests==
===Conflict against Keraites ===
{{Main|Battle of Qalaqaljid Sands}}
The Battling of the Khalakhaljid Sands was fought between Temüjin, later known as Genghis Khan, and the forces of Toghrul, Khan of the Kereit.<ref name=":0" /> The nobles of the Kereit, alarmed at the growing influence and alliances Temujin had built around Toghrul, turned against him.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ratchnevsky |first1=Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan00paul/ |title=Genghis Khan : his life and legacy |last2=Haining |first2=Thomas Nivison |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford, UK ; Cambridge, USA : Blackwell |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-631-18949-7 |pages=68–71}}</ref> Temujin was advised of the impending ambuscade by two herdsmen and evaded capture, only to be outdone by a superior Kereit force. With the help of his Mongol friends, he fought against Toghrul's troops at Khalakhaljid Sands and was defeated.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Atwood |first=Christopher P. |title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire |url=https://www.academia.edu/8855875 |journal= |pages=98–431 |access-date=2025-02-28 |archive-date=2024-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224171128/https://www.academia.edu/8855875 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> During the battle, his 17-year-old son, Ögedei, suffered wounds. After the battle, Temüjin and his close followers engaged in an oath of loyalty known as the [[Baljuna Covenant]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Powers |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wksCKIivSNUC&pg=PA493 |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |last2=Templeman |first2=David |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6805-2 |pages=493 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Conflict against Naimans===
{{Main|Battle of Chakirmaut}}
The battle at Chakirmaut was the last battle in Genghis Khan's campaigns to unify the Mongol tribes. Temujin was the name he had during the battle, where he fought against the coalition of tribes under the Naimans headed by Tayang Khan and his son Küchlüg, plus his rival and former ally, Jamukha.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sverdrup |first=Carl Fredrik |title=The Mongol Conquests: The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sube'etei |date=2017 |pages=83–153}}</ref> Tayang Khan was killed in battle; Kuchlug escaped but lost forces in their responsibility. Jamukha retreated; he was later captured and executed.<ref name=":0" />
==Conquest of Western Xia==
{{Main|Mongol conquest of Western Xia}}
From 1205 to 1227, the Mongol Empire initiated different campaigns against the Western Xia dynasty, ruled by the Tangut southern Mongols, in northwestern China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessler |first=Adam T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iABEQXUfmhIC |title=Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road |date=2012-07-25 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-21859-8 |pages=91 |language=en}}</ref> After plunder and the establishment of vassal status, Genghis Khan launched his first grand invasion in 1209, besieging the capital Yinchuan. After almost a year, Emperor Xiangzong finally surrendered in January 1210, placing the Western Xia under Mongol rule.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peers |first=Chris |url=https://archive.org/details/soldiersofdragon0000peer |title=Soldiers of the dragon : Chinese armies 1500 BC-AD 1840 |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford ; New York : Osprey |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-84603-098-7 |pages=131}}</ref>

Western Xia remained a dominion subject to the Mongols for the next decade while assisting the latter against Jin. However, in 1219, when Genghis Khan was warring against Khwarazmian Empire, the Western Xia initiated moves for an alliance to free itself.<ref name=":0" /> This put, in the second invasion by Genghis Khan, aimed at devastating national destruction in 1225.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhPyvsdymU8C |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia |date=2012-01-10 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-59884-415-3 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref> He besieged Yinchuan in 1227, but during the campaign, Genghis Khan died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC |title=Dictionary of Wars |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7 |pages=205 |language=en}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the city tore itself apart, having been massacred for its huge population; as this, the Western Xia dynasty is brought to an end.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ebrey |first1=Patricia Buckley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ou-hq_FlQY4C |title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History |last2=Walthall |first2=Anne |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-133-60647-5 |pages=199 |language=en}}</ref>
== Conquest of Jin dynasty==
{{Main|Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty}}
The Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty began with raids from 1207 to 1209 and escalated into a full-fledged invasion by Genghis Khan in 1211.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Atwood |first=Christopher Pratt |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo |title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire |date=2004 |publisher=New York, NY : Facts On File |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3 |pages=277–436}}</ref> Ala Qush, chief of the Ongut, supported the Mongols by providing a secure route into Jin territory. The first major battle the Mongols fought against the Jin dynasty was at the [[Battle of Yehuling]] in 1211, where Genghis Khan's forces defeated the Jin army following the defection of a key Jin commander, Shimo Ming'an.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Broadbridge |first=Anne F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHOFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire |date=2018-07-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-63662-9 |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref> As Genghis Khan moved to the south, his general Jebe went into Manchuria, took Mukden (modern-day [[Shenyang]]), and gained the allegiance of the Khitan leader Liu-ke.<ref name=":0" />

In 1213, while besieging Zhongdu (Beijing), the Mongols were resisted by a militia led by Jin generals Li Ying and Li Xiong.<ref name=":1" /> Having sustained numerous defeats, they broke through crucial passes and laid waste to northern China. Genghis I Khan temporarily lifted the siege when the Jin government assured he would not press any further as the Jin emperor put an end to the ambush due to the fear of the possible provocation of the Mongols. 1215 saw the return of the Mongols, and Zhongdu fell due to internal Jin defections and additional forces provided by Khitan generals.<ref name=":2" />

After the fall of Zhongdu, the Jin government moved to Kaifeng. From 1217 to 1223, the Mongols, despite steadfast resistance, methodically swept through Jin provinces. In 1219, Genghis Khan turned his attention toward Central Asia. Later Liao fell with Jin dynasty.<ref name=":2" />
==Conquest of Qara Khitai==
{{Main|Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai}}
In 1218, after Genghis Khan had requested Muhammad II of Khwarazm to refrain from aiding Kuchlug, Jebe was dispatched with two tumens (20,000 soldiers) to annihilate the Qara Khitai threat. His companion included the Uyghur ruler Barchuk, the son-in-law of Genghis Khan, and, possibly, [[Arslan Khan (prince)|Arslan Khan]], ruler of Karen City of Qayaliq and another son-in-law of Genghis Khan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Lococo |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBM6ALuPtxkC |title=Genghis Khan: History's Greatest Empire Builder |date=2008 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-61234-060-9 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref> At the same time, Subutai led the other two tumens with a separate offensive against the Merkits.<ref name=":0" />

On their way to Almaliq, the two Mongol armies went together through the Altai and Tarbagatai Mountains before parting there. Subutai turned southwest to defeat the Merkits, and at the same time, secured Jebe's flank against Khwarazm. Jebe freed Almaliq and moved south of Lake Balkhash into Qara Khitai territory, where he besieged the capital city of Balasagun.<ref name=":3" /> Under siege, he defeated a Qara Khitai force of 30,000 men, forcing Kuchlug to flee to Kashgar.<ref name=":2" />

Jebe capitalized on the local occupants' exasperation with Kuchlug's rule by assuring the local Muslim population that Kuchlug's policy of religious persecution was history. When Jebe's army marched into Kashgar in 1217, the people revolted against Kuchlug, causing him to flee. Jebe pursued Kuchlug across the Pamirs to Badakhshan, in present-day Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo00medi/page/n6/mode/1up |title=Genghis Khan and the Mongol empire |date=2009 |publisher=[Media, PA] : Dino Don : Mongolian Preservation Foundation ; [Washington, D.C.] : Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution ; [Seattle] : Distributed by University of Washington Press |others=Smithsonian Libraries |isbn=978-0-295-98957-0}}</ref> The historian Ata-Malik Juvayni describes how Kuchlug was taken by a party of hunters and delivered into the hands of the Mongols, who executed him by beheading.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ala Ad Din Ata Malik Juvaini |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftheworl011691mbp?view=theater |title=The History Of The World Conqueror Vol I |date=1958 |publisher=Harvard University Press |others=Universal Digital Library}}</ref>
==Conquest of Khwarazmian Empire==
{{Main|Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire}}
===Early Movements===
{{Main|Otrar Catastrophe}}
In the fall of 1219, after crossing rivers and receiving reinforcements from allied groups, the Mongol army arrived at the Syr Darya. Genghis Khan instructed his second and third sons, Chagatai and Ögedei, to besiege Otrar while he remained across the river to draw out the Khwarazmian Shah for combat.<ref name=":4" /> His game plan was to wait for Shah Muhammad to find him alongside his besieging forces, and he would cross the river and destroy the Khwarazmian army in stand-up combats. But the bait was rejected by the Shah, and Genghis modified his postures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Favereau |first=Marie |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv322v4qv |title=The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World |date=2021 |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv322v4qv |jstor=j.ctv322v4qv |isbn=978-0-674-24421-4}}</ref>

As the siege of Otrar dragged on, he split his forces. His eldest son, Jochi, was sent north to capture cities along the Syr Darya, while generals Subutai and Jebe led a smaller force southward into the Fergana Valley.<ref name=":0" /> In the meantime, Genghis Khan, accompanied by his youngest son, [[Tolui]], and guided by local informants, led a force through the Kyzyl Kum Desert, launching a surprise attack on Bukhara.

[[File:Terken Khatun-1.1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|alt=An illustration of two women, one holding a child, walking in front of four men on horses|A depiction of [[Terken Khatun (wife of Ala al-Din Tekish)|Terken Khatun]] (''left'') after her later capture by the Mongols.]]

===Siege of Bukhara===
{{Main|Siege of Bukhara}}
The Shah was unprepared; he had anticipated that Genghis Khan would strike at Samarkand to allow some semblance of coordination for the defense.<ref name=":5" /> Instead, the unexpected march of the Mongols through the Kyzylkum Desert rendered the Khwarazmian forces unable to respond effectively. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Barthold |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2374 |title=Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion 2nd ed |date=1928 |pages=199–446}}</ref>Historian [[Ata-Malik Juvayni]] mentions Gür-Khan in charge of Bukharan garrison although the unconvincing speculation linking him with Jamukha has gained currency, Garcia[which shade of Garcia confused me, changed to Paul Buell rather, was executed in 1206.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buell |first=Paul D. |date=1979 |title=Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41930343 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=121–151 |jstor=41930343 |issn=0021-910X}}</ref>

Authentic accounts cited the key battle as being on the second or the third day, in which 2,000 to 20,000 of the sultan's auxiliary cavalry attempted a sort of battle but were routed by the Mongols.<ref name=":0" /> Paul Buell suggests that they were planning a flight, given that Bukhara had only recently come under Khwarazmian dominion.

The city surrendered on 10 February, leaving only the citadel in resistance. Strongly fortified, the Mongol siege experts took only 10 days to breach the defenses using fire and gunpowder weapons, this happened on the 13th day.

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300
| image1 = Bukhara01.jpg
| image2 = UZ Bukhara Samanid-mausoleum.jpg
| image3 = Bukhara sights8.jpg
| alt1 = A tall minaret, with domed structures and a blue sky behind.
| alt2 = A cuboid building with a dome, in a greenery-enclosed plaza.
| alt3 = An entrance into a wall-like structure with two domes on top.
| footer = Buildings that survived the siege. Clockwise from top left: The [[Kalyan minaret]]; the [[Samanid Mausoleum]], which survived because it was buried in mud; and the [[Magok-i-Attari Mosque]].
}}

===Siege of Samarkand ===
{{Main|Siege of Samarkand (1220)}}
Having conquered Bukhara, Genghis Khan had consequently divided Khwarazmian Shah's forces stationed between Samarkand, Balkh, and Urgench.<ref name=":0" />

The Mongols besieged [[Samarkand]], where they confronted Turko-Iranian defenders. Against the Mongols were sent the fiercest counterattack with twenty war elephants and a great cavalry, which were ambushed and turned back.<ref name=":5" /> Soon afterward, a large part of the garrison of the city surrendered and was then put to death. However, as in [[Bukhara]], the citadel held out and was taken by storm.<ref name=":5" /> After a month within its walls, it was breached by a small force that managed to escape the Mongol lines and across the Amu Darya. The few surviving elephants were let loose in the countryside, where they all eventually perished for lack of fodder.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marefat |first=Roya |date=1992 |title=The Heavenly City of Samarkand |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40258334 |journal=The Wilson Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=33–38 |jstor=40258334 |issn=0363-3276}}</ref>

[[File:MS. DIEZ A. Folio 70.jpg|thumb|250px|Equestrian battle in front of a city gate. [[Rashid ad-Din]], ''[[Jami al-Tawarikh]]'', 1300-1325]]
===Siege of Gurganj===
{{Main|Siege of Gurganj}}
The [[Siege of Gurganj]] was conducted in April 1221 during the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saunders |first=J. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HrJEAAAQBAJ |title=The History of the Mongol Conquests |date=2023-07-14 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-90860-2 |language=en}}</ref> Genghis Khan invaded the empire ruled by Shah Muhammad II, capturing Otrar, Bukhara, and Samarkand in quick succession, and then heading towards [[Gurganj]]. Marshy delta of the Amu Darya presented a rich, yet inefficient position to siege. The soldiers did not possess projectiles made from stones, so they invented the usage of water-hardened mulberry tree trunks, which were wielded to serve not only as battering rams but also as missiles.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=May |first=Timothy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68 |title=The Mongol Empire |date=2018 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-4237-3 |jstor=10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68 }}</ref>

The siege had been jointly led by Jochi and Chagatai, though their disagreements led to Genghis Khan making Ögedei the only commander. After much effort, the city fell, leading to one of history's bloodiest massacres.<ref name=":0" /> Thousands of civilians were herded to the moats, with corpses used to fill the moats to form a ramp for the final assault. The Mongols destroyed the [[Oxus River]] dams, flooding the city and enslaving artisans and skilled workers, with probably around 100,000 people not making it. The dams were never repaired, which diverted the course of the river for centuries.

[[File:The Mongols executing a Muslim Emir.jpg|thumb|250px|A depiction of an execution following the siege]]
===Battle of Parwan===
{{Main|Battle of Parwan}}
Buoyed by the successes of the prior Mongol campaigns, [[Shigi Qutuqu]] underestimates the Khwarazmian forces and soon finds himself facing disadvantageous odds, being greatly outnumbered. The battle takes place in a narrow valley, poor terrain for maneuvering Mongolian cavalry.<ref name=":1" />

On foot, [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni|Jalal al-Din]] deployed his mounted archers to hammer the Mongols with a volley of arrows. He left the command of the left flank for Saif al-Din Ighraq and the right for Malik Khan, for a combined number of 10,000 soldiers.<ref name=":0" /> On the first day, Malik Khan's division was able to push back the Mongol left flank to their camp, with little opportunity to use traditional Mongol tactics given the cramped battlefield.<ref name=":1" />

On the second day, Shigi Qutuqu attempted a most infamous tactic of deceiving the Khwarazmian forces into believing that the Mongols were retreating by riding wooden dummies on spare horses, but Jalal al-Din was not fooled. The following day, the Mongol right marched against Ighraq's division.<ref name=":0" /> His men dismounted and retaliated. The Mongols pretended to retreat, drawing Ighraq's half into hot pursuit, thus allowing the Mongols to strike suddently from the rear, killing 500 of Ighraq's men. Jalal al-Din, however, clearly not a coward, led an attack which drove the Mongols from the battlefield. Many a Mongol was captured and afterwards torturously impaled through the ear canal. Shigi Qutuqu was defeated and henceforth lost over half of his fighting force.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Parwan in Afghanistan.svg|thumb|Parwana in Afghanistan highlighted]]
===Battle of the Indus===
{{Main|Battle of the Indus}}
At dawn on the 24 of November, the battle began with the engagement of both wings.<ref name=":6" /> The Khwarazmian left stood resolutely firm despite reinforcement to the Mongols, while on the left the Mongols suffered defeat. Thereupon, seeing that the ridge was powerful-an account which has come down from the biographer of Genghis Khan-he sent Bela Noyan and a select tumen of bahadur to scale it and flank the Khwarazmians.<ref name=":0" /> Meanwhile, Jalal al-Din attacked the Mongol center; his biographer al-Nasawi relates that he reached and put Genghis to flight. And although in the close fighting the Mongols tended to stop the Khwarazmian advance with their arrows, they slew Temur Malik.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=McLynn |first=Frank |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisco0000mcly/mode/1up |title=Genghis Khan : his conquests, his empire, his legacy |date=2015 |publisher=Boston, MA : Da Capo Press, a member of the Perseus Books Group |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-306-82395-4 |pages=308}}</ref>

Bela Noyan's force scaled the ridge and struck the Shah's left flank and rear; in spite of terrible losses, this was partially successful. The Khwarazmian left fell apart, Amin Malik was slaughtered as he fled. The battle was lost, but Jalal al-Din fought on until midday, when he finally managed to punch through the Mongol lines and leap thirty feet down a cliff into a river, which he crossed to the other bank. Genghis Khan saw this and commanded that his archers should shoot no more, crying: "Let him be blessed, he has a bright son.<ref name=":7" />

By this time, Jalal al-Din managed to cross at the expanse leaving a large number of his men who were shot by the Mongol archers; only about 4000 made it across. Almost all of the rest were killed; camp, harem, and treasure were taken, and the execution of all his male relatives of royal blood, even the young princes, was ordered.<ref name=":8" />

[[File:During the battle of Indus.jpg|thumb|right|Mid-16th century depiction Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah crossing the rapid Indus River, escaping Genghis Khan and his army]]
== See also==
*Mongol Empire
*Genghis Khan
*Mongolia
*China

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty]]
[[Category:Wars involving Imperial China]]
[[Category:Mongol conquest of China]]
[[Category:Invasions by the Mongol Empire|Xia]]
[[Category:Western Xia]]
[[Category:13th century in China]]
[[Category:1200s in the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:1210s in the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:1220s in the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:1227 in the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]]
[[Category:Qara Khitai]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Liao dynasty]]
[[Category:1210s conflicts]]
[[Category:1216 in Asia]]
[[Category:1218 in Asia]]
[[Category:1217 in Asia]]
[[Category:Expeditionary warfare]]
[[Category:Military history of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:13th-century Islam]]
[[Category:Khwarazmian Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1219]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1220]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1221]]
[[Category:13th century in Iran]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conquest Vacations

2026-07-25T16:30:54Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=September 2012}}
{{update|inaccurate=yes|date=March 2010}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2010}}
}}

'''Conquest Vacations''' was a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[tour operator]] that pioneered low-cost travel options for [[Canadians]] from 1972 to 2009. Conquest was an independent operator, not linked to any major corporation or airline.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another Conquest Vacations? You're on your own|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2009/04/21/another_conquest_vacations_youre_on_your_own.html|date=2009-04-21|newspaper=Toronto Star|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Deveau|first=Scott|date=2009-04-14|title=Conquest Vacations shuts its doors|language=en-CA|url=http://www.financialpost.com/Conquest+Vacations+shuts+doors/1499113/story.html|newspaper=Financial Post|access-date=2020-05-11|issn=1486-8008}}</ref>

==History==
Founded in 1972 in [[Toronto]], Ontario, Conquest had been a leading travel retailer in Canada. In 1976 Conquest offered train tours to the [[Olympic Games]] in [[Montreal]]. In the later years Conquest moved their business to an internet focus as the travel business moved from travel agencies to internet bookings.

The company was founded before in the internet age and failed due to tough economic times and increased competition from internet travel sites.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

On April 15, 2009, Conquest abruptly ceased operations and requested travellers to contact credit card companies for refunds.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thatshowitravel.com/conquest-vacations-shut-down-tour-operations/ |title=Conquest Vacations shut down Tour Operations |access-date=2014-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216212656/http://www.thatshowitravel.com/conquest-vacations-shut-down-tour-operations/ |archive-date=2014-12-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company was still advertising for Spring related travel on their web site (See [https://web.archive.org/web/20141216212656/http://www.thatshowitravel.com/conquest-vacations-shut-down-tour-operations/]).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090415/Conquest_vacations_090415/20090415?hub=TopStories Conquest Vacations ceases operations immediately] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416230029/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090415/Conquest_vacations_090415/20090415?hub=TopStories |date=2009-04-16 }}
* [http://www.conquestvacations.com/intro/info.asp?doc=aboutus About Us]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206111146/http://www.targetvacations.ca/bookonline/conquestvacations Destinations]

[[Category:Defunct companies of Ontario]]
[[Category:Online retailers of Canada]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:Travel and holiday companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Companies based in North York]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in Ontario]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conquer The Ninja World

2026-07-25T16:26:13Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{COI|date=December 2023}}
{{AFC comment|1=Same issues - needs independent sources with significant coverage, not database entries, book summaries from websites selling the book, and the author's website. Can you find reviews of the series or the books? [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 02:14, 18 December 2023 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=There is literally no independent sourcing. [[User:Stuartyeates|Stuartyeates]] ([[User talk:Stuartyeates|talk]]) 06:41, 7 November 2023 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=This article relies too heavily on [[WP:PRIMARY|primary sources]]. [[User:Significa liberdade|Significa liberdade (she/her)]] ([[User talk:Significa liberdade|talk]]) 04:44, 7 November 2023 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|Novel Series by Akito B. Takahashi}}
{{Draft topics|literature|books}}
{{AfC topic|media}}

{{Infobox book series
| name = Conquer The Ninja World
| books = {{plainlist}}Yuan Rises
Earth Falls
Energy Flows{{plainlist}}
| author = [[Akito B. Takahashi]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Literary Fiction]]
| publisher = [[Akito's Books]]
| pub_date = October 9, 2023 – Ongoing
| media_type = [[Paperback]] 
[[Hardcover]] 
[[E-Book]] 
| number_of_books = 4
}}
'''''Conquer The Ninja World''''' is an ongoing [[Fiction|fictional]] series written by Japanese-American author Akito B. Takahashi. The novels, set in a fantasy world about [[Ninjas in popular culture|ninjas]], chronicle the life of a character named Jonathan Yuan who is bent on escaping.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Conquer The Ninja World {{!}} A Story About Ninjas |url=https://akitosbooks.com/conquertheninjaworld/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The series was self-published by Akito B. Takahashi in the United States. Consisting of different genres, including [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]], [[fantasy]], [[literary fiction]], and [[Christian literature|religious]], Jonathan Yuan (an average young adult) finds himself in the fictional world of "Neo", created by a famous writer on earth. He was once an avid reader and follower of Neo's franchise, but has long since abandoned it entirely. Now, with the resolve to escape by whatever means necessary, he utilizes all his past knowledge to become an apex predator.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2023 |title=Jonathan Yuan Trapped in the Ninja World |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/comics/conquer-the-ninja-world |website=Den of Geek }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Plot ==

=== Part I ===
The story takes place with the main character, Jonathan Yuan, already waking up in Neo's fictional world, the ninja world. Believing things to be a dream, he ventures off to discover the environment. Jonathan later discovers that he's not dreaming and quickly comes to terms with his mysterious predicament. Because this world utilizes a spiritual substance called "[[Superpower (ability)|energy]]” in combat, he immediately abandons the area where the world's main story takes place in order to harness his energy. It doesn't take long for him to determine that he not only has a low aptitude to become a ninja, but he also decides that it is better to destroy this world than accept his fate.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Yuan Rises |publisher=Akito's Books |year=2023 |isbn=979-8866754854 |edition=1st |pages=1 |language=English}}</ref>

Using his memories that were taken with him from earth, he takes advantage of his younger, more athletic body to gain other ninjas' loyalty. In doing so, he manages to masquerade as an innocent child not seeking to harm others. It's not until he discovers that the true main character of this world (Neo) is going to be born soon. Knowing that he needs to get stronger quickly, he takes the chance of returning to the place where Neo will be born. Jonathan soon manages to use his wits and subdue a [[kunoichi]] while the main sect is being terrorized by a “[[Yōkai|youkai]]”. In doing so, he acquires his first "ancestral blood" which allows him to manipulate others through [[Hypnosis|hypnotism]]. But little did he know, he slew an important character that would affect Neo's story.

Using this newly acquired ancestral blood, he places the main character's favourite restaurant owner (Asahikawa) under a trance. This same hypnotic suggestion allowed him to act as a secret family member of the Asahikawa household without anyone else knowing. And because Asahikawa has a daughter, he decides to place her under a hypnotic trance as well. Jonathan then continues to use his vast knowledge of this world to invest in businesses that he knows will make him rich beyond measure. While playing the role of a [[Businessperson|businessman]], he covertly infiltrates the sect in order to acquire more skills, techniques, and another ancestral blood.

== Publishing History ==

=== Overview ===
Books in the ''Conquer The Ninja World'' series were published by Akito's Book publishing company. Once a book is created, it is first released as paperback and e-book copies, and then later as hardcovers. All page totals are given below for the US editions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Barnes & |title=Conquer the Ninja World |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/%22Conquer+the+Ninja+World%22?Ntk=P_Series_Title&Ntx=mode%20matchall |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Barnes & Noble |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Title
!Pages
!Chapters
!Words
!US Release
|-
|1
|''Conquer The Ninja World: Yuan Rises''
|style="text-align:center;"'|146
|style="text-align:center;"'|20
|style="text-align:center;"'|56,783
|style="text-align:center;"'|October 9, 2023
|-
|2
|''Conquer The Ninja World: Earth Falls''
|style="text-align:center;"'|138
|style="text-align:center;"'|19
|style="text-align:center;"'|51,706
|style="text-align:center;"'|October 17, 2023
|-
|3
|''Conquer The Ninja World: Energy Flows''
|style="text-align:center;"'|136
|style="text-align:center;"'|21
|style="text-align:center;"'|50,430
|style="text-align:center;"'|October 26, 2023
|-
|4
|''Conquer The Ninja World: Love Gathers''
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |''TBD''
|-
! colspan="2" |Total !! 420 !! 60 !! 158,919 !!2023'''–'''Present
|}
== Characters ==

* Jonathan Yuan, modeled after an array of perfectionists, such as [[Patrick Bateman]], grew up on earth as an avid follower of the Neo franchise. After abandoning the franchise to focus on more sociable things, he would later learn how to fit in with any crowd and win anyone's heart. That sense of charisma is also how he's able to manipulate others without being manipulated himself. And though he is sometimes called psychotic by critics, he always remains calm and collected.
*Neo Genesis, the main character in the world of ninjas, is written to grow up to becoming the strongest ninja. He doesn't take his career as a ninja seriously until later in the series.
*Izarra Archon is a character that wasn't heavily expanded upon during the world's creation. Written to have been a happy, carefree kunoichi within the sect, Jonathan's arrival changed her personality to that of a more cold, [[Tsundere|closed-off individual]].

== Development ==
Takahashi has explained rigorously through his novels that his idea is original and that his sole purpose for creating the series was to both entertain and teach potential readers. His character, Jonathan Yuan, is modeled after [[Yuan Shikai]] due to Takahashi's obsession with the Edwardian era. Takahashi also explains:<blockquote>As a [[Christian|Christian]], I understand that Jonathan's acts seem a tad immoral. However, he does not view the people of this world as "people". To him, it's almost like he's in hell, so he tries really hard to tread lightly. Yes, he still abides by his faith, but he's not opposed to slaying other characters, regardless of how real they may seem.</blockquote><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=About The Author {{!}} Akito B. Takahashi |url=https://akitosbooks.com/about-the-author/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Themes ==
Conquer The Ninja World's overarching theme is survival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuan Rises Cover : Akito's Books : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/conquer-the-ninja-world-yuan-rises |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref> In the first book, when Jonathan first arrives in Neo's world, he feels "livid" at the idea that he was taken away from his loved ones on earth. Other characters that interact with Jonathan's ventures perceive that he's always cautious about everything. Unsure of whether he's died or not, he vows to live on in this "godforsaken world" by any means necessary.

The series has an [[Existentialism|existential]] perspective as Jonathan goes through relentless trials to preserve his life. In the world of ninjas, surviving is a key feat that all growing characters must learn. Unlike Neo, who is the main character and has the entire world revolving around him, Jonathan is an unregistered character with no apparent background.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virgina Press Article On CNW : Virginia Press : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/virginia-press-article-on-cnw |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref>

Roles distinguish Jonathan and Neo. Jonathan is a sophisticated individual who will do whatever it takes to reach his goals. While Neo, who has yet to be born, was written to have become the strongest ninja with almost every power gifted to him since birth.

Takahashi drew on the United States' and China's military systems as a source of inspiration, which allowed him to build the world of ninjas with superpowers. Attracted to filler characters, Takahashi makes use of them through his main character. Filler characters are hardly ever expanded upon in stories, so Jonathan (who was once in love with Neo's world) was not willing to let them go to aid in his survival. After he slays a filler character, they are often forgotten about by Neo's main cast and don't obstruct how Neo's personal story unfolds.

Due to Takahashi's Christian background, he has explicitly stated that the series does not contain any sex scenes. And because of Jonathan's willingness to survive, he does not undergo any romantic relationships that would otherwise jeopardize his beliefs. This non-existence concept of promiscuity allowed Takahashi to expand more on what it means to feel alive. As such, Jonathan experiences things like he would on earth: thirst, hunger, tiredness, and even [[Dream|dreams]]—all for the sake of remembering that he is indeed still alive.

== References ==
<references />
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conor Russomanno

2026-07-25T15:45:47Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = Fails WP:GNG, WP:NPROF; created by SPA, looks promotional
|timestamp = 20240202223626
|nom = BBQboffin
|help =
}}
{{short description|Entrepreneur, creative technologist and lecturer}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2022}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Conor Russomanno
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[Livingston, New Jersey]], United States
| nationality = American
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]] (BS), [[Parsons School of Design]] (MFA)
| occupation = Co-founder & CEO of [[OpenBCI]]
| website = [http://conorrussomanno.com/ conorrussomanno.com], [http://openbci.com/ openbci.com]
}}
'''Conor Russomanno''' is an entrepreneur, creative technologist, and lecturer, specializing in the development of advanced [[human-computer interface]]s. He is the co-founder and CEO of OpenBCI,<ref>{{Cite web |title=OpenBCI |url=https://openbci.com/about/conor |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=openbci.com}}</ref> a company dedicated to [[Open-source model|open source]] innovation of [[brain-computer interface]] technologies. Russomanno has also taught graduate level courses at Parsons School of Design and [[NYU Tisch School of the Arts]].

==Early life==
Conor Russomanno was born in [[Livingston, NJ]], but grew up in [[Falls Church, Virginia]]. After attending [[Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology]], he was recruited to Columbia to play NCAA college football.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gocolumbialions.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=9600&ATCLID=883958 |title=Football Welcomes 31 Recruits to 2007 Squad - GoColumbiaLions.com—Official Web Site of Columbia University Athletics |website=Gocolumbialions.com |date= 11 May 2007|accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref> After playing college football for a year, he quit and joined Columbia's rugby club, CURFC, serving as the club's president and was voted first-team all-Ivy fullback as a senior.

==Career==
As an undergraduate at Columbia University, Russomanno studied civil engineering & engineering mechanics while teaching computer graphics and developing [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]]-based virtual environments under NSF funding. He later studied [[brain-computer interfacing]] (BCI) as a Design & Technology MFA student at Parsons School of Design. After graduating from Parsons, he led two successful [[Kickstarter]] campaigns,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/openbci/openbci-an-open-source-brain-computer-interface-fo?ref=user_menu |title=OpenBCI: An Open Source Brain-Computer Interface For Makers by Joel Murphy & Conor Russomanno — Kickstarter |website=Kickstarter.com |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/openbci/openbci-biosensing-for-everybody?ref=user_menu |title=OpenBCI: Biosensing for Everybody by Joel Murphy & Conor Russomanno — Kickstarter |website=Kickstarter.com |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref> raising close to $500,000, allowing him to develop OpenBCI.

Russomanno has also worked as adjunct faculty at Parsons School of Design and NYU's Interactive Telecommunication Program (ITP), where he has taught Creative Coding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/conorrussomanno/CreativeCoding_oF_F15 |title=conorrussomanno/CreativeCoding_oF_F15: Course repository for Creative Coding (openFrameworks) at MFA Design & Technology (Fall 2015) |publisher=GitHub |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref> Brain Hacking,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/19_pZza8Q6JYnRqrHmagFHvEqmiuLu95DIflV8JNDlQQ/edit?usp=sharing |title=OpenBCI Collab - Syllabus - Google Docs |website=Docs.google.com |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref> Designing Consciousness,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B84laFglG32Wb01WMGZzcW5OVkU?usp=sharing |title=Designing Consciousness - S16 - Google Drive |website=Drive.google.com |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref> and a number of other courses.<ref>http://conorrussomanno.com/</ref> He now teaches a course titled "Neuromachina: Man & Machine" at NYU Tisch School of the Arts.

Russomanno now serves as a "Something In Residence" in the ITP program at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tisch.nyu.edu/itp/itp-people/faculty/somethings-in-residence-sirs/conor-russomanno |title=Conor Russomanno |website=Tisch.nyu.edu |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-date=2017-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063021/https://tisch.nyu.edu/itp/itp-people/faculty/somethings-in-residence-sirs/conor-russomanno |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

==Speaking engagements & workshops==
* "Brain-Computer Interfaces & Apparel" – Brooklyn Fashion + Design Accelerator (BF+DA) (Brooklyn, NY), February 21, 2017<ref>{{cite web |author=United States |url=http://bkaccelerator.com/engagesingle/tech-tuesday-brain-computer-interfacing-fashion/ |title=TECH TUESDAY: Brain Computer Interfacing & the Fashion Industry |website=Bkaccelerator.com |date=2017-02-21 |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-date=2017-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063033/http://bkaccelerator.com/engagesingle/tech-tuesday-brain-computer-interfacing-fashion/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* "Brain-Computer Interface" – NYU Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP) (New York, NY), February 2, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tisch.nyu.edu/itp/events/spring-2017/brain-computer-interface |title=Brain-Computer Interface |website=Tisch.nyu.edu |date=2017-02-02 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref>
* "AR Human Computer Interfaces" (Panel) – AR in Action, MIT Media Lab (Cambridge, MA), January 17, 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arinaction.org/speakers/conor-russomanno/ |title=Conor Russomanno - ARinACTION ARinACTION |website=Arinaction.org |date=2017-01-17 |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-date=2017-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151118/http://arinaction.org/speakers/conor-russomanno/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* Guest Lecture for Topics in Computational Neuroscience and Neuroengineering: Brain-Computer Interfaces, Columbia University Biomedical Engineering (New York, NY), November 1, 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cnec.columbia.edu/eebm-e6090-fall-2016-topics-computational-neuroscienceneuroengineering-braincomputer-interfaces |title=EEBM E6090 (Fall 2016) - Topics in Computational Neuroscience/Neuroengineering: Brain/Computer Interfaces | Center for Neural Engineering and Computation |website=Cnec.columbia.edu |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-date=2017-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003138/http://cnec.columbia.edu/eebm-e6090-fall-2016-topics-computational-neuroscienceneuroengineering-braincomputer-interfaces |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* "An Introduction to BCI" – Columbia University Neuroscience Society (New York, NY), October 24, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cns/ |title=Columbia Neuroscience Society |website=Columbia.edu |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref>
* "Dawn of The Neurorevolution" – SuperHuman Summit 2016 (Vancouver, Canada), October 22, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/1750022535248714/ |title=Superhuman Summit 2016 |publisher=[[Facebook]] |date=2016-10-22 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref>
* "The Democratization of Neurotechnology" – NeuroTech NYC 2016 (New York, NY), June 8, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neurotech.nyc/ |title=NeuroTech NYC 2016 – MONITORING, BCI, NEUROFEEDBACK, STIMULATION |website=Neurotech.nyc |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref>
* "An Introduction to BCI" – Xtech & Neurogaming Hackathon 2016 (San Francisco, CA), May 14, 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xtechexpo.com/ |title=Experiential Technology Conference & Expo |website=Xtechexpo.com |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508100000/http://www.xtechexpo.com/ |archive-date=2017-05-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* "DIY Cyborgia" – BodyHacking Con 2016 (Austin, TX), February 20, 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeX9adlEGOY|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
* "Neural Interfaces for Makers and Biohackers" – MakerCon Bay Area (San Francisco, CA), May 12, 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://makercon.com/session/making-in-science/ |title=Making in Science Breakout Session |publisher=MakerCon |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151643/http://makercon.com/session/making-in-science/ |archive-date=2017-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* "Future of Augmented Reality Panel" – NeuroGaming 2015, (San Francisco, CA), May 8, 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSqaN3tm15E |title=Augmented Reality Experiences |publisher=YouTube |date=2015-05-22 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref>
* "The Digital Self: Interfacing the Body" – Eyebeam Studio (Brooklyn, NY), April 25, 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eyebeam.org/archive/events/the-digital-self |title=The Digital Self: Interfacing the Body, A Workshop in OpenBCI |website=Eyebeam.org |date=2015-04-25 |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-date=2017-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151443/http://eyebeam.org/archive/events/the-digital-self |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* "BCIs for the Masses" (panel) – IBT BrainTech 2015 (Tel Aviv, Israel), March 11, 2015<ref>{{cite web |last=Chesla |first=Mickey |url=http://conference.israelbrain.org/ |title=BrainTech 2017 | March 6-7, Tel Aviv, Israel |website=Conference.israelbrain.org |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-date=2017-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331113545/http://conference.israelbrain.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* The Startup Segment – FT Innovate America 2014 (New York, NY), December 12, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://event.ft-live.com/ehome/index.php?eventid=98676& |title=FT Innovate America |website=Event.ft-live.com |date=2014-12-09 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref>
* “Out of Your Mind: Rise of The Brain-Computer Interface” – Make Magazine (Vol. 41 Oct/Nov 2014)<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://makezine.com/2014/11/19/out-of-your-mind/ |title=Open BCI: Rise of the Brain-Computer Interface | Make |website=Makezine.com |date=2014-11-19 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref>
* "Brain-Computer Interfaces & Serious Gaming" – Nordic Digital Business Summit 2014 (Helsinki, Finland), Sept. 4th, 2014
* "Future of Augmented Reality Panel" – NeuroGaming 2014, (San Francisco, CA), May 5, 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neurogamingconf.com/ |title=Neurogamingconf.Com |website=Neurogamingconf.Com |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-date=2017-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111182119/http://www.neurogamingconf.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.fastcompany.com/3050498/meet-the-hackers-who-are-decrypting-your-brainwaves "Meet the Hackers Who Are Decrypting Your Brainwaves"]. Fast Company
* [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/maker-movement-turns-scientists-into-tinkerers/ "Maker Movement Turns Scientists into Tinkerers"]. Scientific American.
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/devices/cautionary-tale-of-no-more-woof-a-crowdfunded-gadget-to-read-your-dogs-thoughts "The Cautionary Tale of "No More Woof," a Crowdfunded Gadget to Read Your Dog's Thoughts"]. IEEE Spectrum
* [https://www.fastcompany.com/3053063/new-kickstarter-eeg-kit-promises-cheap-mind-reading "New Kickstarter EEG Kit Promises Cheap Mind Reading"]. Fast Company.
* [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-neuroscience-needs-hackers/ "Why Neuroscience Needs Hackers"]. Scientific American.
* [https://3dprint.com/151575/openbci-voodoo-manufacturing/ "OpenBCI Partners with Voodoo Manufacturing for 3D Printing Production & Kickstarter Fulfillment of Ultracortex Mark IV Headsets"]. Scientific American.
* [http://www.popsci.com/control-your-projects-with-your-mind "Control DIY Projects With Your Mind"]. Popular Science.
* [https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/watch-this-short-documentary-about-the-future-of-brain-hacking "Watch This Short Documentary About the Future of Brain Hacking"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426150940/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/watch-this-short-documentary-about-the-future-of-brain-hacking |date=2017-04-26 }}.
* [http://www.businessinsider.com/openbci-headset-flies-helicopter-with-your-brain-2015-12 "I controlled a robot arm with my brain, using this high-tech headset"].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Russomanno, Conor}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Parsons School of Design alumni]]
[[Category:Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology alumni]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conor Miller

2026-07-25T15:40:33Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|American football player (born 1995)}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Conor Miller|timestamp=20251106135516|year=2025|month=November|day=6|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = Conor Miller
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| current_team = Raiders Tirol
| number = 18
| position = [[Quarterback]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10|5}}
| birth_place = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], U.S.
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 5
| weight_lbs = 220
| high_school = [[Cypress Bay High School|Cypress Bay]] ([[Weston, Florida]])
| college = [[Mt. San Antonio College]] [[El Camino College]] [[Florida Atlantic University]]
| undraftedyear = 2019
| pastteams =
* [[Cologne Crocodiles]] (2019)
* [[Graz Giants]] (2021)
* [[La Courneuve Flash|Flash de La Courneuve]] (2022)
* [[Leipzig Kings]] ([[2022 Leipzig Kings season|2022]])
* [[Barcelona Dragons (ELF)|Barcelona Dragons]] (2023)
* [[Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns]] (2024)
* [[Raiders Tirol]] (2025–present)
| status = Active
| highlights =
* AFL passing yards leader (2021)
* Casque de Diamant champion (2022)
}}
'''Conor Gregory Miller''' (born October 5, 1995) is an American [[American football|professional football]] [[quarterback]] for the [[Raiders Tirol]] of the [[European League of Football]] (ELF).

==Early life and college==
Miller first attended the [[American Heritage School (Florida)|American Heritage School]] before transferring to [[Cypress Bay High School]] as a junior in 2013. In 2015, Miller was a [[Walk-on (sports)|walk-on]] at Florida Atlantic University, but then joined [[Mt. San Antonio College]] during the summer. He spent the 2016 season at [[El Camino College]], where he was a starter in one of seven appearances and totaled 282 passing yards for two touchdowns with two interceptions. In 2017, he committed to Florida Atlantic University, where he started camps as a third-string quarterback and subsequently [[Redshirt (college sports)|redshirted]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jake Elman |date=September 19, 2017 |title=Former Auburn QB John Franklin III embracing receiving role at FAU|url=https://eu.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/college/2017/09/19/former-auburn-qb-john-franklin/7341422007/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=palmbeachpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Matthew Defranks |date=September 9, 2017 |title=FAU QB De'Andre Johnson misses Wisconsin game for medical reason|url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/2017/09/09/fau-qb-deandre-johnson-misses-wisconsin-game-for-medical-reason/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=sun-sentinel.com}}</ref> Instead, he made headlines off the field when he thanked police officers working an FAU-Old Dominion game for their service.<ref name="Elman18">{{Cite web |author=Jake Elman |date=November 22, 2018 |title=FAU QB De'Andre Johnson misses Wisconsin game for medical reason|url=https://eu.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/college/football/2018/11/22/fau-seniors-prepare-for-possible-final-game-under-lane-kiffin/8312507007/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=palmbeachpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=FAU Coach Lane Kiffen Tweets about NSO|url=https://norfolk-sheriff.com/images/docs/NSO-Times-10-11-2017-V2-FINAL.pdf |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=norfolk-sheriff.com}}</ref> He also didn't see game action in 2018.<ref name="Elman18" /> Miller chose to forgo his last year of eligibility.<ref name="AFI21">{{Cite web |author=Alex Malchow |date=March 22, 2021 |title=Projekt Spielberg Graz Giants QB Conor Miller finding his football dreams in Europe|url=https://www.americanfootballinternational.com/conor-miller-finding-his-football-dreams-in-europe/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=americanfootballinternational.com}}</ref>

==Professional career==
===Cologne Crocodiles===
Miller was invited to the [[Miami Dolphins]] pro day and participated in private workouts with the [[Cleveland Browns]] and [[Buffalo Bills]].<ref name="Krautmacher19">{{Cite web |author=Simone Krautmacher |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Connor Miller wird Kölns neuer QB|url=https://www.american-football.com/news/connor-miller-wird-koelns-neuer-qb-2020 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=american-football.com |language=de}}</ref><ref name="AFI21" /> However, he was not signed.

Miller instead joined the [[Cologne Crocodiles]] of the [[German Football League]] (GFL) in late May 2019.<ref name="Krautmacher19" /> In four games, he completed 61.1% of his passes for 718 yards and six touchdowns, though injury ended his season prematurely.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFL 2019 stats Crocodiles|url=https://stats.gfl.info/gfl/2019/cgc.htm |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=stats.gfl.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Rückrunden-Auftakt in der GFL|url=https://www.sport1.de/news/us-sport/gfl/2019/07/gfl-woche-13-mit-braunschweig-berlin-rebels-cologne-crocodiles |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=sport1.de |language=de}}</ref>

===Graz Giants===
Miller joined the [[Graz Giants]] for the 2021 [[Austrian Football League]] (AFL) season where he led the league in passing yards (2170) and passing touchdowns (23).<ref name="AFI21" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=AFL 2021 stats leaders|url=https://archive.football.at/#leaders?league=afl&season=2021 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=football.at}}</ref> In the playoffs, the Giants were eliminated in the semifinals by the [[Vienna Vikings]]. Miller served as quarterback for Team USA at the [[2021 European League of Football season#All-Star_Game|ELF All-Star Game]] in October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quarterback Conor Miller führt die USA Auswahl gegen die All-Stars der European League of Football|url=https://amfoo.de/news/conor-miller-fuehrt-usa-eagles-team/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=amfoo.de |date=30 September 2021 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gamebook ELF All-Star Game 2021|url=https://assets-global.website-files.com/5fb916e4beed7f5a8f3276f7/615bff1171676622cc68a537_STATS_ELUS21AS.pdf |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=assets-global.website-files.com}}</ref>

===Flash de La Courneuve===
In the spring of 2022, Miller suited up for [[La Courneuve Flash]] in France.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Alex Malchow |date=January 13, 2021 |title=France: Flash De La Courneuve sign D1 QB Conor Miller|url=https://www.americanfootballinternational.com/france-flash-de-la-courneuve-sign-d1-qb-conor-miller/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=americanfootballinternational.com}}</ref> He led Flash to win the French championship and reach the semifinals of the [[Central European Football League#2022|Central European Football League]].

===Leipzig Kings===
On July 7, 2022, Miller signed with the [[Leipzig Kings]] of the [[European League of Football]] (ELF) to replace the injured Jordan Barlow during the [[2022 European League of Football season|2022 season]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2022 |title=Leipzig Kings sign french champion Conor Miller as new quarterback|url=https://europeanleague.football/elf-news/leipzig-kings-sign-french-champion-conor-miller |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=europeanleague.football}}</ref> In his third game for the Kings, he suffered a season-ending injury to his shoulder and was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2022 |title=Leipzig Kings release Conor Miller and sign quarterback Gabriel Cunningham|url=https://europeanleague.football/elf-news/leipzig-kings-release-conor-miller-and-sign-quarterback-gabriel-cunningham |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=europeanleague.football}}</ref> In total, Miller had been sacked ten times.

===Barcelona Dragons===
For the [[2023 European League of Football season|2023 season]], Miller was signed by the [[Barcelona Dragons (ELF)|Barcelona Dragons]] Miller was named the ELF player of the week during the regular season with four touchdown passes and 394 yards passing in week two.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2022 |title=ELF: Barcelona Dragons sign veteran QB Conor Miller|url=https://www.americanfootballinternational.com/elf-barcelona-dragons-sign-veteran-qb-conor-miller/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=americanfootballinternational.com}}</ref> He succeeded Zach Edwards, who had led the league in passing yards the previous season.

===Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns===
On January 12, 2024, Miller signed with the [[Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns]] of the [[German Football League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Germany: Veteran QB Connor Miller signs with the Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns|url=https://www.americanfootballinternational.com/germany-veteran-qb-connor-miller-signs-with-the-schwabisch-hall-unicorns/|access-date=August 14, 2024|website=americanfootballinternational.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Raiders Tirol===
On February 24, 2025, Miller signed with the [[Raiders Tirol]] of the [[European League of Football]] (ELF).<ref>{{cite web | title=Raiders sign new QB1! Conor Miller returns to the ELF | url=https://europeanleague.football/news/raiders-sign-new-qb1-conor-miller-returns-to-the-elf-2977 }}</ref> Miller was placed on injured reserve after week 2.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/raiders-tirol-bring-back-qb-n-kosi-perry/ar-AA1G5wyo</ref>

==Personal life==
Miller graduated from Florida Atlantic University in 2020 with a degree in business management. His father, Chip Miller, attended [[University of Georgia]] and later was a linebackers coach at American Heritage High School, among other schools. Miller is involved with Austrian volleyball player Kora Schaberl.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://fausports.com/sports/football/roster/conner-miller/677 FAU Owls bio]
* [https://eccwarriors.com/sports/fball/2016-17/bios/miller_conor_1tjr?view=career&pos=qb El Camino Warriors bio]
* [https://europeanleague.football/player/conor-miller ELF profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530175551/https://europeanleague.football/player/conor-miller |date=May 30, 2023 }}
* [https://europlayers.com/ViewProfilePlayer.aspx?ProfileId=74385 europlayers profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miller, Conor}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Florida Atlantic Owls football players]]
[[Category:Barcelona Dragons (ELF) players]]
[[Category:Leipzig Kings players]]
[[Category:German Football League players]]
[[Category:American expatriate players of American football]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Austria]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in France]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Germany]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
[[Category:Austrian Football League players]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conor McMahon

2026-07-25T15:36:48Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AfC submission|d|bio|u=TheEditorHailingFrom2006|ns=118|decliner=Sulfurboy|declinets=20260724011427|ts=20260723235647}} 
{{AfC submission|d|creative|u=JontyRoss006|ns=118|decliner=Lovelyfurball|declinets=20260416182703|small=yes|ts=20260126232813}} 

{{AfC comment|1=Requires more coverage of the subject himself instead of reviews of his work [[User:Lovelyfurball|Lovelyfurball]] ([[User talk:Lovelyfurball|talk]]) 18:27, 16 April 2026 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|Conor McMahon, Irish Director}}
{{Draft topics|media|northern-europe}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}

'''Conor McMahon''' is an Irish horror film director and editor from Dublin. Conor started making horror short films as a teenager, winning ‘Ireland's Young Filmmaker of the Year’ at Fresh International Film Festival in 1996 and later coming second place in 1997 with his trilogy of short horror films, including one called ‘Maniac’.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2019-10-31 |title=‘Fresh Blood’ in demand for horror film workshop |url=https://www.limerickpost.ie/2019/10/31/fresh-blood-in-demand-for-horror-film-workshop/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=Limerick Post |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Conor attended Dun Laoghaire National Film School between 1998 – 2001, where he specialised in directing and editing. He’s made numerous short films, music videos and documentaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1979-08-23 |title=Conor McMahon |url=https://horrorcult.com/person/conor-mcmahon |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=HorrorCult |language=en}}</ref> His short film ''The Braineater (2001)'' won ‘Best Film’ at the Sitges Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Let the Wrong One In |url=https://screamfestla.com/director/conor-mcmahon |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=Screamfest |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Conor first began as an editor, starting with a 50 minute documentary. He also made filmmaking tutorial videos for Fresh International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Richard |title=Filmmaker Conor McMahon speaks at Fresh Film Festival Workshop |url=https://www.ilovelimerick.ie/conor-mcmahon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912200415/https://www.ilovelimerick.ie/conor-mcmahon/ |archive-date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=www.ilovelimerick.ie |language=en-US |dead-url=no }}</ref> He released his first feature film Dead Meat in 2004, with aid from Screen Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dead Meat |url=https://ifi.ie/film/dead-meat/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=Irish Film Institute |language=en}}</ref> While the film received mostly negative reviews, though Screen Anarchy also stated they felt McMahon had potential, despite the film being “poorly put together”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-24 |title=Dead Meat Review |url=https://screenanarchy.com/2005/10/dead-meat-review.html |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=ScreenAnarchy}}</ref> Fangoria would later refer to Conor as being one of the first Irish filmmakers to make “indigenous-made Irish horror”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Email |first=Add Us See more FANGORIA stories when you search on Google Facebook Reddit Bluesky X. |date=2025-03-17 |title=The Irish New Wave Of Horror: 17 Films At The Forefront Of The Irish Horror Invasion |url=https://www.fangoria.com/new-wave-of-irish-horror/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Irish filmmaker would release a few more, albeit, less notable works between 2008-2010, including ''The Disturbed (2009), Dublin 26.06.08 (2008)'' and his first television series ''Zombie Bashers (2010)'' alongside RTE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Zombie Bashers’ Takes RTÉ Story Land Prize {{!}} The Irish Film & Television Network |url=https://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4283089&tpl=archnews&force=1 |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=www.iftn.ie}}</ref>

In 2012, he released his most famous film to date, Stitches, a slasher film that follows a clown (played by Ross Noble) who rises from the dead to take revenge on the teenagers responsible for his death at a birthday party years prior.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Kim |title=Stitches |url=https://www.screendaily.com/stitches/5045635.article |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Langsworthy |first=Billy |date=2012-09-06 |title=Frightfest 2012: Stitches Review |url=https://www.heyuguys.com/frightfest-2012-stitches-review/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=HeyUGuys |language=en-GB}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from the likes of The Guardian<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=2012-10-25 |title=Stitches – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/oct/25/stitches-review |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and won the ‘Best Kill Award’ at that years Fright-Fest. A few years later he directed the horror feature ''From The Dark (2014).''<ref>{{Cite web |last=McHargue |first=Brad |date=2014-09-22 |title=From the Dark (2015) |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/69685/from-the-dark-2015/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=Dread Central |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, Conor directed the vampire comedy thriller Let the Wrong one In (named as a rib of the film Let the right one in), which was released by Wildcard Distribution<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Gazette |date=2023-01-28 |title=Special screening of the film 'Let The Wrong One In at the Lighthouse Cinema |url=https://dublingazette.com/whats-on/entertainment/irish-comedy-let-the-wrong-one-in-222876/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=Dublin Gazette Newspapers - Dublin News, Sport and Lifestyle |language=en-GB}}</ref> and starring Anthony Head.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Billington |first=Alex |date=2022-03-10 |title=First Trailer for Vampire Comedy 'Let the Wrong One In' from Ireland {{!}} FirstShowing.net |url=https://www.firstshowing.net/2022/first-trailer-for-vampire-comedy-let-the-wrong-one-in-from-ireland/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=www.firstshowing.net |language=en-US}}</ref> The horror flick earned McMahon two nominations at the Irish Film & Television Awards (IFTAS).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntim |first=Zac |date=2023-03-07 |title=Irish Film & TV Awards Nominations: ‘Bad Sisters’ & ‘The Banshees of Inisherin’ Lead, Paul Mescal Clocks Two Noms |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/irish-film-tv-awards-nominations-bad-sisters-the-banshees-of-inisherin-lead-paul-mescal-two-noms-1235281297/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Affiliations ==
Conor is a registered member of The Screen Directors Guild of Ireland (SDGI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Irish short films wrap production on SDGI's Arri Alexa Take scheme {{!}} The Irish Film & Television Network |url=https://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4296117&tpl=archnews&force=1 |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=www.iftn.ie}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Director
!Title
!Year
!Role
!Type
|-
|The Braineater
|2001
|Director-Writer
|Short
|-
|1902
|2001
|Director-Writer
|Short
|-
|[[Dead Meat (film)|Dead Meat]]
|2004
|Director-Writer
|Feature
|-
|Dublin 26.06.08: A Movie in 4 Days
|2008
|Director
|Feature
|-
|The Disturbed
|2009
|Director-Writer
|Feature
|-
|Hotel Darklight
|2009
|Director: Segment
|Anthology Series
|-
|Zombie Bashers
|2010
|Director
|Series
|-
|[[Stitches (2012 film)|Stitches]]
|2012
|Director-Writer
|Feature
|-
|From The Dark
|2014
|Director-Writer
|Feature
|-
|Strangers In The Night
|2015
|Director
|Short
|-
|Good Dog
|2016
|Director
|Short
|-
|Ghost Gaff
|2018
|Director
|Short
|-
|Darklands
|2019
|Director
|Series
|-
|[[Let the Wrong One In]]
|2021
|Director-Writer
|Feature
|-
|Callan Kicks The Year 2021
|2021
|Director
|TV Special
|-
|No Worries If Not!
|2022-2025
|Director
|Series
|-
|Gulp
|2025
|Director-Writer
|Short
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Connor Rozee

2026-07-25T15:21:01Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|athlete|u=Pafc27|ns=118|decliner=Bkissin|declinets=20181129162813|ts=20181129153047}} 

{{AFC comment|1=According to [[WP:NAFL]], a person has to play at least one match in an AFL game to be notable. Once Connor has done that, this article should be good to accept! Way to go! Let me know when that happens and I'll do it for you! [[User:Bkissin|Bkissin]] ([[User talk:Bkissin|talk]]) 16:28, 29 November 2018 (UTC)}}

----

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox AFL biography
| name = Connor Rozee
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|01|22|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| originalteam = [[North Adelaide Football Club|North Adelaide]] ([[South Australian National Football League|SANFL]])
| draftpick = No. 5, [[2018 AFL draft|2018 AFL draft]], {{AFL PA}}
| height = 186 cm
| weight = 74 kg
| position = Midfielder/Utility
| currentclub = {{AFL PA}}
| guernsey = 20
| statsend =
| years1 = 2019–
| club1 = {{AFL PA}}
| games_goals1 = 0 (0)
| careerhighlights =
}}
'''Connor Rozee''' (born 22 January 2000) is a professional [[Australian rules football]]er who plays for the [[Port Adelaide Football Club]] in the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL). He was recruited by Port Adelaide with the 5th draft pick in the [[2018 AFL draft|2018 AFL Draft]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Port Adelaide select Connor Rozee with pick 5 |url=http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/2018-11-22/port-adelaide-selects-rozee-with-pick-5 |agency=portadelaidefc.com.au |date=22 November 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rozee was born in [[South Australia]] and played junior football with [[Port Augusta]] club South Augusta, where his father Robert was a premiership player, club champion and club coach. In 2016, he won the Kevin Sheehan Medal as the best player of the Under 16 AFL National Championship while also winning South Australia’s Most Valuable Player award.<ref name=Fact>{{cite news |title=The fact file: Connor Rozee |url=http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/2018-11-27/the-fact-file-connor-rozee- |agency=portadelaidefc.com.au |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129190417/http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/2018-11-27/the-fact-file-connor-rozee- |dead-url=yes }}</ref>. Rozee played for South Australia in the [[AFL Under 18 Championships]] but was not happy with his performance. He averaged 13 disposals across the carnival, showed some flashes and his state claimed the title, but it wasn't the standout period he was hoping for.<ref name=Tomorrow>{{cite news |title=Tomorrow's Heroes: Connor Rozee |url=http://www.goldcoastfc.com.au/news/2018-11-06/tomorrows-heroes-connor-rozee |agency=goldcoastfc.com.au |date=6 November 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126212510/http://www.goldcoastfc.com.au/news/2018-11-06/tomorrows-heroes-connor-rozee |dead-url=yes }}</ref>. After the championship, Power premiership player [[Josh Carr]] gave Rozee his opportunity to shine at league level in the [[SANFL]]. The North Adelaide coach backed the teenager to perform against men and Rozee repaid his faith with an impressive campaign including a couple of vital performances in the Roosters’ successful finals series.<ref name=Fact/> Rozee went on to feature in the club's SANFL premiership win, with his improved form at the back end of the season against senior players showing why he is in the elite group of prospects at the top end of the draft.<ref name=Tomorrow/> At the [[AFL Draft Combine]], Rozee finished in the top 10 for the standing vertical jump and running vertical jump tests and agility test and was second overall in the 20m sprint (2.91 seconds).<ref name=Fact/> The [[Port Adelaide Football club]] selected Rozee at pick 5 in the [[2018 AFL draft]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The indicative 2018 AFL national draft order |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/see-the-indicative-2018-draft-order-and-how-live-pick-trading-works/news-story/d678808f1816abaa907c325004e6af48 |date=23 November 2018}}</ref>

==AFL career==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{PAplayer}}

{{Port Adelaide player squad}}
{{2018 AFL national draft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rozee, Connor}}
[[:Category:2000 births]]
[[:Category:Living people]]
[[:Category:Port Adelaide Football Club players]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Connor Rozee ==
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Connor Gottfried

2026-07-25T15:10:29Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|music|u=AlbertizeFrancisco|ns=118|decliner=Thilio|declinets=20251216194347|reason2=adv|ts=20251216161250}} 

{{Short description|Canadian technology artist}}
{{Draft topics|internet-culture|media}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}



Connor Gottfried is an artist, musician and technologist based in Calgary, Canada<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Technological Deconstructive Art of Connor Gottfried |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/tech/art/the-technological-deconstructive-art-of-connor-gottfried |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Paste Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>. He is the CEO of Leara eLearning Inc., a Canadian elearning software company<ref>{{Cite web |last=avenuecalgary |date=2016-11-01 |title=Connor Gottfried |url=https://www.avenuecalgary.com/city-life/top-40-under-40/connor-gottfried/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Avenue Calgary |language=en-CA}}</ref>. His artwork is often contains screens and Raspberry Pi computers running retro video game emulators within 3D aluminum sculptures<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haters by Connor Gottfried {{!}} Galerie S16 |url=https://s16gallery.com/art/haters-by-connor-gottfried |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=s16gallery.com |language=en}}</ref>. He has had solo shows at S16 in Montreal (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=“Cartoon Acid”: Between obsolescence and progress – The Concordian |url=https://theconcordian.com/2024/01/cartoon-acid-between-obsolescence-and-progress/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211014418/https://theconcordian.com/2024/01/cartoon-acid-between-obsolescence-and-progress/ |archive-date=2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=theconcordian.com |language=en-CA |dead-url=no }}</ref>, Dopeness Art Lab in Taiwan (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergen |first=Jeremy |title=Valley-raised artist finds international audience with video game and tech-based sculptures |url=https://wcmbnews.com/swan-valley-star-and-times-community/item/9579-valley-raised-artist-finds-international-audience-with-video-game-and-tech-based-sculptures |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=wcmbnews.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, and StolenSpace in London, UK (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Play II {{!}} 31 July - 31 August 2025 - Overview |url=https://www.stolenspace.com/exhibitions/70-play-ii-by-connor-gottfried/overview/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=StolenSpace Gallery |language=en}}</ref> along with group shows at Mortal Machine in New Orleans (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=PUPILPORTALS |url=https://mortalmachinenola.com/blogs/news/pupilportals |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Mortal Machine Gallery |language=en}}</ref>, && Gallery in Los Angeles (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibitions – && Gallery |url=https://andand.gallery/exhibitions/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>, TLG Gallery in Toronto and New York (2024, 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists |url=https://www.thelocalgallery.art/artists |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The Local Gallery |language=en}}</ref> and The Rochester Museum of Fine Art (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-07 |title=Connor Gottfried |url=https://www.rochestermfa.org/connor-gottfried/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Rochester Museum of Fine Arts |language=en-US}}</ref>. He is also represented by Guy Hepner Gallery in New York City<ref>{{Cite web |title=Connor Gottfried: Playable Memories |url=https://guyhepner.com/news/466-connor-gottfried-playable-memories-the-art-of-retro-technology/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Guy Hepner |language=en}}</ref>. His work has been featured on CBC<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DRUtb-xkQk8/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>, Boing Boing<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nealy |first=Devin |date=2023-03-09 |title=Artist Connor Gottfried dissects his Gameboy-inspired pieces in an exclusive interview |url=https://boingboing.net/2023/03/09/artist-connor-gottfried-dissects-his-gameboy-inspired-pieces-in-an-exclusive-interview.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Boing Boing |language=en-US}}</ref>, Paste Magazine<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Technological Deconstructive Art of Connor Gottfried |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/tech/art/the-technological-deconstructive-art-of-connor-gottfried |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Paste Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>, RetroDodo<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-21 |title=Connor Gottfried Makes Giant Playable Retro Game Art |url=https://retrododo.com/connor-gottfried/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Retro Dodo |language=en}}</ref>, HypeBeast<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hype Art: Conor Gottfried |url=https://www.itsnova.com/Whest/projects/Q3JlYXRpdmVXb3JrUG9ydGZvbGlvUHJvamVjdDoyMTMwMzA%3D |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.itsnova.com |language=en}}</ref>, Nerdist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-19 |title=Here, Have a Giant Playable Replica of GAME & WATCH: LEGEND OF ZELDA |url=https://nerdist.com/article/nintendo-legend-of-zelda-game-watch-system-playable-replica-art/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Nerdist |language=en-US}}</ref> and MagPi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwetsloot |first=Rob |date=2024-01-08 |title=Giant Fine-Art Game Boy {{!}} #MagPiMonday |url=https://www.raspberrypi.com/news/giant-fine-art-game-boy-magpimonday/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Raspberry Pi |language=en-GB}}</ref> among others.

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Connex One

2026-07-25T14:45:18Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|UK AI Software company}}
{{Draft topics|internet-culture|software|technology}}
{{AfC topic|other}}

{{Undisclosed paid}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Connex One
| logo = Connex-one-logo-2023.png
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2013}}
| area_served =
| key_people = Nick Mealey (CEO) Richard Mealey (CTO)
| products = Omnichannel AI Customer Engagement Software Cloud communication Software as a Service (SaaS)
| location_city = [[Manchester]], U.K.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pair of lettings at Manchester's Bauhaus|date=20 October 2021 |url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/pair-of-lettings-at-manchesters-bauhaus}}</ref>
}}

'''Connex One''' is a [[SaaS]] company headquartered in Manchester, [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Connex One jumps to 6th in 'Fastest Growing Tech Companies' list – TECHNOLOGY RESELLER |url=https://technologyreseller.uk/connex-one-jumps-to-6th-in-fastest-growing-tech-companies-list/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Top 100 Next Unicorns: Shaping the Next Gen of Tech |url=https://vivatechnology.com/news/2023-top-100-next-unicorns-shaping-the-next-gen-of-tech |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=vivatechnology.com |language=en}}</ref> The company's primary product is its customer engagement platform.

==Overview==
Connex One was founded by brothers Nick and Richard Mealey in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardaker |first=Alistair |date=2018-05-29 |title=BusinessCloud reveals '35 under 35' tech entrepreneur list |url=https://businesscloud.co.uk/news/businesscloud-reveals-list-of-tech-35-under-35/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=BusinessCloud |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Symcox |first=Jonathan |date=2022-11-07 |title=Meet the brothers building a unicorn tech business |url=https://techblast.co.uk/news/meet-the-brothers-building-a-unicorn-tech-business/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=TechBlast |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Insider |date=2022-10-12 |title=Investment in cloud-based customer engagement platform |url=https://www.insidermedia.com/news/north-west/investment-in-cloud-based-customer-engagement-platform |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Insider Media Ltd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Symcox |first=Jonathan |date=2018-03-23 |title=Glorious night for trio of Manchester tech entrepreneurs |url=https://businesscloud.co.uk/news/glorious-night-for-trio-of-manchester-tech-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=BusinessCloud |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Manchester tech firm touted as potential "unicorn" - Prolific North |url=https://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/news/manchester-tech-firm-touted-potential-unicorn/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Enabling next-generation communications with customers. |url=https://www.gpbullhound.com/articles/connex-one/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=GP Bullhound |language=en-EN}}</ref> The company has offices in the US, UK, Spain, Australia, South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Whelan |first=Dan |date=2021-10-20 |title=Pair of lettings at Manchester's Bauhaus |url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/pair-of-lettings-at-manchesters-bauhaus/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Place North West |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>https://craft.co/connex-one</ref>

The company's main product is its customer engagement platform called Connex One which includes features such as [[Omnichannel]], workflows, [[VoIP]], [[Web chat|Live Chat]], Workforce Optimisation (WFO) and a built in AI assistant and launch of Athena LLMWorkforce Optimisation (WFO) and a built in AI assistant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blogger |first=Guest |date=2022-02-04 |title=Why WFO is the Key to CX Success in 2022 |url=https://www.cxtoday.com/wfo/why-wfo-is-the-key-to-cx-success-in-2022/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=CX Today |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/186699-97#overview</ref>. The platform can be integrated with [[Salesforce]], [[HubSpot]], [[Zendesk]], [[Slack (software)|Slack]], [[Microsoft Teams]] and other systems.<ref>{{Citation |title=Enhancing Speech Analytics with Whisper: A Speech Recognition Evaluation - Data Science Festival | date=27 April 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOBQUmv3NiE |access-date=2023-09-04 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Customer Support: How AI is Reshaping the Industry • Data Science Festival |url=https://datasciencefestival.com/session/smart-customer-support-how-ai-is-reshaping-the-industry/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Data Science Festival |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Connex One |url=https://sourceforge.net/software/product/Connex-One/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=SourceForge |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, the company secured an undisclosed amount of investment from Latium Enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Jon |date=2022-10-10 |title=Former Spotify investor helps AI tech firm Connex One raise £93m |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/technology/former-spotify-investor-helps-ai-25223051 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Business Live |language=en}}</ref>

In autumn 2021, Connex One moved its headquarters to Bauhaus in the [[Spinningfields]] district of Manchester. Connex One currently occupies a 17,800 sq ft space across three floors of the nine-storey Bauhaus building.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Orchard Street completes 31,600 sq ft of lettings at Bauhaus {{!}} TheBusinessDesk.com |url=https://www.thebusinessdesk.com/northwest/news/2087474-orchard-street-completes-31600-sq-ft-of-lettings-at-bauhaus |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=North West |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2022, Connex One secured £93 Million ($103 Million) in a [[Venture round|Series C]] investment round from private equity firm GP Bullhound. The deal signified backing in the AI arm of Connex One's platform as well as aiding in the international expansion with subsequent offices opening in Miami, Florida and Melbourne, Australia. Connex One's rapid growth rate following the Series C investment was recognised at the 2022 Northern Tech Awards, in which the company had jumped 7 places from the previous year, to rank at #6 Fastest Growing Technology company North of London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=UK's Connex One bags €105M from GP Bullhound, others; plans to scale global ops {{!}} Silicon Canals |url=https://siliconcanals.com/crowdfunding/connex-one-bags-105m/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Connex One |url=https://www.gpbullhound.com/portfolio/portfolio-connex-one/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=GP Bullhound |language=en-EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Jon |date=2022-10-10 |title=Former Spotify investor helps AI tech firm Connex One raise £93m |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/technology/former-spotify-investor-helps-ai-25223051 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Business Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Klarna, Revolut backer GP Bullhound backs £93m Series C for Connex One {{!}} AltAssets Private Equity News |url=https://www.altassets.net/private-equity-news/by-news-type/deal-news/klarna-revolut-backer-gp-bullhound-backs-93m-series-c-for-connex-one.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DWF advises Connex One on Series C Funding {{!}} DWF Group |url=https://dwfgroup.com/en/news-and-insights/press-releases/2022/10/dwf-advises-connex-one-on-series-c-funding |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=DWF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Symcox |first=Jonathan |date=2022-10-10 |title=£93m Series C funding for Manchester's Connex One |url=https://businesscloud.co.uk/news/93m-series-c-funding-for-manchesters-connex-one/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=BusinessCloud |language=en}}</ref>

== Industry recognition ==

* Young Entrepreneur of the Year Winner, The Northern Tech Awards, 2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maguire |first=Chris |date=2018-03-23 |title=REVEALED: The Northern Tech Awards 2018 winners in full |url=https://businesscloud.co.uk/news/fastest-growing-100-tech-companies-revealed/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=BusinessCloud |language=en}}</ref>
* #49, Fastest Growing Tech Companies, The Northern Tech Awards, 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roue |first=Lucy |date=2018-03-27 |title=Manchester hailed for fast growing firms at Northern Tech Awards |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/manchester-hailed-fast-growing-firms-14461403 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref>
* Judges’ Innovation Award Winner, The Northern Tech Awards, 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Insider |title=Winners of 2021 Northern Tech Awards announced |url=https://www.insidermedia.com/news/national/winners-of-2021-northern-tech-awards-announced |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Insider Media Ltd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 2021 Northern Tech Awards announced |url=https://www.insidermedia.com/news/national/winners-of-2021-northern-tech-awards-announced}}</ref>
* #13, Fastest Growing Tech Companies, The Northern Tech Awards, 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Tech Awards reveal top 100 list |date=22 October 2021 |url=https://businesscloud.co.uk/news/northern-tech-awards-reveal-top-100-ranking}}</ref>
* Best Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Cloud Finalist, Computing Cloud Excellence Awards, 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who made it big at the Cloud Excellence Awards 2021? |date=23 September 2021 |url=https://www.computing.co.uk/news/4037496/big-cloud-excellence-awards-2021}}</ref>
* #6 Fastest Growing Tech Companies, The Northern Tech Awards, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Connex One jumps to 6th in 'Fastest Growing Tech Companies' list – TECHNOLOGY RESELLER |url=https://technologyreseller.uk/connex-one-jumps-to-6th-in-fastest-growing-tech-companies-list/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Top 50 Businesses Tipped for $1Billion valuation, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Symcox |first=Jonathan |date=2022-06-19 |title=Meet the 50 tech startups tipped for $1bn valuations |url=https://businesscloud.co.uk/news/meet-the-50-tech-startups-tipped-for-1bn-valuations/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=BusinessCloud |language=en}}</ref>
* SaaS Company of the Year, Prolific North, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=The Prolific North Tech Awards 2022: The Winners - Prolific North |url=https://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/news/prolific-north-tech-awards-2022-winners/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Tech Entrepreneur of the Year Winner, Prolific North, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=The Prolific North Tech Awards 2022: The Winners - Prolific North |url=https://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/news/prolific-north-tech-awards-2022-winners/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Highly Commended "Best Use of the Customer Voice", Engage B2B Awards, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Engage B2B Awards Finalists |url=https://www.engageb2bawards.com/2022-engage-b2b-awards-finalists |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=www.engageb2bawards.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Tipped for 'Next European Tech Unicorn' Status, Viva Technology 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Top 100 Next Unicorns: Shaping the Next Gen of Tech |url=https://vivatechnology.com/news/2023-top-100-next-unicorns-shaping-the-next-gen-of-tech |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=vivatechnology.com |language=en}}</ref>
* #13, Fastest Growing Tech Companies, The Northern Tech Awards, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-20 |title=Northern Tech Awards 2023 |url=https://www.gpbullhound.com/events/northern-tech-awards/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=GP Bullhound |language=en-EN}}</ref>
* Tipped for Unicorn Status, Tracxn 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tracxn |first=Website |date=2023-01-12 |title=Emerging Startups 2023: Top Vertical Business Intelligence Startups |url=https://tracxn.com/d/emerging-startups/top-vertical-business-intelligence-startups-2023#Soonicorns |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Tracxn.com |archive-date=2023-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829161028/https://tracxn.com/d/emerging-startups/top-vertical-business-intelligence-startups-2023#Soonicorns |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* Tipped for Unicorn Status, Tracxn 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Manchester tech firm touted as potential "unicorn" - Prolific North |url=https://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/news/manchester-tech-firm-touted-potential-unicorn/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Best Rebrand / Relaunch Campaign, Engage B2B Awards, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engage B2B Awards - Winners |url=https://www.engageb2bawards.com/meetthewinners |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.engageb2bawards.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Best Client Support Team, Prolific North Tech Awards, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Tech Awards - 2023 Winners - Prolific North |url=https://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/tech-awards-2023-winners/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

{{Drafts moved from mainspace |date=March 2024}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conner Maurer

2026-07-25T14:40:55Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{short description|American soccer player}}
{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = Subject fails to meet the GNG.
|timestamp = 20250711040405
|nom = Let'srun
|help = off
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Conner Negus Maurer
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|2|2}}
| birth_place = [[St. Jude’s Hospital]], New York, United States
| height =  6 ft 0 in
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2015–2020
| youthclubs1 = [[New York Red Bulls]]
| collegeyears1 = 2020–
| college1 = [[Stanford Cardinal men's soccer|Stanford Cardinal]]
| collegecaps1 =
| collegegoals1 =
| years1 = 2019
| clubs1 = [[New York Red Bulls II]]
| caps1 = 1 
| goals1 = 0 
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = October 23, 2019
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Conner Maurer''' (born February 2, 2002) is an American [[association football|soccer]] player who plays as a [[Midfielder (association football)|midfielder]] for [[Stanford Cardinal men's soccer|Stanford University]].

==Career==
===Youth, college and amateur===
Maurer is a member of the [[New York Red Bulls Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyrb.ussoccerda.com/sam/teams/index.php?team=1400406&player=32408642|title=New York Red Bulls|website=nyrb.ussoccerda.com|access-date=July 12, 2025|archive-date=September 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917025342/http://nyrb.ussoccerda.com/sam/teams/index.php?team=1400406&player=32408642|dead-url=yes}}</ref> During the 2019 [[USL Championship]] season he appeared for [[New York Red Bulls II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/conner-maurer|title=Conner Maurer - uslchampionship.com|website=www.uslchampionship.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|conner-maurer/511718}}
* [http://nyrb.ussoccerda.com/sam/teams/index.php?team=1400406&player=32408642 ussoccerda.com profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917025342/http://nyrb.ussoccerda.com/sam/teams/index.php?team=1400406&player=32408642 |date=September 17, 2019 }}

{{New York Red Bulls II squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurer, Conner}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American men's soccer players]]
[[Category:New York Red Bulls II players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:USL Championship players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Harrison, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Soccer players from Hudson County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:21st-century American sportsmen]]
[[Category:Stanford Cardinal men's soccer players]]
[[Category:American soccer players]]

{{US-footy-midfielder-2000s-stub}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Connectria Hosting

2026-07-25T14:31:52Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Connectria Hosting|timestamp=20161004233432|year=2016|month=October|day=4|substed=yes}}


{{Infobox company
|name = Connectria Hosting
|foundation = 1996
|type = Private
|key_people = Richard S. Waidmann, President & CEO Rusty A. Putzler, COO Robert J. Strobing, Esq., CFO
|industry = [[Internet hosting service|Hosting]]
|products = Managed Hosting, Custom Hosting, Cloud Computing, Remote Admin.
|homepage = {{URL | www.connectria.com}}
}}

'''Connectria Hosting''', formally Catalyst Solutions Group, Inc., was founded in 1996 by Richard Waidmann. Connectria Hosting is a [[cloud computing]], [[managed hosting]], and custom hosting provider.<ref>{{cite web|title= Company Overview of Connectria Corporation|publisher= businessweek.com|date=12 March 2014|url= http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=698220}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Amir Kurtovic|title= Connectria’s new service targets Amazon clients|publisher= http://www.bizjournals.com/|date= 25 Nov 2011|url= http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/print-edition/2011/11/25/connectrias-new-service-targets.html?page=all}}</ref><ref name=connectria>{{cite web|title= About Us|publisher= Connectria.com |date=12 March 2014|url= http://www.connectria.com/about_us/index.php}}</ref>

Connectria Hosting originally started as an infrastructure consulting firm until it took on [[Deutsche Bank]] as its first managed hosting customer in 1998. A short time later, [[IBM]] became the second client.<ref>{{cite web|author= Amir Kurtovic|title= Connectria’s new service targets Amazon clients|publisher= http://www.bizjournals.com/|date= 25 Nov. 2011 2014|url= http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/print-edition/2011/11/25/connectrias-new-service-targets.html?page=all}}</ref> By 2009, Connectria was providing hosting solutions to over 1000 clients in over 30 countries.<ref name=connectria/><ref>{{cite web|author= Rich Miller|title= Connectria to Expand With CyrusOne in Dallas|publisher= http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/|date= 8 May 2012 |url= http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2012/05/08/connectria-to-anchor-cyrusone-dallas-facility/}}</ref> In 2011, Connectria<ref>{{cite web|title=Connectria Cloud Storage - Amazon S3® Compatible Cloud Storage Service|url=https://www.mh.connectria.com/rp/order/cloud_storage_index|work=Connectria|publisher=Connectria|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Connectria Hosting Launches Cloud Storage Solution|url=http://www.connectria.com/about_us/news/111611.php|publisher=Connectria Hosting|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref> became the first US cloud storage service provider based on the Scality RING organic storage technology<ref>{{cite news|last=Ross|first=Rose|title=Connectria selects Scality to launch a public cloud storage service|url=http://www.realwire.com/releases/Connectria-selects-Scality-to-launch-a-public-cloud-storage-service|accessdate=19 December 2012|newspaper=RealWire|date=February 22, 2011|archive-date=9 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309060213/http://www.realwire.com/releases/Connectria-selects-Scality-to-launch-a-public-cloud-storage-service|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cloud Storage Providers|url=http://www.twinstrata.com/cloud-storage-providers|work=Twinstrata|publisher=Twinstrata|accessdate=19 December 2012|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116005452/http://twinstrata.com/cloud-storage-providers|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

==Recognitions==
In addition to being recognized as North America’s top performing hosting provider by Compuware’s CloudSleuth in 2012, Connectria Hosting is a 4 time Inc. 5000 Fastest Growing Company award winner. They have also been named “Best place to work in St. Louis” 3 times, and they are a 2-time recipient of a St. Louis Fast 50 Award by the St. Louis Regional Commerce and Growth Association (RCGA).<ref name=connectria/><ref>{{cite web|title= The St. Louis Post-Dispatch Top Workplaces 2012 Connectria|publisher= STLToday.com|year=2012|url= http://www.topworkplaces.com/frontend.php/regional-list/company/stltoday/connectria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Connectria|publisher= http://www.inc.com/|date=12 March 2014|url= http://www.inc.com/profile/connectria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Amanda Doolittle |title= CONNECTRIA NAMED IN INC.COM'S TOP 50 FASTEST GROWING PRIVATE COMPANIES IN ST. LOUIS|publisher= stltoday.com|date= 3 Aug 2009|url= http://interact.stltoday.com/pr/business/PR08130909002858}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= TOP WORKPLACES 2012|publisher= STLToday.com|year=2012|url= http://www.stltoday.com/news/special-reports/topworkplaces2012/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Brian Proffitt|title= Who Are The Top Cloud Providers For 2012?|publisher= http://readwrite.com/|date= 1 May 2012|url= http://readwrite.com/2013/05/01/who-are-the-top-cloud-providers-for-2012#awesm~oyjlG9KN662Zpp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Connectria Hosting - Scality RING|url=https://www.connectria.com/about_us/news/111611.php|publisher=Connectria Hosting|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.zdnet.com/article/connectria-hosting-talks-about-competition-with-the-big-cloud-companies/ Connectria Hosting talks about competition with the big cloud companies]
*[http://www.zdnet.com/article/6-suggestions-connectria-hosting-for-evaluating-your-cloud-service-provider/ 6 tips for evaluating your cloud service provider]
*[http://fox2now.com/2013/05/14/trade-office-in-brazil-poised-to-help-st-louis-firm-expand-business/ Trade Office In Brazil Poised To Help St. Louis Firm Expand Business]
*[http://fox2now.com/2012/04/25/connectria-beats-goggle-and-amazon-in-cloud-computing/ St. Louis Company Bests Google And Amazon In Cloud Computing]
*[http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/blog/BizNext/2013/08/connectria-among-top-technology.html Connectria among top technology companies for revenue, report says]
*[http://fox2now.com/2012/04/25/connectria-beats-goggle-and-amazon-in-cloud-computing/ St. Louis Company Bests Google And Amazon In Cloud Computing]
*[http://www.businessinsider.com/it-pros-bullied-at-work-2015-2 A LOT of tech workers are being bullied at work]

[[Category:Cloud computing providers]]
[[Category:Web hosting]] {{⚠️🚨COPIED from en.EverybodyWiki.com ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Connective (company)

2026-07-25T14:28:33Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|corp|u=Goodergomit|ns=118|decliner=Curb Safe Charmer|declinets=20210211161118|ts=20210211115757}} 
{{AFC submission|d|adv|u=Vandercross|ns=118|decliner=EDG 543|declinets=20210128153102|small=yes|ts=20210128123322}} 

{{Infobox company
| name = Connective
| logo = Connective_Logo_NoBG.png
| founded = 2014
| hq_location_city = Antwerp
| key_people = Nicolas Metivier (CEO); Michel Akkermans (Board member); Erik Dralans (Board member)
| products = Digital Signatures; Digital Identification; Smart Document Generation;
| website = https://connective.eu
}}
'''Connective''' is a Belgian software company and provider of software for digital identification, [[digital signature]]s and smart document generation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Connective: Leader in Digital Transaction Management {{!}} Digital Insurance Agenda {{!}} Accelerate Innovation in Insurance|url=https://www.digitalinsuranceagenda.com/featured-insurtechs/connective-leader-in-digital-transaction-management/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=www.digitalinsuranceagenda.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128231232/https://www.digitalinsuranceagenda.com/featured-insurtechs/connective-leader-in-digital-transaction-management/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== History ==
Connective was founded in 2014 in [[Antwerp]], Belgium, as a startup. After an investment of 4.5 million euros by Pamica<ref>{{Cite web|title=Start-up Connective haalt 4,5 miljoen op|url=https://www.computable.nl/artikel/nieuws/computable-next/5835456/250449/start-up-connective-haalt-45-miljoen-op.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=www.computable.nl|language=NL}}</ref>, among others, Connective has grown into a FinTech scale-up. In addition to its headquarters in Antwerp, Connective now has offices in [[Paris]], [[Amsterdam]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=GmbH|first=finanzen net|title=Connective opens New York offices and announces BelCham Partnership|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/connective-opens-new-york-offices-and-announces-belcham-partnership-1028919711|access-date=2021-01-28|website=markets.businessinsider.com|language=en-us|archive-date=2021-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130185131/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/connective-opens-new-york-offices-and-announces-belcham-partnership-1028919711|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, [[Barcelona]], [[Copenhagen]] and [[Toulouse]].

== Software ==
Connective's software is used in various industries, including financial services, insurance, governmental institutions and real estate<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-11|title=Dewaele en Financiën maken vastgoedtransacties volledig digitaal|url=https://www.tijd.be/netto/vastgoed/dewaele-en-financien-maken-vastgoedtransacties-volledig-digitaal/10041693.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=De Tijd|language=nl}}</ref>

Connective's main software is eSignatures, which allows to digitally sign documents with different types of digital signatures, including a qualified electronic signature like itsme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-11|title=Met Itsme Sign tekent u voortaan wettelijk met smartphone|url=https://www.tijd.be/netto/homepage/met-itsme-sign-tekent-u-voortaan-wettelijk-met-smartphone/10100178.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=De Tijd|language=nl}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://connective.eu Official website]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Connection With Wonder

2026-07-25T14:24:44Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|corp|u=W00st3rB3rtram|ns=118|decliner=Seraphimblade|declinets=20260222104739|ts=20260104202421}} 

{{AFC comment|1=While there is what appears to be a substantial amount of [[WP:REFBOMB|reference bombing]] here, the sources are either not appropriate (blogs, YouTube, Tedx talks, etc.), not [[WP:IS|independent]] (interviews, apparent reprinted press releases/listings, etc.), or are just mentions in passing, brief blurbs/event listings, or the like. To pass both [[WP:N|the notability guideline]] and [[WP:NORG|the specific guidelines for organizations]], a substantial quantity of source material which is [[WP:RS|reliable]], [[WP:IS|independent]], ''and'' in reasonable depth must be cited. Routine event listings/notifications and the like would not satisfy those. [[User:Seraphimblade|Seraphimblade]] [[User talk:Seraphimblade|Talk to me]] 10:47, 22 February 2026 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|London storytelling organisation covered by BBC, Londonist, Timeout.}}
{{Draft topics|biography|europe}}
{{AfC topic|org}}

{{Connected contributor|User1=W00st3rB3rtram|U1-declared=yes|U1-otherlinks= Son of Vanessa Woolf and George Hoyle, co-founders of Connection With Wonder}}

'''Connection With Wonder''' is a professional storytelling organisation based in [[London|London, UK]]. Directed by co-founders Vanessa Woolf and George Hoyle, CWW has collaborated with musicians, academics and architects, as well as [[Time Out (magazine)|TimeOut]] magazine and the [[The Royal Parks|Royal Parks]] to produce storytelling events for adults and children in London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=katycarr |date=2010-11-08 |title=Thanks to Ladyfest & Alex Rowse for this feature below from the Southbank Literature Blog re: my recent gig with London Dreamtime |url=https://katycarr.com/2010/11/08/thanks-to-ladyfest-alex-rowse-for-this-feature-below-from-the-southbank-literature-blog-re-my-recent-gig-with-london-dreamtime/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Katy Carr |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Secrets from the Soul: The Cutting Tradition |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/secrets-from-the-soul-the-cutting-tradition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907205223/https://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/secrets-from-the-soul-the-cutting-tradition |archive-date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=Time Out London |language=en-GB |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Welch |first=Adrian |date=2017-05-26 |title=The Peckham Toymaker, LFA 2017 London |url=https://www.e-architect.com/london/peckham-toymaker |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=e-architect |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Storytelling with London Dreamtime at Samsung KX |url=https://checkout.timeout.com/london/storytelling-with-london-dreamtime-at-samsung-kx-59706 |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Time Out}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=London Dreamtime x The Royal Parks “Lost among the Trees” – Vanessa Woolf |url=https://londondreamtime.com/event/london-dreamtime-x-the-royal-parks-lost-among-the-trees/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANttLtBsL-w |title=Storytelling With Super Spiders {{!}} Mission: Invertebrate (The Royal Parks) |date=2020-10-27 |last=The Royal Parks |access-date=2026-01-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref> It is affiliated with the South East London Folklore Society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TheCustodian |date=2015-01-31 |title=Fantasts in Focus: The London Dreamtime Family |url=http://thethinkersgarden.com/fantasts-focus-london-dreamtime-family/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=The Thinker's Garden |language=en-US}}</ref>

Originally founded in 2010 as '''London Dreamtime''', Woolf was central to its early ventures, often informal outdoor performances for adults.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-04 |title=Police swoop on late-night storytellers on Hampstead Heath |url=https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/21379742.police-swoop-late-night-storytellers-hampstead-heath/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Ham & High |language=en}}</ref> These included outdoor storytelling in the [[Heygate Estate]] at Elephant and Castle in the prelude to its demolition in 2014, and a feminist reimagining of the [[Jack the Ripper]] story.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-16 |title=What The Woolf Gets up To After Dark |url=https://upafterdark.substack.com/p/what-the-woolf-gets-up-to-after-dark |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Up After Dark}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-01-14 |title=Transpontine: What next for the Heygate Estate? |url=https://transpont.blogspot.com/2013/01/everybody-loves-heygate-now-that-almost.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Transpontine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Londonist Out Loud: A Podcast About London, 25 January 2013 |url=https://londonist.com/podcasts/londonist-out-loud-a-podcast-about-london-25-january-2013 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Londonist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=unripped – Crossbones |url=https://crossbones.org.uk/unripped/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harrop |first=Stephe |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vsDGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Contemporary Storytelling Performance: Female Artists on Practices, Platforms, Presences |date=2023-08-04 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-92341-4 |pages=136-142 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, London Dreamtime collaborated with [[The Real Tuesday Weld|Stephen Coates]] to present a series of nighttime storytelling events in [[Brompton Cemetery]], centered on the legends that [[Hannah Courtoy|Hannah Courtoy’s]] tomb was a time machine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-02 |title=London Dreamtime: Portals and Pathways |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/london-dreamtime-portals-and-pathways |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=[[TimeOut]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-11-28 |title=The Brompton Cemetery Time Machine, London, UK |url=https://deadgoodtravel.com/2016/11/28/the-brompton-cemetery-time-machine/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Dead Good Travel |language=en}}</ref> In that year, Woolf was interviewed on BBC World about the origins of European fairy stories.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJDZd3M-obY |title=Vanessa Woolf: "storytelling and fairytales" |date=2016-01-21 |last=BBC World |access-date=2026-01-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In 2017, she was a guest on the [[Islam Channel|Islam Channel's]] ''Living the Life'' and gave a [[TED (conference)#TEDx|TEDx]] talk in Belfast on the enduring role of magic in storytelling throughout history.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xz8ftF7cIRE |title=Vanessa Woolf Storyteller on Islam Channel |date=2017-04-17 |last=Vanessa Woolf |access-date=2026-01-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTSyJIYGQ0A |title=How to find Magic {{!}} Vanessa Woolf {{!}} TEDxStormontWomen |date=2017-11-28 |last=TEDx Talks |access-date=2026-01-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref> After retelling of the [[Highgate Vampire]] legend, Woolf appeared as a narrator for ''The'' ''Curse of the Highgate Vampire'' on [[Discovery+]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roettgers |first=Philipp |date=2021-03-22 |title=Episode 11: Vanessa Woolf & George Hoyle {{!}} Topic: Storytelling |url=https://london-beyond-time-and-place.com/episode-11-vanessa-woolf-george-hoyle-topic-storytelling/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=London beyond time and place |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title='The Curse Of The Highgate Vampire' Documentary Lands On Discovery+ This Halloween {{!}} Higgypop |url=https://www.higgypop.com/news/the-curse-of-the-highgate-vampire-documentary/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Higgypop Paranormal: Project Weird |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, London Dreamtime began promoting other storytellers in London, and has produced a range of storytelling events and festivals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Woolf |first=Vanessa |date=2019-10-22 |title=8 eerie storytelling sessions in London that will get you ready for Halloween |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/news/8-eerie-storytelling-sessions-in-london-that-will-get-you-ready-for-halloween-102219 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001083030/https://www.timeout.com/london/news/8-eerie-storytelling-sessions-in-london-that-will-get-you-ready-for-halloween-102219 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=[[Time Out]] |language=en-GB |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ep 5 - London Dreamtime with Storyteller Vanessa Woolf-Hoyle |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/ep-5-london-dreamtime-with-storyteller-vanessa-woolf-hoyle/id1598387827?i=1000551249691 |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Apple Podcasts |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=Free storytelling event will see local parents take to the stage in Southwark Park |url=https://southwarknews.co.uk/area/rotherhithe/free-storytelling-event-will-see-local-parents-take-to-the-stage-in-southwark-park/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Southwark News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Hounslow transforms into storytelling hub |url=https://hounslowherald.com/hounslow-transforms-into-storytelling-hub-p25722-313.htm |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=hounslowherald.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Southwark Festival of Words |url=https://wendyshearer.co.uk/storytelling/storytelling-events/southwark-festival-of-words/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Wendy Shearer |language=en-GB}}</ref> It transitioned to virtual storytelling for the duration of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 Pandemic]], and in 2022 successfully crowdfunded an open mic storytelling club, Elephant Tales.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hui |first=Angela |date=2020-04-05 |title='Demand Has Been So Intense': 3 People Share Their Lockdown Hustle Stories |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/amp/entry/lockdown-hustle_uk_5ea9c36ec5b63115cec2b666/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TheCustodian |date=2021-02-24 |title=Storytelling and London Dreamtime: An Interview with Vanessa Woolf |url=http://thethinkersgarden.com/storytelling-and-london-dreamtime-vanessa-wolf/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=The Thinker's Garden |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=London Dreamtime Story Co-op: Re-enchant the City. |url=https://www.crowdfunder.co.uk/p/london-story-co-op |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Crowdfunder UK |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://elephanttaleslondo.wixsite.com/elephant-tales|website=elephant tales|access-date=2026-01-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Storytelling Performance|last=Harrop|pages=142}}</ref> In 2024, it rebranded to '''Connection With Wonder''' and crowdfunded a mentoring workshop for storytellers that is hosted in [[St John's Church, Waterloo|St John’s Church, Waterloo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space For Storytelling |url=https://www.crowdfunder.co.uk/p/space-for-storytelling |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Crowdfunder UK |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazza |date=2022-01-07 |title=London Dreamtime {{!}} St Johns |url=https://stjohnswaterloo.org/Partner/london-dreamtime/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://connectionwithwonder.com/ connectionwithwonder.com]

[[:Category:Storytelling organizations]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Connecticut

2026-07-25T14:16:52Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 14 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Infobox U.S. state
|Name = Connecticut
|Fullname = State of Connecticut
|Flag = Flag of Connecticut.svg
|Seal = Seal of Connecticut.svg
|Flaglink = [[Flag of Connecticut|Flag]]
|Map = Connecticut in United States (zoom).svg
|Nickname = {{plainlist|
* The Constitution State (official)
* The Nutmeg State
* The Provisions State
* The Land of Steady Habits}}
|Motto = {{plainlist|
* {{lang|la|[[Qui transtulit sustinet]]}} (Latin)
* He who transplanted still sustains<ref name=SOTS/>}}
|StateAnthem = [[Yankee Doodle]]
|Former = [[Connecticut Colony]]
|Capital = [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]<ref>{{cite web |title=General Description and Facts |publisher=State of Connecticut |url=http://portal.ct.gov/about/ |access-date=2019-04-23 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016141503/http://portal.ct.gov/about/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|LargestMetro = [[Greater Hartford]]<ref>{{cite report |title=Table B-1. Metropolitan Areas – Area and Population |work=State and Metropolitan Area Data Book: 2006 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |date=July 2006 |url=http://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2006/compendia/smadb06/tableB/all-tabB.pdf}}</ref> |
|LargestCity = [[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]]<ref>{{cite web |title=2014 Population Estimate |website=American FactFinder |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml? |access-date=October 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gpGlyhlr?url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml? |archivedate=April 17, 2016 }}</ref>
|Demonym = {{plainlist|
* Connecticuter<ref>{{Cite journal|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |title=Style Manual |year=2000 |at=§5.23 |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831023726/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/ |archivedate=August 31, 2008 }}</ref>
* Connecticutian<ref>{{cite web |title=Connecticutian |website=Merriam-Webster Online |url=http://nws.merriam-webster.com/opendictionary/newword_search.php?word=Connecticutian |access-date=October 25, 2015 |archive-date=December 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231223637/http://nws.merriam-webster.com/opendictionary/newword_search.php?word=Connecticutian |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* [[Nutmegger]]<ref>{{cite web |website=eReference Desk |title=State Resident's Names |url=http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-name/resident-names.html |access-date=October 25, 2015 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117111227/http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-name/resident-names.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}}
|Governor = [[Ned Lamont]] (D)
|Lieutenant Governor = [[Susan Bysiewicz]] (D)
|Legislature = [[Connecticut General Assembly]]
|Upperhouse = [[Connecticut Senate]]
|Lowerhouse = [[Connecticut House of Representatives]]
|Senators = [[Richard Blumenthal]] (D) [[Chris Murphy]] (D)
|Representative = 5 Democrats
|PostalAbbreviation = CT
|OfficialLang = None
|AreaRank = 48th
|TotalArea = 14,357
|TotalAreaUS = 5,567
|LandArea = 12,559
|LandAreaUS = 4,849
|WaterArea = 1,809
|WaterAreaUS = 698
|PCWater = 12.6
|PopRank = 29th
|2010Pop = 3,572,665 (2018)
|DensityRank = 4th
|2000Density = 285
|2000DensityUS = 739
|MedianHouseholdIncome = $74,168<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Median%20Annual%20Household%20Income%22,%22sort%22:%22desc%22%7D|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=March 22, 2019}}</ref>
|IncomeRank = 6th
|AdmittanceOrder = 5th
|AdmittanceDate = January 9, 1788
|TimeZone = Eastern: UTC −5/−4
|Longitude = 71°47' W to 73°44' W
|Latitude = 40°58' N to 42°03' N
|Width = 177
|WidthUS = 110
|Length = 113
|LengthUS = 70
|HighestPoint = [[Massachusetts]] border on south slope of [[Mount Frissell]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|title=Highest and Lowest Elevations |website=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=United States Geological Survey |year=2001 |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |accessdate=October 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183109/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=November 9, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.</ref>
|HighestElev = 725
|HighestElevUS = 2,379
|MeanElev = 150
|MeanElevUS = 500
|LowestPoint = [[Long Island Sound]]<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88 />
|LowestElev = 0
|LowestElevUS = 0
|ISOCode = US-CT
|TradAbbreviation = Conn.
|Website = www.ct.gov
}}
{{Infobox U.S. state symbols

|Flag = Flag of Connecticut.svg
|Seal = Seal of Connecticut.svg
|Name = Connecticut
|Bird = [[American robin]]
|Fish = [[American shad]]
|Flower = [[Kalmia latifolia|Mountain laurel]]
|Insect = [[European mantis]]
|Mammal = [[Sperm whale]]
|Tree = [[Charter Oak]], a [[white oak]]
|Dance = [[Square dance]]
|Fossil = [[Trace fossil|Dinosaur tracks]]
|Mineral = [[Garnet]]
|Motto = {{plainlist|
* ''Qui transtulit sustinet'' [[Latin]]
* "He Who Transplanted Still Sustains"}}
|Shell = [[Eastern oyster]]
|Ships = {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}}, {{ship||Freedom Schooner Amistad}}
|Slogan = ''Full of Surprises''
|Song = {{plainlist|
* "Yankee Doodle"
* "The Nutmeg"}}
|Tartan = [http://portal.ct.gov/About/State-Symbols/The-State-Tartan/ Connecticut State Tartan]
|Route Marker = Connecticut Highway 15.svg
|Quarter = 1999 CT Proof.png
|QuarterReleaseDate = 1999
}}
{{maplink|frame=yes|zoom=6|id=Q779|type=shape|text=Interactive map of Connecticut}}

'''Connecticut''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Connecticut.ogg|k|ə|ˈ|n|ɛ|t|ᵻ|k|ə|t}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/connecticut |title=Connecticut |website=Dictionary.com |accessdate=October 25, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uKkvMGho?url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/connecticut |archivedate=November 18, 2010 |deadurl=no }}</ref> is the southernmost state in the [[New England]] region of the United States. As of the 2010 Census, it has the highest per-capita income, [[Human Development Index]] (0.962), and median household income in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 2005 |title=Highest wages in East, lowest in South |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2005-11-29-wage_x.htm |first=Stephen |last=Ohlemacher |accessdate=April 30, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uKkvtVNF?url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2005-11-29-wage_x.htm |archivedate=November 18, 2010 |deadurl=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Median Household Income |date=2013 |website=American FactFinder |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml? |access-date=October 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gpGlyhlr?url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml? |archivedate=April 17, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 17, 2008 |title=US slips down development index |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7511426.stm |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uKkxLjnC?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7511426.stm |archivedate=November 18, 2010 |deadurl=no }}</ref> It is bordered by [[Rhode Island]] to the east, Massachusetts to the north, [[New York (state)|New York]] to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital is [[Hartford]] and its most populous city is Bridgeport. It is part of New England, although portions of it are often grouped with New York and [[New Jersey]] as the [[New York metropolitan area|Tri-state area]]. The state is named for the [[Connecticut River]] which approximately bisects the state. The word "Connecticut" is derived from various anglicized spellings of an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] word for "long tidal river".<ref>{{cite book|last=Trumbull|first=James Hammond|title=Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With Interpretations of Some of Them|year=1881 |location=Harford, Connecticut |publisher=Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company |url={{google books|JS8TAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=yes|page=60}} |page=60}}</ref>

Connecticut's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small, short-lived settlement called [[Fort Hoop]] in Hartford at the confluence of the [[Park River (Connecticut)|Park]] and Connecticut Rivers. Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony [[New Netherland]], which included much of the land between the Connecticut and [[Delaware River]]s, although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English. [[Thomas Hooker]] led a band of followers from the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and founded the Connecticut Colony; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the [[Saybrook Colony]] and the [[New Haven Colony]]. The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of [[Fundamental Orders of Connecticut|Fundamental Orders]], considered the first constitutions in America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a royal charter, making Connecticut a [[crown colony]]. This was one of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] which rejected British rule in the [[American Revolution]].

Connecticut is the third smallest state by area,<ref name="census table 18">{{cite report |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf |title=Table 18, Area Measurements: 2010; and Population and Housing Unit Density: 1990 to 2010 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |date=September 2012 |work=United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts |p=41 |access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref> the 29th most populous,<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf |title=Table 19, Population by Urban and Rural and Type of Urban Area: 2010 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |date=September 2012 |work=United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts |p=42 |access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref> and the fourth most densely populated<ref name="census table 18"/> of the 50 states. It is known as the "Constitution State", the "Nutmeg State", the "Provisions State", and the "Land of Steady Habits".<ref name=SOTS/> It was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.

The Connecticut River, [[Thames River (Connecticut)|Thames River]], and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in [[Fairfield County, Connecticut|Fairfield County]].

==Geography==
{{further|Geology of Connecticut|Geology of New England}}
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Landmarks and cities of Connecticut" widths="120" heights="120">
File:BridgeportCityHall.jpg|Bridgeport
File:New Haven from East Rock.jpg|[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]]
File:Hartford Connecticut Skyline.JPG|Hartford
File:StamfordCTRRstaLookingNE11112007.jpg|[[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]]
File:NewLondon 2016 Cropped.jpg|[[New London, Connecticut|New London]]
File:Willimantic.JPG|[[Willimantic, Connecticut|Willimantic]]
File:Amtrak's Thames River Bridge.jpg|[[Gold Star Bridge]] and [[Amtrak Thames River Bridge]]
File:Highest Point here.JPG|Mount Frissell, the highest point in the state
File:LakeMcdonoughFromTunxisTrail.jpg|[[Barkhamsted, Connecticut#Notable locations|Lake McDonough]] reservoir as seen from the [[Tunxis Trail|Tunxis Trail Overlook Spur]] trail.
File:NASACandlewoodLakeConnecticut.jpg|[[Candlewood Lake]] is the largest lake in Connecticut.
File:Connecticut River, Connecticut LCCN2012631727.tif|The Connecticut River near [[Connecticut Route 82]]
</gallery>
Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and fourth largest city is Hartford, and other major cities and towns (by population) include Bridgeport, [[New Haven]], Stamford, [[Waterbury, Connecticut|Waterbury]], [[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]], [[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]], [[New Britain, Connecticut|New Britain]], [[Greenwich, Connecticut|Greenwich]], and [[Bristol, Connecticut|Bristol]]. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of [[Montenegro]]. There are 169 [[New England town|incorporated towns]] in Connecticut.[[File:Map of Connecticut NA cropped.png|upright=1.25|thumb|Map of Connecticut]]
The highest peak in Connecticut is [[Bear Mountain (Connecticut)|Bear Mountain]] in [[Salisbury, Connecticut|Salisbury]] in the northwest corner of the state. The highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet (42° 3' N; 73° 29' W), on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite peakbagger |pid=7083 |name=Mount Frissell-South Slope, Connecticut/Massachusetts}}</ref> At the opposite extreme, many of the coastal towns have areas that are less than 20 feet (6 m) above sea level.

Connecticut has a long maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront (technically speaking). The coast of Connecticut sits on Long Island Sound, which is an [[estuary]]. The state's access to the open Atlantic Ocean is both to the west (toward New York City) and to the east (toward the "race" near Rhode Island). This situation provides many safe harbors from ocean storms, and many transatlantic ships seek anchor inside Long Island Sound when [[tropical cyclones]] pass off the upper East Coast.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

The Connecticut River cuts through the center of the state, flowing into Long Island Sound. The most populous metropolitan region centered within the state lies in the [[Connecticut River Valley]]. Despite Connecticut's relatively small size, it features wide regional variations in its landscape; for example, in the northwestern [[Litchfield Hills]], it features rolling mountains and horse farms, whereas in areas to the east of New Haven along the coast, the landscape features coastal [[marsh]]es, [[beach]]es, and large scale maritime activities.

{{further|List of Connecticut rivers}}

Connecticut's rural areas and small towns in the northeast and northwest corners of the state contrast sharply with its industrial cities such as Stamford, Bridgeport, and New Haven, located along the coastal highways from the New York border to New London, then northward up the Connecticut River to Hartford. Many towns in northeastern and northwestern Connecticut center around a [[village green|green]], such as the Litchfield Green, Lebanon Green (the largest in the state), and Wethersfield Green (the oldest in the state). Near the green typically stand historical visual symbols of New England towns, such as a white [[church (building)|church]], a [[colonial meeting house]], a colonial [[tavern]] or [[inn]], several [[American colonial architecture|colonial houses]], and so on, establishing a scenic historical appearance maintained for both [[historic preservation]] and tourism. Many of the areas in southern and coastal Connecticut have been built up and rebuilt over the years, and look less visually like traditional New England.

The northern boundary of the state with Massachusetts is marked by the Southwick Jog or Granby Notch, an approximately {{convert|2.5|mile|km}} square detour into Connecticut. The origin of this anomaly is clearly established in a long line of disputes and temporary agreements which were finally concluded in 1804, when southern [[Southwick, Massachusetts|Southwick's]] residents sought to leave Massachusetts, and the town was split in half.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/SouthwickMA_WebDocs/southwick_jog.pdf |title=The Southwick Jog |last=Dodge |first=Edward R. |website=Town of Southwick, Massachusetts |access-date=October 25, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p1plFeFC?url=http://www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/F000102F9/S00476B50-00476B5B.0/The%20Southwick%20Jog.pdf |archivedate=April 16, 2010 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cslib.org/jog.htm |title=Connecticut's Southwick Jog |publisher=Connecticut State Library |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uKkzcI4A?url=http://www.cslib.org/jog.htm |archivedate=November 18, 2010 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

The southwestern border of Connecticut where it abuts New York State is marked by a [[Salient (geography)|panhandle]] in Fairfield County, containing the towns of Greenwich, Stamford, [[New Canaan, Connecticut|New Canaan]], [[Darien, Connecticut|Darien]], and parts of Norwalk and [[Wilton, Connecticut|Wilton]]. This irregularity in the boundary is the result of [[History of Connecticut#Territorial disputes|territorial disputes]] in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to the area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut, in exchange for an equivalent area extending northwards from [[Ridgefield, Connecticut|Ridgefield]] to the Massachusetts border, as well as undisputed claim to [[Rye (town), New York|Rye, New York]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cslib.org/panhandle.htm |title=Connecticut's "Panhandle" |website=Connecticut State Library |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uKl03gYx?url=http://www.cslib.org/panhandle.htm |archivedate=November 18, 2010 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>
{{further|Connecticut panhandle}}

Areas maintained by the [[National Park Service]] include [[Appalachian National Scenic Trail]], [[Quinebaug and Shetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor]], and [[Weir Farm National Historic Site]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Connecticut |website=National Park Service |accessdate=July 15, 2008 |url=http://www.nps.gov/state/ct/index.htm}}</ref>

{{Rivers of Connecticut}}
{{Mountains of Connecticut}}
{{Waterbodies of Connecticut}}
{{Islands and Peninsulas of Connecticut}}

===Climate===
[[File:Connecticut Köppen.png|upright=1.35|thumb|left|Köppen climate types in Connecticut]]
[[File:Barndoor Hills original.JPG|thumb|Scenery upon [[Barndoor Hills]] in [[Granby, Connecticut|Granby]] in autumn]]
[[File:Stamford Harbor Point Marina.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Harbor Point Marina in [[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]] during summer]]

Most of Connecticut lies at the southern end of the [[humid continental climate]], with cold winters with moderate snowfall and hot, humid summers. Far southern and coastal Connecticut is the rough transition zone from the cold continental climates of the north to the [[temperate]] climates to the south (called [[subtropical]] in some climate classifications). As such, far southern and coastal Connecticut has milder winters with a mix of rain and infrequent snow, and the typical hot and humid summers found on the middle and lower [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]].

Connecticut sees a fairly even precipitation pattern with rainfall/snowfall spread throughout the 12 months. Connecticut averages 56% of possible sunshine (higher than the USA average), averaging 2,400 hours of [[sunshine]] annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.howstuffworks.com/united-states-annual-sunshine-map.htm |title=United States Annual Sunshine Map |website=HowStuffWorks |accessdate=March 15, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429042722/http://maps.howstuffworks.com/united-states-annual-sunshine-map.htm |archivedate=April 29, 2011 }}</ref>

Early spring (April) can range from slightly cool (40's to low 50's F) to warm (65 to 70 F), while mid and late spring (late April/May) is warm. By late May, the building [[Bermuda High]] creates a southerly flow of warm and humid tropical air, bringing hot weather conditions throughout the state, with average highs in New London of {{convert|81|F|C}} and {{convert|85|F|C}} in Windsor Locks at the peak of summer in late July. On occasion, heat waves with highs from 90 to 100 F occur across Connecticut. Although summers are sunny in Connecticut, quick moving summer thunderstorms can bring brief downpours with thunder and lightning. Occasionally these thunderstorms can be severe, and the state usually averages one tornado per year.<ref name="tornadoes">{{cite web |url= http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/tornado/small/avgt5304.gif | title=Annual average number of tornadoes| publisher=NOAA National Climatic Data Center |format=[[GIF]] |accessdate=October 24, 2006}}</ref> During hurricane season, the remains of tropical cyclones occasionally affect the region, though a direct hit is rare.

Weather commonly associated with the fall season typically begins in October and lasts to the first days of December. Daily high temperatures in October and November range from the 50s to 60s (Fahrenheit) with nights in the 40s and upper 30s. Colorful foliage begins across northern parts of the state in early October and moves south and east reaching southeast Connecticut by early November. Far southern and coastal areas however have more oak and hickory trees (and fewer maples), and are often less colorful than areas to the north. By December daytime highs are in the 40's F for much of the state, and average overnight lows are below freezing.

Winters (December through mid March) are generally cold from south to north in Connecticut. The coldest month (January) has average high temperatures ranging from {{convert|38|F|C}} in the coastal lowlands to {{convert|33|F|C}} in the inland and northern portions on the state. The average yearly snowfall ranges from about {{convert|60|in|mm}} in the higher elevations of the northern portion of the state to only {{convert|20-25|in|mm}} along the southeast coast of Connecticut (Branford to Groton). Generally, any locale north or west of [[Interstate 84 (Pennsylvania–Massachusetts)|Interstate 84]] receives the most snow, during a storm, and throughout the season. Most of Connecticut has less than 60 days of snow cover. Snow usually falls from late November to late March in the northern part of the state, and from early December to mid March in the southern and coastal parts of the state.

Connecticut's record high temperature is {{convert|106|F|C}} which occurred in Danbury on July 15, 1995; the record low is {{convert|-32|F|C}} which occurred in the Northwest Hills [[Falls Village, Connecticut|Falls Village]] on February 16, 1943, and [[Coventry, Connecticut|Coventry]] on January 22, 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/getextreme.php?elem=ALL&state=CT| title = All-Time Climate Extremes for CT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=March 18, 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Connecticut cities (°F)
|-
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000; height:17px;"| City
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jan
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Feb
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Mar
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Apr
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| May
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jun
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jul
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Aug
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Sep
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Oct
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Nov
! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Dec
|-
! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;"| Bridgeport
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 37/23
| style="text-align:center; background:#0fe; color:#000;"| 40/25
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffae; color:#000;"| 47/32
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ff5e; color:#000;"| 58/41
| style="text-align:center; background:#0f1; color:#000;"| 68/51
| style="text-align:center; background:#4f0; color:#000;"| 77/60
| style="text-align:center; background:#7f0; color:#000;"| 82/66
| style="text-align:center; background:#6eff00; color:#000;"| 81/65
| style="text-align:center; background:#3f0; color:#000;"| 74/58
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ff2f; color:#000;"| 63/46
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ff7b; color:#000;"| 53/38
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffd4; color:#000;"| 42/28
|-
! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000; height:16px;"| Hartford
| style="text-align:center; background:#00d9ff; color:#000;"| 35/16
| style="text-align:center; background:#00f7ff; color:#000;"| 39/19
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffc3; color:#000;"| 47/27
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ff62; color:#000;"| 59/38
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ff08; color:#000;"| 70/48
| style="text-align:center; background:#4f0; color:#000;"| 79/57
| style="text-align:center; background:#73ff00; color:#000;"| 84/63
| style="text-align:center; background:#62ff00; color:#000;"| 82/61
| style="text-align:center; background:#1aff00; color:#000;"| 74/51
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ff48; color:#000;"| 63/40
| style="text-align:center; background:#0f9; color:#000;"| 52/32
| style="text-align:center; background:#00fff7; color:#000;"| 40/22
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;"|<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/06604 |title=Monthly Averages for Bridgeport, CT |publisher = [[The Weather Channel]] |accessdate=September 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/06604 |title=Monthly Averages for Hartford, CT |publisher=The Weather Channel |accessdate=September 15, 2011}}</ref>
|}

===Flora===
{{main|Flora of Connecticut}}
{{see also|List of Connecticut tree species}}
Forests consist of a mix of [[Northeastern coastal forests]] of Oak in southern areas of the state, to the upland [[New England-Acadian forests]] in the northwestern parts of the state. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) is the state flower, and is native to low ridges in several parts of Connecticut. Rosebay Rhododendron ([[Rhododendron maximum]]) is also native to eastern uplands of Connecticut and [[Pachaug State Forest]] is home to the Rhododendron Sanctuary Trail. Atlantic white cedar ([[Chamaecyparis thyoides]]), is found in wetlands in the southern parts of the state. Connecticut has one native cactus ([[Opuntia humifusa]]), found in sandy coastal areas and low hillsides. Several types of beach grasses and wildflowers are also native to Connecticut.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=David M. |last2=Dinerstein |first2=Eric |last3=Wikramanayake |first3=Eric D. |display-authors=etal |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth |journal=[[BioScience]] |year=2001 |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=933–938 |url=http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/51/11/933 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[[0933:TEOTWA]]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568}}</ref> Connecticut spans [[USDA Plant Hardiness Zones]] 5b to 7a. Coastal Connecticut is the broad transition zone where more southern and subtropical plants are cultivated. In some coastal communities, [[Magnolia grandiflora]] (southern magnolia), [[Lagerstroemia indica|Crape Myrtles]], scrub palms ([[Sabal minor]]), and other broadleaved evergreens are cultivated in small numbers.{{Citation needed|reason=Since CT is far outside the native distribution, a reference is needed to support that this is happening in large enough numbers|date=July 2017}}

==History==
{{Main|History of Connecticut}}
[[File:Ctcolony.png|thumb|upright=1.7|A map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies]]

The name Connecticut is derived from the Algonquian word that has been translated as "long tidal river" and "upon the long river",<ref name="Project">{{cite book |author=Federal Writers' Project |title=Connecticut: A Guide to Its Roads, Lore and People |url={{google books|CPYfSsQ-WE4C|page=3|plainurl=yes}} |accessdate=September 23, 2010 |publisher=US History Publishers |isbn=978-1-60354-007-0 |orig-year=1938 |page=3}}</ref> referring to the Connecticut River. The Connecticut region was inhabited by multiple [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] tribes before European settlement and colonization, including the [[Mohegan people|Mohegans]], the [[Pequot people|Pequots]], and the [[Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation|Paugusetts]].<ref>"[http://www.cslib.org/tribes.htm Connecticut Native American Tribes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927185519/http://www.cslib.org/tribes.htm |date=September 27, 2013 }}", Connecticut State Library. Retrieved May 16, 2014.</ref>

===Colonial period===
{{main|New Netherland|Saybrook Colony|Connecticut Colony|New Haven Colony|New England Confederation|Dominion of New England}}

The first European explorer in Connecticut was Dutchman [[Adriaen Block]],<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Varekamp|first2=Daphne|date=Spring–Summer 2006|title=Adriaen Block, The Discovery of Long Island Sound and the New Netherlands Colony: What Drove the Course of History?|url=http://seagrant.uconn.edu/publications/magazines/wracklines/springsummer06/block.pdf|journal=Wrack Lines|volume=6|issue=1|access-date=May 16, 2014|last1=Varekamp|first1=Johan|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231223638/http://seagrant.uconn.edu/publications/magazines/wracklines/springsummer06/block.pdf|archivedate=December 31, 2015}}</ref> who explored the region in 1614. Dutch fur traders then sailed up the Connecticut River, which they called Versche Rivier ("Fresh River"), and built a fort at Dutch Point in Hartford that they named "House of Hope" ({{lang-nl|Huis van Hoop}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colonialwarsct.org/1614.htm|title=1614 Adriaen|website=The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut|access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref>

The Connecticut Colony was originally a number of separate, smaller settlements at Windsor, Wethersfield, Saybrook, Hartford, and New Haven. The first English settlers came in 1633 and settled at Windsor, and then at Wethersfield the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cslib.org/earlysettlers.htm|title=Early Settlers of Connecticut|publisher=Connecticut State Library|accessdate=July 25, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420061052/http://www.cslib.org/earlysettlers.htm|archivedate=April 20, 2010}}</ref> [[John Winthrop the Younger]] of Massachusetts received a commission to create Saybrook Colony at the mouth of the Connecticut River in 1635.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saybrookhistory.org/web_page.php?id=13|title=Brief History of Old Saybrook|website=Old Saybrook Historical Society|access-date=May 16, 2014|archive-date=May 16, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140516202750/http://www.saybrookhistory.org/web_page.php?id=13|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

The main body of settlers came in one large group in 1636. They were [[Puritan]]s from Massachusetts Bay Colony led by Thomas Hooker, who established the Connecticut Colony at Hartford.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colonialwarsct.org/1636.htm|title=1636-Hartford|website=The Society of Colonial Wars in Connecticut|access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref> The Quinnipiack Colony<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books|wmdJAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes|page=176}}|title=New Englander and Yale Review|date=1887|publisher=W.L. Kingsley|volume=47|pages=176–177|editor-last2=Kingsley|editor-first2=William Lathrop|editor-last3=Fisher|editor-first3=George Park|editor-last4=Dwight|editor-first4=Timothy|display-editors=3|editor-first1=Edward Royall|editor-last1=Tyler}}</ref> was established by [[John Davenport (clergyman)|John Davenport]], [[Theophilus Eaton]], and others at New Haven in March 1638. The New Haven Colony had its own constitution called "The Fundamental Agreement of the New Haven Colony", signed on June 4, 1639.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ct01.asp|title=Fundamental Agreement, or Original Constitution of the Colony of New Haven, June 4, 1639|website=The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy|publisher=Yale Law School|accessdate=May 16, 2014}}</ref>

The settlements were established without official sanction of the English Crown, and each was an independent political entity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1638_new_haven.htm|title=1638 - New Haven - The Independent Colony|website=The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut|access-date=May 16, 2014|archive-date=November 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115210256/http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1638_new_haven.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> In 1662, Winthrop traveled to England and obtained a charter from [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] which united the settlements of Connecticut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colonialwarsct.org/1662.htm|title=1662-Charter for Connecticut|website=The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut|access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref> Historically important colonial settlements included [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]] (1633), [[Wethersfield, Connecticut|Wethersfield]] (1634), [[Deep River, Connecticut|Saybrook]] (1635), Hartford (1636), New Haven (1638), [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]] (1639), [[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford]] (1639), [[Milford, Connecticut|Milford]] (1639), [[Stratford, Connecticut|Stratford]] (1639), [[Farmington, Connecticut|Farmington]] (1640), Stamford (1641), and New London (1646).

The [[Pequot War]] marked the first major clash between colonists and Indians in New England. The Pequots reacted with increasing aggression to Colonial settlements in their territory—while simultaneously taking lands from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. Settlers responded to a murder in 1636 with a raid on a Pequot village on [[Block Island]]; the Pequots laid siege to Saybrook Colony's garrison that autumn, then raided Wethersfield in the spring of 1637. Colonists declared war on the Pequots, organized a band of militia and allies from the Mohegan and Narragansett tribes, and attacked a Pequot village on the [[Mystic River (Connecticut)|Mystic River]], with death toll estimates ranging between 300 and 700 Pequots. After suffering another major loss at a battle in Fairfield, the Pequots asked for a truce and peace terms.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books|YHVwmVKjhaoC|plainurl=yes|page=31}}|title=America's Beginnings: The Dramatic Events that Shaped a Nation's Character|last=Williams|first=Tony|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0487-4|pages=32–34}}</ref>

The western boundaries of Connecticut have been subject to change over time. The [[Treaty of Hartford (1650)|Hartford Treaty]] with the Dutch was signed on September 19, 1650, but it was never ratified by the British. According to it, the western boundary of Connecticut ran north from Greenwich Bay for a distance of {{convert|20|mile|km}},<ref name="BOWEN">{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Clarence Winthrop |url={{google books|XJUNAAAAQAAJ|plainurl=yes|page=17}} |title=The Boundary Disputes of Connecticut |date=1882 | publisher=James R. Osgood and Company | place=Boston | pages=17–18}}</ref><ref name="FLICK">{{cite book |editor-first=Alexander C. |editor-last=Flick |title=History of the State of New York |volume=2 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=1933 |pages=50–57}}</ref> "provided the said line come not within 10 miles of Hudson River."<ref name="BOWEN"/><ref name="FLICK"/> This agreement was observed by both sides until war erupted between England and The Netherlands in 1652. Conflict continued concerning colonial limits until the [[James II of England|Duke of York]] captured New Netherland in 1664.<ref name="BOWEN"/><ref name="FLICK"/>

On the other hand, Connecticut's original Charter in 1662 granted it all the land to the "South Sea"—that is, to the Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite web |website=A Chronology of US Historical Documents |url=http://www.law.ou.edu/ushistory/colony.shtml |title=Connecticut Colony Charter of 1662 |publisher=University of Oklahoma, College of Law |date=March 14, 2006 |accessdate=July 25, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723222151/http://www.law.ou.edu/ushistory/colony.shtml |archivedate=July 23, 2010 }}</ref> Most Colonial royal grants were for long east-west strips. Connecticut took its grant seriously and established a ninth county between the [[Susquehanna River]] and Delaware River named [[Westmoreland County, Connecticut|Westmoreland County]]. This resulted in the brief [[Pennamite Wars]] with [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://colonialwarsct.org/1769.htm |title=1769- The Pennamite Wars |website=The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut |access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref>

Yale College was established in 1701, providing Connecticut with an important institution to educate clergy and civil leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/about-yale/traditions-history|title=Traditions & History|website=Yale University|access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> The Congregational church dominated religious life in the colony and, by extension, town affairs in many parts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Connecticut: A History|last=Roth|first=David M.|date=1979|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co|isbn=978-0-3933-3174-5|location=New York|pages=40–41}}</ref>

====American Revolution====
{{main|American Revolutionary War|Lee Resolution|United States Declaration of Independence|Articles of Confederation#Ratification|Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga|Treaty of Paris (1783)|Constitutional Convention (United States)|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}
[[File:LowsCTmap.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.15|A 1799 map of Connecticut which shows [[The Oblong]], from [[Low's Encyclopaedia]]]]
Connecticut designated four delegates to the [[Second Continental Congress]] who signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]: [[Samuel Huntington (statesman)|Samuel Huntington]], [[Roger Sherman]], [[William Williams (Continental Congress)|William Williams]], and [[Oliver Wolcott]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_signers_gallery_facts.pdf |title=Signers of the Declaration of Independence |website=Charters of Freedom |publisher=National Archives |access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref>

Connecticut's legislature authorized the outfitting of six new regiments in 1775, in the wake of the clashes between British regulars and Massachusetts militia at Lexington and Concord. There were some 1,200 Connecticut troops on hand at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] in June 1775.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wpi.edu/academics/military/hillprelim.html |title=Battle of Bunker's Hill Preliminary Study |website=Military Science, Cadet Resources |publisher=Worcester Polytechnic Institute |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>

In 1777, the British got word of [[Continental Army]] supplies in Danbury, and they landed an expeditionary force of some 2,000 troops in [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]]. This force then marched to Danbury and destroyed homes and much of the depot. Continental Army troops and militia led by General [[David Wooster]] and General [[Benedict Arnold]] engaged them on their return march at [[Battle of Ridgefield|Ridgefield]] in 1777.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/accountoftryonsr00case#page/n3/mode/2up |last=Case |first=James R. |title=An Account of Tryon's Raid on Danbury in April, 1777 |location=Danbury, Connecticut |date=1927 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref>

For the winter of 1778–79, General [[George Washington]] decided to split the Continental Army into three divisions encircling [[New York City]], where British General Sir [[Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)|Henry Clinton]] had taken up winter quarters.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Poirier|first1=David A.|title=Camp Reading: Logistics of a Revolutionary War Winter Encampment|journal=Northeast Historical Archaeology|date=1976|volume=5|issue=1|url=http://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1326&context=neha&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%2522redding%252C%2Bconnecticut%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D1%252C7%26as_vis%3D1#search=%22redding%2C%20connecticut%22|accessdate=February 17, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712121851/http://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1326&context=neha&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%2522redding%252C%2Bconnecticut%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D1%252C7%26as_vis%3D1#search=%22redding%2C%20connecticut%22|archivedate=July 12, 2014}}</ref> Major General [[Israel Putnam]] chose Redding as the winter encampment quarters for some 3,000 regulars and militia under his command. The Redding encampment allowed Putnam's soldiers to guard the replenished supply depot in Danbury and to support any operations along Long Island Sound and the [[Hudson River]] Valley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://putnampark.org/park-history/ |title=Park History |website=Putnam Memorial State Park |access-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref> Some of the men were veterans of the winter encampment at [[Valley Forge]], Pennsylvania the previous winter. Soldiers at the Redding camp endured supply shortages, cold temperatures, and significant snow, with some historians dubbing the encampment "Connecticut's Valley Forge".<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Keefe |first1=Thomas C. |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=James M. |editor2-last=Pryslopski |editor2-first=Christopher |editor3-last=Villani |editor3-first=Andrew |title=Key to the Northern Country: The Hudson River Valley in the American Revolution |date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |url={{google books|NfADAAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes|page=241}} |accessdate=February 17, 2015 |chapter=George Washington and the Redding Encampments}}</ref>

The state was also the launching site for a number of raids against Long Island orchestrated by [[Samuel Holden Parsons]] and [[Benjamin Tallmadge]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Charles Samuel |title=Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons: Major-General in the Continental Army and Chief Judge of the Northwestern Territory, 1737-1789 |year=1905 |publisher=Otseningo Publishing |location=Binghamton, New York |page=110 |url={{google books|llssAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes|page=10}} |accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref> and provided men and material for the war effort, especially to Washington's army outside New York City. General [[William Tryon]] [[Tryon's raid|raided the Connecticut coast]] in July 1779, focusing on New Haven, Norwalk, and Fairfield.<ref>{{cite book |last=Townshend |first=Charles H. |title=British Invasion of New Haven, Connecticut |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, Printers |date=1879 |url=https://archive.org/stream/britishinvasiono00towniala#page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> New London and Groton Heights [[Battle of Groton Heights|were raided]] in September 1781 by Benedict Arnold, who had turned traitor to the British.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.hogriver.org/issues/v04n04/benedictarnold.htm |last=Baker |first=Edward |title=Benedict Arnold Turns and Burns New London |journal=Hog River Journal |date=Fall 2006 |volume=4 |issue=4 |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archivedate=July 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713150615/http://www.hogriver.org/issues/v04n04/benedictarnold.htm |dead-url=no}}</ref>

===19th century===
====Early national period and industrial revolution====
Connecticut ratified the U.S. Constitution on January 9, 1788, becoming the fifth state.<ref name="AboutCT"/> The state prospered during the era following the American Revolution, as mills and textile factories were built and seaports flourished from trade<ref>{{cite book |last1=La Bella |first1=Laura |title=Connecticut: Past and Present |date=August 15, 2010 |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]] |location=New York |page=17 |url={{google books|ZYJtf6CoCs4C|plainurl=yes|page=17}} |accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref> and fisheries.

In 1786, Connecticut ceded territory to the U.S. government that became part of the [[Northwest Territory]]. The state retained land extending across the northern part of present-day Ohio called the [[Connecticut Western Reserve]].<ref name="United States Summary 2010, page V-5">{{cite report |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf |title=User Notes by Table: Table 12 |work=United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts |publisher=United States Census Bureau |date=September 2010 |page=V-5 |access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref> The Western Reserve section was settled largely by people from Connecticut, and they brought Connecticut place names to Ohio.

Connecticut made agreements with Pennsylvania and New York which extinguished her land claims within those states' boundaries and created the [[Connecticut Panhandle]]. The state then ceded the Western Reserve in 1800 to the federal government,<ref name="United States Summary 2010, page V-5"/> which brought it to its present boundaries (other than minor adjustments with Massachusetts).

The British blockade during the [[War of 1812]] hurt exports and bolstered the influence of Federalists who opposed the war.<ref>{{cite book |first1=James |last1=Boyland |first2=Glenn S. |last2=Gordinier |first3=Meredith |last3=Mason Brown |display-authors=etal |title=The Rockets' Red Glare: The War of 1812 and Connecticut |publisher=New London County Historical Society |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-9853-6240-9}}</ref> The cessation of imports from Britain stimulated the construction of factories to manufacture textiles and machinery. Connecticut came to be recognized as a major center for manufacturing, due in part to the inventions of [[Eli Whitney]] and other early innovators of the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Charles R. |title=The Dawn of Innovation: The First American Industrial Revolution |date=2012 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |page=136 |url={{google books|n97K02J6eQgC|plainurl=yes|page=136}} |isbn=978-1-6103-9049-1 |accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref>

The state was known for its political conservatism, typified by its Federalist party and the Yale College of [[Timothy Dwight IV|Timothy Dwight]]. The foremost intellectuals were Dwight and [[Noah Webster]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=Emory |title=Revolutionary Writers: Literature and Authority in the New Republic, 1725-1810 |date=1986 |orig-year=1982 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=14 |url={{google books|WmI6avgH0GoC|plainurl=yes|page=14}} |accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref> who compiled his great dictionary in New Haven. Religious tensions polarized the state, as the Congregational Church struggled to maintain traditional viewpoints, in alliance with the Federalists. The failure of the [[Hartford Convention]] in 1814 hurt the Federalist cause, with the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] gaining control in 1817.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/shortaccountofha00lyma#page/n1/mode/2up |last=Lyman |first=Theodore |title=A Short Account of the Hartford Convention |date=1823 |location=Boston |publisher=O. Everett, Publisher |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref>

Connecticut had been governed under the "Fundamental Orders" since 1639, but the state adopted a new constitution in 1818.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/Content/constitutions/1818Constitution.htm |title=The Constitution of Connecticut (1818) |publisher=Connecticut General Assembly |access-date=May 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504111454/http://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/Content/constitutions/1818Constitution.htm |archive-date=May 4, 2015 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

====Civil War era====
{{Main|Connecticut in the American Civil War}}
[[File:View of New London, Connecticut, from the Shore Road.jpg|thumb|View of New London in 1854]]
Connecticut manufacturers played a major role in supplying the Union forces with weapons and supplies during the [[Union (American Civil War)|Civil War]]. The state furnished 55,000 men, formed into thirty full regiments of infantry, including two in the [[U.S. Colored Troops]], with several Connecticut men becoming generals. The Navy attracted 250 officers and 2,100 men, and Glastonbury native [[Gideon Welles]] was Secretary of the Navy. [[James H. Ward]] of Hartford was the first U.S. Naval Officer killed in the Civil War.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://norwich.typepad.com/museum/2012/08/james-h-ward-first-us-navy-officer-killed-in-the-civil-war.html |title=James H. Ward, First U.S. Navy Officer Killed in the Civil War |website=Sullivan Museum and History Center |publisher=Norwich University |date=August 20, 2012 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910132549/http://norwich.typepad.com/museum/2012/08/james-h-ward-first-us-navy-officer-killed-in-the-civil-war.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Connecticut casualties included 2,088 killed in combat, 2,801 dying from disease, and 689 dying in Confederate prison camps.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Dusen |first=Albert E. |title=Connecticut |publisher=Random House |date=1961 |edition=1st |pp=224–238 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Matthew |last=Warshauer |title=Connecticut in the American Civil War: Slavery, Sacrifice, and Survival |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |date=2011 |url={{google books|Ymuv133JwrEC|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-0-8195-7139-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=William Augustus |last1=Croffut |first2=John Moses |last2=Morris |author-link2=John Moses Morris |title=The Military and Civil History of Connecticut During the War of 1861–65 |url={{google books|3TUyuhpp9zoC|plainurl=yes}} |year=1869}}</ref>

A surge of national unity in 1861 brought thousands flocking to the colors from every town and city. However, as the war became a crusade to end slavery, many Democrats (especially Irish Catholics) pulled back. The Democrats took a pro-slavery position and included many [[Copperhead (politics)|Copperheads]] willing to let the South secede. The intensely fought 1863 election for governor was narrowly won by the Republicans.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Joanna D. |last=Cowden |title=The Politics of Dissent: Civil War Democrats in Connecticut |journal=New England Quarterly |date=December 1983 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pp=538–554 |doi=10.2307/365104 |jstor=365104}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jarlath Robert |last=Lane |title=A Political History of Connecticut During the Civil War |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |date=1941}}</ref>

====Second industrial revolution====
[[File:Connecticut1895.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|1895 map from [[Rand McNally]]]]
Connecticut's extensive industry, dense population, flat terrain, and wealth encouraged the construction of railroads starting in 1839. By 1840, {{convert|102|mile|km}} of line were in operation, growing to {{convert|402|mile|km}} in 1850 and {{convert|601|mile|km}} in 1860.<ref>{{cite book |first=Edward Chase |last=Kirkland |title=Men, Cities and Transportation, A Study of New England History 1820–1900 |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1948 |volume=Vol 2 |pp=72–110, 288–306}}</ref>

The [[New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]], called the ''New Haven'' or "The Consolidated", became the dominant Connecticut railroad company after 1872. [[J. P. Morgan]] began financing the major New England railroads in the 1890s, dividing territory so that they would not compete. The New Haven purchased 50 smaller companies, including steamship lines, and built a network of light rails (electrified trolleys) that provided inter-urban transportation for all of southern New England. By 1912, the New Haven operated over {{convert|2,000|mile|km}} of track with 120,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doddcenter.uconn.edu/asc/findaids/NHRR_Smallformat/MSS19910133.html |title=New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Small Format Photograph and Postcard Collection |website=Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center |publisher=University of Connecticut Libraries |access-date=May 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094350/http://doddcenter.uconn.edu/asc/findaids/NHRR_Smallformat/MSS19910133.html |archivedate=September 21, 2013 }}</ref>

In 1875, the first telephone exchange in the world was established in New Haven.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://connecticuthistory.org/the-first-commercial-telephone-exchange-today-in-history/ |title=First Commercial Telephone Exchange |website=Connecticut History |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>

===20th century===
====World War I====
When World War I broke out in 1914, Connecticut became a major supplier of weaponry to the U.S. military; by 1918, 80% of the state's industries were producing goods for the war effort.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=The Industrial Northeast: Connecticut |chapter-url={{google books|EP7bDoZcGTIC|plainurl=yes|page=107}} |last=Breen |first=William J. |title=Labor Market Politics and the Great War: The Department of Labor, the States and the First U.S. Employment Service, 1907-1933 |location=Kent, Ohio |publisher=Kent State University Press |date=1997 |page=107 |ref=harv |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> [[Remington Arms]] in Bridgeport produced half the small-arms cartridges used by the U.S. Army,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://connecticuthistory.org/topics-page/world-war-i/ |title=World War I |website=Connecticut History |accessdate=May 28, 2014}}</ref> with other major suppliers including [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company|Winchester]] in New Haven and [[Colt's Manufacturing Company|Colt]] in Hartford.{{sfn|Van Dusen|1961|pp=266-268}}

Connecticut was also an important U.S. Navy supplier, with [[General Dynamics Electric Boat|Electric Boat]] receiving orders for 85 submarines,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdeb.com/about/history/ |title=EB History |publisher=General Dynamics Electric Boat |accessdate=May 17, 2014}}</ref> [[Lake Torpedo Boat]] building more than 20 subs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/inactive/laketorpedo.htm |title=Lake Torpedo Boat Company, Bridgeport CT |website=Shipbuilding History |accessdate=May 28, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141246/https://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/inactive/laketorpedo.htm |archivedate=July 14, 2014 }}</ref> and the [[Groton Iron Works]] building freighters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://connecticuthistory.org/freighter-worcester-launched-today-in-history/ |title=Freighter Worcester Launched |website=Connecticut History |accessdate=May 28, 2014}}</ref> On June 21, 1916, the U.S. Navy made Groton the site for its East Coast submarine base and school.

The state enthusiastically supported the American war effort in 1917 and 1918, with large purchases of war bonds, a further expansion of industry, and an emphasis on increasing food production on the farms. Thousands of state, local, and volunteer groups mobilized for the war effort and were coordinated by the Connecticut State Council of Defense.<ref>{{cite journal |first=William J. |last=Breen |title=Mobilization and Cooperative Federalism: The Connecticut State Council of Defense, 1917‐1919 |journal=Historian |date=1979 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=58–84 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1979.tb00574.x}}</ref> Manufacturers wrestled with manpower shortages; Waterbury's American Brass and Manufacturing Company was running at half capacity, so the federal government agreed to furlough soldiers to work there.{{sfn|Breen|1997|page=116}}

====Interwar period====
In 1919, J. Henry Roraback started the [[Northeast Utilities|Connecticut Light & Power Co.]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Connecticut Light and Power Co. History |work=International Directory of Company Histories |volume=13 |publisher=St. James Press |date=1996 |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/connecticut-light-and-power-co-history/ |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> which became the state's dominant electric utility. In 1925, [[Frederick Rentschler]] spurred the creation of [[Pratt & Whitney]] in Hartford to develop engines for aircraft; the company became an important military supplier in World War II and one of the three major manufacturers of jet engines in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalaviation.org/rentschler-frederick/ |title=Frederick Rentschler |website=The National Aviation Hall of Fame |access-date=May 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014043025/http://www.nationalaviation.org/rentschler-frederick/ |archivedate=October 14, 2014 }}</ref>

On September 21, 1938, the most destructive storm in New England history struck eastern Connecticut, killing hundreds of people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov/okx/1938HurricaneHome |title=The Great New England Hurricane of 1938 |website=National Weather Service |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> The eye of the [[1938 New England hurricane|"Long Island Express"]] passed just west of New Haven and devastated the Connecticut shoreline between Old Saybrook and Stonington from the full force of wind and waves, even though they had partial protection by Long Island. The hurricane caused extensive damage to infrastructure, homes, and businesses. In New London, a 500-foot (150 m) sailing ship was driven into a warehouse complex, causing a major fire. Heavy rainfall caused the Connecticut River to flood downtown Hartford and East Hartford. An estimated 50,000 trees fell onto roadways.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/21/nyregion/remembering-the-great-hurricane-of-38.html |title=Remembering the Great Hurricane of '38 |publisher=New York Times |date=September 21, 2003 |accessdate=May 17, 2014}}</ref>

====World War II====
The advent of [[lend-lease]] in support of Britain helped lift Connecticut from the Great Depression,<ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://content.library.ccsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ccsutheses/id/1014 |last=Brandi |first=Anthony P. |type=Masters of Arts |title=Lend-lease: FDR's Most Unheralded Achievement and Connecticut's Unprecedented Response to it |publisher=Central Connecticut State University |date=May 2007 |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> with the state a major production center for weaponry and supplies used in [[World War II]]. Connecticut manufactured 4.1% of total U.S. military armaments produced during World War II, ranking ninth among the 48 states,<ref>{{cite book |author-link1=Whiz Kids (Department of Defense) |last1=Peck |first1=Merton J. |author-link2=Frederic M. Scherer |last2=Scherer |first2=Frederic M. |title=The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis |date=1962 |publisher=[[Harvard Business School]] |p=111}}</ref> with major factories including Colt<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.courant.com/2012-08-19/business/hc-colt-timeline-20120817_1_colt-firearms-firearms-division-rampant-colt |title=Colt Manufacturing: A Timeline |work=Hartford Courant |date=August 19, 2012 |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517225233/http://articles.courant.com/2012-08-19/business/hc-colt-timeline-20120817_1_colt-firearms-firearms-division-rampant-colt |dead-url=yes }}</ref> for firearms, Pratt & Whitney for aircraft engines, [[Vought|Chance Vought]] for fighter planes, [[Hamilton Standard]] for propellers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://connecticuthistory.org/topics-page/world-war-ii/ |title=World War II |website=Connecticut History |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> and Electric Boat for submarines and PT boats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdeb.com/about/history/ |title=EB History |website=General Dynamics Electric Boat |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> In Bridgeport, General Electric produced a significant new weapon to combat tanks: the bazooka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://connecticuthistory.org/the-bazooka-changes-war/ |title=The Bazooka Changes War |website=Connecticut History |access-date=May 28, 2014}}</ref>

On May 13, 1940, [[Igor Sikorsky]] made an untethered flight of the first practical [[helicopter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikorskyarchives.com/VS-300_Helicopter.php |title=VS-300 Helicopter |website=Sikorsky Archives |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> The helicopter saw limited use in World War II, but future military production made [[Sikorsky Aircraft]]'s Stratford plant Connecticut's largest single manufacturing site by the start of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikorsky Aircraft Corp ~ Employer Information |website=Labor Market Information |publisher=Connecticut Department of Labor |url=http://www1.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/EmpSearchDet.asp?intEmpID=144196 |date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |archive-date=December 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231223637/http://www1.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/EmpSearchDet.asp?intEmpID=144196 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

====Post-World War II economic expansion====
Connecticut lost some wartime factories following the end of hostilities, but the state shared in a general post-war expansion that included the construction of highways<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ct.gov/dot/cwp/view.asp?A=1380&Q=259704 |title=Interstate Highways Given New Life by Federal Aid Highway Acts |website=Department of Transportation |publisher=State of Connecticut |date=September 9, 2003 |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517194607/http://www.ct.gov/dot/cwp/view.asp?A=1380&Q=259704 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> and resulting in middle-class growth in suburban areas.

[[Prescott Bush]] represented Connecticut in the U.S. Senate from 1952 to 1963; his son [[George H.W. Bush]] and grandson [[George W. Bush]] both became Presidents of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/The-President-and-Family/The-Bush-Family.aspx |title=The Bush Family |website=George W. Bush Library |publisher=Southern Methodist University |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518021233/http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/The-President-and-Family/The-Bush-Family.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> In 1965, Connecticut ratified its [[Connecticut Constitution|current constitution]], replacing the document that had served since 1818.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cslib.org/constitutionalAmends/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=May 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806024527/http://www.cslib.org/constitutionalAmends/ |archivedate=August 6, 2013 }} "The Connecticut Constitution, 1965–2008: Legislative History of Amendments", Connecticut State Library. Retrieved May 16, 2014.</ref>

In 1968, commercial operation began for the Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant in [[East Haddam, Connecticut|East Haddam]]; in 1970, the [[Millstone Nuclear Power Plant|Millstone Nuclear Power Station]] began operations in [[Waterford, Connecticut|Waterford]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gammell |first=Ben |url=http://wnpr.org/post/connecticut-yankee-and-millstone-46-years-nuclear-power |title=Connecticut Yankee and Millstone: 46 Years of Nuclear Power |work=[[WNPR]] |date=January 31, 2014 |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> In 1974, Connecticut elected Democratic Governor [[Ella T. Grasso]], who became the first woman in any state to be elected governor.<ref name=Pumont>{{cite book |first=Jon E. |last=Purmont |title=Ella Grasso: Connecticut's Pioneering Governor |date=2012 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |url={{google books|Pos7XDsZauUC|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-0-8195-7344-5}}</ref>

====Late 20th century====
Connecticut's dependence on the defense industry posed an economic challenge at the end of the [[Cold War]]. The resulting budget crisis helped elect [[Lowell Weicker]] as governor on a third-party ticket in 1990. Weicker's remedy was a state income tax which proved effective in balancing the budget, but only for the short-term. He did not run for a second term, in part because of this politically unpopular move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cslib.org/gov/weickerl.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=May 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324093619/http://www.cslib.org/gov/weickerl.htm |archivedate=March 24, 2014 }} "Lowell Weicker Governor of Connecticut, 1991–1995", Connecticut State Library, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2014.</ref>

In 1992, initial construction was completed on [[Foxwoods Resort Casino|Foxwoods Casino]] at the [[Mashantucket Pequots]] reservation in eastern Connecticut, which became the largest casino in the Western Hemisphere. [[Mohegan Sun]] followed four years later.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ct.gov/dcp/cwp/view.asp?a=4107&q=482860 |title=Legalized Gambling |website=Department of Consumer Protection |publisher=State of Connecticut |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518064205/http://www.ct.gov/dcp/cwp/view.asp?a=4107&q=482860 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

===Early 21st century===
In 2000, presidential candidate [[Al Gore]] chose Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] as his running mate, marking the first time that a major party presidential ticket included someone of the Jewish faith.<ref>{{cite news |first=Brian |last=Knowlton |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/08/news/08iht-veep.2.t.html |title=Gore's Choice for His Running Mate: Moderate Senator Who Scorned Clinton: Selecting Lieberman Is Seen as Bold Move; Religion May Be Issue |publisher=The New York Times |date=August 8, 2000 |accessdate=May 21, 2014}}</ref> Gore and Lieberman fell five votes short of George W. Bush and [[Dick Cheney]] in the Electoral College.
In the terrorist [[September 11 attacks|attacks of September 11, 2001]], 65 state residents were killed, mostly Fairfield County residents who were working in the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Area victims of 9/11 |work=The Advocate |location=Stamford, Connecticut |date=September 9, 2011 |url=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/local/article/Area-victims-of-9-11-2162856.php}}</ref>
In 2004, Republican Governor [[John G. Rowland]] resigned during a corruption investigation, later pleading guilty to federal charges.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/21/connecticut.governor/ |title=Connecticut Governor Announces Resignation |work=CNN |date=June 21, 2004 |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2004/12/23/ex-gov-rowland-pleads-guilty-to-corruption/ |title=Ex-Gov. Rowland Pleads Guilty to Corruption |work=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |date=December 23, 2004 |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref>
Connecticut was hit by three major storms in just over 14 months in 2011 and 2012, with all three causing extensive property damage and electric outages. Hurricane Irene struck Connecticut August 28, and damage totaled $235 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/hurricane-irene-year-storm-cost-15-8-damage-florida-new-york-caribbean-article-1.1145302 |title=Hurricane Irene one year later: Storm cost $15.8 in damage from Florida to New York to the Caribbean |location=New York |work=Daily News |agency=Associated Press |date=August 27, 2012 |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> Two months later, the [[2011 Halloween nor'easter|"Halloween nor'easter"]] dropped extensive snow onto trees, resulting in snapped branches and trunks that damaged power lines; some areas were without electricity for 11 days.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/05-31-2012-ne-outage-report.pdf |title=Report on Transmission Facility Outages During the Northeast Snowstorm of October 29–30, 2011: Causes and Recommendations |publisher=[[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]] and [[North American Electric Reliability Corporation]] |date=May 12, 2012 |pages=8–16 |access-date=May 3, 2014 |archive-date=February 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224084107/http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/05-31-2012-ne-outage-report.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hurricane Sandy had tropical storm-force winds when it reached Connecticut October 29, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/world/americas/hurricane-sandy-fast-facts/ |title=Hurricane Sandy Fast Facts |work=CNN |date=July 13, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> Sandy's winds drove storm surges into streets and cut power to 98% of homes and businesses, with more than $360 million in damage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2012/11/16/270954.htm |title=Conn. Gov.: State's Damage From Superstorm Sandy $360M and Climbing |work=Insurance Journal |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref>

On December 14, 2012, [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting|Adam Lanza shot and killed 26 people]] at [[Sandy Hook Elementary School]] in [[Newtown, Connecticut|Newtown]], and then killed himself.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jonathan |last1=Dienst |first2=Shimon |last2=Prokupecz |title=27 Dead, Including 20 Children, in Conn. School Shooting: Police |work=NBC New York |agency=Associated Press |date=December 14, 2012 |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Shooting-Reported-at-Connecticut-School-183501531.html}}</ref> The massacre spurred renewed efforts by activists for tighter laws on gun ownership nationally.<ref>{{cite news |title=State Gun Laws Enacted in the Year Since Newtown |work=The New York Times |date=December 10, 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/10/us/state-gun-laws-enacted-in-the-year-since-newtown.html |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref>

In the summer and fall of 2016, Connecticut experienced a drought in many parts of the state, causing some water-use bans. As of {{Start date|2016|11|15}}, 45% of the state was listed at Severe Drought by the US Drought Monitor, including almost all of [[Hartford County, Connecticut|Hartford]] and [[Litchfield County, Connecticut|Litchfield]] counties. All the rest of the state was in Moderate Drought or Severe Drought, including [[Middlesex County, Connecticut|Middlesex]], Fairfield, [[New London County, Connecticut|New London]], [[New Haven County, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Windham County, Connecticut|Windham]], and [[Tolland County, Connecticut|Tolland]] counties. This affected the agricultural economy in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CT|title=United States Drought Monitor > Home > State Drought Monitor|website=droughtmonitor.unl.edu|access-date=September 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003203723/http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CT|archive-date=October 3, 2016|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhregister.com/environment-and-nature/20160917/as-connecticuts-drought-worsens-officials-again-urge-water-conservation|title=As Connecticut's drought worsens, officials again urge water conservation|access-date=September 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/Water-Company-Issues-Mandatory-Water-Ban-for-Mystic-Stonington-Customers-393761821.html|title=Water Company Issues Mandatory Water Ban for Parts of CT|access-date=September 22, 2016}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" caption="The 21st century in Connecticut in photos" widths="180" heights="160">
File:President George W. Bush (8003096992).jpg|Republican George W. Bush was born in Connecticut, winner in the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]] and [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]] presidential elections.
File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|[[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11]] killed 65 people living in Connecticut.
File:CT Gov John G. Rowland.jpg|Governor John G. Rowland was arrested for corruption in 2004.
File:Hurricane irene 082811 0832 edt.jpg|[[Hurricane Irene|Tropical Storm Irene]] made landfall in Connecticut in August 2011.
File:2011 Halloween nor'easter Oct 29 2011 1805Z.jpg|The 2011 October nor'easter caused major snow damage in the state.
File:Hurricane Sandy morning October 29 2012.jpg|Category 1 [[Hurricane Sandy]] made landfall in Connecticut in October 2012, causing [[Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New England#Impact|heavy destruction]].
File:Police at Sandy Hook.PNG|In the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Adam Lanza killed 20 children and 6 adults.
File:2016 Connecticut Drought Map.png|The [[2016 Connecticut Drought]] affected the agricultural market around the state, causing water limitations to be applied on some towns.
</gallery>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1790= 237946
|1800= 251002
|1810= 261942
|1820= 275248
|1830= 297675
|1840= 309978
|1850= 370792
|1860= 460147
|1870= 537454
|1880= 622700
|1890= 746258
|1900= 908420
|1910= 1114756
|1920= 1380631
|1930= 1606903
|1940= 1709242
|1950= 2007280
|1960= 2535234
|1970= 3031709
|1980= 3107576
|1990= 3287116
|2000= 3405565
|2010= 3574097
|estimate= 3572665
|estyear= 2018
|footnote='''Sources:'''<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/table-16.pdf|title=Population: 1790 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF|title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000|website=American FactFinder|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 25, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082905/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF|archivedate=November 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF|publisher=United States Census Bureau|website=American FactFinder|accessdate=October 25, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082905/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF|archivedate=November 29, 2014}}</ref> 2018 Estimate<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/ct,US/PST045218|title=QuickFacts Connecticut; UNITED STATES|format=|website=2018 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=February 25, 2019|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>
}}

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Connecticut was 3,572,665 on July 1, 2018, a −0.04% decrease since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name="PopEstUS"/>

{{as of|2018}}, Connecticut had an estimated population of 3,572,665,<ref name="PopEstUS"/> which is an decrease of 15,519, or -1.00%, from the prior year and an decrease of 1,432, or -0.04%, since the year 2010. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 67,427 people (that is 222,222 births minus 154,795 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 41,718 people into the state. [[Immigration to the United States|Immigration]] from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 75,991 people, and [[Human migration|migration]] within the country produced a net loss of 34,273 people. Based on the 2005 estimates, Connecticut moved from the 29th most populous state to 30th. 2018 estimates put Connecticut's population at 3,572,665.<ref name="PopEstUS"/>

6.6% of its population was reported as being under 5 years old, 24.7% under 18 years old, and 13.8% were 65 years of age or older. Females made up approximately 51.6% of the population, with 48.4% male.

In 1790, 97% of the population in Connecticut was classified as "rural". The first census in which less than half the population was classified as rural was 1890. In the 2000 census, only 12.3% was considered rural. Most of western and southern Connecticut (particularly the [[Gold Coast (Connecticut)|Gold Coast]]) is strongly associated with New York City; this area is the most affluent and populous region of the state and has high property costs and high incomes. The [[center of population]] of Connecticut is located in the town of [[Cheshire, Connecticut|Cheshire]].<ref name=NGS>{{cite web |url=http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/COP/ct_links.htm |title=State of Connecticut Center of Population |website=Center of Population Project |publisher=National Geodetic Survey |accessdate=January 30, 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uKkvhYPB?url=http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/COP/ct_links.htm |archivedate=November 18, 2010 |deadurl=no }}</ref>
[[File:Connecticut population map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.25|Connecticut Population Density Map]]

===Population===
As of the 2010 United States Census, Connecticut's race and ethnic percentages were:
* 77.6% White (71.2% [[Non-Hispanic White]], 6.4% [[White Hispanic]])
* 10.1% Black or [[African American]]
* 0.3% American Indian and [[Alaska Native]]
* 3.8% Asian
* 0.0% [[Native Hawaiian]] and Other [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]]
* 5.6% from some other race
* 2.6% Two or more races

Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 13.4% of the population in the 2010 Census.<ref name=Race2010>{{cite web|title=Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010 |website=American Fact finder |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF |access-date=October 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082905/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF |archivedate=November 29, 2014 }}</ref>

The state's most populous ethnic group is Non-Hispanic White, but this has declined from 98% in 1940 to 71% in 2010.<ref>{{cite report |first1=Campbell |last1=Gibson |first2=Kay |last2=Jung |date=September 2002 |title=Table 21. Connecticut - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 |work=Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/REFERENCE/Hist_Pop_stats.pdf |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''Connecticut Racial Breakdown of Population'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990!!<ref>{{cite report |first1=Campbell |last1=Gibson |first2=Kay |last2=Jung |date=September 2002 |title=Table A-1. Race and Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1990 |work=Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/REFERENCE/Hist_Pop_stats.pdf |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref> 2000!!<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF |title=Race and Hispanic or Latino: 2000 |website=American FactFinder |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082905/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF |archivedate=November 29, 2014 }}</ref> 2010<ref name=Race2010/>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 87.0% || 81.6% || 77.6%
|-
| Black || 8.3% || 9.1% || 10.1%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 1.5% || 2.4% || 3.8%
|-
| Native || 0.2% || 0.3% || 0.3%
|-
| Native Hawaiian and [[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || -
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 2.9% || 4.3% || 5.6%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 2.2% || 2.6%
|}

As of 2004, 11.4% of the population (400,000) was foreign-born. In 1870, native-born Americans had accounted for 75% of the state's population, but that had dropped to 35% by 1918.

As of 2000, 81.69% of Connecticut residents age 5 and older spoke English at home and 8.42% spoke Spanish, followed by Italian at 1.59%, French at 1.31%, and Polish at 1.20%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=9&mode=state_tops&order=r |title=Most spoken languages in Connecticut |accessdate=January 16, 2007 |website=Language Map |publisher=The Modern Language Association |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QjXtOOBr?url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results |archivedate=July 31, 2007 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

The largest European ancestry groups are:<ref>{{cite web|website=American FactFinder |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US09&-format=&-_lang=en |title=American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates |accessdate=July 25, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804025611/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y |archivedate=August 4, 2010 }}</ref>
* 19.3% [[Italian American|Italian]]
* 17.9% [[Irish American|Irish]]
* 10.7% [[English American|English]]
* 10.4% [[German Americans|German]]
* 8.6% [[Polish American|Polish]]
* 6.6% [[Franco American|French]]
* 3.0% [[French Canadian]]
* 2.7% [[Americans|American]]
* 2.0% [[Scottish American|Scottish]]
* 1.4% [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch Irish]]
[[File:Main Street, Newtown CT.jpg|thumb|right|Main Street, [[Newtown, Connecticut|Newtown]]]]

===Birth data===
{{as of|2011}}, 46.1% of Connecticut's population younger than age 1 were minorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot |last=Exner |first=Rich |date=June 3, 2012 |location=Cleveland, Ohio |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html}}</ref>

[[File:A map showing the majority racial or ethnic group in Connecticut by census block.png|thumb|Majority Racial and Ethnic Groups in Connecticut, 2010]]

''Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
|-
! Race
! 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|title=Connecticut 2013 data|publisher=cdc.goc|accessdate=August 21, 2017}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf|title=Connecticut 2014 data|publisher=cdc.goc|accessdate=August 21, 2017}}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|title=Connecticut 2013 data|publisher=cdc.goc|accessdate=August 21, 2017}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf</ref>
! 2017<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf</ref>
|-
| [[White Americans|White]]:
| 28,454 (78.8%)
| 28,543 (78.7%)
| 28,164 (78.8%)
| ... | ... |-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]]
| 20,704 (57.4%)
| 20,933 (57.7%)
| 20,395 (57.1%)
| 19,551 (54.3%)
| 18,842 (53.5%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 5,103 (14.1%)
| 5,154 (14.2%)
| 4,988 (14.0%)
| 4,453 (12.4%)
| 4,301 (12.2%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 2,221 (6.2%)
| 2,280 (6.3%)
| 2,497 (7.0%)
| 2,583 (7.2%)
| 2,475 (7.0%)
|-
| American Indian
| 307 (0.9%)
| 308 (0.8%)
| 97 (0.3%)
| 26 (0.1%)
| 28 (0.1%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race)
| ''8,208'' (22.7%)
| ''8,129'' (22.4%)
| ''8,275'' (23.1%)
| ''8,622'' (23.9%)
| ''8,833'' (25.1%)
|-
| '''Total Connecticut'''
| '''36,085''' (100%)
| '''36,285''' (100%)
| '''35,746''' (100%)
| '''36,015''' (100%)
| '''35,221''' (100%)
|}
* Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

===Religion===
The religious affiliations of the people of Connecticut {{as of|2014|lc=y}}:<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/connecticut/] (2014). Religious composition of adults in Connecticut.</ref>
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Connecticut (2014)<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/connecticut/|title=The Pew Forum - America's Changing Religious Landscape}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=left
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|purple|35}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic]]|dodgerblue|33}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|None]]|black|28}}
{{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|blue|3}}
{{bar percent|[[Mormon]]|pink|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Eastern Orthodox]]|yellow|1}}
{{bar percent|Other [[Christians|Christian]]|darkgreen|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|green|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|red|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|black|1}}
{{bar percent|Other|grey|2}}
{{bar percent|Do not know|Orange|1}}
}}
{{clear}}
A Pew survey of Connecticut residents' religious self-identification showed the following distribution of affiliations: Protestant 35%, [[Mormonism]] 1%, Jewish 3%, [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Roman Catholic]] 33%, Orthodox 1%, [[Non-religious]] 28%, Jehovah's Witness 1%, Hinduism 1%, Buddhism 1% and Islam 1%.<ref name="pew2014"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://religions.pewforum.org/maps|title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics – Pew Research Center|date=May 11, 2015|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> [[Jewish American|Jewish congregations]] had 108,280 (3.2%) members in 2000.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/05/rcms2010_05_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |accessdate=November 7, 2013 |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225650/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/05/rcms2010_05_state_adh_2010.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The Jewish population is concentrated in the towns near Long Island Sound between Greenwich and New Haven, in [[Greater New Haven]] and in Greater Hartford, especially the suburb of [[West Hartford, Connecticut|West Hartford]]. According to the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]], the largest Christian denominations, by number of adherents, in 2010 were: the [[Catholic Church]], with 1,252,936; the [[United Church of Christ]], with 96,506; and non-denominational Evangelical Protestants, with 72,863.<ref name="www.thearda.com" />

Recent immigration has brought other non-Christian religions to the state, but the numbers of adherents of other religions are still low. Connecticut is also home to New England's largest Protestant Church: [[The First Cathedral]] in [[Bloomfield, Connecticut]] located in [[Hartford County]]. Hartford is seat to the Roman Catholic [[Archdiocese of Hartford]], which is sovereign over the [[Diocese of Bridgeport]] and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Norwich|Diocese of Norwich]].

===Largest cities and towns===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|+[[List of cities in Connecticut|Most Populous Cities]]<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=https://www.biggestuscities.com/ct|title=Biggest US Cities By Population - Connecticut - 2017 Populations|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=February 25, 2019|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>
|-
!City || Population (2017 Census estimate)
|-
|1. Bridgeport || 146,579
|-
|2. New Haven || 131,014
|-
|3. Stamford || 130,824
|-
|4. Hartford || 123,400
|-
|5. Waterbury || 108,629
|-
|6. Norwalk || 89,005
|-
|7. Danbury || 85,246
|-
|8. New Britain || 72,710
|-
|9. Bristol || 60,223
|-
|10. [[Meriden, Connecticut|Meriden]] || 59,927
|-
|11. West Hartford || 54,843
|-
|12. Milford || 52,970
|}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="The largest cities in the state">
File:PostcardRRstaBridgeportCT1916.jpg|Bridgeport
File:New Haven.JPG|New Haven
File:HartfordStreets.jpg|Hartford
File:Stamford2.jpg|Stamford
File:Union Station train depot in Waterbury, Connecticut LCCN2012631621.tif|Waterbury
</gallery>

==Economy==
{{See also|List of Connecticut locations by per capita income}}
[[File:Connecticut Welcomes You Sign.jpg|thumb|left|Connecticut state welcome sign in [[Enfield, Connecticut]]]]
The total [[gross state product]] for 2012 was $229.3 billion, up from $225.4 billion in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Total Gross Domestic Product by State for Connecticut |url=http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/CTNGSP |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |accessdate=May 15, 2014}}</ref>

Connecticut's [[Per capita personal income in the United States|per capita personal income]] in 2013 was estimated at $60,847, the highest of any state.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2014/pdf/spi0314.pdf |title=State Personal Income 2013 |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce |date=March 25, 2014 |accessdate=May 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155632/http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2014/pdf/spi0314.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> There is, however, a great disparity in incomes throughout the state; after New York, Connecticut had the second largest gap nationwide between the average incomes of the top 1% and the average incomes of the bottom 99%.<ref>{{cite report |first1=Estelle |last1=Sommeiller |first2=Mark |last2=Price |date=February 19, 2014 |title=The Increasingly Unequal States of America: Income Inequality by State, 1917 to 2011 |publisher=The Economic Policy Institute |access-date=May 15, 2014}}</ref> According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Connecticut had the third-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.32%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Frank |first=Robert |title=Top states for millionaires per capita |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338309 |work=CNBC |accessdate=January 22, 2014}}</ref> New Canaan is the wealthiest town in Connecticut, with a per capita income of $85,459. Darien, Greenwich, [[Weston, Connecticut|Weston]], Westport and Wilton also have per capita incomes over $65,000. Hartford is the poorest municipality in Connecticut, with a per capita income of $13,428 in 2000.<ref name="CTincome2000">{{cite report |title=Connecticut per capita income, median household income, and median family income at State, County and Town level: Census 2000 data |format=[[Microsoft Excel file format|XLS]] |publisher=State of Connecticut |url=http://www.ct.gov/ecd/lib/ecd/economic_data/income/2000_median_hh,_family_&_per_cap_income.xls |accessdate=July 25, 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Entering the Merritt Parkway in Greenwich.jpg|thumb|Entering the Merritt Parkway from New York in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]]]
The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in December 2018 was 4.0%, the 33rd highest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics|url=http://www.bls.gov/web/laus/laumstrk.htm|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>

===Taxation===
Before 1991, Connecticut had an investment-only [[income tax]] system. Income from employment was untaxed, but income from investments was taxed at 13%, the highest rate in the U.S., with no deductions allowed for costs of producing the investment income, such as interest on borrowing.

In 1991, under Governor [[Lowell P. Weicker Jr.]], an independent, the system was changed to one in which the taxes on employment income and investment income were equalized at a maximum rate of 4%. The new tax policy drew investment firms to Connecticut; {{as of|2014|lc=y}}, Fairfield County was home to the headquarters for 14 of the 200 largest [[hedge fund]]s in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hfalert.com/documents/FG/hsp/hfa-rankings/459569_Top200Managers.pdf |title=Top 200 Hedge Fund Managers |website=Hedge Fund Alert |subscription=yes}}</ref>

{{as of|2014}}, the income tax rates on Connecticut individuals are divided into six tax brackets of 3% (on income up to $10,000); 5% ($10,000-$50,000); 5.5% ($50,000-$100,000); 6% ($100,000-$200,000); 6.5% ($200,000-$250,000); and 6.7% (more than $250,000), with additional amounts owed depending on the bracket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tax-brackets.org/connecticuttaxtable |title=Connecticut Income Tax Brackets |website=Tax-Brackets.org |date=2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref>

All wages of Connecticut residents are subject to the state's income tax, even if earned outside the state. However, in those cases, Connecticut income tax must be withheld only to the extent the Connecticut tax exceeds the amount withheld by the other jurisdiction. Since New York and Massachusetts have higher tax rates than Connecticut, this effectively means that Connecticut residents that work in those states have no Connecticut income tax withheld. Connecticut permits a credit for taxes paid to other jurisdictions, but since residents who work in other states are still subject to Connecticut income taxation, they may owe taxes if the jurisdictional credit does not fully offset the Connecticut tax amount.

Connecticut levies a 6.35% state [[sales tax]] on the retail sale, lease, or rental of most goods.<ref name="2011Sect6Summary">{{cite web |title=Summary of Tax Provisions Contained in 2011 Conn. Pub. Acts 6 |website=Department of Revenue Services |publisher=State of Connecticut |url=http://www.ct.gov/drs/cwp/view.asp?A=1514&Q=480936 |date=June 10, 2011 |accessdate=July 6, 2011 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052842/http://www.ct.gov/drs/cwp/view.asp?A=1514&Q=480936 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Some items and services in general are not subject to sales and use taxes unless specifically enumerated as taxable by [[statute]]. A provision excluding clothing under $50 from sales tax was repealed {{as of|2011|July|1|lc=y|df=US}}.<ref name =2011Sect6Summary /> There are no additional sales taxes imposed by local jurisdictions. In August 2013, Connecticut authorized a sales tax "holiday" for one week during which retailers did not have to remit sales tax on certain items and quantities of clothing.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kelly |last=Phillips Erb |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2013/07/17/get-ready-to-shop-state-sales-tax-holidays-are-back/ |title=Get Ready To Shop: State Sales Tax Holidays Are Back! |work=Forbes |date=July 17, 2013 |access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref>

All real and personal property located within the state of Connecticut is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. All assessments are at 70% of [[fair market value]]. Another 20% of the value may be taxed by the local government though. The maximum property tax credit is $300 per return and any excess may not be refunded or carried forward.<ref name="inctax">{{cite web |url=http://www.ct.gov/drs/lib/drs/forms/2014forms/incometax/ct-1040_booklet.pdf |title=2014 CT-1040 Connecticut Resident Income Tax Return and Instructions |website=Department of Revenue Services |publisher=State of Connecticut |p=31 |accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Connecticut does not levy an intangible personal [[property tax]]. According to the [[Tax Foundation]], the 2010 Census data shows Connecticut residents paying the 2nd highest average property taxes in the nation with only New Jersey ahead of them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Highest Property Taxes in the Country |work=CNN Money |url=http://money.cnn.com/2010/09/30/pf/taxes/highest_property_taxes/index.htm |date=September 30, 2010 |accessdate=September 30, 2010 |last=Christie |first=Les |location=New York |archive-date=October 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002122806/http://money.cnn.com/2010/09/30/pf/taxes/highest_property_taxes/index.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

The Tax Foundation determined Connecticut residents had the third highest burden in the nation for state and local taxes at 11.86%, or $7,150, compared to the national average of 9.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://taxfoundation.org/state-tax-climate/connecticut |title=Connecticut: The Facts on Connecticut's Tax Climate |website=The Tax Foundation |access-date=May 16, 2014 |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626005028/http://taxfoundation.org/state-tax-climate/connecticut |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

{{as of|2014}}, the gasoline tax in Connecticut is 49.3 cents per gallon (the third highest in the nation) and the diesel tax is 54.9 cents per gallon (the highest in the nation).<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alexander E.M. |last1=Hess |first2=Thomas C. |last2=Frohlich |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/01/20/24-7-wall-st-state-gas-taxes/22056799/ |title=States with the highest (and lowest) gas taxes |work=USA Today |date=January 20, 2015 |accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref>

===Real estate===
Of home-sale transactions that closed in March 2014, the median home in Connecticut sold for $225,000, up 3.2% from March 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thewarrengroup.com/2014/05/connecticut-single-family-home-sales-post-modest-increase-in-march/ |title=Connecticut Single-Family Home Sales Post Modest Increase In March |publisher=The Warren Group |location=Boston |date=May 8, 2014 |access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref> Connecticut ranked ninth nationally in foreclosure activity {{as of|2014|April|lc=y}}, with one of every 887 residential units involved in a foreclosure proceeding, or 0.11% of the total housing stock.,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.realtytrac.com/Content/foreclosure-market-report/april-2014-us-foreclosure-market-report-8059 |title=U.S. Foreclosure Activity Decreases 1% in April Despite 1% Increase in Bank Repossessions |publisher=RealtyTrac |location=Irvine, California |date=May 15, 2014 |access-date=May 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517134119/http://www.realtytrac.com/Content/foreclosure-market-report/april-2014-us-foreclosure-market-report-8059 |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> including [[City Place I]] and the [[Travelers Tower|Traveler's Tower]], both housing the major [[Insurance in the United States|insurance]] industry.

===Industries===
{{See also|List of Connecticut companies}}

Finance and insurance is Connecticut's largest industry, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, generating 16.4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2009. Major financial industry employers include [[The Hartford]], [[The Travelers Companies|Travelers]], [[Cigna]], [[Aetna]], [[Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company|Mass Mutual]], [[People's United Bank|People's United Financial]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/EmpSearchTopList.asp?intSort=6 |title=Search Results for the 100 largest employers in Connecticut |website=Labor Market Information |publisher=Connecticut Department of Labor |date=March 17, 2015 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518181449/http://www1.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/EmpSearchTopList.asp?intSort=6 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Royal Bank of Scotland]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctpost.com/news/article/RBS-4-800-job-cuts-might-only-scratch-Stamford-2490307.php |title=RBS' 4,800 job cuts might only scratch Stamford operation |work=Connecticut Post |date=January 12, 2012 |accessdate=May 16, 2014 |last=Varnon |first=Rob |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219021644/http://www.ctpost.com/news/article/RBS-4-800-job-cuts-might-only-scratch-Stamford-2490307.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[UBS]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Varnon |first=Rob |url=http://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Stamford-could-gain-from-UBS-exit-of-New-York-4493312.php |title=Stamford could gain from UBS exit of New York space |work=Connecticut Post |date=May 6, 2013 |accessdate=May 16, 2014 |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529053223/http://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Stamford-could-gain-from-UBS-exit-of-New-York-4493312.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Bridgewater Associates]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.einnews.com/pr_news/204391481/bridgewater-associates-is-the-world-s-largest-hedge-fund-firm-for-fourth-straight-year-says-institutional-investor-s-alpha |title=Bridgewater Associates is the world's largest hedge fund firm for the fourth straight year says Institutional Investor's Alpha |work=EIN News |date=May 16, 2014 |accessdate=May 28, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517114711/http://www.einnews.com/pr_news/204391481/bridgewater-associates-is-the-world-s-largest-hedge-fund-firm-for-fourth-straight-year-says-institutional-investor-s-alpha |archivedate=May 17, 2014 }}</ref> and [[GE Capital]]. Separately, the real estate industry accounted for an additional 15% of economic activity in 2009, with major employers including [[Realogy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realogy.com/media/pr/show_release.cfm?id=1530 |title=Gov. Malloy: Global Leader in Corporate Relocation Management Services to Expand and Grow Jobs in Danbury |publisher=Realogy |date=April 17, 2014 |accessdate=May 16, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052121/http://www.realogy.com/media/pr/show_release.cfm?id=1530 |archivedate=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> and William Raveis Real Estate.<ref name="Connecticut Department of Labor">{{cite web|url=http://www1.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/EmpSearchMain_keywordList.asp |title=Employer List – Search Results: Raveis |website=Labor Market Information |publisher=Connecticut Department of Labor |date=March 17, 2015 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905172918/http://www1.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/EmpSearchMain_keywordList.asp |archivedate=September 5, 2009 }}</ref>
[[File:15.928 Retail Images Hartford4 4.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford Skyline]]]]
Manufacturing is the third biggest industry at 11.9% of GDP and dominated by Hartford-based [[United Technologies Corporation]] (UTC), which employs more than 22,000 people in Connecticut.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Brian |last1=Dowling |first2=Kenneth R. |last2=Gosselin |url=http://articles.courant.com/2014-02-26/business/hc-malloy-united-technologies-east-hartford-20140226_1_united-technologies-corp-utc-aerospace-systems-connecticut-home |title=Tax Breaks Encourage United Technologies To Stay In State |work=Hartford Courant |date=February 26, 2014 |accessdate=May 16, 2014 |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084748/http://articles.courant.com/2014-02-26/business/hc-malloy-united-technologies-east-hartford-20140226_1_united-technologies-corp-utc-aerospace-systems-connecticut-home |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Lockheed Martin]] subsidiary Sikorsky Aircraft operates Connecticut's single largest manufacturing plant in Stratford,<ref name="Connecticut Department of Labor"/> where it makes helicopters. Other UTC divisions include UTC Propulsion and Aerospace Systems, including jet engine manufacturer Pratt & Whitney and UTC Building and Industrial Systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utc.com/Our-Company/Pages/Key-Facts.aspx |title=Our Businesses |website=United Technologies Corp |accessdate=May 16, 2014}}</ref>

Other major manufacturers include the [[Electric Boat]] division of [[General Dynamics]], which makes submarines in [[Groton, Connecticut|Groton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdeb.com/about/history/ |title=EB History |publisher=General Dynamics Electric Boat |accessdate=May 16, 2014}}</ref> and [[Boehringer Ingelheim]], a pharmaceuticals manufacturer with its U.S. headquarters in Ridgefield.<ref name="Connecticut Department of Labor"/>

Connecticut historically was a center of gun manufacturing, and four gun-manufacturing firms continued to operate in the state {{as of|2012|December|lc=y}}, employing 2,000 people: Colt, [[Stag Arms|Stag]], [[Sturm, Ruger & Co.|Ruger]], and [[O.F. Mossberg & Sons|Mossberg]].<ref name="NYT122312">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/24/nyregion/gun-makers-based-in-connecticut-form-a-potent-lobby.html | title=Gun Makers Use Home Leverage in Connecticut | work=The New York Times | date=December 23, 2012 | accessdate=December 24, 2012 | first1=Ray | last1=Rivera | last2=Cowan | first2=Alison Leigh}}</ref> [[Marlin Firearms|Marlin]], owned by Remington, closed in April 2011.<ref name="Courant010111">{{cite news | url=http://articles.courant.com/2011-04-01/business/hc-marlin-firearms-20110401_1_john-m-marlin-frank-kenna-remington-arms | title=Marlin Firearms Closes In North Haven, Ending 141 Years of Manufacturing In Connecticut | work=Hartford Courant | date=April 1, 2011 | last=Sturdevant | first=Matthew | access-date=2019-04-23 | archive-date=2013-01-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102175444/http://articles.courant.com/2011-04-01/business/hc-marlin-firearms-20110401_1_john-m-marlin-frank-kenna-remington-arms | dead-url=yes }}</ref>

A report issued by the Connecticut Commission on Culture & Tourism on December 7, 2006 demonstrated that the areas of the arts, film, history, and tourism generated more than $14 billion in economic activity and 170,000 jobs annually. This provides $9 billion in personal income for Connecticut residents and $1.7 billion in state and local revenue.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.cultureandtourism.org/cct/lib/cct/Econ_Summary_Web2_%282%29.pdf |title=Culture & Tourism: The Economic Impact of the Arts, Film, History, and Tourism Industries in Connecticut (Highlights) |publisher=Commission on Culture and Tourism}}</ref> The Foxwoods Resort Casino and Mohegan Sun casino number among the state's largest employers;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/EmpSearchTopList.asp?intSort=6 |title=Search Results for the 25 largest employers in Connecticut |website=Labor Market Information |publisher=Connecticut Department of Labor |date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=May 16, 2014 |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518181449/http://www1.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/EmpSearchTopList.asp?intSort=6 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> both are located on Indian reservations in the eastern part of Connecticut.

Connecticut's agricultural sector employed about 12,000 people {{as of|2010|lc=y}}, with more than a quarter of that number involved in [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery stock]] production. Other agricultural products include [[dairy product]]s and [[egg (food)|eggs]], [[Connecticut shade tobacco|tobacco]], [[commercial fishing|fish]] and [[shellfish]], and [[fruit]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Economic Impacts of Connecticut's Agricultural Industry |first1=Rigoberto A. |last1=Lopez |display-authors=etal |url=http://www.zwickcenter.uconn.edu/documents/RLopezEconomicimpacts.pdf |publisher=Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Connecticut and Connecticut Center for Economic Analysis |date=September 2010 |accessdate=May 16, 2014}}</ref>

Oyster harvesting was historically an important source of income to towns along the Connecticut coastline. In the 19th century, oystering boomed in New Haven, Bridgeport, and Norwalk and achieved modest success in neighboring towns. In 1911, Connecticut's oyster production reached its peak at nearly 25 million pounds of oyster meats. This was, at the time, higher than production in New York, Rhode Island, or Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://connecticuthistory.org/oystering-in-connecticut-from-colonial-times-to-today/ |website=Connecticut History |title=Oystering in Connecticut, from Colonial Times to the 21st century |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> During this time, the Connecticut coast was known in the shellfishing industry as the oyster capital of the world. From before World War 1 until 1969, Connecticut laws restricted the right to harvest oysters in state-owned beds to sailing vessels. These laws prompted the construction of the oyster sloop style vessel that lasted well into the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=This Fine Piece of Water: An Environmental History of Long Island Sound |first=Tom |last=Andersen |publisher=Yale University Press |date=2004 |orig-year=2002 |edition=revised |p=90 |url={{google books|WsvwJKNIewsC|plainurl=yes|page=90}} |isbn=978-0-3001-0287-1}}</ref> The sloop {{ship||Hope|sloop|2}} is believed to be the last oyster sloop built in Connecticut, completed in Greenwich in 1948.

==Transportation==
{{main|Transportation in Connecticut}}

===Roads===
{{main |List of State Routes in Connecticut}}
[[File:Q Bridge in New Haven Illuminated Red, White, and Blue (27460771747).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge (Connecticut)|Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge]], locally known as the '''Q Bridge''', carries ten lanes over the [[Quinnipiac River]] in New Haven, along the [[Connecticut Turnpike]].]]
The [[Interstate highway]]s in the state are [[Interstate 95 in Connecticut|Interstate 95]] (I-95) traveling southwest to northeast along the coast, [[Interstate 84 in Connecticut|I-84]] traveling southwest to northeast in the center of the state, [[Interstate 91 in Connecticut|I-91]] traveling north to south in the center of the state, and [[Interstate 395 in Connecticut|I-395]] traveling north to south near the eastern border of the state. The other major highways in Connecticut are the [[Merritt Parkway]] and [[Wilbur Cross Parkway]], which together form [[Connecticut Route 15]] (Route 15), traveling from the [[Hutchinson River Parkway]] in New York parallel to I-95 before turning north of New Haven and traveling parallel to I-91, finally becoming a surface road in [[Berlin, Connecticut|Berlin]]. I-95 and Route 15 were originally [[toll road]]s; they relied on a system of [[toll plaza]]s at which all traffic stopped and paid fixed tolls. A series of major crashes at these plazas eventually contributed to the decision to remove the tolls in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycroads.com/roads/ct-turnpike/ |title=Connecticut Turnpike (I-95) |website=NYC Roads |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Other major arteries in the state include [[U.S. Route 7 in Connecticut|U.S. Route 7]] (US 7) in the west traveling parallel to the New York state line, [[Connecticut Route 8|Route 8]] farther east near the industrial city of Waterbury and traveling north–south along the Naugatuck River Valley nearly parallel with US 7, and [[Connecticut Route 9]] in the east.

Between New Haven and New York City, I-95 is one of the most congested highways in the United States. Although I-95 has been widened in several spots, some areas are only 3 lanes and this strains traffic capacity, resulting in frequent and lengthy [[rush hour]] delays. Frequently, the congestion spills over to clog the parallel Merritt Parkway and even US 1. The state has encouraged traffic reduction schemes, including rail use and [[carpool|ride-sharing]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://ctrides.com/ways-to-commute/carpool |title = Ways to Commute |website = CT rides |publisher = State of Connecticut |accessdate = July 25, 2010 |archive-date = August 18, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140818092917/http://ctrides.com/ways-to-commute/carpool |dead-url = yes }}</ref>

Connecticut also has a very active bicycling community, with one of the highest rates of bicycle ownership and use in the United States, particularly in New Haven. According to the US Census 2006 American Community Survey, New Haven has the highest percentage of commuters who bicycle to work of any major metropolitan center on the East Coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=More Bicycling, Walking to Work; New Haven Leads the Way in Connecticut |url=http://ctbythenumbers.info/2014/05/22/more-bicycling-walking-to-work-new-haven-leads-the-way-in-connecticut/ |website=Connecticut By The Numbers |accessdate=4 February 2019 |date=22 May 2014 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122337/http://ctbythenumbers.info/2014/05/22/more-bicycling-walking-to-work-new-haven-leads-the-way-in-connecticut/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:Metro-North train 1567 enters Stamford.jpg|upright=1.15|right|thumb|A [[Metro-North Railroad]] [[New Haven Line]] train leaving [[Stamford Transportation Center|Stamford Station]]]]
Rail is a popular travel mode between New Haven and New York City's [[Grand Central Terminal]]. Southwestern Connecticut is served by the [[Metro-North Railroad]]'s New Haven Line, operated by the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] and providing commuter service to New York City and New Haven, with branches servicing [[New Canaan Branch|New Canaan]], [[Danbury Branch|Danbury]], and [[Waterbury Branch|Waterbury]]. Connecticut lies along [[Amtrak]]'s [[Northeast Corridor]] which features frequent [[Northeast Regional]] and [[Acela Express]] service from New Haven south to New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, DC, and Norfolk, VA.

Coastal cities and towns between New Haven and New London are also served by the [[Shore Line East]] commuter line. Several new stations were completed along the Connecticut shoreline recently, and a commuter rail service called the [[Hartford Line]] between New Haven and Springfield on Amtrak's [[New Haven-Springfield Line]] began operating in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=https://www.ctpost.com/business/article/Hartford-Line-debuts-with-10K-passengers-in-week-1-13027819.php |access-date=2019-04-23 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728204857/https://www.ctpost.com/business/article/Hartford-Line-debuts-with-10K-passengers-in-week-1-13027819.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
A proposed commuter rail service, the [[Central Corridor Rail Line]], will connect New London with [[Norwich, CT|Norwich]], [[Willimantic, CT|Willimantic]], [[Storrs, CT|Storrs]], and [[Stafford Springs, CT|Stafford Springs]], with service continuing into Massachusetts and [[Brattleboro, VT|Brattleboro]]. Amtrak also operates a shuttle service between New Haven and [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], serving Wallingford, Meriden, Berlin, Hartford, Windsor Locks, and Springfield, MA and the [[Vermonter (train)|Vermonter]] runs from Washington to St. Albans, Vermont via the same line.

===Bus===
Statewide [[bus]] service is supplied by [[Connecticut Transit]], owned by the [[Connecticut Department of Transportation]], with smaller municipal authorities providing local service. Bus networks are an important part of the transportation system in Connecticut, especially in urban areas like Hartford, Stamford, Norwalk, Bridgeport and New Haven. Connecticut Transit also operates [[CTfastrak]], a [[bus rapid transit]] service between New Britain and Hartford. The bus route opened to the public on March 28, 2015.<ref name=march28>{{cite press release |url=http://ctfastrak.com/about/news/news-releases/13-media-releases/279-03-28-15-despite-snow-thousands-of-riders-many-first-timers-experience-ctfastrak-on-first-day-of-service |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911222239/http://ctfastrak.com/about/news/news-releases/13-media-releases/279-03-28-15-despite-snow-thousands-of-riders-many-first-timers-experience-ctfastrak-on-first-day-of-service |archivedate=September 11, 2015 |title=Despite Snow, Thousands of Riders, Many First-Timers, Experience CTfastrak on First Day of Service |publisher=Connecticut Department of Transportation |date=March 28, 2015}}</ref><ref name=CTfastrak>{{cite web|title=What Is CTfastrak|url=http://www.ctfastrak.com/about/what-is-ctfastrak|publisher=State of Connecticut|accessdate=October 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173042/http://www.ctfastrak.com/about/what-is-ctfastrak|archive-date=October 14, 2013|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=LaPorte|first1=Mike|title=The Busway to the Future: Insider to CTfastrak before Opening to Public|url=http://livewiremcc.org/2014/11/05/the-busway-to-the-future-insider-to-ctfastrak-before-opening-to-public/|accessdate=December 11, 2014|work=The Live Wire|agency=Manchester Community College|date=November 5, 2014|archive-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211050837/http://livewiremcc.org/2014/11/05/the-busway-to-the-future-insider-to-ctfastrak-before-opening-to-public/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
[[File:Florida 148.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bradley International Airport]], the state's largest airport ]]

===Air===
[[Bradley International Airport]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gonewengland.about.com/od/planyourtrip/tp/New-England-Airports.htm|title=List of New England Airports|work=About.com Travel|access-date=April 6, 2017|archive-date=April 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233442/http://gonewengland.about.com/od/planyourtrip/tp/New-England-Airports.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> is located in [[Windsor Locks]], {{convert|15|mile|km}} north of Hartford. Many residents of central and southern Connecticut also make heavy use of [[JFK International Airport]] and [[Newark International Airport]]s, especially for international travel. Smaller regional air service is provided at [[Tweed New Haven Regional Airport]]. Larger civil airports include [[Danbury Municipal Airport]] and [[Waterbury-Oxford Airport]] in western Connecticut, [[Hartford–Brainard Airport]] in central Connecticut, and [[Groton-New London Airport]] in eastern Connecticut. [[Sikorsky Memorial Airport]] is located in Stratford and mostly services cargo, helicopter and private aviation.

===Ferry===
The [[Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferry]] travels between Bridgeport, Connecticut and [[Port Jefferson, New York]] by crossing Long Island Sound. Ferry service also operates out of New London to [[Orient, New York]]; [[Fishers Island, New York]]; and [[Block Island, Rhode Island]], which are popular tourist destinations. Small local services operate the [[Rocky Hill – Glastonbury Ferry]] and the [[Chester–Hadlyme Ferry]] which cross the Connecticut River.

==Law and government==
{{Main|Law of Connecticut|Administrative divisions of Connecticut}}
{{ct law}}
[[File:Connecticut State Capitol, February 24, 2008.jpg|right|upright=1.15|thumb|The [[Connecticut State Capitol]] in downtown Hartford]]

Hartford has been the sole capital of Connecticut since 1875. Before then, New Haven and Hartford alternated as capitals.<ref name="AboutCT"/>

===Constitutional history===
{{Main|History of the Connecticut Constitution}}
Connecticut is known as the "Constitution State". The origin of this nickname is uncertain, but it likely comes from Connecticut's pivotal role in the federal constitutional convention of 1787, during which Roger Sherman and [[Oliver Ellsworth]] helped to orchestrate what became known as the [[Connecticut Compromise]], or the Great Compromise. This plan combined the [[Virginia Plan]] and the [[New Jersey Plan]] to form a bicameral legislature, a form copied by almost every state constitution since the adoption of the federal constitution. Variations of the bicameral legislature had been proposed by Virginia and New Jersey, but Connecticut's plan was the one that was in effect until the early 20th century, when Senators ceased to be selected by their state legislatures and were instead directly elected. Otherwise, it is still the design of Congress.

The nickname also might refer to the Fundamental Orders of 1638–39. These Fundamental Orders represent the framework for the first formal Connecticut state government written by a representative body in Connecticut. The State of Connecticut government has operated under the direction of four separate documents in the course of the state's [[History of the Connecticut Constitution|constitutional history]]. After the Fundamental Orders, Connecticut was granted governmental authority by King Charles II of England through the Connecticut Charter of 1662.

Separate branches of government did not exist during this period, and the General Assembly acted as the supreme authority. A constitution similar to the modern [[U.S. Constitution]] was not adopted in Connecticut until 1818. Finally, the current state constitution was implemented in 1965. The 1965 constitution absorbed a majority of its 1818 predecessor, but incorporated a handful of important modifications.

===Executive===
The governor heads the executive branch. {{As of|2019}}, Ned Lamont is the [[List of Governors of Connecticut|Governor]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://portal.ct.gov/Departments_and_Agencies/Office_of_the_Governor/About/Governor_Malloy_s_Biography/ | title=Governor Malloy's Biography | publisher=State of Connecticut | website=Portal.CT.gov | accessdate=October 25, 2015 | archive-date=September 14, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914080022/http://portal.ct.gov/Departments_and_Agencies/Office_of_the_Governor/About/Governor_Malloy_s_Biography/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> and Susan Bysiewicz is the [[List of Lieutenant Governors of Connecticut|Lieutenant Governor]];<ref>{{cite web | url=http://portal.ct.gov/Departments_and_Agencies/Office_of_the_Lieutenant_Governor/About/Lt__Governor_s_Biography/ | title=Lt. Governor's Biography | publisher=State of Connecticut | website=Portal.CT.gov | accessdate=October 25, 2015 | archive-date=November 26, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126071856/http://portal.ct.gov/Departments_and_Agencies/Office_of_the_Lieutenant_Governor/About/Lt__Governor_s_Biography/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> both are Democrats. From 1639 until the adoption of the 1818 constitution, the governor presided over the General Assembly. In 1974, [[Ella Grasso]] was elected as the governor of Connecticut. This was the first time in United States history when a woman was a governor without her husband being governor first.<ref name=Pumont/>

There are several executive departments: Administrative Services, Agriculture, Banking, Children and Families, Consumer Protection, Correction, Economic and Community Development, [[Connecticut Department of Developmental Services|Developmental Services]], Construction Services, Education, Emergency Management and Public Protection, Energy & Environmental Protection, Higher Education, Insurance, Labor, Mental Health and Addiction Services, Military, Motor Vehicles, Public Health, Public Utility Regulatory Authority, Public Works, Revenue Services, Social Services, Transportation, and Veterans Affairs. In addition to these departments, there are other independent bureaus, offices and commissions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.ct.gov/Department-and-Agencies/ |title=Departments and Agencies |website=Portal.CT.gov |publisher=State of Connecticut |access-date=October 25, 2015 |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007042027/http://portal.ct.gov/Department-and-Agencies/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

In addition to the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, there are four other executive officers named in the state constitution that are elected directly by voters: Secretary of the State, Treasurer, Comptroller, and Attorney General. All executive officers are elected to four-year terms.<ref name="AboutCT"/>

===Legislative===
The legislature is the General Assembly. The General Assembly is a [[bicameral]] body consisting of an upper body, the State Senate (36 senators); and a lower body, the House of Representatives (151 representatives).<ref name="AboutCT"/> Bills must pass each house in order to become law. The governor can veto the bill, but this veto can be overridden by a two-thirds majority in each house. Per Article XV of the state constitution, Senators and Representatives must be at least 18 years of age and are elected to two-year terms in November on even-numbered years. There also must always be between 30 and 50 senators and 125 to 225 representatives. The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate, except when absent from the chamber, when the [[Presidents pro tempore of the Connecticut Senate|President pro tempore]] presides. The [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker of the House]] presides over the House.<ref name="CT_CONST">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the State of Connecticut |website=Secretary of the State |publisher=State of Connecticut |url=http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?A=3188&Q=392288 |date=April 21, 2009 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109004649/http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?a=3188&q=392288 |archive-date=November 9, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, [[Joe Aresimowicz]] is the Speaker of the House of Connecticut.

{{As of|2015}}, Connecticut's [[United States Senators]] are Richard Blumenthal (Democrat) and [[Chris Murphy (Connecticut politician)|Chris Murphy]] (Democrat).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.senate.gov/states/CT/intro.htm | title=Connecticut | publisher=U.S. Senate | website=States in the Senate | access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Connecticut has five [[U.S. Congressional Delegations from Connecticut|representatives in the U.S. House]], all of whom are Democrats.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.house.gov/representatives/#state_ct | title=Connecticut | publisher=U.S. House of Representatives | website=Directory of Representatives | access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref>

Locally elected representatives also develop [[Local ordinance]]s to govern cities and towns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jud.ct.gov/lawlib/ordinances.htm |title=Connecticut Ordinances and Charters by Town |website=Judicial Branch Law Libraries |publisher=State of Connecticut |accessdate=June 10, 2013 |archive-date=December 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211113745/http://www.jud.ct.gov/LawLib/ordinances.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The town ordinances often include [[noise pollution#Human|noise control]] and [[zoning]] guidelines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newtown-ct.gov/Public_Documents/NewtownCT_Police/Ord%20Folder/Ordinances/262 |title=Newtown Noise Control Ordinance |website=Town of Newtown |date=August 20, 2010 |accessdate=June 10, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511122630/http://www.newtown-ct.gov/Public_Documents/NewtownCT_Police/Ord%20Folder/Ordinances/262 |archivedate=May 11, 2013 }}</ref> However, the State of Connecticut does also provide statewide ordinances for noise control as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sec. 22a-69-1 to 22a-69-7.4: Control of Noise |website=Department of Environmental Protection |publisher=State of Connecticut |url=http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/lib/sots/regulations/title_22a/069.pdf |access-date=October 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231223637/http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/lib/sots/regulations/title_22a/069.pdf |archive-date=December 31, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Judicial===
The highest [[court]] of Connecticut's judicial branch is the [[Connecticut Supreme Court]], headed by the Chief Justice of Connecticut. The Supreme Court is responsible for deciding on the constitutionality of the law or cases as they relate to the law. Its proceedings are similar to those of the United States Supreme Court, with no testimony given by witnesses, and the lawyers of the two sides each present oral arguments no longer than thirty minutes. Following a court proceeding, the court may take several months to arrive at a judgment. {{As of|2015|}} the [[Chief Justice]] is [[Chase T. Rogers]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jud.state.ct.us/external/supapp/justiceRogers.html | title=Chief Justice Chase T. Rogers | publisher=State of Connecticut | website=Biographies of Supreme Court Justices, Judicial Branch | accessdate=October 25, 2015 | archive-date=September 21, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921120720/http://www.jud.state.ct.us/external/supapp/justiceRogers.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref>

In 1818, the court became a separate entity, independent of the legislative and executive branches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jud.state.ct.us/ystday/history.html |title=About Connecticut Courts: History of the Courts |website=Judicial Branch |publisher=State of Connecticut |access-date=February 20, 2007 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052828/http://www.jud.state.ct.us/ystday/history.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The Appellate Court is a lesser statewide court and the Superior Courts are lower courts that resemble county courts of other states.

The State of Connecticut also offers access to [[Arrest warrant]] enforcement statistics through the Office of Policy and Management.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2969&Q=383588&opm_Nav_GID=1797 |title=Monthly Arrest Warrant Report |website=Office of Policy and Management |publisher=State of Connecticut |date=October 1, 2015 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 |archive-date=December 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231223637/http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2969&Q=383588&opm_Nav_GID=1797 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

===Local government===
{{See also|Administrative divisions of Connecticut}}
::''and several lists:'' [[List of municipalities of Connecticut by population]], [[List of towns in Connecticut]], List of cities in Connecticut, [[Borough (Connecticut)]], [[List of counties in Connecticut]]
Connecticut does not have [[County (United States)|county]] government, unlike all other states except Rhode Island. Connecticut county governments were mostly eliminated in 1960, with the exception of [[Sheriffs in the United States|sheriffs]] elected in each county.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?a=3188&q=392376 |website=State Register and Manual |publisher=State of Connecticut |title=Section VI: Counties |accessdate=October 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001437/http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?a=3188&q=392376 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 2000, the county sheriff was abolished and replaced with the [[Connecticut State Marshal|state marshal]] system, which has districts that follow the old county territories. The judicial system is divided into judicial districts at the trial-court level which largely follow the old county lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jud.ct.gov/directory/directory/location/Default.htm |title=Judicial District Courts Staff Directory |website=State of Connecticut Judicial Branch |accessdate=July 25, 2010 |archive-date=August 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812060541/http://www.jud.ct.gov/directory/directory/location/Default.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The [[list of Connecticut counties|eight counties]] are still widely used for purely geographical and statistical purposes, such as [[Weather forecasting|weather reports]] and census reporting.

Connecticut shares with the rest of New England a governmental institution called the New England town. The state is divided into 169 towns which serve as the fundamental political jurisdictions.<ref name="AboutCT"/> There are also 21 cities,<ref name="AboutCT"/> most of which simply follow the boundaries of their namesake towns and have a merged city-town government. There are two exceptions: the [[Groton (city), Connecticut|City of Groton]], which is a subsection of the [[Groton (town), Connecticut|Town of Groton]], and the City of [[Winsted, Connecticut|Winsted]] in the Town of [[Winchester, Connecticut|Winchester]]. There are also nine incorporated boroughs which may provide additional services to a section of town.<ref name="AboutCT"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Town Elections, Boroughs in Connecticut with Date of Incorporation |website=Secretary of the State |publisher=State of Connecticut |date=June 19, 2013 |url=http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?a=3188&q=392430#CITIES_IN_CONNECTICUT_WITH_DATE_OF_INCORPORATION |access-date=October 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908155417/http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?a=3188&q=392430#CITIES_IN_CONNECTICUT_WITH_DATE_OF_INCORPORATION |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Naugatuck]] is a consolidated town and borough.

The state is also divided into 15 [[Administrative divisions of Connecticut#Regions|planning regions]] defined by the state Office of Planning and Management, with the exception of the Town of Stafford in Tolland County.<ref name="OPM">{{cite web |url=http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2985&q=383124 |title=Regional Planning Coordination |website=Office of Policy and Management |publisher=State of Connecticut |accessdate=July 25, 2010 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012173443/http://ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2985&q=383124 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The Intragovernmental Policy Division of this Office coordinates regional planning with the administrative bodies of these regions. Each region has an administrative body known as a regional council of governments, a regional council of elected officials, or a regional planning agency. The regions are established for the purpose of planning "coordination of regional and state planning activities; redesignation of logical planning regions and promotion of the continuation of regional planning organizations within the state; and provision for technical aid and the administration of financial assistance to regional planning organizations".<ref name="OPM"/>

==Politics==
{{Further |Political party strength in Connecticut|Elections in Connecticut}}

[[File:Connecticut Political Party Registration 1958 - 2012.png|thumb|Connecticut political party registration 1958–2012 marked with presidential influence]]

===Registered voters===
Connecticut residents who register to vote have the option of declaring an affiliation to a political party, may become unaffiliated at will, and may change affiliations subject to certain waiting periods. {{as of|2018}} about 60% of registered voters are enrolled (just over 1% total in 28 [[Third party (politics)|third parties]] minor parties), and ratios among unaffiliated voters and the two major parties are about 8 unaffiliated for every 7 in the [[Democratic Party of Connecticut]] and for every 4 in the [[Connecticut Republican Party]].

(Among the minor parties, the [[Libertarian Party of Connecticut|Libertarian Party]] and [[Connecticut Green Party|Green Party]] appeared in the Presidential-electors column in 2016, and drew, respectively, 2.96% and 1.39% of the vote.)

Many Connecticut towns and cities show a marked preference for moderate candidates of either party.{{Ref}}

{| class=wikitable
! colspan = 6 | Connecticut voter registration and party enrollment {{as of|2018|November|5|lc=y|df=US}}<ref>{{cite web | title = Important Election Day Information | publisher = Connecticut Secretary of State | format = PDF | accessdate = November 8, 2018 | url = https://portal.ct.gov/SOTS/Press-Releases/2018-Press-Releases/Important-Election-Day-Information-2018 | archive-date = November 7, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104108/https://portal.ct.gov/SOTS/Press-Releases/2018-Press-Releases/Important-Election-Day-Information-2018 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
! Active voters
! Percentage
|-
{{party color|U.S. Taxpayers Party}}
| Unaffiliated
| style="text-align:center;"| 877,392
| style="text-align:center;"| 40.52%
|-
{{party color|Democratic Party (Connecticut)}}
| Democratic
| style="text-align:center;"| 792,558
| style="text-align:center;"| 36.60%
|-
{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}
| Republican
| style="text-align:center;"| 463,167
| style="text-align:center;"| 21.39%
|-
{{party color|Independent (United States)}}
| [[Independent Party of Connecticut|Independent]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 26,848
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.24%
|-
{{party color|Libertarian Party (Connecticut)}}
| Libertarian
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,980
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.14%
|-
{{party color|Green Party (Connecticut)}}
| Green
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,762
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.08%
|-
{{party color|Working Families Party}}
| [[Working Families Party|Working Families]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 317
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.01%
|-
{{party color|Jacksonian Party (United States)}}
| 24 other minor parties without statewide enrollment privileges
| style="text-align:center;"| 205
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.01%
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! style="text-align:center;"| 2,165,229
! style="text-align:center;"| 100%
|}

===Voting===
In April 2012 both houses of the Connecticut state legislature passed a bill (20 to 16 and 86 to 62) that abolished the [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]] for all future crimes, while 11 inmates who were waiting on the [[death row]] at the time could still be executed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/04/25/connecticut-governor-signs-bill-to-repeal-death-penalty/ |title = Connecticut governor signs bill to repeal death penalty |date=April 25, 2012 |work=FOX News |accessdate = April 25, 2012}}</ref>

In July 2009 the Connecticut legislature overrode a veto by Governor [[M. Jodi Rell]] to pass [[SustiNet]], the first significant public-option health care reform legislation in the nation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Health Reform Alive: Legislature Overrides Rell Veto Of Sustinet Care Plan, Six Other Bills |work=Hartford Courant |date=July 21, 2009 |first=Christopher |last=Keating |url=http://www.aarp.org/states/ct/advocacy/articles/in_historic_vote_legislature_overrides_sustinet_veto.html}}</ref>

==Education==
Connecticut ranked third in the nation for [[Education in the United States|educational performance]], according to [[Education Week]]’s Quality Counts 2018 report. It earned an overall score of 83.5 out of 100 points. On average, the country received a score of 75.2.<ref name="Edweek">{{cite journal |title=Connecticut Earns a B on State Report Card, Ranks Third in Nation - Quality Counts |journal=Education Week |date=5 September 2018 |volume=37 |issue=17 |url=https://www.edweek.org/ew/collections/quality-counts-2018-state-grades/highlight-reports/2018/01/17/connecticut.html |accessdate=11 February 2019 |publisher=Editorial Projects in Education |language=EN}}</ref>
Connecticut posted a B-plus in the Chance-for-Success category, ranking fourth on factors that contribute to a person’s success both within and outside the K-12 education system. Connecticut received a mark of B-plus and finished fourth for School Finance. It ranked 12th with a grade of C on the K-12 Achievement Index.<ref name="Edweek" />

===K–12===
{{See also|Connecticut State Board of Education}}
The [[Connecticut State Board of Education]] manages the public school system for children in grades K–12. Board of Education members are [[cronyism|appointed]] by the Governor of Connecticut. Statistics for each school are made available to the public through an online database system called "CEDAR".<ref>{{cite web |title=Connecticut Education Data and Research |website=State Department of Education |publisher=State of Connecticut |url=http://sdeportal.ct.gov/Cedar/WEB/ct_report/CedarHome.aspx |accessdate=June 10, 2013 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052804/http://sdeportal.ct.gov/Cedar/WEB/ct_report/CedarHome.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The CEDAR database also provides statistics for "ACES" or "RESC" schools for children with behavioral disorders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.org/uploads/files/2011RESCAllianceBrochure.pdf |title=Resc Alliance |type=brochure |publisher=Aces |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052804/http://www.aces.org/uploads/files/2011RESCAllianceBrochure.pdf |archivedate=January 17, 2013 }}</ref>

===Private schools===
{{See also|Country Day School movement}}
{{div col|colwidth=}}
* [[Academy of Our Lady of Mercy, Lauralton Hall]] (1905)
* [[Avon Old Farms School]] (1927)
* [[Bridgeport International Academy]] (1997)
* [[Brunswick School]] (1902)
* [[Canterbury School (Connecticut)|Canterbury School]] (1915)
* [[Cheshire Academy]] (1794)
* [[Choate Rosemary Hall]] (1890)
* [[East Catholic High School]] (1961)
* [[Ethel Walker School]] (1911)
* [[Fairfield Country Day School]] (1936)
* [[Fairfield College Preparatory School]] (1942)
* [[Foote School]] (1916)
* [[Greens Farms Academy]] (1925)
* [[Greenwich Country Day School]] (1926)
* [[The Gunnery]] (1850)
* [[Hopkins School]] (1660)
* [[Hotchkiss School]] (1891)
* [[Kent School]] (1906)
* [[Kingswood-Oxford School]] (1909)
* [[Loomis Chaffee]] (1914)
* [[Marianapolis Preparatory School]] (1926)
* [[The Master's School]] (1970)
* [[Mercy High School (Connecticut)|Mercy High School]] (1963)
* [[Miss Porter's School]] (1843)
* [[New Canaan Country School]] (1916)
* [[Northwest Catholic High School]] (1961)
* [[Norwich Free Academy]] (1854)
* [[Notre Dame Catholic High School (Connecticut)|Notre Dame Catholic High School]] (1955)
* [[Notre Dame High School (West Haven, Connecticut)|Notre Dame High School]] (1946)
* [[Pomfret School]] (1894)
* [[Rumsey Hall School]] (1900)
* [[Sacred Heart Academy (Hamden, Connecticut)|Sacred Heart Academy]] (1946)
* [[Saint Bernard School]] (1956)
* [[Stanwich School]] (1998)
* [[St. Paul Catholic High School]] (1966)
* [[Suffield Academy]] (1833)
* [[The Taft School]] (1890)
* [[Watkinson School]]
* [[Westminster School (Connecticut)]]
* [[Westover School]] (1909)
* [[The Williams School]] (1891)
* [[Xavier High School (Connecticut)|Xavier High School]] (1963)
{{div col end}}

===Colleges and universities===
Connecticut was home to the nation's first law school, [[Litchfield Law School]], which operated from 1773 to 1833 in [[Litchfield, Connecticut|Litchfield]]. [[Hartford Public High School]] (1638) is the third-oldest secondary school in the nation after the [[Collegiate School (New York)|Collegiate School]] (1628) in [[Manhattan]] and the [[Boston Latin School]] (1635).

====Private====
* [[Yale University]] (1701)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/28392 |title=Admit rate falls to record-low 7.5% |publisher=[[Yale Daily News]] |date=March 31, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404023027/http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/28392 |archivedate=April 4, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]] (1823)
* [[Wesleyan University]] (1831)
* [[University of Hartford]] (1877)
* [[Post University]] (1890)
* [[Connecticut College]] (1911)
* [[United States Coast Guard Academy]] (1915)
* [[University of New Haven]] (1920)
* [[University of Bridgeport]] (1927)
* [[Albertus Magnus College]] (1925)
* [[Quinnipiac University]] (1929)
* [[University of Saint Joseph (Connecticut)]] (1932)
* [[Mitchell College]] (1938)
* [[Fairfield University]] (1942)
* [[Sacred Heart University]] (1963)

[[File:Yale MMI.JPG|thumb|Yale's motto means light & truth.]]
[[File:UConn Main.JPG|thumb|[[University of Connecticut]], the state's main public university ]]
[[File:Yale MMIII.JPG|thumb|Yale (close up of door). Yale was formerly known as the Collegiate School.]]

====Public universities====
{{See also|Connecticut State University System}}
* [[Central Connecticut State University]] (1849)
* [[University of Connecticut]] (1881)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uconn.edu/about-us/history/ |title=History |website= University of Connecticut |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Eastern Connecticut State University]] (1889)
* [[Southern Connecticut State University]] (1893)
* [[Western Connecticut State University]] (1903)
* [http://www.charteroak.edu/ Charter Oak State College] (1973)

====Public community colleges====
[[File:Southbury Greenhouse MMII.JPG|thumb|Southbury Training School Greenhouse, Interior.]]
[[File:Southbury Greenhouse MMI.JPG|thumb|Southbury Greenhouse, 2016]]
* [[Capital Community College]] (1946)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/history.htm |title=A Capital History |website=Capital Community College |access-date=May 18, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518174123/http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/history.htm |archivedate=May 18, 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Norwalk Community College]] (1961)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncc.commnet.edu/about/history.asp |title=History of Norwalk Community College |website=Norwalk Community College |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Manchester Community College (Connecticut)|Manchester Community College]] (1963)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manchestercc.edu/ |title=Home Page |website=Manchester Community College |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Naugatuck Valley Community College]] (1964)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nv.edu/About-NVCC/College-Facts/itemId/2055/History |title=History |website=Naugatuck Valley Community College |access-date=May 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518193155/http://www.nv.edu/About-NVCC/College-Facts/itemId/2055/History |archivedate=May 18, 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Northwestern Connecticut Community College]] (1965)<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nwcc.commnet.edu/research/pdfs/NCCC_NEASC_Report_2013.pdf |title=Institutional Self-Study Report |publisher=Northwestern Connecticut Community College |date=February 2013 |access-date=May 18, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514014033/http://www.nwcc.commnet.edu/research/pdfs/NCCC_NEASC_Report_2013.pdf |archivedate=May 14, 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Middlesex Community College (Connecticut)|Middlesex Community College]] (1966)<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://mxcc.edu/blog/mxcc-named-a-2013-great-college-to-work-for/ |title=MxCC Named a '2013 Great College to Work For' |publisher=Middlesex Community College |date=July 26, 2013 |access-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231223637/http://mxcc.edu/blog/mxcc-named-a-2013-great-college-to-work-for/ |archive-date=December 31, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* [[Housatonic Community College]] (1967)<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.hcc.commnet.edu/info/NEASC/2012-10year/Self_Study_Report_2-22-12.pdf |title=NEASC Self-Study Report |publisher=Housatonic Community College |date=March 4–7, 2012 |access-date=May 18, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518173804/http://www.hcc.commnet.edu/info/NEASC/2012-10year/Self_Study_Report_2-22-12.pdf |archivedate=May 18, 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Gateway Community College]] (1968)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gatewaycc.edu/history |title=Gateway History |website=Gateway Community College |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Asnuntuck Community College]] (1969)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asnuntuck.edu/about/history-college |title=History of the College |website=Asnuntuck Community College |access-date=May 18, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517061510/http://www.asnuntuck.edu/about/history-college |archivedate=May 17, 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Tunxis Community College]] (1969)<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.tunxis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/NEASC-Self-Study-2011.pdf |title=Tunxis Community College Institutional Self-Study |publisher=Tunxis Community College |date=Fall 2011 |page=i |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Quinebaug Valley Community College]] (1971)<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the College |website=Quinebaug Valley Community College |url=http://www.qvcc.edu/about/History.asp |access-date=May 18, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015101649/http://www.qvcc.edu/about/History.asp |archivedate=October 15, 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Three Rivers Community College (Connecticut)|Three Rivers Community College]] (1992)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trcc.commnet.edu/President/about/ |title=About Our Learning Community |website=Three Rivers Community College |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>

The state also has many noted private day schools, and its [[boarding school]]s draw students from around the world.

{{See also|List of school districts in Connecticut}}

==Sports==
There are two Connecticut teams in the [[American Hockey League]]. The [[Bridgeport Sound Tigers]] is a farm team for the [[New York Islanders]] which competes at the [[Webster Bank Arena]] in Bridgeport. The [[Hartford Wolf Pack]] is the affiliate of the [[New York Rangers]]; they play in the [[XL Center]] in Hartford.

The [[Hartford Yard Goats]] of the [[Eastern League (baseball)|Eastern League]] are a AA affiliate of the [[Colorado Rockies]]. Also, the [[Connecticut Tigers]] play in the [[New York-Penn League]] and are an A affiliate of the [[Detroit Tigers]]. The [[New Britain Bees]] play in the [[Atlantic League of Professional Baseball]]. The [[Connecticut Sun]] of the [[WNBA]] currently play at the [[Mohegan Sun Arena]] in [[Uncasville, Connecticut|Uncasville]]. In soccer, [[Hartford Athletic]] will begin play in the [[USL Championship]] in 2019, serving as the reserve team for the [[New England Revolution]] of [[Major League Soccer]].

The state hosts several major sporting events. Since 1952, a [[PGA Tour]] golf tournament has been played in the Hartford area. It was originally called the "Insurance City Open" and later the "Greater Hartford Open" and is now known as the [[Travelers Championship]]. The [[Connecticut Open (tennis)|Connecticut Open]] tennis tournament is held annually in the [[Cullman-Heyman Tennis Center]] at Yale University in New Haven.

[[File:American Le Mans Series at Road America 2007.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Lime Rock Park|Lime Rock]], a home of the [[American Le Mans Series]] tournament]]

[[Lime Rock Park]] in Salisbury is a {{convert|1.5|mile|km|adj=on}} road racing course, home to the [[International Motor Sports Association]], [[SCCA]], [[United States Auto Club]], and [[K&N Pro Series East]] races. [[Thompson International Speedway]], [[Stafford Motor Speedway]], and [[Waterford Speedbowl]] are oval tracks holding weekly races for NASCAR Modifieds and other classes, including the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour. The state also hosts several major [[mixed martial arts]] events for [[Bellator MMA]] and the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]].

===Professional sports teams===
The [[Hartford Whalers]] of the [[National Hockey League]] played in Hartford from 1975 to 1997 at the [[Hartford Civic Center]]. They departed to [[Raleigh, North Carolina]] after disputes with the state over the construction of a new arena, and they are now known as the [[Carolina Hurricanes]]. In 1926, Hartford had a franchise in the [[National Football League]] known as the [[Hartford Blues]].<ref name="HistoryNYG">{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/nyg/nygiants.html |title=History of the New York Giants |website=Sports Ecyclopedia |accessdate=September 12, 2006 |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709062712/http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/nyg/nygiants.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> They joined the National League for one season in 1876, making them the state's only Major League baseball franchise before moving to [[Brooklyn, New York]] and then disbanding one season later.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team
!Sport
!League
|-
|Bridgeport Sound Tigers
|[[Ice hockey]]
|American Hockey League
|-
|Hartford Wolf Pack
|Ice hockey
|American Hockey League
|-
|[[Connecticut Whale (NWHL)|Connecticut Whale]]
|Ice Hockey
|[[National Women's Hockey League (2015–)|National Women's Hockey League]]
|-
|Hartford Yard Goats
|Baseball
|Eastern League (AA)
|-
|Connecticut Tigers
|Baseball
|[[New York–Penn League]] (A)
|-
|New Britain Bees
|Baseball
|Atlantic League
|-
|Connecticut Sun
|Basketball
|[[Women's National Basketball Association]]
|-
|[[Hartford City FC]]
|Soccer
|[[National Premier Soccer League]]
|-
|Hartford Athletic
|Soccer
|USL Championship
|-
| [[AC Connecticut]]
| Soccer
| [[USL League Two]]
|-
| [[New England Black Wolves]]
| Lacrosse
| [[National Lacrosse League]]
|}

===College sports===
[[File:Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg|upright=1.3|right|thumb|Yale Bowl during "[[Harvard-Yale football games (The Game)|The Game]]" between Yale and Harvard. The Bowl was also the home of the [[NFL]]'s [[New York Giants]] in 1973–74.]]
The [[Connecticut Huskies]] are the team of the University of Connecticut (UConn); they play [[NCAA Division I]] sports. Both the [[Connecticut Huskies men's basketball|men's basketball]] and [[Connecticut Huskies women's basketball|women's basketball]] teams have won multiple national championships; UConn became the first school in NCAA Division I history to have its men's and women's basketball programs win the national title in the same year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Veilleux |first1=Richard |title=Twin National Championships Are A First In Division I Basketball |url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2004/040412/04041201.htm |accessdate=September 10, 2015 |work=UConn Advance |date=April 12, 2004 |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914001135/http://advance.uconn.edu/2004/040412/04041201.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Nate|title=Connecticut women and men make basketball history (again)|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/04/connecticut-men-women-basketball-national-championship|accessdate=September 10, 2015|work=USA Today|date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> The UConn women's basketball team holds the record for the longest consecutive winning streak in NCAA college basketball at 111 games, a streak that ended in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/01/sports/ncaabasketball/uconn-huskies-mississippi-state-bulldogs-final-four.html|title=Connecticut's 111-Game Winning Streak Ends With Loss to Mississippi State|last=Longman|first=Jeré|date=April 1, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 6, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[UConn Huskies football team]] has played in the [[Football Bowl Subdivision]] since 2002, and has played in four bowl games.

New Haven biennially hosts "[[Harvard–Yale football rivalry|The Game]]" between the [[Yale Bulldogs]] and the [[Harvard Crimson]], the country's second-oldest college football rivalry. Yale alumnus [[Walter Camp]] is deemed the "Father of American Football", and he helped develop modern football while living in New Haven.<ref>{{College Football HoF|id=2080|name=Walter Camp}}</ref> Other Connecticut universities which feature Division I sports teams are [[Quinnipiac Bobcats|Quinnipiac University]], [[Fairfield Stags|Fairfield University]], [[Central Connecticut Blue Devils|Central Connecticut State University]], [[Sacred Heart Pioneers|Sacred Heart University]], and the [[Hartford Hawks|University of Hartford]].

==Etymology and symbols==
{{Infobox U.S. state symbols
|Flag = Flag of Connecticut.svg
|Seal = Seal of Connecticut.svg
|Name = Connecticut
|Bird = American robin
|Fish = American shad
|Flower = Mountain laurel
|Insect = European mantis
|Mammal = Sperm whale
|Tree = Charter Oak, a white oak
|Dance = Square dance
|Fossil = Dinosaur tracks
|Mineral = Garnet
|Motto = {{plainlist|
* ''Qui transtulit sustinet'' Latin
* "He Who Transplanted Still Sustains"}}
|Shell = Eastern oyster
|Ships = {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}}, {{ship||Freedom Schooner Amistad}}
|Slogan = ''Full of Surprises''
|Song = {{plainlist|
* "Yankee Doodle"
* "The Nutmeg"}}
|Tartan = [http://portal.ct.gov/About/State-Symbols/The-State-Tartan/ Connecticut State Tartan]
|Route Marker = Connecticut Highway 15.svg
|Quarter = 1999 CT Proof.png
|QuarterReleaseDate = 1999
}}

The name "Connecticut" originated with the [[Mohegan]] word ''quonehtacut'', meaning "place of long tidal river".<ref name="AboutCT">{{cite web |url=http://portal.ct.gov/about/ |title=General Description & Facts |department=Portal.CT.gov |publisher=State of Connecticut |access-date=October 25, 2015 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016141503/http://portal.ct.gov/about/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Connecticut's official nickname is "The Constitution State", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world.<ref name=SOTS>{{cite web |title=Sites, Seals & Symbols |website=Secretary of the State |publisher=State of Connecticut |url=http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?A=3188&QUESTION_ID=392608 |date=August 28, 2015 |ref=SOTS |accessdate=October 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731053844/http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?A=3188&QUESTION_ID=392608 |archive-date=July 31, 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Connecticut is also unofficially known as "The [[Nutmeg]] State,"<ref name = SOTS/> whose origin is unknown. It may have come from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries. It may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from [[Yankee]] peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers.<ref name = "cslib" /> George Washington gave Connecticut the title of "The Provisions State"<ref name=SOTS/> because of the material aid that the state rendered to the [[American Revolutionary War]] effort. Connecticut is also known as "The Land of Steady Habits".<ref name=SOTS />

According to ''Webster's New International Dictionary'' (1993), a person who is a native or resident of Connecticut is a "Connecticuter". There are numerous other terms coined in print but not in use, such as "Connecticotian" ([[Cotton Mather]] in 1702) and "Connecticutensian" ([[Samuel Peters]] in 1781). Linguist Allen Walker Read suggests the more playful term "connecticutie". "Nutmegger" is sometimes used,<ref name="cslib">{{cite web|url=http://www.cslib.org/nicknamesCT.htm |title=Connecticut's Nicknames |website=Connecticut State Library |accessdate=September 15, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905051813/http://www.cslib.org/nicknamesCT.htm |archivedate=September 5, 2011 }}</ref> as is "Yankee" The official state song is "Yankee Doodle". The traditional abbreviation of the state's name is "Conn."; the official [[United States postal abbreviations|postal abbreviation]] is CT.

[[Commemorative stamp]]s issued by the [[United States Postal Service]] with Connecticut themes include [[Nathan Hale]], [[Eugene O'Neill]], [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]], Noah Webster, Eli Whitney, the [[whaling]] ship the ''[[Charles W. Morgan (ship)|Charles W. Morgan]]'', which is docked at [[Mystic Seaport]], and a [[decoy]] of a broadbill [[duck]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Charter Oak in Hartford CT.jpg|The Charter Oak
File:SS-571-Nautilus-trials.gif|The {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}}
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Connecticut state insignia and historical figures Source [[#SOTS|Sites, Seals & Symbols]] except where noted.
|-
|State aircraft || [[Vought F4U Corsair]]
|-
|State hero || Nathan Hale
|-
|State heroine || [[Prudence Crandall]]
|-
|State composer || [[Charles Edward Ives]]
|-
|State statues in [[National Statuary Hall Collection#Collection|Statuary Hall]] || Roger Sherman and [[Jonathan Trumbull]]
|-

|[[State poet laureate]] || [[Dick Allen (poet)|Dick Allen]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ct.gov/cct/cwp/view.asp?a=2162&q=300692 | title=Connecticut Poet Laureate | publisher=State of Connecticut | website=Department of Economic & Community Development, Office of Culture and Tourism | accessdate=October 25, 2015 | archive-date=October 18, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018124414/http://www.ct.gov/cct/cwp/view.asp?a=2162&q=300692 | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|-
|[[Connecticut State Troubadour]] || Kristen Graves
|-
|State composer laureate || [[Jacob Druckman]]
|}

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Connecticut}}
* [[George H. W. Bush]], the 41st president of the United States, grew up in Greenwich<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-bush |title=George Bush |publisher=History.com |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref> a member of the [[Bush political family]], with roots in the state extending three generations.
* George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the United States, was born in New Haven.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/george-w-bush-9232768 |title=George W. Bush Biography |publisher=Bio. |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Richard Carpenter (musician)|Richard]] and [[Karen Carpenter]], brother and sister duo of [[The Carpenters]] who won a Grammy and sold over 60 million albums by 1983; born in New Haven 1946 and 1950, respectively.
* [[Glenn Close]], American actress who is best known for appearing as Alex Forrest in ''[[Fatal Attraction]]'', and [[Cruella de Vil]] in Disney's [[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|live-action remake of ''101 Dalmatians'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/glenn-close-9251504|title=Glenn Close Biography|last=Writers|first=Biography.com|date=April 2, 2014|website=The Biography.com website|publisher=A&E Television Networks|access-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Charles Dow]], founder of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' and [[Dow Jones & Company]].<ref>{{cite ANB |first=Bruce J. |last=Evensen |url=http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-03537.html |title=Dow, Charles Henry |date=October 2008 |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>
* Josiah Willard Gibbs was an American scientist who made important theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/gibbs.cfm|title=J. Willard Gibbs|website=APS Physics|access-date=July 9, 2017|archive-date=July 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714045241/https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/gibbs.cfm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* [[Katharine Hepburn]], named by the American Film Institute as the greatest female star in Hollywood history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/katharine-hepburn-9335828#awesm=~oEDV3oZXwvgJaB |title=Katharine Hepburn Biography |website=Biography.com |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Seth MacFarlane]], a cartoonist, well known for creating [[Family Guy]], [[American Dad!|American Dad]], [[The Cleveland Show|Cleveland Show]], and the [[Ted (film)|TED series]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0532235/bio|title=Seth MacFarlane|website=IMDb|access-date=October 1, 2016}}</ref>
* [[J.P. Morgan]], financier and philanthropist who dominated a period of industrial consolidation and intervened in multiple economic panics during his time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/jp-morgan-9414735#awesm=~oEDVgccyvH9m1C |title=J.P. Morgan Biography |website=Biography.com |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Ralph Nader]], torts lawyer, author, founder of the [[American Museum of Tort Law]], and 2000 independent candidate for President of the United States.
* [[Jackie Robinson]], who broke baseball's "color line," contributing significantly to the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813#awesm=~oEDVDeW7JBvyzD |title=Jackie Robinson Biography |website=Biography.com |access-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518224553/http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813#awesm=~oEDVDeW7JBvyzD |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* Igor Sikorsky, who created and flew the first practical helicopter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/igor-sikorsky-9483585#awesm=~oEDVMz4yePtkxu |title=Igor Sikorsky Biography |website=Biography.com |access-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518224443/http://www.biography.com/people/igor-sikorsky-9483585#awesm=~oEDVMz4yePtkxu |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], whose novel ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' (1852) energized anti-slavery forces in the American North.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/hbs/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525015804/https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/hbs/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |title=Harriet Beecher Stowe's Life |website=Harriet Beecher Stowe Center |access-date=May 18, 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Meryl Streep]], who holds the record for the most [[Academy Awards]] nominations for acting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.connecticutmag.com/Blog/Arts-Entertainment/February-2014/Meryl-Streep-Oscars-Stars-Other-Celebs-Live-in-Connecticut-We-Map-Them/ |title=Meryl Streep, Oscars' Stars and Other Celebs in Connecticut (We Map Them) |work=Connecticut Magazine |date=February 27, 2014 |access-date=May 18, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140518193819/http://www.connecticutmag.com/Blog/Arts-Entertainment/February-2014/Meryl-Streep-Oscars-Stars-Other-Celebs-Live-in-Connecticut-We-Map-Them/ |archivedate=May 18, 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Mark Twain]] resided in his innovative Hartford home from 1871 until 1891, during which time he published ''The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'' and ''The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn''. He lived in [[Redding, Connecticut|Redding]] from 1908 until his death in 1910.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marktwainlibrary.org/9samuelclemens-folder/samuel-clemens-and-the-mark-twain-library.htm |title=Samuel Clemens and the Mark Twain Library |publisher=Mark Twain Library |accessdate=September 15, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904052039/http://www.marktwainlibrary.org/9samuelclemens-folder/samuel-clemens-and-the-mark-twain-library.htm |archivedate=September 4, 2011 }}</ref>
* Noah Webster was born in Hartford in an area that is now part of [[West Hartford]] and was the author of the ''Blue Backed Speller'', now known as ''Webster's Dictionary''. The ''Speller'' was used to teach spelling to five generations of Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/noah-webster-9526224#awesm=~oEDWPi2TfHJD2B |title=Noah Webster Biography |website=Biography.com. |access-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518224631/http://www.biography.com/people/noah-webster-9526224#awesm=~oEDWPi2TfHJD2B |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* [[Eli Whitney, Jr.|Eli Whitney]], best known for inventing the [[cotton gin]] which shaped the economy of the [[Antebellum South]], and promoting the design of interchangeable parts in production, a major development leading to the Industrial Revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/eli-whitney-9530201#awesm=~oEDX0pOKWHrEmG |title=Eli Whitney Biography |publisher=Biography.com |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Connecticut|New England|United States}}
* [[Index of Connecticut-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Connecticut]]—organized list of topics about Connecticut

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Connecticut|v=no|n=Portal:Connecticut|q=no|s=Portal:Connecticut|b=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|d=Q779}}







* {{official website|http://portal.ct.gov/}}
* [http://www.ctvisit.com/ CTVisit.com] – Official tourism website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110613102359/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/09000.html Connecticut QuickFacts] – U.S Census Bureau
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Connecticut}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union]]|years=Ratified [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] on January 9, 1788 (5th)}}
{{s-aft|after=Massachusetts}}
{{s-end}}

{{Connecticut|expanded}}
{{New England}}
{{Northeast US}}
{{United States political divisions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Connecticut|Connecticut]]
[[Category:1788 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:New England]]
[[Category:Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1788]]
[[Category:States of the East Coast of the United States]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]

{{Source Wikipedia}}

Connect (film)

2026-07-25T13:51:02Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|film|u=Colinrosssmith|ns=118|decliner=VersaceSpace|declinets=20210330030246|ts=20210329185432}} 

{{AFC comment|1=
This draft has a disambiguated title.

If this draft is accepted, an entry will need to be added to the disambiguation page for the primary name.

The disambiguation page for the primary name is [[Connect]]. [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|talk]]) 19:06, 29 March 2021 (UTC)}}

----



{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Connect
| image = Connect poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Marilyn Edmond
| producer = Marilyn Edmond
| writer = Marilyn Edmond
| starring = Kevin Guthrie
Siobhan Reilly
Stephen McCole
| narrator =
| music = Benjamin McMillan
| cinematography = Laura Dinnett
| editing = Sarah Louise Bates
| studio = Angel Face Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|02|23}}
| runtime = 104 minutes
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Connect''''' is a Scottish drama film directed by Marilyn Edmond and starring [[Kevin Guthrie]], Siobhan Reilly and [[Stephen McCole]]. The film follows the central character of Brian, living in a small town in Scotland; he must overcome his depression and the voice that haunts him daily.

== Plot ==
Brian (Kevin Guthrie) is a young man struggling with his mental health. Outwardly, he keeps calm, goes to work and carries on, and nobody talks about the loss. He never feels that it's possible to share his feelings, until care home owner Jeff (Stephen McCole) becomes a source of support. A flirtation with single mother Sam (Siobhan Reilly) could be a reason to choose life. Moments of optimism clash with dark despair in a strikingly filmed tale shot in [[North Berwick]]. Suicide among young men is a major issue in Scotland. Connect is an ambitious attempt to confront the issue in a heartfelt drama.

== Main cast ==

* Kevin Guthrie as Brian
* Siobhan Reilly as Sam
* Stephen McCole as Jeff
* [[Sara Vickers]] as Debbie
* Cameron Fulton as Gavin

== Release and reception ==
Connect is director Marilyn Edmond's debut film. It premiered at the 2019 Glasgow Film Festival <ref>{{Cite web|last=Theatre|first=Glasgow Film|date=2021-03-25|title=Scotland’s original independent cinema is the|url=https://glasgowfilm.org/shows/connect-nc-15|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Glasgow Film Theatre|language=en}}</ref> It was also selected to play at The Orlando Film Festival, Film Focus Festival and The Sydney Indie Film Festival where it picked up several nominations (Best Film, Best Drama Film, Best Male lead & Best Female Lead) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=sydneyindiefilmfestival&set=a.1089277961280306|access-date=2021-03-26|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> and saw Marilyn Edmond win Best Director.

The film had a successful local cinema run throughout Scotland with screenings at the Dundee Contemporary Arts Centre, The GFT, Grosvenor Cinema, The Scotsman Picturehouse and more.

Eddie Harrison of Film Authority rated the film with 4 stars stating, “Connect is a simple and effective drama that shines a light on a subject that most films avoid or exploit; hopefully it’ll gain a following by offering a fresh take on a universally mis-understood subject that needs tackled today.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-16|title=Connect 2019 ****|url=https://film-authority.com/2019/10/16/connect-2019/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=film-authority.com|language=en-GB}}</ref>

The film also received some well-deserved publicity from publications eager to shine a light on the movie’s theme of male suicide from newspapers such as The Times<ref>{{Cite news|last=Furmage|first=Gillian|title=Debut movie sparks a conversation about men’s mental health|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/debut-movie-sparks-a-conversation-about-mens-mental-health-bwbpt6d2x|access-date=2021-03-29|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>, Daily Record<ref>{{Cite web|last=Greenaway|first=Heather|date=2019-04-28|title=Outlander extra's death inspires film highlighting suicide epidemic among men|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/mum-hopes-film-tragic-death-14792034|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref> and The Scottish Sun<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-16|title=Fantastic Beasts star swaps Harry Potter spin-offs for low-budget Scots film|url=https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/4005601/fantastic-beasts-harry-potter-kevin-guthrie-scottish-actor/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Scottish Sun|language=en-gb}}</ref>

Marilyn Edmond's debut saw her catapulted onto [[Bafta]]'s radar where she took part in a career Close-up Q&A Session<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Career Close-Up: A Day in the Director's Life with Marilyn Edmond|url=https://www.bafta.org/scotland/events-initiatives/career-close-up-a-day-in-the-directors-life-with-marilyn-edmond|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.bafta.org|language=en|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504160528/https://www.bafta.org/scotland/events-initiatives/career-close-up-a-day-in-the-directors-life-with-marilyn-edmond|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Available to watch on Amazon Prime

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Awards
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Category
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Recipient(s)
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Result
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
| rowspan="5" |Sydney Indie Film Festival
|Best Director
|Marilyn Edmond
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Lead Actor
|Kevin Guthrie
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Lead Actress
|Siobhan Reilly
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Film
|Marilyn Edmond
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Drama Film
|Marilyn Edmond
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

[[Category:Scottish films]]
[[Category:British films]]
[[Category:Films set in Scotland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Scotland]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:British independent films]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]

== Connect ==
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Connect2India

2026-07-25T13:48:07Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{short description|Indian international trading platform}}
{{Notability|Companies|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Connect2India
| logo = Connect2India logo.jpg
| type = Private limited company
| industry = Business to business services
| founded = December 2015
| founder = Pawan Gupta
| hq_location = Faridabad, India
| website = http://www.connect2india.com
}}

'''Connect2India''' is an international trading platform that enables micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to import from and export to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://connect2india.com/index.html|title=Grow Your Business With India|website=connect2india.com|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref>

==History==

=== Foundation ===
The company was founded December 2015 by [[Pawan Gupta (Entrepreneur)|Pawan Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/interview-we-re-helping-smes-with-international-trade-says-pawan-gupta-of-connect2india-2696816|title=We're helping SMEs with international trade, says Pawan Gupta of Connect2India|date=2018-12-17|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/author/pawan-gupta|title=Pawan Gupta|last=Gupta|first=Pawan|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> He developed the platform to present transparent, accurate, analytical and complete information on trading parameters, which Indian SME traders previously lacked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/small-business/news-how-to-start-export-import-trade-pawan-gupta-connect2india-founder-explains-95550|title=How to start export, import trade? Pawan Gupta, Connect2India founder, explains|date=2019-04-20|website=Zee Business|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>

=== Expansion ===
Connect2India uses [[blockchain]] technology combined with [[GPS]], [[Rfid|RFID]] and [[Internet of things|IoT]] to counter [[International trade/Risks|International Trade Frauds]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/connect2india-to-use-blockchain-combined-with-gps-rfid-and-gps-to-nab-international-trade-fraud/32885/|title=Connect2india to use Blockchain combined with GPS, RFID and IoT to nab international trade fraud|date=2019-02-14|website=Express Computer|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> It is a platform where an enterprise or an individual from anywhere can find global opportunities to trade from India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/020519/community-development-through-technological-innovation.html|title=Community development through technological innovation|date=2019-05-02|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> It was later initiated in both tier 2 and tier 3 cities of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/connect2india-provides-a-platform-for-smes-for-export-and-import-products-and-services-4977441.htm|title=This startup provides a platform for SMEs for export and import products and services|website=cnbctv18.com|date=January 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>

==Business==
{{promotional section|date=September 2020}}
Connect2India is world's trade information provider. Its service delivers to twenty cities of India that includes Pune, Ahmedabad, Ludhiana, Indore, Kanpur, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Delhi Surat, Jaipur, Rajkot and Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/connect2india-to-expand-to-20-more-cities-by-next-quarter-1286340-2018-07-15|title=Connect2India to expand to 20 more cities by next quarter|date=July 15, 2018|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Connect2india-com-Helping-SMEs-in-International-Trade-by-Providing-End-to-End-Solutions/02-05-2017-117375|title=Connect2india com Helping SMEs in International Trade by Providing End to End Solutions|last=Sangwan|first=Sujata|website=BW Disrupt|language=en|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> Enterprises from countries can draw trade information and get trading solutions,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theceo.in/2018/05/connect2india-the-saas-enabled-managed-marketplace-for-global-trade-continues-to-scale-aggressively/|title=Connect2India, the SaaS Enabled Managed Marketplace for Global Trade, continues to scale aggressively.|date=2018-05-12|website=The CEO Magazine - India|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> including countries like Germany, France, Belgium, Italy and Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/connect2india-starts-operations-in-5-countries-in-eu-to-help-msmes-access-new-markets-2925271.html|title=Connect2India starts operations in 5 countries in EU to help MSMEs access new markets|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/business/connect2india-starts-operations-in-5-countries-in-eu-to-help-msmes-access-new-markets.html|title=Connect2India starts operations in 5 countries in EU to help MSMEs access new markets|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> Support sectors like agriculture, machinery, handicrafts, paper, garments, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dqindia.com/how-is-technology-and-internet-helping-indian-smes-to-trade-globally/|title=How is technology and internet helping Indian SMEs to trade globally?|date=2017-06-12|website=DATAQUEST|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesmetimes.com/2018/11/22/almost-bootstrapped-connect2india-is-enabling-seamless-cross-border-trade-among-india-and-overseas-smes/|title=Almost Bootstrapped Connect2India is enabling seamless cross-border trade among India and overseas SMEs|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090245/https://thesmetimes.com/2018/11/22/almost-bootstrapped-connect2india-is-enabling-seamless-cross-border-trade-among-india-and-overseas-smes/|archive-date=2019-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/how-bootstrapped-connect2india-bridges-the-gap-between-smbs-and-global-markets/57053676|title=How bootstrapped Connect2India bridges the gap between SMBs and global markets|website=ETtech.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref>

== Tie ups ==

* Connect2India has tied up with [[Tata Chemicals]] subsidiary, encourage Social Enterprise Foundation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/connect2india-ties-with-ncourage-social-enterprise-foundation-for-taking-swach-purifier-globally/1664278|title=Connect2India ties with Ncourage Social Enterprise Foundation for taking Swach purifier globally|website=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> for '[[Tata Swach]]' purifier project<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/connect2india-joins-hands-with-tata-chemicals-arm-for-taking-swach-purifier-to-global-markets/articleshow/72085043.cms|title=Connect2India joins hands with Tata Chemicals arm for taking Swach purifier to global markets|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-01-14|archive-date=2020-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114214723/https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/connect2india-joins-hands-with-tata-chemicals-arm-for-taking-swach-purifier-to-global-markets/articleshow/72085043.cms|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/connect2india-joins-hands-with-tata-chemicals-arm-for-taking-swach-purifier-to-global-markets/articleshow/72085041.cms|title=Connect2India joins hands with Tata Chemicals arm for taking Swach purifier to global markets - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 November 2019 |access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Electronic trading platforms]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Connall Ewan

2026-07-25T13:45:24Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Connall Ewan
| full_name = Connall Ewan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2006|3|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Inverness]], Scotland
| position = Defender
| currentclub = [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.|Inverness Caledonian Thistle]] (on loan from [[Ross County F.C.|Ross County]])
| clubnumber = 32
| youthyears1 = 2018–2022
| youthclubs1 = Ross County
| years1 = 2022–
| clubs1 = Ross County
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = → [[Forres Mechanics F.C.|Forres Mechanics]] (loan)
| years3 = 2023–2024
| clubs3 = → [[Elgin City F.C.|Elgin City]] (loan)
| caps3 = 33
| goals3 = 3
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = → Inverness Caledonian Thistle (loan)
| caps4 = 1
| goals4 = 0
| club-update = 21:42, 31 August 2024 (UTC)
| caps2 = 33
| goals2 = 4
}}

'''Connall Ewan''' (born 11 March 2006) is a Scottish professional footballer who currently plays as a defender for [[Scottish League One]] side, Inverness Caledonian Thistle, on loan from [[Scottish Premiership|Premiership]] rivals, Ross County.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Connal Ewan {{!}} Football Stats {{!}} No Club {{!}} Age 18 {{!}} 2022- {{!}} Soccer Base |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=163561 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.soccerbase.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ewan was born in Inverness, and grew up playing through the Ross County Youth Setup, before being promoted into the senior team in 2022.{{citation needed|date= September 2024}}

In July 2022, Ewan joined [[Highland Football League|Highland League]] side, Forres Mechanics,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=Ross County send teenagers on loan to Highland League club |url=https://www.ross-shirejournal.co.uk/sport/ross-county-send-teenagers-on-loan-to-highland-league-club-282257/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=RossShire Journal |language=en}}</ref> where he scored 4 goals for the side as ''the Can Cans'' finished 11th in the league.

In August 2023, after being overlooked for Ross County's League Cup fixtures, Ewan was sent on loan to [[Scottish League Two|League Two]] side, Elgin City,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Ross County teenager joins Elgin on loan |url=https://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/sport/ross-county-teenager-joins-elgin-on-loan-321946/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Inverness Courier |language=en}}</ref> making his professional debut in a 1–0 home loss to [[Stranraer F.C.|Stranraer]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elgin City vs. Stranraer - 5 August 2023 - Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/08/05/scotland/third-division/elgin-city-fc/stranraer-fc/4104457/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> scoring 3 times throughout the season as Elgin finished mid-table.

At the end of August 2024, after again failing to make an appearance for Ross County, Ewan was sent on loan to [[Highland derby|Highland Derby]] rivals, and recently relegated to League One, Inverness Caledonian Thistle,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Ross County defender goes on loan to Inverness Caledonian Thistle |url=https://www.ross-shirejournal.co.uk/sport/ross-county-defender-goes-on-loan-to-inverness-cal-359732/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=RossShire Journal |language=en}}</ref> which came as a surprise to many, as earlier that month, it was reported that Inverness failed to pay Ross County loan fees for [[Alex Samuel]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=Dundee & County complain over Inverness fees |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/dundee-county-complain-over-inverness-113343412.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20v&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAG1VTlDUTaIsVg4aVEsd59tNthrqVev_Dx9RIwaTKSKaw5pEZRpW0eiIRq0Ib8F84tePx9CJM7EmyDduceF7_BuJ2M7M7iitBlqwjzbAk4QiwcSvEIxs2fEBMbDQE77c4U5BbrXSIlYBDiUXgftss6Xn2uauX58tRISiuI4mxO7I |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-AU |archive-date=2024-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831214302/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/dundee-county-complain-over-inverness-113343412.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20v&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAG1VTlDUTaIsVg4aVEsd59tNthrqVev_Dx9RIwaTKSKaw5pEZRpW0eiIRq0Ib8F84tePx9CJM7EmyDduceF7_BuJ2M7M7iitBlqwjzbAk4QiwcSvEIxs2fEBMbDQE77c4U5BbrXSIlYBDiUXgftss6Xn2uauX58tRISiuI4mxO7I |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=Inverness CT suspend takeover talks amid loan fees probe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c8jl82p4dvzo |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> however, Ewan went and made his debut for Inverness in a 1–0 home win over [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen of the South]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inverness CT vs Queen of the South: League One |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c0rw4511lxjt?page=3 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ewan, Connall}}
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Inverness]]
[[Category:People from Inverness]]
[[Category:Scottish footballers]]
[[Category:Association football defenders]]
[[Category:Association football defender stubs]]
[[Category:Ross County F.C. players]]
[[Category:Forres Mechanics F.C. players]]
[[Category:Elgin City F.C. players]]
[[Category:Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players]]
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[[Category:Footballers from Inverness]]
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{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conn Nugent

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{{short description|Irish American writer and policy analyst (born 1946)}}

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'''Conn Nugent''' (born September 13, 1946) is an [[Irish American]] writer and policy analyst who works with personal and family philanthropies to uncover domestic and international grantmaking opportunities. He is particularly experienced in environmental protection and historic preservation. Nugent was executive director of [[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]] (IPPNW). He was the first to hold that position and was in office when the organization was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{cite web| title =The Nobel Peace Prize 1985| url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1985/physicians-history.html}}</ref>{{fv|reason=Subject isn't mentioned on this webpage. How does it support the text about the subject being in the listed office in 1985?|date=March 2022}}

==Background==
Conn Nugent was born in [[Dublin, Ireland]] of Irish-American parents: James P. Nugent, a civil engineer, and Polly O'Donnell, a fashion model.{{fact|date=March 2022}} Nugent's paternal grandfather, James J. Nugent, worked as a labor-union organizer and Tammany politician.{{fact|date=March 2022}} His maternal grandfather was a coal industry lobbyist in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.{{fact|date=March 2022}} Nugent and his four siblings were raised in [[Larchmont, New York]]. He graduated with honors from [[Harvard College]] and [[Harvard Law School]]. In between, Nugent served two years with the [[Peace Corps]] in Costa Rica. His appointment in 1977 as executive director of the VingoTrust – a family foundation endowed by Boston investor William Appleton Coolidge – marked the first step in what was to become a back-and-forth pattern of running both foundations and the non-profits that rely on them.{{fact|date=March 2022}}

==Non-profit consulting and management==
Nugent has served as executive director of a variety of non-profits: they include [[New Alchemy Institute]] (solar energy); International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW); [[Five Colleges (Massachusetts)|Five Colleges, Inc.]] (curriculum development and retiree education); Liberty Tree Alliance; [http://www.citizensunion.org/ Citizens Union of the City of New York] (monitoring municipal government); and the [https://www.heinzctr.org/ Heinz Center for Science, Economics and the Environment] ([[carbon price|carbon pricing]] and federal tax policy).

On the philanthropy side, Nugent was the Founding Environmental Program Director at the [[Nathan Cummings Foundation]] (1990-1995), and served as Executive Director of the [https://web.archive.org/web/19970523202031/http://www.libertytree.org/ JM Kaplan Fund] (2000-2012). His Cummings portfolio concentrated on carbon-intensiveness in US transportation and agriculture. At JM Kaplan he developed a program that concentrated on North American cross-border ecosystems (grasslands in New Mexico and Chihuahua; hunting waters off Alaska and Yukon; fish larvae migration pathways in US, Mexican, and Cuban waters). The cross-border emphasis also informed Kaplan's Historic Preservation Program (prairie churches in North Dakota and Saskatchewan; cliff dwellings in Arizona and Sonora; Art Deco buildings in Miami and Havana).

Nugent has been a Member of the Board of Directors of [[The Land Institute]] (Salina, Kansas) for 24 years. He served as Chairman for eight years. He was also a Board Member of the Association of Massachusetts Grantmakers, the [https://ega.org/ Environmental Grantmakers Association] and the [https://biodiversityfunders.org/ Biodiversity Funders Group], and a Senior Fellow at the [https://oceanfdn.org/ Ocean Foundation].

In 2015, Nugent was asked by [[The Pew Charitable Trusts]] to a) assess the possible environmental consequences of mining the ocean seabed; and b) consider the advisability of a new Pew program on the subject. His reports informed the decision of the Pew Board to establish that program and set as its objective the first-in-history approval of an environmental protection rulebook to govern an industry before it begins. Nugent then agreed to become the first director of the Pew Seabed Project and remained at its head for four years.

==Writing and editing==
Most of Nugent's writing output has taken the form of private reports on philanthropic initiatives, usually on environment and historic preservation. Beginning with his tenure as Narthex of the [[The Harvard Lampoon|Harvard Lampoon]], he has also kept up a side career writing for newspapers and magazines. Nugent was a frequent contributor to Stewart Brand's [[CoEvolution Quarterly]], and designed and guest-edited that journal's “When Things Go Wrong” issue. His articles have appeared in the Boston Globe, Los Angeles Times, Newsday, and the New England Monthly.

Nugent devised and managed two award-winning websites of the 1990s: Liberty Tree Alliance (environmental news) and [https://www.gothamgazette.com/ The Gotham Gazette] (New York City politics). In 2003 Nugent and DJ LaChapelle produced one of the first wildfire crazes of the Internet: ''[http://welovetheiraqiinformationminister.com/ WeLoveTheIraqiInformationMinister.com]'', a site that showcased the hapless spokesman as a hero of French deconstructionists and Hollywood press agents. Nugent's writings include:

===Environment===

* "[https://web.archive.org/web/19970523202031/http://www.libertytree.org/ Starting an Enviro Program]," Nathan Cummings Foundation Annual Report, 1993.
* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/CultureConsumption1994.pdf Culture & Consumption]," Nathan Cummings Foundation memorandum, 1994.
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/19970523202031/http://www.libertytree.org/ Talking About Biodiversity]," Communications Consortium Media Center, 1996.
* [http://www.hifrontier.com/libtree/ Liberty Tree, 1997-98 (>200 pieces)], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970523202031/http://www.libertytree.org/ |date=May 23, 1997 }}.
* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Fuels.pdf Fuels & Prophecy]," from ''The Virtues of Ignorance,'' Jackson and Vitek, eds, Univ of Kentucky Press, 2008.
* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Optimism07.pdf Optimism Versus Hope]," ''Conservation Biology'', 2007–8.

===Nuclear weapons===

* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Greetings.pdf Greetings, Gorbachev]," Boston Globe Op-Ed, April 2, 1985.
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1985/physicians-history.html Nobel Self-Description], from [https://www.nobelprize.org/ NobelPrize.org], 1985.
* [http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/What.pdf IPPNW Manifesto], International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1986.
* "[http://articles.latimes.com/1986-10-14/local/me-3490_1_soviet-union Good News in What Might Have Been]," LA Times Op-Ed, 1986.

===New York City===
* [http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/GothamGazFrontPage12_29_99.pdf Gotham Gazette Homepage], 1999.
* "[http://www.gothamgazette.com/commentary/comm.2.shtml Virtues of Tammany]," GothamGazette.org, 1999.
* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Think.pdf Think Small. Think Big.]," Citizens Union, 2000.
* "[http://www.newsday.com/city-power-lest-we-forget-rudy-s-feet-of-clay-1.302839 Lest We Forget, Rudy's Feet of Clay]," Newsday Op-Ed, 2002.

===Philanthropy===

* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Money.pdf Money Out the Door: Seven Steps to a Happy, Healthy Family Foundation]," ''The American Benefactor'', 1997.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050322/http://www.jmkfund.org/Cross_Border_JMKF.pdf ''Cross-Border: JM Kaplan Fund, 2000-2005'']. (109 mb)

===Miscellaneous===

* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Havana.pdf Havana Province, 1977: Conversations with Cubans]," ''Co-Evolution Quarterly'', 1977.
* [http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Good.pdf Good Work, Good Rest: Some Ideas From William Morris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326164426/https://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Good.pdf |date=2025-03-26 }}, ''Co-Evolution Quarterly'', 1978.
* [http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/How.pdf Original Fantasy Baseball], ''Harvard Magazine'', 1981.
* [http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/When.pdf Guest Editor Issue], ''The Co-Evolution Quarterly'', 1982.
* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Central.pdf Central Square: My Part in Urban Decay]," ''Co-Evolution Quarterly'', 1982.
* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent//Old.pdf Old Sox: The One New England Yankee]," ''New England Monthly'', 1986.
* "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1510/is_n61/ai_6896870/ Thinking Big Thoughts]," interview, ''Whole Earth Review'', 1988.
* "[http://www.hifrontier.com/nugent/Seven.pdf The Seven Mysteries of the Universe]," commencement address, Buckley School, New York City, June 12, 2002.

==Personal life==
Nugent has four children with his wife, actor and writer Katherine Kormendi.{{fact|date=March 2022}} Two are in college and two attend public middle school in Washington DC.{{fact|date=March 2022}} Nugent has two older children from his first marriage: [[Benjamin Nugent]], a novelist and short-story writer, and [[Annie Baker]], a playwright. Nugent's brother [[Rory Nugent]] is a writer and reporter.{{fact|date=March 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19970523202031/http://www.libertytree.org/ J.M. Kaplan Fund]
*[http://www.ippnw.org IPPNW]
*[http://www.fivecolleges.edu Five Colleges, Inc.]
*[http://www.citizensunion.org Citizens Union of the City of New York]
*[http://www.nathancummings.org Nathan Cummings Foundation]
*[https://www.heinzctr.org/ Heinz Center for Science, Economics and the Environment]

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[[Category:American anti–nuclear weapons activists]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
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{{Source Wikipedia}}

Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute

2026-07-25T13:09:32Z

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The Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute
{{AFC submission|d|mergeto|Congressional Hispanic Caucus|u=Evrik|ns=118|decliner=Robert McClenon|declinets=20200404034528|small=yes|ts=20200404033413}} 
{{AFC submission|d|mergeto|Congressional Hispanic Caucus|u=Sunvidal|ns=118|decliner=Robert McClenon|declinets=20200331201956|small=yes|ts=20200331180125}} 

{{AFC comment|1=still needs ck on merge '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 09:47, 10 November 2020 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=This draft was declined four days ago with the recommendation that it be expanded into [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]]. This draft is being declined again with the recommendation that it be expanded into [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]].

If the submitter wants to argue that a separate article is in order, they may do that on the parent article talk page, [[Talk:Congressional Hispanic Caucus]]. If this draft is resubmitted again without first discussing, it may be Rejected or [[WP:MFD|nominated for deletion]]. [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|talk]]) 03:45, 4 April 2020 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=This draft contains more information than is currently in the parent article. The information in the parent article can be expanded. [[User:Robert McClenon| Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|talk]]) 20:19, 31 March 2020 (UTC)}}

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{{WQA in progress|type=|reason=Resubmitted per article talk page, [[Talk:Congressional Hispanic Caucus]].}} 


{{infobox organization
| name = Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute
| image =
| logo =
| size =
| abbreviation = CHCI
| motto =
| formation = 1978
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit foundation]]
| headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Ruben Gallego
| key_people = {{hlist|President and CEO: Marco A. Davis}}
| affiliations = [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]]
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| website = {{official|https://chci.org}}
}}

The '''Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute''' (CHCI), is a Hispanic nonprofit and nonpartisan 501(c)(3) leadership development organization established in 1978 by organizing members of the [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus|Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC)]] and is headquartered in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C]].

For over 40 years, CHCI has served as a principal resource, curating lasting connections between promising Latino/a/Latinx leaders with corporations, government agencies, nonprofits, and various organizations. CHCI supports the continued progress of Hispanic and Latino communities, ensuring their interests are represented across all sectors of society. CHCI focuses its vision to develop educated and civic-minded Hispanic leaders, dedicated to the advancement of U.S. society.

The institution is governed by voting members of its Board of Directors and supported by an Advisory Council composed of Members of Congress, corporate executives, industry experts, nonprofit leaders, and community advocates.

U.S. Representative for Arizona's 7th congressional district, [[Ruben Gallego|Representative Ruben Gallego]] currently holds the position of CHCI Chair, and Marco A. Davis serves as president and CEO.<ref name="gallego">{{cite web |url = https://rubengallego.house.gov/about/full-biography |title = Ruben Gallego |work = house.gov |date = 11 December 2012 |access-date = 6 May 2021 |archive-date = 21 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421102421/https://rubengallego.house.gov/about/full-biography |dead-url = yes }}</ref>

== History ==
In 1976, five Hispanic Members of Congress—[[Herman Badillo]] (N.Y.), [[Baltasar Corrada del Río|Baltasar Corrada]] (P.R.), [[Kika de la Garza|Eligio "Kika" de la Garza]] (TX), [[Henry B. González|Henry B. Gonzalez]] (TX), and [[Edward R. Roybal|Edward Roybal]] (C.A.)— organized the [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]] (CHC), a legislative service organization of the United States House of Representatives dedicated to issues affecting Hispanics and Latinos in the United States.

Two years later, in 1978, four members of the CHC, U.S. House of Representatives: [[Edward R. Roybal|Edward Roybal]], [[Kika de la Garza|Eligio "Kika" de la Garza]], [[Robert Garcia (New York politician)|Robert “Bobby” Garcia]], and [[Baltasar Corrada del Río|Baltasar Corrada]] established the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI), a 501(c) (3) nonprofit organization to serve as the educational arm to increase access and opportunities for the Hispanic and Latino community. In 1985, the CHCI Board of Directors was expanded from public officials to include other influential Hispanic leaders, including business executives and community advocates.<ref name="guidestar">{{cite web | url = https://www.guidestar.org/profile/52-1114225 |title = Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute | work = Guidestar}}</ref>

== Programs ==
;Graduate Fellowship Program
:The CHCI Graduate Fellowship Program is a paid, nine-month fellowship based in [[Washington, D.C.]] for Latino leaders interested in a specific public policy area including K-12 education, health, housing, law, and energy.

:As part of the program, participants research a public policy issue that relates to Hispanic Americans in their particular area of academics and develop an analytical policy paper read during the Policy Briefing Series on [[Capitol Hill]]. Based on the topic, fellows will organize the briefing, identify relevant subject matter experts to serve as panelists, and moderate the session.<ref name="hillhappenings">{{cite web | url = https://www.hillhappenings.com/list/2018/5/16/2018-chci-capitol-hill-policy-briefing-series-day-1 | title = CHCI Capitol Hill Policy Briefing Series - Day 1 | work = hillhappenings | access-date = 2021-05-06 | archive-date = 2020-04-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200404031829/https://www.hillhappenings.com/list/2018/5/16/2018-chci-capitol-hill-policy-briefing-series-day-1/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

;Public Policy Fellowship Program
:The Public Policy Fellowship Program is a paid nine-month fellowship based in [[Washington, D.C.]], for recent Latino college graduates pursuing a career in public policy. Participants work to understand policy issues facing the Latino community and how to propose effective solutions in legislation across entities such as congressional offices, federal agencies, national nonprofit advocacy organizations, and government-related institutes.

;Congressional Internship Program
:The Congressional Internship Program consists of paid summer and semester internships in [[Washington, D.C.]], for Latino undergraduate students interested in working in legislation and congressional offices.<ref name="geneseo">{{cite web | url = https://www.geneseo.edu/karla-lora-20-congressional-internship-program-update | title = Karla Lora '20: Congressional Internship Program Update | work = Geneseo}}</ref>

;R2L NextGen
:Through the CHCI R2L NextGen program, Latino high school students participate in a week-long all-expenses-paid training in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]].

== Events ==
;Hispanic Heritage Month Events
:Each year CHCI hosts a week of leadership events and celebrations in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], kicking-off [[National Hispanic Heritage Month]] with a two-day Leadership Conference and Annual Awards Gala.<ref name="nbcumv">{{cite news | url = https://www.nbcumv.com/news/media-alert-noticias-telemundo-livestream-presidential-candidate-forum-hosted-congressional | title = MEDIA ALERT: NOTICIAS TELEMUNDO TO LIVESTREAM PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE FORUM HOSTED BY THE CONGRESSIONAL HISPANIC CAUCUS INSTITUTE (CHCI) | work = NBC Universal | access-date = 2021-05-06 | archive-date = 2020-04-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200404024936/https://www.nbcumv.com/news/media-alert-noticias-telemundo-livestream-presidential-candidate-forum-hosted-congressional | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Members of Congress, corporate executives, community activists, educators, celebrities, media personalities, nonprofit leaders, CHCI program participants, and CHCI alumni all come together to examine the critical issues affecting the Latino community and the nation.<ref name="usnews">{{cite news | url = https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2019-09-10/2020-dems-talk-immigration-latino-issues|title = 2020 Dems Talk Immigration, Latino Issues| work = US News }}</ref> During the Annual Awards Gala, industry and community trailblazers are recognized and honored with the CHCI Medallion of Excellence award. With multiple categories, these awards go to individuals who serve as role models and examples of outstanding civic citizens in the Latino community. The honorees have a track record of contributions and accomplishments in their field with solid leadership and community involvement. The qualifying factor is philanthropic and civic engagement.

;Medallion of Excellence<ref name="aldianews">{{cite news | url = https://aldianews.com/articles/leaders/michele-bobadilla-jorge-ramos-be-awarded-medallion-excellence/52889 | title = Michele Bobadilla, Jorge Ramos to be awarded Medallion of Excellence| work = aldianews.com}}</ref>
*Excellence in the Arts
*American Dream Medallion of Excellence
*The Chair’s Medallion award is bestowed upon outstanding figures who have committed their lives to the betterment of Hispanic Americans.
*The Medallion of Excellence for a Distinguished Alumnus recognizes a CHCI alumnus who has made an outstanding contribution to the Latino/x community and who has thereby achieved distinction.

;Industry Summits
:CHCI puts on a variety of industry summits during the year tailored to address industry issues affecting the Latino community. Most recently, CHCI hosted the CHCI Economic Empowerment Summit and the CHCI Tech 2.0 Summit (1) back-to-back. Over 250 stakeholders, including members of Congress, thought leaders, corporate sponsors, industry advocates and experts, CHCI program participants and alumni, convene for high-level discussions and networking. These day-long summits consist of timely talks on industry challenges, best practices, trends, discoveries, nuanced realities, and opportunities.<ref name="itic">{{cite web|title=ITI Partners with Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute on its Second Tech Summit|url=https://www.itic.org/news-events/news-releases/iti-partners-with-congressional-hispanic-caucus-institute-on-its-second-tech-summit|work=Information Technology Industry Council}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Politics}}
* [[Congressional Black Caucus Foundation]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[:Category:1978 establishments in the United States]]
[[:Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American_history]]
[[:Category:Caucuses of the United States Congress|Hispanic Caucus]]
[[:Category:Politics and race in the United States]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Congressional Award

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{{Short description|Award given by U.S. representatives}}

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'''The Congressional Award''' is an award presented by the [[United States Congress]] to Americans aged 14 to 23.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |url=https://www.congressionalaward.org/about/ |title=About the Congressional Award |website=Congressional Award |date=29 July 2014 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728225632/https://www.congressionalaward.org/about/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Established in 1979, the program recognizes the initiative, service, and achievements of young people. The Congressional Award is nonpartisan and voluntary.

It recognizes the setting and completion of goals in four program areas: voluntary public service, personal development, physical fitness, and expedition or exploration. Based on their time commitments to each area, participants earn bronze, silver, or gold Congressional Award certificates and medals.

The Congressional Award was created by law on November 16, 1979, under [[Public Law 96–114]], also known as the Congressional Award Act. The legislation was sponsored by Senator [[Malcolm Wallop]] of Wyoming and Representative [[James J. Howard]] of New Jersey.

The Congressional Award operates as a [[public–private partnership]], registered as a [[501(c) organization]] and funded entirely by private-sector donations. It is Congress’s only official charity.

As of September 2011, more than 50,000 youths had registered as participants in the program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congressionalaward.org/|title=Congressional Award Foundation|access-date=November 7, 2025}}</ref> The Congressional Award is one of two congressional honors for young people, the other being the [[Congressional Medal of Merit]].

== Program overview ==
Once a participant registers for the program online or by mail, they receive a record book to track progress in the four key areas: voluntary public service, personal development, physical fitness, and expedition or exploration.

Participants must register officially to receive their record books, which are required to document and verify activities. After achieving their goals and meeting the program requirements, participants submit their completed record books to the national office for review. The office notifies them of approval or requests additional information.

== Program areas ==
The four program areas are voluntary public service, personal development, physical fitness, and expedition or exploration. The structure is designed to foster well-rounded growth, similar to the [[Duke of Edinburgh's Award]].

=== Voluntary public service ===
This area encourages participants to share their time and talents for the benefit of others. Activities must be unpaid and may include service used to meet graduation requirements. Youth are expected to provide direct service to the community, demonstrating sensitivity, commitment, and perseverance. Participants may set up to four goals per record book in this category.

=== Personal development ===
The personal development component challenges participants to broaden their horizons by pursuing new interests or advancing existing skills. Goals should focus on developing individual talents, life skills, or personal growth. Participants may set up to two goals per record book.

=== Physical fitness ===
This category promotes physical well-being through measurable fitness goals. Participants may take up a new physical activity or improve their performance in an existing one. Both team and individual activities qualify as long as they demonstrate progress toward improved fitness. School gym classes do not count toward this requirement. Up to two goals may be submitted per record book.

=== Expedition or exploration ===
This component aims to build self-reliance, determination, and cooperation through adventure and discovery. Participants plan and complete either an expedition (an outdoor or wilderness experience) or an exploration (a cultural or environmental experience).

Expeditions typically involve camping, hiking, or other outdoor activities that require planning and survival skills. Explorations focus on new cultural or environmental experiences, such as visiting historical sites, living on a farm, or traveling to another region or country.

Activities like conferences, camps, retreats, or organized tours do not qualify, as the experience must be independently planned and executed by the participant.

== Value-added partnerships ==
The Congressional Award allows participants to count many of their existing activities toward the program, through partnerships with youth organizations such as:

[[4-H]]

[[AmeriCorps NCCC]]

[[ASPCA]]

[[Big Brothers Big Sisters of America]]

[[Boys & Girls Clubs of America]]

[[Boy Scouts of America]]

[[Civil Air Patrol]]

[[Girl Scouts of the USA]]

[[Habitat for Humanity]]

[[Red Cross]]

[[YMCA]]

Activities completed prior to registration do not count. The award focuses on goal-setting and achievement, not past accomplishments.

== Goals ==
Participants complete the program by setting and achieving self-directed goals. Goals should be specific, measurable, challenging, and achievable. Advisors and validators assist participants in refining and documenting their goals.

== Requirements ==
Participants must complete a set number of hours and months of activity in each of the four program areas, depending on the award level pursued (bronze, silver, or gold). Participants work at their own pace, and higher-level awards include recognition for lower-level achievements.

Partial awards are not granted; all four program areas must be completed at the required level before an award is issued. The minimum time requirements encourage sustained engagement rather than short-term participation.

;Certificate levels:
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Minimum hours by program area'''
! Bronze
! Silver
! Gold
|-
| Voluntary public service
| 30
| 60
| 90
|-
| Personal development
| 15
| 30
| 45
|-
| Physical fitness
| 15
| 30
| 45
|-
| Expedition or exploration (days)
| 1
| 2
| 3
|-
| Total minimum hours
| 60
| 120
| 180
|-
| Total minimum months of activity needed (for each of the main three program areas)
| N/A
| N/A
| 6
|}

;Medal levels:
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Minimum hours by program area'''
! Bronze
! Silver
! Gold
|-
| Voluntary public service
| 100
| 200
| 400
|-
| Personal development
| 50
| 100
| 200
|-
| Physical fitness
| 50
| 100
| 200
|-
| Expedition or exploration
| 1 Night / 2 Days
| 2 Nights / 3 Days
| 4 Nights / 5 Days
|-
| Total minimum hours
| 200
| 400
| 800
|-
| Total minimum months of activity needed (for each of the main three program areas)
| 7
| 12
| 24
|}

== Congressional Award national events ==

The Congressional Award is a [[501(c)(3)]], [[non-profit organization]] that does not receive any funding from the federal government. Instead, they hold several fundraising events to support the program, most notably: The Congressional Award Chiefs of Staff Annual Golf Classic<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congressionalaward.org/events/golf.php |title=Congress Award |access-date=2011-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206045005/http://www.congressionalaward.org/events/golf.php |archive-date=2011-12-06 }}</ref> and The Congressional Award Chiefs of Staff Charity Poker Event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congressionalaward.org/events/poker.php |title=Congress Award |access-date=2011-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206044722/http://www.congressionalaward.org/events/poker.php |archive-date=2011-12-06 }}</ref>
The Congressional Awards' largest event is the annual gold medal ceremony,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congressionalaward.org/events/gold.php |title=Congress Award |access-date=2011-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205141317/http://www.congressionalaward.org/events/gold.php |archive-date=2011-12-05 }}</ref> held in the [[US Capitol]]. The June ceremony celebrates the accomplishments of gold medalists, bringing them together from across the country for a presentation of their Congressional Award gold medal by their member of Congress. Due to the large number of medalists, there are usually two ceremonies on Capitol Hill on the gold medal day.

Accompanying the gold medal ceremony is the gold nation experience, an opportunity for gold medalists to create new relationships with other outstanding youth from across the country. The optional program provides medalists with an opportunity to come to Washington, D.C. and see the city together. The gold nation experience usually runs from the week of the gold ceremony until the day after. The cost of the gold nation experience is greatly discounted to medalists due to the fundraising efforts of the Congressional Award Foundation. However, medalists must provide their own transportation to Washington. The gold medal ceremony also commemorates adults and their participation in youth fund raising and volunteering.

== History ==

The Congressional Award was created in 1979 with the passage of the [[Congressional Award Act]].<ref name="hist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.congressionalaward.org/about/history/|title=History|work=Congressional Award |date=July 29, 2014|access-date=September 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402181812/http://congressionalaward.org/about/history/|archive-date=April 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, the Act has had to be reauthorized to extend the Act's termination date. On July 23, 2013, [[Tom Carper|Senator Tom Carper (D-DE)]] introduced the [[Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act of 2013]] which would again extend the termination date of the program, pushing it from October 1, 2013, to October 1, 2018.<ref name=1348allactions>{{cite web|title=S. 1348 - All Actions|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1348/all-actions/|publisher=United States Congress|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130930145025/http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1348/all-actions/|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=1348text>{{cite web|title=S. 1348 - Text|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/senate-bill/1348/text|publisher=United States Congress|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130930144931/http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/senate-bill/1348/text|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[Congressional Budget Office]]'s [http://www.cbo.gov/publication/44505 report on S. 1348], the Congressional Award Foundation received no federal appropriated funds, but did receive free office space in a Congressional office building and did not have to pay for the medals produced by the U.S. Mint.<ref name=cbo1348>{{cite web|title=CBO - S. 1348|date=9 August 2013|url=http://www.cbo.gov/publication/44505|publisher=Congressional Budget Office|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921014816/http://www.cbo.gov/publication/44505|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

On September 24, 2018, [[David Brat|Rep. David Brat (R-VA)]] introduced H.R. 6862: [[Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act of 2018]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr6862
|title=H.R. 6862 (115th)
|access-date=October 12, 2018
|author=115th Congress (2018)
|date=September 24, 2018
|work=Legislation
|publisher=GovTrack.us
|quote=Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act of 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093303/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr6862
|archive-date=October 13, 2018
|url-status=live
}}</ref> On September 26, 2018, [[Michael Enzi|Sen. Michael Enzi (R-WY)]] introduced S. 2309, the corresponding Senate bill.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/s3509
|title=S. 3509 (115th)
|access-date=October 12, 2018
|author=115th Congress (2018)
|date=September 26, 2018
|work=Legislation
|publisher=GovTrack.us
|quote=Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act of 2018
}}</ref> On October 11, 2018, President [[Donald Trump]] signed [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/s3509 S. 3509], which retroactively reauthorizes the Congressional Award Board, effective October 1, 2018, until October 1, 2023, which administers the Congressional Awards Program.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-signs-h-r-1551-s-2269-s-3354-s-3508-s-3509-law/
|title=President Donald J. Trump Signs H.R. 1551, S. 2269, S. 3354, S. 3508 and S. 3509 into Law
|access-date=October 12, 2018
|author=White House
|date=October 11, 2018
|quote=Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act of 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120200813/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-signs-h-r-1551-s-2269-s-3354-s-3508-s-3509-law/
|archive-date=January 20, 2021
|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]
|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

==Other awards==

=== The Horizon Award ===

The Horizon Award<ref name="honoraryawards">{{cite web |url=http://congressionalaward.org/national-events/honorary-awards/ |title=Horizon & Leadership Awards |work=Congressional Award |date=15 August 2014 |access-date=2018-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921190903/http://congressionalaward.org/national-events/honorary-awards/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> is a special recognition from the Joint Leadership Commission of the Congressional Award Foundation and its board of directors. The Horizon Award is presented to individuals from the private sector who have contributed to expanding opportunities for all Americans through their own personal contributions, and who have set exceptional examples for young people through their own successes in life. These recipients have truly forged ahead, establishing noble horizons to which our youth can aspire.

Past recipients include:
* 1997 [[Jimmy Smits]], [[Tom Selleck]]
* 1998 [[Leeza Gibbons]], [[David Frost]], [[Grant Hill]]
* 1999 [[Mariah Carey]], [[Judith Hale]]
* 2000 [[Bob Lanier]]
* 2001 [[Esai Morales]]
* 2002 [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Wynton Marsalis]], [[Jerry Blavat]]
* 2003 [[Art Monk]], [[Charles Mann (American football)|Charles Mann]]
* 2007 [[Lauren Nelson]]
* 2008 [[Drew Brees]], [[Dwayne Johnson]]
* 2009 [[Nick Cannon]], [[Jimmie Lee Solomon]]
* 2010 [[Michael Oher]]
* 2011 [[Dominique Dawes]]
* 2012 [[Dikembe Mutombo]], [[Debbie Dingell]]
* 2013 [[Patrick Ewing]], [[Tony Horton (baseball)|Tony Horton]]
* 2014 [[Kevin Liles]]
* 2015 [[Steve Pemberton]]
* 2016 [[America Ferrera]], [[Cal Ripken Jr.]]
* 2017 [[Chris Doleman]]
* 2018 [[Curtis Martin]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doyle |first1=Derek |title=Curtis Martin Selected as Horizon Award Recipient |url=http://congressionalaward.org/curtis-martin-horizon-award/ |website=The Congressional Award |date=25 September 2018 |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014602/http://congressionalaward.org/curtis-martin-horizon-award/ |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== The Wallop Howard Leadership Award ===

The Wallop Howard Leadership Award<ref name="honoraryawards" /> is presented annually to individuals in the public sector who have displayed outstanding commitment to improving the lives of America's young people and providing critical support in the Congressional Award Foundation’s efforts to make the Congressional Award a national opportunity. The Leadership Award is presented by the Congressional Award Joint Leadership Commission, composed of The Speaker and Minority Leader of the House and Majority and Minority Leaders of the Senate.

Past recipients include:
* 1994 President and Mrs. [[Jimmy Carter]], Senator [[Malcolm Wallop]], Congressman [[James J. Howard|James Howard]]
* 1995 Congressman [[John Glenn]], Congressman [[Tom Bliley]]
* 1996 His Royal Highness [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], Senator [[Mark Hatfield]]
* 1997 Senator [[Bob Dole]], Congressman [[Esteban Torres]]
* 1998 Senator [[Robert Byrd]], Congressman [[Dan Schaefer]]
* 1999 Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]], [[Judith McHale]]
* 2000 First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]], Congressman [[Charles Rangel]]
* 2001 Congressman [[Donald M. Payne|Donald Payne]]
* 2002 Congressman [[Major Owens]]
* 2003 Congressional Award Chairman [[Tom Campbell (California politician)|Thomas Campbell]]
* 2006 Congressman [[Ed Pastor]]
* 2007 Senator [[Mike Enzi]], Congressman [[Rush D. Holt Jr.|Rush Holt]]
* 2008 Senator and Mrs. [[Trent Lott]], First Lady [[Laura Bush]]
* 2009 Congressman [[Chris Shays]]
* 2010 Senator [[John Culver]]
* 2011 Governor [[Dirk Kempthorne]], Senator [[David Pryor]]
* 2012 Senator [[Bob Bennett (politician)|Bob Bennett]]
* 2013 Senator [[Alan Simpson (American politician)|Alan Simpson]], Dr. [[Francis Collins]]
* 2014 Hon. [[Ray LaHood]]
* 2015 Hon. [[John Dingell]], Hon. [[Phil Gramm]], Secretary [[Ron Kirk]]
* 2016 Secretary [[William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.|William Coleman Jr.]], Secretary [[Norman Mineta]]

=== The Inspiration Award ===

The Inspiration Award is given to a Congressional Award Advisor who motivates, inspires and leads America’s youth to greatness.

== Adult volunteers ==

Adult volunteers are an integral component of the Congressional Award. More than 10,000 adult volunteers dedicate thousands of hours to promoting a lifestyle of service.

The Congressional Award is designed to bridge the gap between adolescence and adulthood. Working with adults is one way by which participants can achieve this. Most participants will work with five or more adults throughout the program: one advisor and four validators.

=== Advisors ===

Each youth selects one adult to serve as their advisor. Teachers, neighbors, clergy, and coaches are examples of possible advisors. The youth may select any adult to be their advisor, so long as the advisor is not a relative or a peer. The advisor meets regularly with the youth to assist him or her in goal-setting and completing the record book. The advisor must sign the youth’s record book prior to submission to the Congressional Award Foundation for review.

=== Validators ===

Validators assist the participant with individual activities within a particular program area. Validators should be knowledgeable and/or experienced in the activity being pursued. For example, if a youth’s goal and activities involved basketball, a basketball coach would make a suitable validator. Similarly, if a youth volunteers at an animal shelter, a senior employee or the volunteer coordinator would be an appropriate validator. An advisor can also serve as a validator. While not particularly common, this is appropriate if a suitable validator cannot be found.

In addition to advisors and validators, countless adult volunteers promote the Congressional Award Program throughout the country.

==The Congressional Award Foundation==
The Congressional Award Foundation is the non-profit entity that oversees the distribution of The Congressional Award on behalf of Congress.

=== Board of directors ===

The Congressional Award Foundation's 48-member board of directors is partially appointed by the joint leadership of both parties in the House of Representatives and the Senate. In addition to actively promoting the Congressional Award Program across the country, the board meets quarterly to assess the program’s growth and provide direction to the national staff.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congressionalaward.org/about/board.php |title=Congressional Award: National Board of Directors |access-date=2012-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802164739/http://www.congressionalaward.org/about/board.php |archive-date=2012-08-02 }}</ref>
[[File:PaxtonBaker10-24-10HeadShot.jpg|thumb|right|Paxton Baker, Chairman]]

National/appointed members denoted by asterisk (*)

''Executive officers''

* Chairman of the Board – [[Paxton K. Baker]]*, [[Washington Nationals]]
* Vice Chairman – Shawn Whitman, [[FMC Corporation]]
* Vice Chairman – The Honorable [[Rodney E. Slater]], [[Squire Patton Boggs]], LLP
* Secretary – Cheryl Maddox*, Kentucky
* Treasurer – Lee Klumpp, CPA, [[BDO Global|BDO]] USA

''Board members''

* Marc Baer* – VP, Health Services, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota
* Simeon Banister – Commercial Real Estate Appraiser with Midland Appraisal Associates, Inc. Rochester, New York
* Edward Blansitt, III – Inspector General, [[Montgomery County, Maryland]]
* Andy Blocker – Head of U.S. Government Affairs for [[Invesco]]
* Romero Brown* – CEO, Container Garden Club
* Anne Oswalt Bruce – Senior Director, Federal Affairs, [[Johnson & Johnson]]
* [[Nick Cannon]]* – California
* Edward Cohen – Principal, [[Lerner Enterprises]]
* [[Anthony Crowell]] – Dean & President, [[New York Law School]]
* Kathy Didawick – VP, Congressional & Political Affairs, [[Blue Cross Blue Shield Association]]
* The Honorable [[Debbie Dingell]]* – [[U.S. Representative]], [[Michigan's 12th congressional district|MI-12]]
* Mitchell Draizin* – Founder & President, Longview Capital Advisors
* David Falk – Founder, F.A.M.E.
* Beverly Gilyard – Director of Federal Strategy, [[AARP]]
* Patrick Gliha – Director, Federal Government Relations, [[Celgene]]
* George B. Gould – Washington, DC
* Dr. Larry Green – Maryland
* J. Steven Hart, Esq.* – Williams & Jensen, P.C.
* Jonathan Heafitz – Assistant VP, Federal Affairs, [[Pharmaceutical_care_management_association|PCMA]]
* Erica Wheelan Heyse – National Director, [[The Congressional Award]]
* Jesse Hill – Director of Regulatory Relations, [[Edward Jones Investments|Edward Jones]]
* The Honorable [[Richard Hudson (U.S. politician)|Richard Hudson]]* – U.S. Representative, [[North Carolina's 8th congressional district|NC-08]]
* David W. Hunt, Esq.* – Legal Counsel
* The Honorable [[Johnny Isakson]]* – [[U.S. Senator]], Georgia
* Dr. Brian Johnson – President & CEO, Advance Higher Ed
* Karlos Lasane* – VP, Government Relations, [[Caesars Entertainment Corporation|Caesars Entertainment]]
* Christopher Leahy – VP & Head of Government Relations & Policy, [[Bayer]]
* The Honorable [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] – U.S. Representative, [[Texas's 18th congressional district|TX-18]]
* Mateo Magdaleno* – Chief Education Officer, IDQ Group
* The Honorable [[Joe Manchin]]* – U.S. Senator, West Virginia
* Lance Mangum – Senior Federal Affairs Representative, [[FedEx]]
* Dr. Linda Mitchell – MSU Extension
* Kim Norman* – Co-Owner/Consultant, G2 Secure Staff
* Laura O'Connor* – Junior High Registrar, [[Alpine School District]]
* Michael Pitts* – Wisconsin
* Steven Roberts* – Founder & President, The Roberts Companies
* Beth Ann Ruoff – member of Ogilvy PR’s Strategy and Planning Group, Washington, DC
* David Schiappa* – Partner, [[The Duberstein Group]]
* Karen Sessions – VP of Millennium Challenge Corporation, Texas
* Michael Skahill – VP, Government Affairs, [[Smithfield Foods]]
* Chris Spear – President & CEO, [[American Trucking Associations]]
* Will Stute – Partner, [[McDermott Will & Emery]], LLP
* Chiling Tong* – President & CEO, National ACE
* Jason Van Pelt* – Executive VP, Crossroads Strategies
* Rita Vaswani* – VP & Relationship Manager, [[Nevada State Bank]]
* Kathryn Weeden* – [[Page_of_the_United_States_Senate#School|United States Senate Page School]]
* Shawn Whitman – VP, Government Affairs, [[FMC Corporation]]

=== National staff ===

The Congressional Award national office is located on Capitol Hill and oversees the day-to-day operations of the Congressional Award Foundation. To better meet the needs of youth, states are assigned to a geographical region—North, South, or West—with a designated program manager. The program managers work closely with advisors and youth in their region to answer any program-related questions and promote the program in their respective region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congressionalaward.org/contact.php |title=Congressional Award: Contact Us |access-date=2011-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108023909/http://www.congressionalaward.org/contact.php |archive-date=2011-11-08 }}</php></ref>

* Erica Heyse – National Director
* Derek Doyle – Director of Communications and Strategic Outreach
* Kirsten Gooden – Program Director
* Molly Geiser – Senior Program Manager
* Matt Tick – Program Manager
* Bethie Woodall – Program Manager

== Past financial uncertainty ==

The Congressional Award Foundation did experience a brief period of financial uncertainty. In a [[Government Accountability Office|GAO]] audit of the Congressional Award Foundation’s 2005 and 2006 [[financial statement]]s, the office identified<ref name="gao">[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08715.pdf Financial Audit of the Congressional Award Foundation's fiscal years 2007 and 2006 financial statements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529140056/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08715.pdf |date=2008-05-29 }} (May 2008), from the website of the [[Government Accountability Office]]</ref>
:two significant matters related to the Foundation’s financial statements. These matters concerned (1) the Foundation's ability to continue as a [[going concern]], which has been resolved, and (2) inconsistency between functional expenses reported in the Foundation’s annual information return ([[Tax forms in the United States#990|Form 990]]) filed with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the audited financial statements for fiscal year 2005.

The first "significant" matter referred to various problems, including a serious decline in the Foundation's assets: as of September 30, 2006 the value of the Foundation's asset had declined to under $8,500.<ref name="gao"/> Within a year, the asset value had grown to $125,000.<ref name="gao"/> The GAO also noted that the Foundation's national director paid over $23,000 to cover the costs of the Foundation's gold award ceremony during the Foundation's 2006 fiscal year; she was reimbursed for all but $664 by December 2006.<ref name="gao"/>

The inconsistency described in the second matter was resolved in the Form 990 and audited financial statements for fiscal year 2006.<ref name="gao"/>

Congress created the Congressional Award Fellowship Trust in 1990 to "benefit the charitable and educational purposes of the Foundation"; the Foundation withdrew $20,000 from the trust in order to support its 2007 operations.<ref name="gao"/>

The Congressional Award has enjoyed financial stability in the subsequent years, and its proactive fundraising initiatives are working to ensure that it will never again face a budget shortfall.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.congressionalaward.org/ Official website]
* [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/808 Congressional Award Act]
* [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-2865 Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act of 2009]
* [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s1348 Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act of 2013]
* [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/s3509 Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act of 2018]

[[Category:Awards by age of recipient]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of the United States]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
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{{Source Wikipedia}}

Congregations of the Northern Illinois District – LCMS

2026-07-25T12:55:37Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

The members of the [[Northern Illinois District (LCMS)]] are congregations and ministries located within the northern third of the state of Illinois of the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]]. The district is composed of 226 church congregations, consisting of 127,604 baptized members and 97,391 communicant members. Within the district there are 54 preschools, 67 elementary schools, and 9 high schools. [http://lcms.org/page.aspx?pid=456&reid=DqJqFdO4yxyAlUQ70lXKCg%3d%3d&bbsys=0&bbrt=0] The district office is located at 2301 South Wolf Road, Hillside, IL 60162. The current president of the Northern Illinois District is Rev. Dan P. Gilbert.

==Profile==

===Congregations===
1. Addison, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

2. Algonquin, IL St Johns Lutheran Church

3. Antioch, IL Beautiful Savior Lutheran Church

4. Arlington Heights, IL Saint Peter Lutheran Church

5. Arlington Heights, IL The Living Christ Lutheran Church

6. Aurora, IL Emmanuel Lutheran Church

7. Aurora, IL Hope Lutheran Church

8. Aurora, IL Iglesia Luterana San Pablo

9. Aurora, IL New Song Community Lutheran Church

10. Aurora, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

11. Barrington, IL Saint Matthew Lutheran Church

12. Bartlett, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

13. Batavia, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

14. Beecher, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

15. Beecher, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

16. Beecher, IL Zion Lutheran Church

17. Belvidere, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

18. Bensenville, IL Zion Lutheran Church

19. Berwyn, IL Good Shepherd Our Redeemer Lutheran Church

20. Blue Island, IL Salem Lutheran Church

21. Bolingbrook, IL Divine Shepherd Lutheran Church

22. Bonfield, IL Zion Lutheran Church

23. Bourbonnais, IL Good Shepherd Lutheran Church

24. Bourbonnais, IL Saint Pauls Lutheran Church

25. Braidwood, IL Shepherd Of Peace Lutheran Church

26. Brookfield, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

27. Burbank, IL Holy Trinity Lutheran Church

28. Burlington, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

29. Burr Ridge, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

30. Calumet Park, IL Mount Calvary Lutheran Church

31. Carol Stream, IL Our Savior Lutheran Church

32. Carpentersville, IL Faith Lutheran Church

33. Cary, IL Holy Cross Lutheran Church

34. Channahon, IL River Of Life Lutheran Church

35. Chebanse, IL Zion Lutheran Church

36. Chicago, IL Bethany Lutheran Church

37. Chicago, IL Bethlehem Lutheran Church

38. Chicago, IL Christ The King Lutheran Church

39. Chicago, IL Concordia Lutheran Church

40. Chicago, IL Ebenezer Lutheran Church

41. Chicago, IL First Bethlehem Lutheran Church

42. Chicago, IL First Immanuel Lutheran Church

43. Chicago, IL First St Paul Lutheran Church

44. Chicago, IL Gloria Dei Lutheran Church

45. Chicago, IL Grace Lutheran Church

46. Chicago, IL Holy Cross Lutheran Church

47. Chicago, IL Jehovah-El Buen Pastor Lutheran Church

48. Chicago, IL La Santisima Trinidad Lutheran Church

49. Chicago, IL Messiah Lutheran Church

50. Chicago, IL Mount Greenwood Lutheran Church

51. Chicago, IL Nazareth Evangelical Lutheran Church

52. Chicago, IL Our Saviour Lutheran Church

53. Chicago, IL Resurrection Lutheran Church

54. Chicago, IL Saint James Lutheran Church

55. Chicago, IL Saint Matthew Lutheran Church

56. Chicago, IL Saint Michael Lutheran Church

57. Chicago, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church (on South Dorchester)

58. Chicago, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church (on North Menard)

59. Chicago, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church (Norwood Park Township)

60. Chicago, IL Saint Peter Lutheran Church

61. Chicago, IL Saint Philip Lutheran Church (on South Eberhart)

62. Chicago, IL Saint Philip North Lutheran Church (on West Bryn Mawr)

63. Chicago, IL Saint Stephen Lutheran Church

64. Chicago, IL St Johns Lutheran Church

65. Chicago, IL Tabor Lutheran Church

66. Chicago, IL Trinity Lutheran Church (on South Burley)

67. Chicago, IL Trinity Lutheran Church (on North Meade)

68. Chicago, IL Wesley-Chicago Lutheran Church

69. Chicago, IL Zion Lutheran Church (on 99th and Winston)

70. Chicago, IL Zion Lutheran Church (on 109th)

71. Chicago Heights, IL Saint Pauls Lutheran Church

72. Cicero, IL Faith Lutheran Church (Stickney)

73. Country Club Hills, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

74. Countryside, IL Hope Lutheran Church

75. Crystal Lake, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church (on Mc Henry Avenue)

76. Crystal Lake, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church (multi-site on Pathway Court)

77. Crystal Lake, IL Prince Of Peace Lutheran Church

78. Crystal Lake, IL The Pointe (multi-site of Immanuel, Crystal Lake)

79. Darien, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

80. De Kalb, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

81. Des Plaines, IL Good Shepherd Lutheran Church

82. Des Plaines, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

83. Dixon, IL Christ Our Savior Lutheran Church

84. Dolton, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

85. Downers Grove, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

86. Dundee, IL Saint Peter Lutheran Church

87. Dwight, IL Emmanuel Lutheran Church

88. Dwight, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

89. East Dundee, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

90. Elgin, IL Calvary Lutheran Church

91. Elgin, IL Good Shepherd Lutheran Church

92. Elgin, IL Good Shepherd Lutheran Church (multi-site on Nesler Road)

93. Elgin, IL King Of Glory Lutheran Church

94. Elgin, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

95. Elgin, IL San Juan Hispanic Mission

96. Elizabeth, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

97. Elmhurst, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

98. Elmwood Park, IL Zoar Lutheran Church

99. Evanston, IL Bethlehem Lutheran Church

100. Forest Park, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

101. Frankfort, IL Good Shepherd Lutheran Church

102. Franklin Park, IL Mount Calvary Lutheran Church

103. Freeport, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

104. Freeport, IL Our Redeemer Lutheran Church

105. Geneva, IL Faith Lutheran Church

106. Genoa, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

107. Glendale Heights, IL Family In Faith Lutheran Church

108. Glenview, IL Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church

109. Grant Park, IL Zion Lutheran Church

110. Grayslake, IL Lord Of Glory Lutheran Church

111. Gurnee, IL Bethel Lutheran Church

112. Hampshire, IL Saint John Lutheran Church (Burlington)

113. Hampshire, IL Saint Peter Lutheran Church (Pingree Grove)

114. Hampshire, IL Saint Peter Lutheran Church of North Plato

115. Hampshire, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

116. Harvard, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

117. Harvey, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

118. Hawthorn Woods, IL Saint Matthew Lutheran Church

119. Herscher, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

120. Hillside, IL Hope Lutheran Church

121. Hillside, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

122. Hinckley, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

123. Hinsdale, IL Zion Lutheran Church

124. Hodgkins, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

125. Homewood, IL Salem Lutheran Church

126. Huntley, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

127. Indian Creek, IL Risen Savior Lutheran Church (Hawthorn Woods)

128. Island Lake, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

129. Itasca, IL Saint Luke Lutheran Church

130. Johnsburg, IL Jubilee Lutheran Church

131. Joliet, IL Our Savior Lutheran Church

132. Joliet, IL Saint Peter Lutheran Church

133. La Grange, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

134. La Fox, IL Lord Of Life Lutheran Church (Elburn)

135. Lake Forest, IL North Shore Lutheran Ministry

136. Lake Villa, IL Good Shepherd Lutheran Church

137. Lansing, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

138. Lansing, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

139. Lemont, IL Saint Matthew Lutheran Church

140. Lena, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

141. Lindenhurst, IL Beautiful Savior Lutheran Church

142. Lindenwood, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

143. Lisle, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

144. Lockport, IL St Pauls Lutheran Church

145. Lombard, IL Peace Lutheran Church

146. Lombard, IL Salam Mission

147. Lombard, IL St Johns Lutheran Church

148. Lombard, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

149. Loves Park, IL Reformation Lutheran Church

150. Lyons, IL Zion Lutheran Church

151. Machesney Park, IL Concordia Lutheran Church

152. Manhattan, IL Lutheran Mission

153. Manteno, IL Risen Savior Lutheran Church

154. Marengo, IL Zion Lutheran Church

155. Marseilles, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

156. Matteson, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

157. Matteson, IL Zion Lutheran Church

158. Mc Henry, IL Fellowship Of Faith Lutheran Church

159. Mc Henry, IL Zion Lutheran Church

160. Melrose Park, IL Apostles Lutheran Church

161. Melrose Park, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

162. Mokena, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

163. Momence, IL Our Savior Lutheran Church

164. Montgomery, IL Saint Lukes Lutheran Church

165. Morris, IL Friends in Christ Lutheran Church

166. Morrison, IL Saint Peter Lutheran Church

167. Mount Prospect, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

168. Mount Prospect, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

169. Naperville, IL Bethany Lutheran Church

170. Naperville, IL Word Of Life Lutheran Church

171. Naperville, IL Zion Lutheran Church

172. Niles, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

173. Northbrook, IL Grace Lutheran Church

174. Northbrook, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

175. Oak Lawn, IL Faith Lutheran Church

176. Oak Lawn, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

177. Oak Lawn, IL Zion Lithuanian Lutheran Church

178. Oak Park, IL Christ Lutheran Church

179. Orland Park, IL Christ Lutheran Church

180. Oswego, IL North Campus of Cross Lutheran Church, Yorkville, IL

181. Ottawa, IL Zion Lutheran Church

182. Palatine, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

183. Palatine, IL Prince Of Peace Lutheran Church

184. Park Forest, IL Hope Lutheran Church

185. Park Ridge, IL Saint Andrews Lutheran Church

186. Pecatonica, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

187. Plainfield, IL Peace Lutheran Church

188. Plano, IL Living Heritage Lutheran Church

189. Pontiac, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

190. Prospect Heights, IL Our Redeemer Lutheran Church

191. Richton Park, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

192. River Forest, IL Resurrection Lutheran Church

193. River Grove, IL Bethlehem Lutheran Church

194. Rochelle, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

195. Rock Falls, IL Good Shepherd Lutheran Church

196. Rockford, IL Christ The Rock Lutheran Church

197. Rockford, IL Mount Olive Lutheran Church

198. Rockford, IL Redeemer Lutheran Church

199. Rockford, IL Rockford Lutheran Church of the Deaf

200. Rockford, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

201. Rockford, IL Saint Paul-Northwest (multi-site of Saint Paul, Rockford)

202. Rockton, IL Saint Andrew Lutheran Church

203. Roscoe, IL Christ Our Savior Lutheran Church

204. Roselle, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

205. Saint Charles, IL Saint Mark Lutheran Church

206. Schaumburg, IL Historic Chapel (Ethiopian multi-site of Saint Peter, Schaumburg)

207. Schaumburg, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

208. Schaumburg, IL Saint Peter Lutheran Church

209. Shorewood, IL Hope Lutheran Church

210. Skokie, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

211. South Holland, IL Saint John-Grace Lutheran Church

212. Spring Grove, IL Community Of Faith Lutheran Church

213. Steger, IL Immanuel Lutheran Church

214. Sterling, IL Messiah Lutheran Church

215. Sterling, IL Our Savior Lutheran Church

216. Streamwood, IL Grace Lutheran Church

217. Summit Argo, IL Zion Lutheran Church

218. Sycamore, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

219. Thornton, IL Saint Paul Lutheran Church

220. Tinley Park, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

221. Union, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

222. Walnut, IL Holy Trinity Lutheran Church

223. Waukegan, IL Prince Of Peace Lutheran Church

224. Waukegan, IL Redeemer Lutheran Church

225. West Chicago, IL Trinity Lutheran Church

226. West Dundee, IL Bethlehem Lutheran Church

227. Westchester, IL Faith Lutheran Church

228. Western Springs, IL Grace Lutheran Church

229. Westmont, IL Bethel Lutheran Church

230. Wheaton, IL Saint John Lutheran Church

231. Willow Springs, IL Grace Lutheran Church

232. Winfield, IL Christ Our Savior Lutheran Church

233. Winnebago, IL Risen Savior Lutheran Mission

234. Wood Dale, IL Calvary Lutheran Church

235. Woodridge, IL Sanctuary 10:10 (multi-site of Immanuel, Downers Grove) www.sanctuary1010.org

236. Woodstock, IL St Johns Lutheran Church

237. Yorkville, IL Cross Lutheran Church

==Districts of the LCMS==

The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod is divided into 35 districts. Each district elects a district president who is responsible for the supervision of the district's congregations and church workers that includes evangelical counsel, care and protection. Each District is incorporated and meets in convention the year prior to the synodical convention to review and address its own issues. Districts and their presidents are under the ecclesiastical supervision of the President of the Synod. Thirty-three of our districts are geographical and two, the [[English District (LCMS)|English]] and the [[SELC District (LCMS)|SELC]], are non-geographical. The districts are as follows:

*[[Atlantic District (LCMS)|Atlantic]]
*[[California-Nevada-Hawaii District (LCMS)|California-Nevada-Hawaii]]
*[[Central Illinois District (LCMS)|Central Illinois]]
*[[Eastern District (LCMS)|Eastern]]
*English
*[[Florida-Georgia District (LCMS)|Florida-Georgia]]
*[[Indiana District (LCMS)|Indiana]]
*[[Iowa District East (LCMS)|Iowa East]]
*[[Iowa District West (LCMS)|Iowa West]]
*[[Kansas District (LCMS)|Kansas]]
*[[Michigan District (LCMS)|Michigan]]
*[[Mid-South District (LCMS)|Mid-South]]
*[[Minnesota North District (LCMS)|Minnesota North]]
*[[Minnesota South District (LCMS)|Minnesota South]]
*[[Missouri District (LCMS)|Missouri]]
*[[Montana District (LCMS)|Montana]]
*[[Nebraska District (LCMS)|Nebraska]]
*[[New England District (LCMS)|New England]]
*[[New Jersey District (LCMS)|New Jersey]]
*[[North Dakota District (LCMS)|North Dakota]]
*[[North Wisconsin District (LCMS)|North Wisconsin]]
*Northern Illinois
*[[Northwest District (LCMS)|Northwest]]
*[[Ohio District (LCMS)|Ohio]]
*[[Oklahoma District (LCMS)|Oklahoma]]
*[[Pacific Southwest District (LCMS)|Pacific Southwest]]
*[[Rocky Mountain District (LCMS)|Rocky Mountain]]
*SELC
*[[South Dakota District (LCMS)|South Dakota]]
*[[South Wisconsin District (LCMS)|South Wisconsin]]
*[[Southeastern District (LCMS)|Southeastern]]
*[[Southern District (LCMS)|Southern]]
*[[Southern Illinois District (LCMS)|Southern Illinois]]
*[[Texas District (LCMS)|Texas]]
*[[Wyoming District (LCMS)|Wyoming]]

==External links==
* [http://www.lcms.org The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]
* [http://www.ni.lcms.org Northern Illinois District - LCMS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019230509/http://ni.lcms.org/ |date=2016-10-19 }}
* [http://www.zionbensenville.org Churches in the Northern Illinois District - LCMS]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Congregations of the Northern Illinois District - LCMS}}
[[Category:Lutheran churches in Illinois]]
[[Category:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod churches]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Congregational churches in Leicester

2026-07-25T12:53:17Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

In [[Leicester]] in [[Leicestershire]], UK there been have been numerous [[places of worship in Leicester|places of worship]] of various denominations, including the [[Congregational church]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = Where Leicester Has Worshipped | url = http://www.laurel-house.co.uk/where-leicester-has-worshipped.html | year = 2008 | author = Moore, Andre | isbn = 978-0-9533628-2-0 | access-date = 2020-01-13 | archive-date = 2020-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200922204915/http://laurel-house.co.uk/where-leicester-has-worshipped.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.storyofleicester.info/faith-belief/|title=Faith & Belief - Story of Leicester|website=www.storyofleicester.info}}</ref><ref name = LU>[https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5mmEWH4C4V4J:https://swww2.le.ac.uk/departments/archaeology/research/projects/mapping-faith-and-place/map-downloads/worship.xls+&cd=18&hl=nl&ct=clnk&gl=nl&client=firefox-b-d Mapped - University of Leicester Archeology and Ancient History Mapping Faith and Place]</ref> The first Congregationalist church in Leceister was founded 1801. Numerous others were built in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |last = Binfield |first = Clyde |title = An East Midland Call: Its Context and Some Consequences. The Genesis of the Clarendon Park Congregational Church |publisher = Leicester Archeaological and Historical Society |date = 30 September 2005 |url = https://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/06Binfield107-128.pdf |accessdate = 14 March 2020| quote = None of the Leicester churches listed in the 1886 Congregational Year Book(...) predated 1800. That was the year when Bond Street was formed. Gallowtree Gate followed in 1824, then London Road, Oxford Street, and Wycliffe, in 1857, 1862, and 1867 respectively, followed by Belgrave and Emanuel in 1874, Humberstone Road in 1876 and, so recently that it first appeared only in the 1887 Year Book, Clarendon Park, formed in 1886: seven churches in thirty years.}}</ref><ref name = hist1958>{{cite web |title = The ancient borough: Protestant Nonconformity: A History of the County of Leicester: Volume 4 |publisher = Victoria County History |pages = 390–394|year = 1958 |url = https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/leics/vol4/pp390-394#h3-0003 |accessdate = January 11, 2020 |quote= The Congregational chapel in Bond Street was founded in 1800, partly by a secession of those members of the Great Meeting who did not welcome the advance towards Unitarianism being made by the meeting at that time. Their first chapel was in Granby Street, on the site of the subsequent Charles Street Baptist school. This chapel was purchased in 1801 from the Kilhamites or New Connexion Methodists. The Bond Street chapel was built in 1803 and enlarged in 1821 and 1864. A second chapel in Gallowtree Gate was built in 1823 and underwent considerable alterations during the last century before it was closed in 1921, together with the attached Sunday school. The building was demolished in 1927. Chapel Yard, on the West side of the street, is the only surviving indication of its existence. A Congregational chapel in London Road was built in 1858; one in Oxford Street, replacing an earlier building of about 1815, was built in 1863; one in Willow Street was opened about 1873 and closed about 1936; and the Union church in Humberstone Road at the corner of Newby Street was built in 1880. The Wycliffe church in College Street was acquired from the Collegiate School in 1866: the original Gothic building, erected in 1835, was designed by a Sheffield architect named Weightman or Whiteman. The church was bought by the Leicester Education Committee in 1954, but in 1955 was still used for services on Sundays.}}</ref> Many closed in the 20th century following the formation of union churches and declining congregations.<ref name = LAHS2007>{{cite web |last = Rimmington |first = Gerald T. |title = Congregationalism and Society in Leicestershire and Rutland 1916-1966 |publisher = Leicestershire Archeological and Historical Society |year = 2007 |url = https://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/2007/2007%20(81)%20137-1352%20Rimmington.pdf |accessdate = 27 February 2020}}</ref>

==Open churches==
[[File:Clarendon Park Congregational Church (42021687234).jpg|Clarendon Park Congregational Church|thumb]]
*Abbots Road (now United Reformed Church)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1361393|title=CLARENDON PARK CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, City of Leicester - 1361393 | Historic England|website=historicengland.org.uk}}</ref><ref name = LU/>
*Dumbleton Avenue (now Christchurch United Reformed Church)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christchurch-urc.co.uk/home|title=christchurch|website=www.christchurch-urc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name = LU/>
*East Bond Street, Great Meeting (now Unitarian) (formerly a united Congregational and Presbyterian meeting)
*Elmdale Street, Belgrave, Belgrave Union (a Nonconformist union church, formerly with Baptist and Congregational affiliations, now with Baptist and United Reformed Church affiliations)
*Hinckley Road, (now Westcotes United Reformed Church)<ref name = LU/>
*Linden Street, North Evington Free Church (formerly affiliated to Congregational Union, but now identifying itself as Baptist)
*London Road, [[Clarendon Park Congregational Church]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarendonparkcongregational.co.uk/home|title=Clarendon Park Congregational church|website=CPCC}}</ref>, a grade II listed building<ref name = LM2029/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name = LU/>
*The Common, Evington (now Wycliffe United Reformed Church)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wycliffeurc.uk/|title=Place of Welcome | Wycliffe United Reformed Church | Leicester|website=Wycliffe}}</ref><ref name = LU/>

==Closed churches==
*Bath Street, Belgrave, (demolished)<ref name = LU/>
*Bond Street 1803<ref name = hist1958/>(demolished)<ref name = LU/>
*College Street, acquired from the Collegiate School in 1866. The original Gothic building, erected in 1835, was bought by the Leicester Education Committee in 1954.<ref name = hist1958/>
*Collegiate Church (Congregational) (part of the old Collegiate School)
*Gallowtree Gate (1823-1921), demolished 1927<ref name = hist1958/><ref name = LU/>
*Granby Street (1801, enlarged 1821 and 1864)<ref name = hist1958/>, (demolished)<ref name = LU/>, later site of Charles Street Baptist school
*Harvey Lane
*Humberstone Road (1880), Union church<ref name = hist1958/>(demolished)<ref name = LU/><ref>{{Citation |last = Butt |first = Stephen |title = Historic England: Leicester: Unique Images from the Archives of Historic England |publisher = Amberley Publishing Limited |year = 2018 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=ZK-IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69&dq=james+tait+leicester#v=onepage&q=congregational%20chapel&f=false|isbn = 9781445683638}}</ref>
*London Road<ref name = hist1958/><ref name = LU/>opened for worship April 28, 1858- demolition July 1960<ref name = LM2029>{{cite web |last = Goddard |first = Jane |title = Distinctive Victorian city church was another loss to street scene during decade of demolition |publisher = Leicester Mercury |date = 15 May 2019 |url = https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/history/distinctive-victorian-city-church-another-2869663|accessdate = 25 February 2020}}</ref>
*Main Street, Humberstone<ref name = LU/>
*Millstone Lane (demolished)<ref name = LU/>
*Oxford Street (1815, replaced in 1863)<ref name = hist1958/><ref name = LU/>
*Peel Street,(demolished)<ref name = LU/>
*Sanvey Gate<ref name = LU/>
*Willow Street (1837-1936), Wycliffee church<ref name = hist1958/>, (demolished)<ref name = LU/>

==See also==
*[[List of Baptist churches in Leicester]]
*[[Catholic churches in Leicester]]
*[[Anglican churches in Leicester]]
*[[Methodist churches in Leicester]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* A Brief History of Free Churches in Leicestershire & Rutland, Rev A A Betteridge
* Leicester Congregationalism, 1800–1910, H T Chambers (1910)
* Those Taking Part 1802-1952: A brief history of Bond Street Congregational Church Leicester, E M Drew (1951)
* Abbots Road United Reformed Church: The First Fifty Years, Eric A Hanson (1979)
* The Story of Our Churches 1662–1962, Leicester & Rutland Congregational Union (1962)
* Centenary of the London Road Congregational Church, Leicester 1857–1957, W Orr (1957)
* Gallowtree Gate Congregational Chapel Leicester 1823–1921, Gerald T Rimmington (1999)
* [http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/archaeology/research/projects/mapping-faith/places University Of Leicester Archaeology and Ancient History Interactive Geo map of sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204231612/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/archaeology/research/projects/mapping-faith/places/ |date=2016-12-04 }}

[[Category:Churches in Leicester]]
[[Category:Congregational churches in Leicestershire|*]]
[[Category:Leicester-related lists|churches congregational]]
[[Category:Lists of churches in England|C]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Congregation of Teresian Carmelites

2026-07-25T12:49:49Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{mfd|help=off}}
{{AFC comment|1=Consistent lack of good secondary sources, proving the subject is notable. '''[[User:scope_creep|scope_creep]][[User talk:scope_creep#top|Talk]]''' 03:46, 6 October 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=at least 5 of these sources are hallucinated/dead or inaccessible suggesting creation by AI. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 07:10, 2 October 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Reference [https://aleteia.org/2023/11/08/indian-nun-mother-eliswa-declared-venerable-by-pope-francis/] is dead/hallucinated. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 07:07, 2 October 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Reference [https://international.licas.news/2023/11/10/pope-declares-mother-eliswa-a-venerable-catholic-nun-from-india/] is dead. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 07:05, 2 October 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Reference [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/archbishop-baccinelli-the-foreign-hand-that-gave-women-a-new-mission/article35670860.ece] is dead/hallucinated. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 07:04, 2 October 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Reference number 1 [https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2025-04/antoni-gaudi-declared-venerable-pope-francis-cardinal-semeraro.html] is hallucinated/dead. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 07:02, 2 October 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Twitter is not a reliable source. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 16:49, 13 September 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=Again, this organization lacks independent reliable sources that afford it significant coverage. The sources are almost all primarily about the saint who came from the group, not the group itself, and most of those were written by members of the order. [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 21:15, 12 September 2025 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|Roman Catholic religious institute}}
{{Draft topics|women|philosophy-and-religion|south-asia}}
{{AfC topic|org}}

{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}

{| class="infobox" style="width: 22em;"
|+ Congregation of Teresian Carmelites
|-
! Latin name
| ''Congregatio Carmelitarum Teresianarum''
|-
! Abbreviation
| C.T.C.
|-
! Type
| Religious Institute of pontifical right (for women)
|-
! Founded
| 13 February 1866
|-
! Founder
| [[Mother Eliswa Vakayil]]
|-
! Founding place
| Koonammavu, Kerala, India
|-
! Headquarters
| Edappally, Kochi, Kerala, India
|-
! Superior General
| Mother Shahila CTC
|-
! Purpose
| Education, healthcare, social work rooted in the Discalced Carmelite spirituality
|-
! Patron
| [[Teresa of Ávila|St. Teresa of Ávila]]
|-
! Works
| Education, Healthcare, Social Work
|-
! Website
| [https://ctcsisters.com ctcsisters.com]
|}

The Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (CTC) is a Roman Catholic religious congregation (of the Latin Rite) for women, founded in Kerala, India. It is a member of the Teresian Carmelite family and is primarily engaged in active apostolates, including education, healthcare, and social welfare.<ref name="KCBC"/>. The congregation was founded in 1866 by Venerable Eliswa Vakayil, who is recognized as the precursor of women religious in Kerala and a pioneer of girls' education <ref name="CCBI"/><ref name="CTC-Official"/>. The cause for the founder's sainthood has received significant attention from major media, and she is scheduled to be declared Blessed on November 8, 2025 <ref name="HT"/><ref name="Devdiscourse"/>

== History ==
The Congregation of Teresian Carmelites traces its origins to the establishment of the Third Order of the Discalced Carmelites (TOCD) in Koonammavu, Kerala, in 1866, making it the first indigenous Carmelite congregation for women in India.<ref name="CCBI"/>. The founder, Eliswa Vakayil (1831–1913), was a prominent widow in the region who was inspired to pursue a religious life, supported by the Italian Discalced Carmelite missionary, Father Leopold Beccaro <ref name="CCBI"/>. The TOCD was officially founded when Archbishop Bernardine Baccinelli signed the decree on February 13, 1866 <ref name="CCBI"/><ref name="Sanmiguel"/>

Mother Eliswa was a pioneer of social transformation, establishing the first convent school, boarding house, and orphanage for girls in Kerala, providing integral formation for women.<ref name="CCBI"/><ref name="Teresa"/><ref name="NIE"/>

In 1890, the original TOCD community bifurcated due to the division of Rites in Malabar. The Latin Rite sisters, led by Mother Eliswa, relocated to Varapuzha and became the Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (CTC). The Syro-Malabar sisters formed the Congregation of the Mother of Carmel (CMC). Today, both branches are independent religious congregations that continue Mother Eliswa's legacy.<ref name="KCBC"/><ref name="CCBI"/>

== Notability of the Founder ==
Mother Eliswa's life and work have received significant ecclesiastical and public recognition. Pope Francis declared her Venerable on November 8, 2023, for her heroic virtues.<ref name="Dicastery-Ven"/><ref name="Osservatore"/><ref name="RVA"/>. The Vatican recognized a miracle attributed to her intercession in April 2025 <ref name="Dicastery-Miracle"/><ref name="UCA"/><ref name="GSR"/>, leading to her scheduled Beatification ceremony on November 8, 2025, a major event covered by Indian national media <ref name="HT"/><ref name="CatholicConnect"/>

== Organization ==
The Generalate of the Congregation of Teresian Carmelites is located at St. Joseph's Vidyabhavan in Edappally, Kochi, Kerala.<ref name="CTC-Official"/>. The congregation is structured into 11 provinces, with a presence in 73 dioceses, including India, Germany, Italy, Austria, North Dakota, Rwanda, and the United States, governed by Superior General Mother Shahila CTC <ref name="CTC-Official"/><ref name="ORF"/>. In 2023, a contingent of Indian Teresian Carmelite sisters established a presence in Reutte, Austria, continuing the organization's international expansion into Europe <ref name="ORF"/>. As of 2025, the C.T.C. comprises approximately 209 convents and 1,500 sisters <ref name="CTC-Official"/>

== Apostolic Works and Global Reach ==
The Congregation of Teresian Carmelites is dedicated to the apostolate of service, focusing primarily on education, healthcare, and social welfare.<ref name="KCBC"/>. The sisters operate numerous educational institutions, including St. Xavier's College for Women, Aluva, a first-grade, government-aided institution founded in 1964 <ref name="StXaviers"/>. In the healthcare sector, the congregation manages facilities such as the P.S. Mission Hospital, Maradu, Kochi <ref name="PSMission"/>

Beyond India, the CTC has expanded its presence to the United States, dispatching sisters to serve in dioceses like the Bismarck diocese in North Dakota, where they serve in the Catholic Indian mission and other parishes.<ref name="CNA"/><ref name="CTel"/><ref name="Bismarck"/><ref name="Mission"/>. The congregation is noted for encouraging diverse vocations, such as the story of an Odisha woman who left factory work to join the Order's missionary apostolate <ref name="Odisha"/>. The congregation is also noted for its work addressing the specific needs of elderly nuns in India <ref name="GSR-Elderly"/>

== See also ==
* [[Discalced Carmelites]]
* [[Teresa of Ávila|St. Teresa of Ávila]]
* [[Congregation of the Mother of Carmel]]
* [[Archdiocese of Verapoly]]
* [[Women's education in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="KCBC">{{cite web |title=The Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (CTC) |url=https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/ReligiousDetails/52 |publisher=Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council |access-date=3 October 2025 |archive-date=11 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811225738/https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/ReligiousDetails/52 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="CTC-Official">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://ctcsisters.com/index.php/history/ |publisher=Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (Official Website) |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="CCBI">{{cite web |title=Mother Eliswa has been made Venerable |url=https://ccbi.in/mother-eliswa-has-been-made-venerable/ |publisher=Conference of Catholic Bishops of India |date=9 November 2023 |access-date=3 October 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="Devdiscourse">{{cite news |title=Mother Eliswa Vakayil: Path to Beatification |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3620811-mother-eliswa-vakayil-path-to-beatification |work=Devdiscourse |date=9 September 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Sanmiguel">{{cite book |last=Sanmiguel |first=Victor |title=Three Century Kerala Carmelite Mission 1656-1975 |publisher=Theresian Press |year=1986 |pages=72–74 |url=https://gpura.org/item/1986-three-century-kerala-carmelite-mission-victor-sanmiguel |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Teresa">{{cite web |last=Teresa |first=Dr. Sr. CSST |title=Christian Missionaries and Social Transformation through Education in Kerala with Special reference to the Archdiocese of Verapoly |url=https://verapoly.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Christian-Missionaries-and-Social-Transformation-through-Education-in-Kerala-with-Special-reference-to-the-Archdiocese-of-Verapoly-Dr.-Sr.-Teresa-CSST.pdf |publisher=Archdiocese of Verapoly |date=June 2024 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="NIE">{{cite news |last=Express News Service |title=Mother Eliswa, first Catholic nun in Kerala, moves closer to sainthood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Sep/10/mother-eliswa-first-catholic-nun-in-kerala-moves-closer-to-sainthood |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 September 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Kerala Catholic Church's Eliswa Vakayil to be 'blessed' on Nov 8 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-catholic-church-s-eliswa-vakayil-to-be-blessed-on-nov-8-101757447469582.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 September 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Dicastery-Ven">{{cite web |title=Promulgation of Decrees of the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/11/08/231108c.html |publisher=Holy See Press Office |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=3 October 2025 |quote=Eliswa of the Blessed Virgin Mary (née Eliswa Vakayil), founder of the Congregation of the Third Order of the Descalced Carmelites, now the Teresian Carmelite Sisters; born on 15 October 1831 in Ochanthuruth, India, and died on 18 July 1913 in Varapuzha, India;}}</ref>
<ref name="Osservatore">{{cite web |title=Venerable Mother Eliswa the Pioneer of Consecrated Women in Kerala |url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/2023-12/ing-048/venerable-mother-eliswa-the-pioneer-of-consecrated-women-in-kera.html |work=L'Osservatore Romano |date=1 December 2023 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="RVA">{{cite news |title=Pope Declares Indian Nun Mother Eliswa a Venerable |url=https://www.rvasia.org/asian-news/pope-declares-indian-nun-mother-eliswa-venerable |work=Radio Veritas Asia |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Dicastery-Miracle">{{cite web |title=Promulgation of Decrees of the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2025/04/14/250414b.html |publisher=Holy See Press Office |date=14 April 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025 |quote=the miracle attributed to the intercession of the Venerable Servant of God Eliswa of the Blessed Virgin Mary (née Eliswa Vakayil), founder of the Congregation of the Third Order of the Descalced Carmelites, now the Teresian Carmelite Nuns;}}</ref>
<ref name="UCA">{{cite news |title=Indian Catholic nun moves closer to sainthood |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-catholic-nun-moves-closer-to-sainthood/108530 |work=UCA News |date=15 April 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="GSR">{{cite news |last=Maniyattu |first=Joy |title=Indian Catholic nun Mother Eliswa Vakayil moves closer to sainthood |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/religious-life/indian-catholic-nun-mother-eliswa-vakayil-moves-closer-sainthood |work=Global Sisters Report |date=14 April 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="CatholicConnect">{{cite web |title=Venerable Mother Eliswa to be Declared 'Blessed' in Vallarpadam on 8 November |url=https://cc.pacifyca.com/news/venerable-mother-eliswa-to-be-declared-blessed-in-vallarpadam-on-8-november |publisher=Catholic Connect |date=6 September 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="StXaviers">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://stxaviersaluva.ac.in/ |publisher=St. Xavier's College for Women, Aluva (Official Website) |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="PSMission">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.psmissionhospital.org/about/ |publisher=P.S. Mission Hospital (Official Website) |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="CNA">{{cite news |title=Religious sisters bring witness of prayer to Bismarck diocese |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/29321/religious-sisters-bring-witness-of-prayer-to-bismarck-diocese |work=Catholic News Agency |date=28 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="CTel">{{cite news |title=Teresian Carmelites in India dispatch first group of sisters to U.S. |url=https://www.thecatholictelegraph.com/teresian-carms/17414 |work=The Catholic Telegraph |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="GSR-Elderly">{{cite news |title=Congregations in India shift focus on unmet needs of elderly nuns |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/congregations-india-shift-focus-unmet-needs-elderly-nuns |work=Global Sisters Report |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Bismarck">{{cite web |title=A Day in the Life of a Sister |url=https://bismarckdiocese.com/news/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-sister |publisher=Diocese of Bismarck |date=January 31, 2018 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="ORF">{{cite news |title=Indische Karmelitinnen ziehen im Kloster in Reutte ein |url=https://religion.orf.at/stories/3226848/ |work=ORF.at |date=14 March 2023 |language=de |access-date=4 October 2025 |quote=Karmelitinnen vom indischen Zweig der Teresianischen Karmelitinnen (CTC) ziehen in den Karmel Reutte in Tirol ein.}}</ref>
<ref name="Mission">{{cite web |title=Catholic Indian mission OF STANDING ROCK RESERVATION, NORTH DAKOTA |url=https://catholicindianmission.com/carmelite-sisters |publisher=Catholic Indian Mission |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Odisha">{{cite news |title=India: Odisha woman's journey from factory to faith |url=https://www.rvasia.org/asian-news/india-odisha-womans-journey-factory-faith |work=Radio Veritas Asia |date=25 April 2023 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Monahan |first=Finian |year=1994 |title=The Teresian Carmelites: Nuns and Friars in One Family |publisher=Darlington Carmel |location=Darlington, Durham |oclc=40522656 |pages=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1LfGwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |author=|year=1997 |title=Teresian Carmelites: Framed by Two Centenaries, 1991-1997 |publisher=Teresian Carmel |location=Rome |oclc=806291641 |pages=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpw_NQEACAAJ}}

== External links ==
* [https://ctcsisters.com Official website of the Congregation of Teresian Carmelites]
* [https://verapoly.in Archdiocese of Verapoly]
* [https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/ReligiousDetails/52 Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811225738/https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/ReligiousDetails/52 |date=2025-08-11 }}
* [https://www.ctcsistersavilaconnect.org/history-congregation.html CTC Avila Province]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Congo at the Africa Cup of Nations

2026-07-25T12:45:11Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|It is about congo or congo brazzaville. Source for every game have been provided}}
{{Draft topics|sports|africa}}
{{AfC topic|org}}

The national team of Congo or Congo brazzaville was most successful in the 1970s When it was called the People's Republic of the Congo. In this period Congo won its first and only Africa cup of Nations at 1972. 2 years later it came 4th <ref>https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/republic-of-the-congo-global-football-team-spread-from-bengaluru-to-bulgaria
http://www.ambacongo-us.org/en-{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Africa Cup of Nations record===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=9|[[Africa Cup of Nations]] record
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Sudan|1956}} [[1957 African Cup of Nations|1957]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''Part of {{fb|France}}''
|-
|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[1959 African Cup of Nations|1959]]
|-
|colspan=9|Played as '''{{fb|CGO|name=Congo-Brazzaville}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Ethiopia|1897}} [[1962 Africa Cup of Nations|1962]]||rowspan=3 colspan=8|''Not affiliated to CAF''
|-
|{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[1963 Africa Cup of Nations|1963]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[1965 Africa Cup of Nations|1965]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ETH|1897}} [[1968 Africa Cup of Nations|1968]]
|Group stage
|7th
|3
|0
|0
|3
|2
|8
|-
|colspan=9|Played as '''{{fb|CGO|1970|name=People's Republic of the Congo}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|SDN|1956}} [[1970 Africa Cup of Nations|1970]]
|colspan=8|''did not enter''
|- style="background:gold;"
|{{flagicon|CMR|1961}} [[1972 Africa Cup of Nations|1972]]
|'''Winners'''
|'''1st'''
|'''5'''
|'''3'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''9'''
|'''5'''
|- style="background:#9ACDFF;"
|{{flagicon|EGY|1972}} [[1974 Africa Cup of Nations|1974]]
|'''Fourth place'''
|'''4th'''
|'''5'''
|'''2'''
|'''1'''
|'''2'''
|'''7'''
|'''10'''
|-
|{{flagicon|ETH|1975}} [[1976 Africa Cup of Nations|1976]]
|colspan=8|''did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[1978 Africa Cup of Nations|1978]]
|Group stage
|7th
|3
|0
|1
|2
|1
|4
|-
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[1980 Africa Cup of Nations|1980]]
|colspan=8 rowspan=5|''did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|LBY|1977}} [[1982 Africa Cup of Nations|1982]]
|-
|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[1984 Africa Cup of Nations|1984]]
|-
|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[1986 Africa Cup of Nations|1986]]
|-
|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[1988 Africa Cup of Nations|1988]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ALG}} [[1990 Africa Cup of Nations|1990]]
|colspan=8|''did not enter''
|-
|colspan=9|Played as '''{{fb|CGO|name=Republic of the Congo}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|SEN}} [[1992 Africa Cup of Nations|1992]]
|Quarter-finals
|5th
|3
|0
|2
|1
|2
|3
|-
|{{flagicon|TUN}} [[1994 Africa Cup of Nations|1994]]
|colspan=8 rowspan=3|''did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[1996 Africa Cup of Nations|1996]]
|-
|{{flagicon|BFA}} [[1998 Africa Cup of Nations|1998]]
|-
|{{flagicon|GHA}} {{flagicon|NGA}} [[2000 Africa Cup of Nations|2000]]
|Group stage
|11th
|3
|0
|2
|1
|0
|1
|-
|{{flagicon|MLI}} [[2002 Africa Cup of Nations|2002]]
|colspan=8 rowspan=7|''did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|TUN}} [[2004 Africa Cup of Nations|2004]]
|-
|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[2006 Africa Cup of Nations|2006]]
|-
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[2008 Africa Cup of Nations|2008]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ANG}} [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|2010]]
|-
|{{flagicon|GAB}} {{flagicon|EQG}} [[2012 Africa Cup of Nations|2012]]
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2013 Africa Cup of Nations|2013]]
|-
|{{flagicon|EQG}} [[2015 Africa Cup of Nations|2015]]
|Quarter-finals
|5th
|4
|2
|1
|1
|6
|6
|-
|{{flagicon|GAB}} [[2017 Africa Cup of Nations|2017]]
|colspan=8 rowspan=3|''did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[2019 Africa Cup of Nations|2019]]
|-
|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[2021 Africa Cup of Nations|2021]]
|-
|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[2023 Africa Cup of Nations|2023]]
|colspan=8 rowspan=2|''to be determined''
|-
|{{flagicon|GUI}} [[2025 Africa Cup of Nations|2025]]
|-
!Total
!1 Title
!7/33
!26
!7
!8
!11
!27
!37
|}

==Participation history==
===Congo at the 1972 African Cup of Nations===

;Group B
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|winpoints=2

|team1=ZAI|name_ZAI={{fb|ZAI}}
|team2=CGO|name_CGO={{fb|CGO|1970}}
|team3=MAR|name_MAR={{fb|MAR}}
|team4=SUD|name_SUD={{fb|SUD}}
|win_ZAI=1|draw_ZAI=2|loss_ZAI=0|gf_ZAI=4|ga_ZAI=2
|win_CGO=1|draw_CGO=1|loss_CGO=1|gf_CGO=5|ga_CGO=5
|win_MAR=0|draw_MAR=3|loss_MAR=0|gf_MAR=3|ga_MAR=3
|win_SUD=0|draw_SUD=2|loss_SUD=1|gf_SUD=4|ga_SUD=6

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A|result2=A
|update=complete|source=
}}

{{footballbox
| date = 25 February 1972
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CGO|1970}}
| score = 1–1
| team2 = {{fb|MAR}}
| goals1 = [[Paul Moukila|Moukila]] {{goal|45}}
| goals2 = [[Ahmed Faras|Faras]] {{goal|34}}
| stadium = [[Stade de la Réunification]], [[Douala]]
| attendance =
| referee = [[Alfred Olimba]] ([[Football Kenya Federation|Kenya]])
| report =
}}
{{footballbox
| date = 25 February 1972
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|ZAI}}
| score = 1–1
| team2 = {{fb|SUD}}
| goals1 = [[Mayanga Maku|Mayanga]] {{goal|53}}
| goals2 = [[Omar Ali Hasab El-Rasoul|Hasabu El-Sagheer]] {{goal|55}}
| stadium = Stade de la Réunification, Douala
| attendance =
| referee = [[Sané Mady Diallo]] ([[Malian Football Federation|Mali]])
| report =
}}

{{footballbox
| date = 27 February 1972
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}
| score = 1–1
| team2 = {{fb|SUD}}
| goals1 = Faras {{goal|32}}
| goals2 = [[Bushara Abdel-Nadief|Abdel-Nadief]] {{goal|49}}
| stadium = Stade de la Réunification, Douala
| attendance =
| referee = [[Michael Wacka]] ([[Cameroonian Football Federation|Cameroon]])
| report =
}}
{{footballbox
| date = 27 February 1972
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|ZAI}}
| score = 2–0
| team2 = {{fb|CGO|1970}}
| goals1 = [[Jean Kalala N'Tumba|N'Tumba]] {{goal|16||59}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = Stade de la Réunification, Douala
| attendance =
| referee = [[Théodore Laclé]] ([[Togolese Football Federation|Togo]])
| report =
}}

{{footballbox
| date = 29 February 1972
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}
| score = 1–1
| team2 = {{fb|ZAI}}
| goals1 = Faras {{goal|36}}
| goals2 = Mayanga {{goal|3}}
| stadium = Stade de la Réunification, Douala
| attendance =
| referee = [[Robert Foiret]] ([[Mauritius Football Association|Mauritius]])
| report =
}}
{{footballbox
| date = 29 February 1972
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CGO|1970}}
| score = 4–2
| team2 = {{fb|SUD}}
| goals1 = [[Jean-Michel M'Bono|M'Bono]] {{goal|8||55}} [[François M'Pelé|M'Pelé]] {{goal|32}} [[Jonas Bahamboula|Bahamboula]] {{goal|46}}
| goals2 = [[Kamal Abdel Wahab|Abdel Wahab]] {{goal|37}} [[Ahmed Bushara Wahba|Wahba]] {{goal|44}}
| stadium = Stade de la Réunification, Douala
| attendance =
| referee = [[George Lamptey]] ([[Ghana Football Association|Ghana]])
| report =
}}
;Semifinal
{{footballbox
| date = 2 March 1972
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CMR|1961}}
| score = 0–1
| team2 = {{fb|CGO|1970}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Noël Birindi Minga|Minga]] {{goal|31}}
| stadium = [[Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo|Stade Omnisports]], [[Yaoundé]]
| attendance =
| referee = Mostafa Kamel ([[Egyptian Football Association|Egypt]])
| report =
}}

;Final
{{main|1972 African Cup of Nations Final}}

{{footballbox
| date = 5 March 1972
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CGO|1970}}
| score = 3–2
| team2 = {{fb|MLI}}
| goals1 = M'Bono {{goal|57||59}} M'Pelé {{goal|63}}
| goals2 = [[Moussa Diakhité|Diakhité]] {{goal|42}} [[Moussa Traoré (footballer, born 1952)|M. Traoré]] {{goal|75}}
| stadium = Stade Omnisports, Yaoundé
| attendance = 40,000
| referee = [[Abdelkader Aouissi]] ([[Algerian Football Federation|Algeria]])
| report =
}}

===Congo at the 1974 African Cup of Nations===

;Group B
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|winpoints=2

|team1=CGO|name_CGO={{fb|CGO|1970}}
|team2=ZAI|name_ZAI={{fb|ZAI}}
|team3=GUI|name_GUI={{fb|GUI}}
|team4=MRI|name_MRI={{fb|MRI}}
|win_CGO=2|draw_CGO=1|loss_CGO=0|gf_CGO=5|ga_CGO=2
|win_ZAI=2|draw_ZAI=0|loss_ZAI=1|gf_ZAI=7|ga_ZAI=4
|win_GUI=1|draw_GUI=1|loss_GUI=1|gf_GUI=4|ga_GUI=4
|win_MRI=0|draw_MRI=0|loss_MRI=3|gf_MRI=2|ga_MRI=8

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A|result2=A
|update=complete|source=
}}

{{footballbox
| date = 3 March 1974
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|ZAI}}
| score = 2–1
| team2 = {{fb|GUI}}
| goals1 = [[Ndaye Mulamba|Mulamba]] {{goal|18||65}}
| goals2 = [[Bangaly Sylla|B. Sylla]] {{goal|25}}
| stadium = [[Ala'ab Damanhour Stadium]], [[Damanhour]]
| attendance =
| referee = [[Saad Gamar]] ([[Libyan Football Federation|Libya]])
| report =
}}
{{footballbox
| date = 3 March 1974
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CGO|1970}}
| score = 2–0
| team2 = {{fb|MRI}}
| goals1 = Moukila {{goal|46}} [[Sebastien Lakou|Lakou]] {{goal|47}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Alexandria Stadium]], [[Alexandria]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| report =
}}

{{footballbox
| date = 5 March 1974
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|GUI}}
| score = 2–1
| team2 = {{fb|MRI}}
| goals1 = [[Morciré Sylla|M. Sylla]] {{goal|52||64}}
| goals2 = [[Daniel Imbert|Imbert]] {{goal|88}}
| stadium = Ala'ab Damanhour Stadium, Damanhour
| attendance =
| referee = [[Ahmed Gindil]] ([[Sudan Football Association|Sudan]])
| report =
}}
{{footballbox
| date = 5 March 1974
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CGO|1970}}
| score = 2–1
| team2 = {{fb|ZAI}}
| goals1 = M'Bono {{goal|70}} Minga {{goal|81}}
| goals2 = Mayanga {{goal|25}}
| stadium = Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria
| attendance =
| referee = [[Abdelkrim Benghezal]] (Algeria)
| report =
}}

{{footballbox
| date = 7 March 1974
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CGO|1970}}
| score = 1–1
| team2 = {{fb|GUI}}
| goals1 = [[Jacques Ndomba|Ndomba]] {{goal|65}}
| goals2 = [[Soriba Soumah|Edenté]] {{goal|60|pen.}}
| stadium = Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria
| attendance =
| referee =
| report =
}}
{{footballbox
| date = 7 March 1974
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|ZAI}}
| score = 4–1
| team2 = {{fb|MRI}}
| goals1 = Mulamba {{goal|15}} Mayanga {{goal|19||76}} [[Kakoko Etepé|Etepé]] {{goal|38}}
| goals2 = Imbert {{goal|61}}
| stadium = Ala'ab Damanhour Stadium, Damanhour
| attendance =
| referee = Wallace Johnson ([[Sierra Leone Football Association|Sierra Leone]])
| report =
}}
;Semifinal
{{footballbox
| date = 9 March 1974
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CGO|1970}}
| score = 2–4 ([[After extra time|a.e.t.]])
| team2 = {{fb|ZAM|1964}}
| goals1 = M'Pelé {{goal|76}} [[André Mbouta|Mbouta]] {{goal|81}}
| goals2 = [[Joseph Mapulanga|Mapulanga]] {{goal|49}} [[Bernard Chanda|Chanda]] {{goal|70||97||111}}
| stadium = Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria
| attendance =
| referee = [[Gratian Matovu]] ([[Tanzania Football Federation|Tanzania]])
| report =
}}
;Third place match
{{footballbox
| date = 11 March 1974
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CGO|1970}}
| score = 0–4
| team2 = {{fb|EGY|1972}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Mostafa Abdou|Abdou]] {{goal|5}} [[Hassan Shehata|Shehata]] {{goal|18||80}} [[Ali Abo Greisha|Abo Greisha]] {{goal|62}}
| stadium = [[Cairo International Stadium]], [[Cairo]]
| attendance =
| referee = [[Gebreysus Tesfaye]] ([[Ethiopian Football Federation|Ethiopia]])
| report =
}}

===Congo at the 1978 African Cup of Nations===

;Group B
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|winpoints=2

|team1=UGA|name_UGA={{fb|UGA}}
|team2=TUN|name_TUN={{fb|TUN|1959}}
|team3=MAR|name_MAR={{fb|MAR}}
|team4=CGO|name_CGO={{fb|CGO|1970}}
|win_UGA=2|draw_UGA=0|loss_UGA=1|gf_UGA=7|ga_UGA=4
|win_TUN=1|draw_TUN=2|loss_TUN=0|gf_TUN=4|ga_TUN=2
|win_MAR=1|draw_MAR=1|loss_MAR=1|gf_MAR=2|ga_MAR=4
|win_CGO=0|draw_CGO=1|loss_CGO=2|gf_CGO=1|ga_CGO=4

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A|result2=A
|update=complete|source=
}}

{{football box
| date = 6 March 1978
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}
| score = 1–1
| team2 = {{fb|TUN|1959}}
| goals1 = [[Hassan Amcharrat|Acila]] {{goal|29}}
| goals2 = [[Ali Kaabi|Kaabi]] {{goal|63}}
| stadium = [[Kumasi Sports Stadium]], [[Kumasi]]
| attendance =
| referee = [[Gebreyesus Tesfaye]] (Ethiopia)
| report = [http://www.11v11.com/matches/tunisia-v-morocco-06-march-1978-234628 Report]
}}

{{football box
| date = 6 March 1978
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|UGA}}
| score = 3–1
| team2 = {{fb|CGO|1970}}
| goals1 = [[Phillip Omondi|Omondi]] {{goal|1}} [[Edward Semwanga|Semwanga]] {{goal|31}} [[Godfrey Kisitu|Kisitu]] {{goal|81}}
| goals2 = [[Jacques Mamounoubala|Mamounoubala]] {{goal|80}}
| stadium = Kumasi Sports Stadium, Kumasi
| attendance =
| referee = [[Hussein Fahmy]] (Egypt)
| report = [http://www.11v11.com/matches/uganda-v-congo-06-march-1978-234627 Report]
}}

{{football box
| date = 9 March 1978
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|TUN|1959}}
| score = 3–1
| team2 = {{fb|UGA}}
| goals1 = [[Mohsen Labidi|Labidi]] {{goal|36}} [[Abderraouf Ben Aziza|Ben Aziza]] {{goal|38||83}}
| goals2 = [[Samuel Musenze|Musenze]] {{goal|71}}
| stadium = Kumasi Sports Stadium, Kumasi
| attendance = {{formatnum:50000}}
| referee = Abdelkader Aouissi (Algeria)
| report = [http://www.11v11.com/matches/uganda-v-tunisia-09-march-1978-234636 Report]
}}

{{football box
| date = 9 March 1978
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}
| score = 1–0
| team2 = {{fb|CGO|1970}}
| goals1 = Acila {{goal|28}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = Kumasi Sports Stadium, Kumasi
| attendance = {{formatnum:50000}}
| referee = [[Youssou N'Diaye]] ([[Senegal Football Association|Senegal]])
| report = [http://www.11v11.com/matches/morocco-v-congo-09-march-1978-234635 Report]
}}

{{football box
| date = 11 March 1978
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CGO|1970}}
| score = 0–0
| team2 = {{fb|TUN|1959}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = Kumasi Sports Stadium, Kumasi
| attendance = {{formatnum:20000}}
| referee = [[Salem Mohamed Adal]] (Libya)
| report = [http://www.11v11.com/matches/tunisia-v-congo-11-march-1978-234640 Report]
}}

{{football box
| date = 11 March 1978
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|UGA}}
| score = 3–0
| team2 = {{fb|MAR}}
| goals1 = Kisitu {{goal|13}} [[Moses Msereko|Nsereko]] {{goal|32}} Omondi {{goal|36}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = Kumasi Sports Stadium, Kumasi
| attendance = {{formatnum:20000}}
| referee = [[Théophile Lawson-Hétchéli]] (Togo)
| report = [http://www.11v11.com/matches/uganda-v-morocco-11-march-1978-234639 Report]
}}

===Congo at the 1992 African Cup of Nations===

;Group C
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|winpoints=2

|team1=CIV|name_CIV={{fb|CIV}}
|team2=CGO|name_CGO={{fb|CGO}}
|team3=ALG|name_ALG={{fb|ALG}}
|win_CIV=1|draw_CIV=1|loss_CIV=0|gf_CIV=3|ga_CIV=0
|win_CGO=0|draw_CGO=2|loss_CGO=0|gf_CGO=1|ga_CGO=1
|win_ALG=0|draw_ALG=1|loss_ALG=1|gf_ALG=1|ga_ALG=4

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A|result2=A
|update=complete|source=
}}

{{football box
| date = January 13, 1992
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CIV}}
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120923233736/http://www.dzfoot.com/fiche-1136.php Report]
| team2 = {{fb|ALG}}
| goals1 = [[Ben Badi|A. Traoré]] {{goal|14}} [[Youssouf Falikou Fofana|Fofana]] {{goal|25}} [[Joël Tiéhi|Tiéhi]] {{goal|89}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Stade Aline Sitoe Diatta]], [[Ziguinchor]]
| attendance = 5,000
| referee = [[Mohamed Hounnake-Kouassi]] (Togo)
}}

{{football box
| date = January 15, 1992
| team1 = {{fb-rt|CIV}}
| score = 0–0
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|CGO}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = Stade Aline Sitoe Diatta, Ziguinchor
| attendance = 5,000
| referee = [[Rafhidi Ali]] (Tanzania)
}}

{{football box
| date = January 17, 1992
| team1 = {{fb-rt|ALG}}
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120923233742/http://www.dzfoot.com/fiche-1137.php Report]
| team2 = {{fb|CGO}}
| goals1 = [[Nacer Bouiche|Bouiche]] {{goal|44}}
| goals2 = [[Pierre Tchibota|Tchibota]] {{goal|6}}
| stadium = Stade Aline Sitoe Diatta, Ziguinchor
| attendance = 5,000
| referee = [[Christopher Musaabi]] ([[Federation of Uganda Football Associations|Uganda]])
}}

;Quarter-final
{{football box
| date = January 20, 1992
| team1 = {{fb-rt|GHA}}
| score = 2–1
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|CGO}}
| goals1 = [[Anthony Yeboah|Yeboah]] {{goal|29}} [[Abedi Pele]] {{goal|57}}
| goals2 = Tchibota {{goal|52}}
| stadium = [[Stade Léopold Sédar Senghor|Stade de l'Amitié]], [[Dakar]]
| attendance = 15,000
| referee = [[Ibrahim Faye]] ([[Gambia Football Association|Gambia]])
}}

===Congo at the 2000 African Cup of Nations===

;Group D
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n

|team1=NGR|name_NGR={{fb|NGR}}
|team2=TUN|name_TUN={{fb|TUN}}
|team3=MAR|name_MAR={{fb|MAR}}
|team4=CGO|name_CGO={{fb|CGO}}
|win_NGR=2|draw_NGR=1|loss_NGR=0|gf_NGR=6|ga_NGR=2
|win_TUN=1|draw_TUN=1|loss_TUN=1|gf_TUN=3|ga_TUN=4
|win_MAR=1|draw_MAR=1|loss_MAR=1|gf_MAR=1|ga_MAR=2
|win_CGO=0|draw_CGO=1|loss_CGO=2|gf_CGO=0|ga_CGO=2

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A|result2=A
|update=complete|source=
}}

{{football box
| date = 23 January 2000
| time = 16:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|NGA}}
| score = 4–2
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|TUN}}
| goals1 = [[Jay-Jay Okocha|Okocha]] {{goal|28||58}} [[Victor Ikpeba|Ikpeba]] {{goal|71||77}}
| goals2 = [[Adel Sellimi|Sellimi]] {{goal|49}} [[Zoubeir Baya|Baya]] {{goal|90}}
| stadium = [[National Stadium, Lagos|National Stadium]], [[Lagos]]
| attendance = 80,000
| referee = [[Alain Sars]] ([[French Football Federation|France]])
}}

{{football box
| date = 25 January 2000
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}
| score = 1–0
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|CGO}}
| goals1 = [[Salaheddine Bassir|Bassir]] {{goal|85}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = National Stadium, Lagos
| attendance = 8,000
| referee = [[Alex Quartey]] (Ghana)
}}

{{football box
| date = 28 January 2000
| time = 16:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|NGA}}
| score = 0–0
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|CGO}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = National Stadium, Lagos
| attendance = 60,000
| referee = [[Felix Tangawarima]] ([[Zimbabwe Football Association|Zimbabwe]])
}}

{{football box
| date = 29 January 2000
| time = 16:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|TUN}}
| score = 0–0
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|MAR}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = National Stadium, Lagos
| attendance = 5,000
| referee = [[Falla N'Doye]] ([[Senegalese Football Federation|Senegal]])
}}

{{football box
| date = 3 February 2000
| time = 17:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|NGA}}
| score = 2–0
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|MAR}}
| goals1 = [[Finidi George|George]] {{goal|28}} [[Julius Aghahowa|Aghahowa]] {{goal|81}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = National Stadium, Lagos
| attendance = 60,000
| referee = [[Coffi Codjia]] ([[Benin Football Federation|Benin]])
}}

{{football box
| date = 3 February 2000
| time = 17:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|TUN}}
| score = 1–0
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|CGO}}
| goals1 = [[Radhi Jaïdi|Jaïdi]] {{goal|18}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Sani Abacha Stadium]], [[Kano (city)|Kano]]
| attendance = 12,000
| referee = [[Ali Bujsaim]] ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|United Arab Emirates]])
}}

===Congo at the 2015 African Cup of Nations===

;Group A
{{Main|2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group A}}
{{:2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group A}}

{| style="width:100%" cellspacing="1"
|-
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!width=25%|
|-
|17 January 2015
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|{{fb-rt|EQG}}||align=center|[[2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group A#Equatorial Guinea vs Congo|1–1]]||{{fb|CGO}}||[[Estadio de Bata]], [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|{{fb-rt|BFA}}||align=center|[[2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group A#Burkina Faso vs Gabon|0–2]]||{{fb|GAB}}||Estadio de Bata, Bata
|-
|21 January 2015
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|{{fb-rt|EQG}}||align=center|[[2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group A#Equatorial Guinea vs Burkina Faso|0–0]]||{{fb|BFA}}||Estadio de Bata, Bata
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|{{fb-rt|GAB}}||align=center|[[2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group A#Gabon vs Congo|0–1]]||{{fb|CGO}}||Estadio de Bata, Bata
|-
|25 January 2015
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|{{fb-rt|GAB}}||align=center|[[2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group A#Gabon vs Equatorial Guinea|0–2]]||{{fb|EQG}}||Estadio de Bata, Bata
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|{{fb-rt|CGO}}||align=center|[[2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group A#Congo vs Burkina Faso|2–1]]||{{fb|BFA}}||[[Nuevo Estadio de Ebebiyín]], [[Ebebiyín]]
|}

;Quarter-final
{{Football box
|date=31 January 2015
|time=17:00
|team1={{fb-rt|CGO}}
|score=[[2015 Africa Cup of Nations knockout stage#Congo vs DR Congo|2–4]]
|report=[http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/orangeafricacupofnations,equatorialguinea2015/MatchDetails?MatchId=t57HYc%2b4FoaPUSf1GbPg93TnktG%2b%2bjoaAEZGF8HqRyjNTJc4O4VHZHoK3MjXPTa0 Report]
|team2={{fb|COD}}
|goals1=[[Férébory Doré|Doré]] {{goal|55}} [[Thievy Bifouma|Bifouma]] {{goal|62}}
|goals2=[[Dieumerci Mbokani|Mbokani]] {{goal|65||90+1}} [[Jeremy Bokila|Bokila]] {{goal|75}} [[Joël Kimwaki|Kimwaki]] {{goal|81}}
|stadium=Estadio de Bata, Bata
|attendance=31,670
|referee=[[Bernard Camille]] ([[Seychelles Football Federation|Seychelles]])
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/republic-of-the-congo-global-football-team-spread-from-bengaluru-to-bulgaria
http://www.ambacongo-us.org/en-{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
us/aboutcongo/peopleculture/sports.aspx

1972
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/72a.html Details at RSSSF]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/ak/EgyptianSports/AfricanCup72.html Details at www.angelfire.com]
* [http://footballmundial.tripod.com/caf/caf_1972_74.htm#1972 footballmundial.tripod.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310105759/http://footballmundial.tripod.com/caf/caf_1972_74.htm#1972 |date=2016-03-10 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012154545/http://www.world-results.net/football/anc/anc1972.html www.world-results.net]

1974
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/74a.html Details at RSSSF]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/ak/EgyptianSports/AfricanCup74.html Details at www.angelfire.com]
* [http://footballmundial.tripod.com/caf/caf_1972_74.htm#1974 footballmundial.tripod.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310105759/http://footballmundial.tripod.com/caf/caf_1972_74.htm#1974 |date=2016-03-10 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010071105/http://www.world-results.net/football/anc/anc1974.html www.world-results.net]

1978

* [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/78a.html Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF)]
* [http://footballmundial.tripod.com/caf/caf_1976_78.htm#1978 footballmundial.tripod.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310082535/http://footballmundial.tripod.com/caf/caf_1976_78.htm#1978 |date=2016-03-10 }}

1992
{{commons category|1992 African Cup of Nations}}
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/92a.html Details at RSSSF]

2000
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/00a-det.html Details at RSSSF]

2015
https://africanfootball.com/tournament-matches/433/2015-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Congleton Musical Theatre

2026-07-25T12:36:00Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=Hi.

I’m sorry, but the sourcing here isn’t helping the subject meet our [[WP:GNG|General Notability Guidelines]] nor [[WP:NORG]]. All the sourcing here is primary, except two passing mentions in the Warrington Guardian and perhaps the Congleton Chronicle (that is offline so I don’t know).

We need *significant* in-depth coverage (that is independent of the subject - meaning no promotional pieces, government websites, event websites, social media, press releases, paid coverage) in notable major media outlets or by notable publishers about Congleton Musical Theatre. Examples: magazine and newspaper reviews and features about Congleton Musical Theatre specifically; books or peer-reviewed white papers written ABOUT Congleton Musical Theatre; television and radio features ABOUT Congleton Musical Theatre.

Frankly, if the subject isn’t passing WP:NORG they may not be eligible for an encyclopedic article.

Also see [[WP:RS]] for additional guidance on what reliable secondary sources are.

If those are available, please improve this submission. If not, then it might not be the right time ([[WP:TOOSOON]]) for Congleton Musical Theatre to have a Wikipedia article.

I hope you will consider improving existing Wikipedia content about other subjects of interest!

'''If you have any questions please ask them at [[WP:TEAHOUSE]]'''.

Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia! [[User:Missvain|Missvain]] ([[User talk:Missvain|talk]]) 14:59, 26 July 2022 (UTC)}}

----
{{Short description|Amateur theatre group in Congleton}}
{{Infobox theatre group
| name = Congleton Musical Theatre
| image =Daneside Theatre.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =[[Daneside Theatre]] is the current home of Congleton Musical Theatre.
| formed = {{Start date and age|1932}}
| genre = [[Theatre|Amateur theatrical group]]
| location = Daneside Theatre, [[Congleton]], [[England]]
| members =
| ArtisticDirector =
| notable =
| homepage = [https://www.congletonmusicaltheatre.co.uk/ Official website]
}}
'''Congleton Musical Theatre''' is an amateur theatre group based in Congleton, England.

Congleton Musical Theatre was founded in 1932 as Congleton Amateur Operatic Society.<ref name="COMEOFAGE">{{Cite news |date=22 November 1960 |title=OPERATIC SOCIETY COME OF AGE |page=3 |newspaper=[[Evening Sentinel]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109937165/operatic-society-come-of-age/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922092215/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109937165/operatic-society-come-of-age/ |archive-date=22 September 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Congleton Musical Theatre puts on one performance a year at Daneside Theatre.

The theatre group is a member of the [[National Operatic and Dramatic Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congleton Musical Theatre - NODA |url=https://www.noda.org.uk/societies/congleton-musical-theatre |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.noda.org.uk |archive-date=2022-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513073627/https://www.noda.org.uk/societies/congleton-musical-theatre |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

==History==
In October 1935 some members formed the breakaway group [[Draft:Congleton Players|Congleton Players]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 1984 |title=Drama group's double joy |page=20 |newspaper=Evening Sentinel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110074171/drama-groups-double-joy/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926230851/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110074171/drama-groups-double-joy/ |archive-date=26 September 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 1996 |title=PLAYERS CELEBRATE THEIR 60TH BIRTHDAY |page=24 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>

During Congleton’s 1972, a performance of Lilac Time was performed for 10 days.<ref name="GlancingBack">{{Cite news|date= 3 November 2022 |title= Extracts from the Chronicle Files "50 years ago" |department= Glancing Back|page=6|newspaper=[[The Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>

The authors of Them Thar Hills, Ken Allen and Doug Yard came to see the November 1977 production of Them Thar Hills.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 1977 |title=Them thar hills |page=6 |newspaper=Evening Sentinel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112399077/them-thar-hills/ |access-date=2 November 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

Prior to the opening of Daneside Theatre in 1984, Congleton Musical Theatre performed at [[Congleton Town Hall]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Congleton in the year 2000 |publisher=Congleton History Society, Congleton Museum Trust |year=5 September 2001 |isbn=0954082001 |pages=67}}</ref>

Congleton Musical Theatre took its current name in 2009.<ref name="Infomation">{{cite magazine |date= 2011-11-14 |title= The family boasting four generations with the Congleton Musical Theatre |url= https://www.greatbritishlife.co.uk/things-to-do/the-family-boasting-four-generations-with-the-congleton-musical-theatre-7098520 |magazine= Cheshire Life |location= Norwich |publisher= Archant Limated|access-date= 2022-04-05}}</ref>

In 2011 Congleton Musical theatre was awarded a £250 grant from Cheshire East Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHESHIRE EAST COUNCIL Cabinet Member for Performance and Capacity |url=https://moderngov.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ecminutes/documents/s13460/Report.July.August_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424014240/https://moderngov.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ecminutes/documents/s13460/Report.July.August_2011.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Cheshire East Council |page=1}}</ref>

In 2022 Congleton Musical theatre was awarded a grant from Congleton Inclosure Trust.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2022 |title=Beneficiaries of Inclosure Trust |page=17 |newspaper=Congleton Chronicle}}</ref>

==Past Productions==
Below is a list of Congleton Musical theatre past productions and the dates of the productions.
*Iolanthe (1932)<ref name= "COMEOFAGE" />
*[[The Gondoliers]] (1948)<ref name="PastShows">{{Cite web |title=Previous Shows |url=https://www.congletonmusicaltheatre.co.uk/previous-shows |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304122201/https://www.congletonmusicaltheatre.co.uk/previous-shows |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=congleton.cmt}}</ref>
*The Gipsy Princess (1960)<ref name= "COMEOFAGE" />
*The Gondoliers (1961)<ref name="SOCIETY STALWART">{{Cite news |date=23 March 1990 |title=PEWTER SALVER PRESENTED TO SOCIETY STALWART |page=10 |newspaper=Congleton Chronicle}}</ref>
*Mikado (1962)<ref name="SOCIETY STALWART" />
*Iolanthe (1963)<ref name="SOCIETY STALWART" />
*[[The White Horse Inn]] (1966)<ref name="WinningShow">{{Cite news |last=B.C.C. |date=27 October 1981 |title='CAROUSEL' SWINGS TO SUCCESS |page= |newspaper=Evening Sentinel |url= |access-date=}}</ref>
*The Gipsy Baron (November 1967)<ref>{{Cite news |last=J.O. |first= |date=7 November 1967 |title=Monday Next |page=8 |newspaper=Evening Sentinel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109935724/monday-next/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921144643/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109935724/monday-next/ |archive-date=21 September 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
*Lilac Time (1972)<ref name="GlancingBack" />
*Viva Mexico (November 1974)<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 1974 |title='Viva Mexico' at Congleton |page=8 |newspaper=[[The Sentinel (Staffordshire)| Staffordshire Weekly Sentinel]] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
*The Gondoliers (November 1975)<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.A.S. |date=4 November 1975 |title=OPERA ADDS EXTRA SHEEN |page=9 |newspaper=Evening Sentinel}}</ref>
*Them Thar Hills (November 1977)<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.C. |date=8 November 1977 |title=Step into the unknown for Congleton Amateurs |page=9 |newspaper=Evening Sentinel}}</ref>
*Carousel (1979)<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.C. |date=30 October 1979 |title='CAROUSEL' SWINGS TO SUCCESS |page=20 |newspaper=Evening Sentinel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109935431/carousel-swings-to-success/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922102356/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109935431/carousel-swings-to-success/ |archive-date=22 September 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
*The White Horse Inn (1981)<ref name="WinningShow" />
*[[Brigadoon]] (1984)<ref>{{Cite news |last=P.R.B. |date=30 October 1984 |title=The Skirl of the pipes… |page=9 |newspaper=Evening Sentinel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112499073/the-skirl-of-the-pipes/ |access-date=3 November 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
*The 76 trombones (1988)<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 1988 |title=The Music Man |page=22 |newspaper=Evening Sentinel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109940302/the-music-man/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921161312/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109940302/the-music-man/ |archive-date=21 September 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
*Songs from the shows (9-10 June 1989)<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 1989 |title=Songs from the shows |page=20 |newspaper=Evening Sentinel |department=Plus What's On |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110460050/songs-from-the-shows/ |access-date=4 November 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
*[[Showboat (musical)|Showboat]] (1989)<ref name="Gallery">{{Cite web |title=Gallery |url=https://www.congletonmusicaltheatre.co.uk/gallery |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=congleton.cmt |language=en}}</ref>
*Iolanthe (October 1990)<ref name="SOCIETY STALWART" />
*Merry Widow (28 October-2 November 1996)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merry Widow comes to town |url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/5326129.merry-widow-comes-to-town/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419010103/https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/5326129.merry-widow-comes-to-town/ |archive-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>
*[[Anything Goes]] (25-30 October 1999)<ref>{{Cite web |title="What's On?" in Congleton Borough Events & Activities in October 1999 |url=http://www.congleton.gov.uk/what-tm.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991110051642/http://www.congleton.gov.uk/what-tm.htm |archive-date=10 November 1999 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=[[Congleton Borough Council]]}}</ref>
*[[Calamity Jane (musical)|Calamity Jane]] (23-28 October 2000)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Congleton in the year 2000 |publisher=Congleton History Society, Congleton Museum Trust |year=5 September 2001 |isbn=0954082001 |pages=60}}</ref>
*[[Fiddler on the Roof]] (22-27 October 2001)<ref name="PastShows" />
*Carousel (28 October - 2 November 2002)<ref name="PastShows" />
*[[Half a Sixpence]] (25-30 October 2004)<ref name="PastShows" />
*[[Crazy for You (musical)|Crazy For You]] (24-29 October 2005)<ref name="PastShows" />
*[[H.M.S. Pinafore|HMS Pinafore]] (2006)<ref name="Gallery" />
*42nd Street (22-27 October 2007)<ref name="PastShows" />
*75th Years A Celebration (30-31 October 2008)<ref name="PastShows" />
*Singin' In The Rain (2009)<ref name="Gallery" />
*Hot Mikado (18-23 October 2010)<ref name="PastShows" />
*[[Oliver!]] (18-22 October 2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dates for your diary |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bear_Necessities_Autumn_11.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103020735/https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bear_Necessities_Autumn_11.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Congleton Town Council |page=4}}</ref>
*[[Annie (musical)|Annie]] (23-27 October 2012)<ref name="PastShows" />
*[[Sound Of music|Sound of Music]] (22-26 October 2013)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daneside will be Alive with the "Sound Of Music" |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BearNec_28_Autumn_2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103021153/https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BearNec_28_Autumn_2013.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Congleton Town Council |page=4}}</ref>
*Anything Goes (28 October-1 November 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events to look forward to… |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/187416_BearNec_Autumn2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103025847/https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/187416_BearNec_Autumn2014.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Congleton Town Council |page=1}}</ref>
*Whistle down the Wind (26-31 October 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Whistle Down The Wind |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bear_Necessitites_Autumn-2015.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103021410/https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bear_Necessitites_Autumn-2015.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Congleton Town Council |page=2}}</ref>
*[[Sister Act (musical)|Sister Act]] (24-29 October 2016)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congleton Musical Theatre October 24, 2016 - October 29, 2016 |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/event/congleton-musical-theatre-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423165745/https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/event/congleton-musical-theatre-2/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Congleton Town Council |language=en-GB}}</ref>
*[[Jekyll & Hyde (musical)|Jekyll and Hyde-The Musical]] (24-28 October 2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congleton Musical Theatre- October Musical October 24, 2017 - October 28, 2017 |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/event/congleton-musical-theatre-october-musical/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418143345/https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/event/congleton-musical-theatre-october-musical/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Congleton Town Council |language=en-GB}}</ref>
*Strictly Musicals (26-27 October 2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strictly Musicals October 26, 2018 - October 27, 2018 |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/event/strictly-musicals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513092445/https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/event/strictly-musicals/ |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Congleton Town Council}}</ref>
*[[The King and I]] (29 October-2 November 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daneside Theatre- The King & I October 29, 2019 - November 2, 2019 |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/event/daneside-theatre-the-king-i/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303050439/https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/event/daneside-theatre-the-king-i/ |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Congleton Town Council}}</ref>
*Footloose (24-29 October 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2022 |title=COMING UP IN OCTOBER |page=2 |newspaper=Congleton Chronicle}}</ref>

==Awards==
The following people linked to the Congleton Musical Theatre have won awards while members of Congleton Musical Theatre.
*Hannah Bours (Actress) role: Anna in The King and I (Best Leading Female in a Musical NODA District 8 2020 awards)<ref name="Awards2020">{{Cite web |title=NODA North West District 8 Awards 2020 - NODA |url=https://www.noda.org.uk/noda-nw-district-8-awards-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316020509/https://www.noda.org.uk/noda-nw-district-8-awards-2020 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.noda.org.uk}}</ref>
*Millie Beard (Actress) role:Tuptim in The King and I (Best Female Youth Performance In An Adult Production NODA District 8 2020 awards)<ref name="Awards2020" />

Congleton Musical Theatre as a theatre group have won the following awards.
*Best Staging (NODA District 8 2018 awards)<ref>{{Cite web |title=NODA North West District 8 Awards & Dinner 2018 - NODA |url=https://www.noda.org.uk/noda-nw-district-8-awards-dinner-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316020751/https://www.noda.org.uk/noda-nw-district-8-awards-dinner-2018 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=www.noda.org.uk}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Congleton

2026-07-25T12:34:43Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Town in Cheshire, England}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox UK place
| country = England
| coordinates = {{coord|53.162|-2.217|display=inline,title}}
| official_name = Congleton
| static_image_name = CongletonTownHall.jpg
| static_image_caption = [[Congleton Town Hall]], completed 1866
| population_ref = 28,497 (Parish, 2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=Congleton parish |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/uk/northwestengland/admin/cheshire_east/E04010931__congleton/ |website=City Population |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref> {{nowrap|30,005 (Built up area, 2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/townsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales/census2021 |website=Census 2021 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>}}
| civil_parish = Congleton
| unitary_england = [[Cheshire East]]
| lieutenancy_england = [[Cheshire]]
| region = North West England
| constituency_westminster = [[Congleton (UK Parliament constituency)|Congleton]]
| post_town = CONGLETON
| postcode_district = CW12
| postcode_area = CW
| dial_code = 01260
| os_grid_reference = SJ854628
| website = {{URL|www.congleton-tc.gov.uk}}
| static_image_2_name =
| static_image_2_caption = Coat of arms of [[Congleton Town Council]]
}}

'''Congleton''' is a [[market town]] and [[civil parish]] in [[Cheshire East]], [[Cheshire]], England. It is on the [[River Dane]], {{convert|21|mi|km}} south of [[Manchester]] and {{convert|13|mi|km}} north of [[Stoke on Trent]]. At the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]], the parish had a population of 28,497 and the built-up area had a population of 30,005. Congleton is an integral part of the [[Manchester City Region]] respectively.

==Toponymy==
The town's name is of unknown origin. The first recorded reference to it was in 1282, when it was spelt ''Congelton''. The element ''Congle'' might relate to the old Norse ''kang'' meaning a bend, followed by the Old English element ''tun'' meaning settlement.<ref name=ekwall120>{{cite book|last=Ekwall|first=Eilert|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names|publisher=Oxford|year=1936|page=120|edition=Fourth, 1984 Reprint|isbn=0-19-869103-3}}</ref>

==History==
The first settlements in the Congleton area were [[Neolithic]]. [[Stone Age]] and [[Bronze Age]] artefacts have been found in the town.<ref name="Congleton Museum website">{{cite web |title=The History of Congleton |url=http://www.congletonmuseum.co.uk/9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162217/http://www.congletonmuseum.co.uk/9.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=[[Congleton Museum]]}}</ref> Congleton was once thought to have been a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] settlement, although there is no archaeological or documentary evidence to support this. Congleton became a [[market town]] after [[Vikings]] destroyed nearby Davenport.

[[Godwin, Earl of Wessex]] held the town in the [[Saxon]] period. The town is mentioned in the [[Domesday Book]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/cheshire1.html |title=The Domesday Book Online|access-date=7 October 2010}}</ref> where it is listed as ''Cogeltone: Bigot de Loges''. [[William the Conqueror]] granted the whole of Cheshire to his nephew the [[Earl of Chester]] who constructed several fortifications including the town's castle in 1208. In the 13th century, Congleton belonged to the [[de Lacy]] family.<ref name="Congleton Museum website"/> [[Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln|Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln]] granted the town its first charter in 1272, enabling it to hold fairs and markets, elect a mayor and ale taster, have a [[merchant guild]] and [[Decapitation|behead]] known criminals.<ref name="Congleton Museum website"/>

In 1451, the River Dane flooded, destroying a number of buildings, the town's mill and a wooden bridge.<ref name="Congleton Museum website"/> The river was diverted, and the town was rebuilt on higher ground.

Congleton became known for [[bear-baiting]] and [[cockfighting]] in the 1620s, when they were popular sports.<ref name="Congleton Museum website"/><ref name="Bearwardsandtheirsocialstatus">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2022 |title=Bearwards and their social status |pages=4–5 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref> The town was unable to attract large crowds to its bear-baiting contests and lacked the money to pay for a new, more aggressive bear. A legend tells that Congleton spent the money they were going to spend on a bible on a bear; this legend is only partly true as only part of the fund to buy a new bible was used to buy a new bear.<ref name="Bearwardsandtheirsocialstatus"/> The legend earned Congleton the nickname Beartown. The chorus of 20th-century folk song "Congleton Bear",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/paul.thorp/lyrcongl.htm|title=Congleton Bear Lyrics|access-date=9 August 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930183512/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/paul.thorp/lyrcongl.htm|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> by folk artist [[John Tams]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/paul.thorp/index.html|title=John Tams information|access-date=9 August 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819232558/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/paul.thorp/index.html|archive-date=19 August 2007}}</ref> runs:
:Congleton Rare, Congleton Rare
:Sold the Bible to buy a bear.

During the [[English Civil War|Civil War]], former mayor and lawyer [[John Bradshaw (judge)|John Bradshaw]] became president of the court which sent [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] to his execution in 1649. His signature as [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]] was the first on the king's death warrant.<ref name="Congleton Museum website"/> A plaque on Bradshaw House in Lawton Street commemorates him. Almost opposite the town hall, the White Lion public house bears a [[blue plaque]], placed by the Congleton Civic Society, which reads: "The White Lion, built 16–17th century. Said to have housed the attorney's office where John Bradshaw, regicide, served his articles."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/congleton.html|title=Photographs of Congleton, Cheshire, England, UK|website=thornber.net|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Old Mill (1753-1830) in 1902.png|thumb|The [[List of textile mills in Cheshire#Congleton|Old Mill]] and the town corn mill photographed in 1902; the mill became unstable and Roldane Mill was built on the site in 1923. The mill was demolished in 2003, and sheltered housing is being built here.]]
King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] granted permission to build a mill. Congleton became an important centre of textile production, especially leather gloves and [[lace]].<ref name="Congleton Museum website"/> Congleton had an early [[silk throwing]] mill, the [[List of textile mills in Cheshire#Congleton|Old Mill]] built by John Clayton and Nathaniel Pattison in 1753.<ref name="Callandine">{{cite journal|last=Callandine|first=Anthony|year=1993|title=Lombe's Mill: An Exercise in reconstruction|journal=Industrial Archaeology Review|publisher=Maney Publishing|volume=XVI|issue=1|issn=0309-0728}}</ref> More mills followed, and cotton was also spun. The town's prosperity depended on [[tariff]]s imposed on imported silk. When tariffs were removed in the 1860s, the empty mills were converted to [[fustian]] cutting. A limited silk ribbon weaving industry survived into the 20th century, and woven labels were still produced in the 1990s. Many mills survive as industrial or residential units.<ref name=bdghs>[http://www.dmoore.org.uk/bdghs/2007.htm#24 Fustian Mills Talk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403005943/http://www.dmoore.org.uk/bdghs/2007.htm |date=3 April 2015 }} Lyndon Murgatroyd 2007</ref>

[[File:Congleton water tower.jpg|thumb|upright|Congleton water tower built 1881]]
In 1881, in order to improve the water supply to the town, a pumping station was built on Forge Lane to draw water from the [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]]s in Forge Wood and pump it up to a [[water tower]] at the top of the hill. The red and yellow brick water tower was designed by the engineer William Blackshaw. A second adjacent tower was constructed later.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephens |first1=W. B. |title=History of Congleton: Published to Celebrate the 700th Anniversary of the Granting of the Charter to the Town |date=1970 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-1245-7 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydFRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA101|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1130486|desc=WATER TOWER ON TOWER HILL TO NORTH OF WEST ROAD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pevsner |first1=Nikolaus |last2=Hubbard |first2=Edward |title=Cheshire |date=1 March 1971 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09588-3 |pages=184–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl99LwM8BYgC&pg=PA184|via=Google Books}}</ref>

[[Congleton Town Hall]] was designed in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style by [[Edward William Godwin]]. It was completed in 1866.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/town-hall/book-the-town-hall/|title=Book the Town Hall – Congleton Town Council|website=congleton-tc.gov.uk}}</ref>

The current hospital in Congleton was opened by the [[George VI|Duke of York]] on 22 May 1924.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcock |first=Joan P. |title=History and Guide Congleton |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |date=30 June 2003 |isbn=0752429469 |location=Stroud |page=87}}</ref>

In 1920, the Marie Hall home for boys was established in West House, an 18th-century house on West Road, as a branch of the [[National Children’s Home]]. It became an [[approved school]] in 1935 and was renamed Danesford School. It was converted into a Community Home with Education in 1973, run jointly by NCH and Cheshire County Council. Danesford has since closed, and the Grade II listed buildings have been converted for residential use.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marie Hall Home / Danesford School, Congleton, Cheshire |url=https://www.childrenshomes.org.uk/CongletonNCH/ |website=www.childrenshomes.org.uk |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1130481|desc=DANESFORD SCHOOL (NATIONAL CHILDRENS HOMES)}}</ref>

Congleton elected its first Lady Mayor in November 1945.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 1945 |title=Congleton Elects Its First Lady Mayor |page=7 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>

During the celebration marking 700 years of Congleton's Charter in 1972 Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip]] visited Congleton in May, this was the first visit by a reigning monarch since the visit of King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] in 1913.<ref name="Alcock">{{Cite book |last=Alcock |first=Joan P. |title=History and Guide Congleton |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |date=30 June 2003 |isbn=0752429469 |location=Stroud |page=104}}</ref>

In 1983 [[Princess Michael of Kent]] visited Congleton.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 1983 |title=Princess happy to extend vist |page=13 |newspaper=[[Evening Sentinel]] |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000525/19831006/013/0013 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 June 2023 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref>

Between 2008 and 2010 Congleton broke 3 world records.<ref name="WorldRecords">{{Cite news |date=2010-10-04 |title=Congleton records a hat-trick |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/stoke/hi/people_and_places/newsid_9059000/9059967.stm |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

During the celebration marking 700 years of Mayoralty in Congleton in 2018 the [[Charles III|Prince of Wales]] and the [[Duchess of Cornwall Camilla|Duchess of Cornwall]] visited the town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-25 |title=Congleton Welcomes The Prince of Wales & The Duchess of Cornwall |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/congleton-welcomes-the-prince-of-wales-the-duchess-of-cornwall/ |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Congleton Town Council}}</ref>

In 2019 the [[serial rapist]] [[Joseph McCann (criminal)|Joseph Mccann]] was arrested on a country lane in Congleton after a nationwide manhunt for him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dodd |first=Vikram |date=2019-12-06 |title=Joseph McCann guilty of horrific rapes after being freed by mistake |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/06/joseph-mccann-convicted-horrific-rapes-after-being-let-out-of-jail-by-mistake |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In 2022 a celebration marked the 750th anniversary of Congleton's first charter. An ale taster was appointed as part of the celebrations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Watterson |first=Kaleigh |date=2022-03-31 |title=Town appoints ale taster as part of 750th celebrations |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-60935226 |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Mark |date=31 March 2022 |title=Here for the beer: Congleton appoints ale taster for town anniversary |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/mar/31/congleton-appoints-ale-taster-to-mark-the-towns-750th-anniversary |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

In 2023 part of the Congleton town centre was regenerated as part of the Congleton Market Quarter project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rack |first=Susie |date=29 September 2023 |title=Market revival aims to redefine town centre |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-66948174 |access-date=2023-09-29 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The regenerated part of Congleton town centre is named the "Congleton Market Quarter" and opened in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2024 |title=Market Quarter plans for future expansion|page=4 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref> Another phase of expansion for the "Congleton Market Quarter" was announced in December 2024, and due for completion in March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Porter |first=Gary |date=14 December 2024 |title=Plans for next phase of town's 'Market Quarter' regeneration unveiled |newspaper=[[Stoke Sentinel]]|url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/plans-next-phase-towns-market-9750601}}</ref>

On 28 September 2024 Congleton appointed its first female town crier.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2024 |last=Walker|first=Melanie|title=Oyez! Town has a new (female) voice |page=Front Page |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Governance==
There are two tiers of local government covering Congleton, at [[civil parish]] (town) and [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority]] level: [[Congleton Town Council]] and [[Cheshire East Council]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref> The town council is based at [[Congleton Town Hall]] on High Street.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/contact-us/ |website=Congleton Town Council |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref>

The [[Congleton (UK Parliament constituency)|Congleton parliamentary constituency]] is a [[county constituency]] represented in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. It includes the towns of Congleton, [[Alsager]], [[Holmes Chapel]], and [[Sandbach]]. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the [[first-past-the-post]] system of election. The current MP is [[Sarah Russell (politician)|Sarah Russell]] of the [[Labour (UK)|Labour Party]], the previous incumbent was [[Fiona Bruce (politician)|Fiona Bruce]] of the [[Conservative (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Watterson |first=Kaleigh |date=5 July 2024 |title=Historic wins for Labour in Cheshire |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c2q0k73zpl0o |access-date=6 July 2024 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

===Administrative history===
Congleton was historically one of twelve [[Township (England)|townships]] within the [[ancient parish]] of [[Astbury, Cheshire|Astbury]], and formed part of the [[Hundreds of Cheshire|Northwich hundred]] of Cheshire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congleton Chapelry / Civil Parish |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10113544 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref> From the 17th century onwards, parishes were gradually given various civil functions under the [[poor laws]], in addition to their original ecclesiastical functions. In some cases, including Astbury, the civil functions were exercised by each township separately rather than the parish as a whole. In 1866, the legal definition of 'parish' was changed to be the areas used for administering the poor laws, and so Congleton became a [[civil parish]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Youngs |first1=Frederic |title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England: Volume II, Northern England |date=1991 |publisher=Royal Historical Society |location=London |isbn=0861931270 |page=xv}}</ref>

The Congleton township was granted a [[municipal charter]] making it a [[ancient borough|borough]] by Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. The charter itself is not dated, but is generally assumed to have been issued in 1272, the same year that Lacy became Earl of Lincoln.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Municipal Corporations in England and Wales |date=1835 |page=2649 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Report_of_the_Commissioners_Appointed_to/MHBTAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA2649&printsec=frontcover |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Congleton Museum website"/> The borough was reformed to become a [[municipal borough]] in 1836 under the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]], which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country.<ref>{{cite book |title=Municipal Corporations Act |date=1835 |page=459 |url=https://archive.org/details/statutesunitedk35britgoog/page/458/mode/2up |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref> In 1837, the government's boundary commissioners recommended that [[Buglawton]] should be brought within the borough boundaries, but their recommendations were not implemented.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report on the Proposed Municipal Boundary and Division into Wards of the Borough of Congleton |date=1837 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Parliamentary_Papers/iEwSAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP355&printsec=frontcover |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref> Buglawton was eventually absorbed into the borough in 1936.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buglawton Urban District |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10137100#tab02 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref>

The municipal borough of Congleton was abolished in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congleton Municipal Borough |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10025333 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref> Its area became part of a larger [[Congleton (borough)|Congleton borough]] which also covered nearby towns and surrounding rural areas.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972|year=1972|number=2039|accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> No [[successor parish]] was created for the area of the old municipal borough at the time of the 1974 reforms, but a new parish of Congleton was subsequently created in 1980, with its parish council taking the name Congleton Town Council.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Parish of Congleton Order 1980 |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20221202003804mp_/https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lgbce/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/12251/congleton-the-parish-of-congleton-order-1980.pdf |website=Local Government Boundary Commission for England |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref>

In 2009, Cheshire East Council was created, taking over the functions of the borough council and [[Cheshire County Council]], which were both abolished.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The Cheshire (Structural Changes) Order 2008|year=2008|number=634|access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==

[[File:Congleton Brookside Mill 2569.JPG|thumb|Brook Mill, a textile mill that has been converted to residential units, on a brook leading to the [[River Dane]] in the centre of Congleton. Behind are trees on the steep northern bank]]
Mossley is sometimes classed as the wealthier part of town. Hightown is located in Mossley. [[West Heath, Cheshire|West Heath]] is an estate built in the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Lower Heath lies to the north of the town. There is also the town centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/town-hall/history/|title=History – Congleton Town Council|website=congleton-tc.gov.uk|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>

Congleton is in the valley of the [[River Dane]]. South of the town lies an expanse of green space known locally as Priesty Fields which forms a green corridor right into the heart of the town – a rare feature in English towns. Folklore says that Priesty Fields gained its name as there was no priest performing services within the town. The nearest priest was based at the nearby village of [[Newbold Astbury|Astbury]]. It is told that the priest would walk along an ancient medieval pathway which ran between the fields at the Parish Church in Astbury and [[St Peter's Church, Congleton|St Peter's Church]] in Congleton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mythsandlegendsofcheshire.blogspot.com/2011/04/priesty-fields-congleton.html|title=Myths and Legends of Cheshire: PRIESTY FIELDS, CONGLETON|last=Stubbs|first=Gill|date=2011-04-26|website=Myths and Legends of Cheshire|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>

==Economy==
The principal industries in Congleton include the manufacture of [[airbag]]s and [[golf ball]]s. There are light engineering factories near the town and [[Sand mining|sand extraction]] occurs on the [[Cheshire Plain]].<ref>{{Cite book |date=May 2022 |title=Congleton Transport Development Plan |url=https://moderngov.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ecminutes/documents/s95402/Appendix%20B%20-%20Congleton%20LTDP.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701213650/https://moderngov.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ecminutes/documents/s95402/Appendix%20B%20-%20Congleton%20LTDP.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=Cheshire East Council |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref>

One of the most prominent industries during the nineteenth century onwards was Berisfords Ribbons, established in 1858.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.berisfords-ribbons.co.uk/about-us/heritage/|title=Heritage – Berisfords Ribbons|website=berisfords-ribbons.co.uk|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> It was founded by Charles Berisford and his brothers Francis and William. The brothers leased part of [[Victoria Mill]], on Foundry Bank, owning the entire factory by 1872. By 1898, the company had offices in [[London]], Manchester, [[Leeds]] and [[Bristol]].

Congleton Market operates every Tuesday and Saturday from the Bridestones Centre.

Until about 2000, Super Crystalate balls, made of [[crystalate]], were manufactured by The Composition Billiard Ball Company in Congleton. The company was then sold by its owner to [[Saluc S.A.]], the Belgian manufacturer of Aramith Balls. The name Super Crystalate was retained, but the manufacturing process was integrated into the standard process used for Aramith balls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.snookerheritage.co.uk/normans-lectures/billiards-snooker-balls/|title=Billiard and Snooker Heritage Collection – Billiards & Snooker balls|website=snookerheritage.co.uk|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://titansports.co.uk/content/25-snooker-balls|title=Technical Information – Balls – Titan Sports & Games|website=titansports.co.uk|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218011023/https://titansports.co.uk/content/25-snooker-balls|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:LittleMoretonHall.jpg|thumb|[[Little Moreton Hall]], {{convert|4|mi|km}} south-west of Congleton]]
The [[National Trust]] Tudor house [[Little Moreton Hall]] is {{convert|4|mi|km}} south-west of the town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Little Moreton Hall |url=http://www.cheshirenow.co.uk/little_moreton_hall.htm |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=cheshirenow.co.uk}}</ref>

[[Congleton Park]] is located along the banks of the River Dane, just north-east of the town centre. Town Wood, on the northern edge of the park, is a Grade A Site of Biological Interest and contains many nationally important plants.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} Congleton Paddling Pool was built in the 1930s and is open in the summer months. [[Astbury Mere|Astbury Mere Country Park]] lies just to the south-west of the town centre, on the site of a former sand [[quarry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alsager.com/tour/area/astbury.htm|title=Astbury Mere Country Park|website=alsager.com|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/leisure_and_culture/ranger_service/countryside_sites/congleton_area/astbury_mere_country_park.aspx|title=Cheshire East Council – Astbury Mere Country Park|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012234321/http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/leisure_and_culture/ranger_service/countryside_sites/congleton_area/astbury_mere_country_park.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lake is used for fishing and sailing and, despite its name, is actually in the West Heath area of Congleton, with the boundary between Congleton and Newbold Astbury parishes lying further to the south.

The independently run 300 seat [[Daneside Theatre]] is on Park Road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daneside Theatre |url=http://www.danesidetheatre.co.uk/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=danesidetheatre.co.uk}}</ref> The 400-seat [[Clonterbrook House|Clonter Opera Theatre]] is based in the village of [[Swettenham|Swettenham Heath]], {{convert|5|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} north of Congleton. Founded in 1971, Congleton Choral Society is a mixed voice choir which regularly performs choral works at Congleton Town Hall and other venues around the town.

[[Congleton Museum]] is on Market Square, in the centre of town. It was established in 2002 and is dedicated to Congleton's industrial history. It also contains an ancient [[log boat]] and gold and silver [[Numismatics|coin hoards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Congleton Museum|url=http://www.congletonmuseum.co.uk/|url-status=live|website=congletonmuseum.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226013743/http://www.congletonmuseum.co.uk:80/ |archive-date=26 December 2005 }}</ref> Congleton Tourist Information Centre is on the town's High Street.
[[File:Congleton Park 2456.JPG|thumb|Congleton Park from the Jubilee Pavilion]]

The town annually hosts a food and drink festival,<ref>{{cite web|title=Congleton Food and Drink Festival|url=http://www.foodanddrinkfestival.net/|url-status=live|access-date=10 February 2016|website=foodanddrinkfestival.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411075541/http://www.foodanddrinkfestival.net:80/ |archive-date=11 April 2009 }}</ref> which promotes locally sourced produce/cuisine, with a jazz and blues festival which showcases acts from across the UK. In 2019, Congleton held its first annual pride event.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congleton Pride|url=http://www.congletonpride.co.uk/|url-status=live|website=congletonpride.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709161350/http://www.congletonpride.co.uk/ |archive-date=9 July 2020 }}</ref>

Congleton hosts two annual musical festivals, Congleton Jazz and Blues and Congleton Unplugged.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2023 |title=What goes into creating Congleton's music festivals? |page=16 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>

The town once hosted the [[Congleton Carnival]] a one-day carnival which was hosted once every two years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2023 |title=Pride invites firms to sponsor 2023 event |page=4 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref> In the past the carnival was regarded as one of the best local carnivals in England, and used to last for up to three days and feature floats and live music among another attractions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congleton Carnival – A History – Congleton Heritage Festival |url=https://congletonheritagefestival.com/events/congleton-carnival-a-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815224057/https://congletonheritagefestival.com/events/congleton-carnival-a-history/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=congletonheritagefestival.com}}</ref>

For six months in summer 2011 Congleton hosted an event called "Bearmania",<ref name="Bearmania">{{Cite web |title=Bearmania – 2011 The Congleton Year of the Bear! |url=https://www.congletonpartnership.co.uk/marketing/bearmania/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Congleton Partnership}}</ref> in which over sixty 5-foot fibreglass sculptures where placed around the town.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bounds |first=Andrew |date=15 September 2011 |title=Congleton: Bearmania puts market town on the map |newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|location=London |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5b5f83a2-d4ae-11e0-a7ac-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5b5f83a2-d4ae-11e0-a7ac-00144feab49a |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref> Over 26,000 people came to see the bears during "Bearmania".<ref name="Bearmania" />

===Media===
There is one weekly local newspaper: the locally owned and financed ''[[Congleton Chronicle]]''. The evening newspaper ''[[The Sentinel (Staffordshire)|The Sentinel]]'', based in Stoke-on-Trent, also covers the town although less so than in the past. Local radio is broadcast from nearby Macclesfield-based [[Silk 106.9|Silk Radio]], [[Hits Radio Staffordshire & Cheshire]] and [[Greatest Hits Radio Staffordshire & Cheshire]] from Stoke-on-Trent and [[BBC Radio Stoke]]. Community radio is provided by [[Moorlands Radio]] in [[Leek, Staffordshire|Leek]] and Canalside Community Radio in Bollington.

Local news and television programmes are provided by [[BBC North West]] and [[ITV Granada]]. Television signals are received from the [[Winter Hill transmitting station|Winter Hill]] and the local relay transmitters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Winter_Hill |title=Full Freeview on the Winter Hill (Bolton, England) transmitter |date=May 2004 |publisher=UK Free TV |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Congleton |title=Freeview Light on the Congleton (Cheshire East, England) transmitter|date=May 2004 |publisher=UK Free TV |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>

Congleton did have its own community radio station Beartown FM,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.beartownfm.co.uk/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525051313/http://www.beartownfm.co.uk/about-us |archive-date=25 May 2012 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=Beartown FM}}</ref> but this has now closed. There is an internet-only radio station, Congleton Radio, which started broadcasting on 25 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congleton Radio launches tonight Saturday 25th of June at 7pm |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F107998191756992%2Fposts%2Fpfbid031v3YmDjyX7p8n8SSYhYPtLA93d7WsfZfEYfqdiND2xKYMyPUJvYbSsQGUTQg7BYzl%2F%3Fd%3Dn |access-date=4 August 2022 |via=Facebook |publisher=Congleton Radio}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2022}}

==Sport==

===Rugby union===
Congleton is home to the third oldest rugby union club in the country, dating back to 1860. Currently fielding a mini and junior section and three adult sides,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/congleton/teams/ |title=Teams |publisher=Congleton RUFC |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> the club held the world record for the longest continuous game of rugby ever played, at 24 hours, 30 minutes and 6 seconds. The club has also pioneered the development of 'walking rugby' for more senior players and has re-established a ladies' team, having previously had two of its women players represent England.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

===Football===
The local [[Association football|football]] team, [[Congleton Town F.C.]], known as the Bears, play in the Northern Premier League First Division West.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2024 |title=One match from promotion |page=Front Page|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref> Their ground is at Booth Street.

=== Tennis ===
Congleton Tennis Club, one of the oldest in the country (founded in 1890), have occupied the same grounds throughout their history. The club has nine courts: six all-weather courts and three with artificial grass. Four of the courts are floodlit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://clubspark.lta.org.uk/CongletonLawnTennisClubLimited |title=About Us |date=2022 |publisher=Congleton Tennis Club |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

===Basketball===
Congleton Grizzlies Basketball Club is the town's basketball team.<ref>{{Cite news|date= 26 September 2024 |title=First national basketball league games for Grizzlies |page=41|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>

===Other sports===
There are two cricket clubs, Congleton CC and Mossley CC. There are two golf clubs in the town—the nine-hole Congleton Golf Club, and the 18-hole parkland course at Astbury. Congleton Harriers running club meets weekly at Congleton Leisure Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congleton-harriers.co.uk/about.htm |title=About Us |publisher=Congleton Harriers |access-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623051303/http://www.congleton-harriers.co.uk/about.htm |archive-date=23 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The club organises the Congleton Half Marathon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congleton-harriers.co.uk/half.htm |title=Congleton Half Marathon |publisher=Congleton Harriers |access-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831074946/http://www.congleton-harriers.co.uk/half.htm |archive-date=31 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A weekly 5K parkrun takes place at Astbury Mere Country Park. {{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Transport ==

===Railway===
[[File:Congleton station.jpg|thumb|Congleton railway station in 2018]]
[[Congleton railway station]] was opened by the [[North Staffordshire Railway]] on 9 October 1848. It is situated on the [[Stafford-Manchester Line|Stafford-Manchester spur]] of the [[West Coast Main Line]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congleton Station Information |url=https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/stations/congleton |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716144619/https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/stations/CNG |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=2019-09-20 |website=northernrailway.co.uk}}</ref> There is generally an hourly stopping service between [[Manchester Piccadilly]] and [[Stoke-on-Trent railway station|Stoke-on-Trent]], fewer on Sundays (every 2 to 3 hours), with trains operated by [[Northern Trains]].

The [[Biddulph Valley line]] used to terminate in the town. The railway ran from Stoke-on-Trent to [[Brunswick Wharf]], in the suburb of [[Buglawton]]. Passenger services ended in 1927,<ref name="y">{{cite web |title=Activities and Information About the Biddulph Valley Way |url=https://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/leisure,_culture_and_tourism/ranger_service/countryside_sites/biddulph_valley_way/activities_and_information.aspx |website=Chesire East Council |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> with freight services continuing until 1968 when the line was closed.<ref name="y"/>

===Buses===
Congleton is served by seven bus routes, operated by [[D&G Bus]]; there are no services on Sundays. Destinations include [[Alsager]], [[Macclesfield]], [[Crewe]] and [[Newcastle-under-Lyme|Newcastle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congleton – bustimes.org |url=https://bustimes.org/localities/congleton |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=bustimes.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bus Services {{!}} D&G Bus |url=https://www.dgbus.co.uk/bus-services/?region=Cheshire |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=www.dgbus.co.uk}}</ref>

===Roads===
Congleton is {{convert|7|mi|km}} east of the [[M6 motorway]], connected by the [[A534 road|A534]]. It is on the [[A34 road|A34]] trunk road between Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester, and the [[A54 road (England)|A54]] to [[Buxton]] and the [[Peak District]]. The [[A536 road|A536]] links the town with Macclesfield, with the A527 linking the town to [[Biddulph]] and providing an alternative route to Stoke-on-Trent.

===Waterways===
[[File:Canal bridges at Hightown in Congleton, Cheshire - geograph.org.uk - 4255065.jpg|thumb|The [[Macclesfield Canal]] at Hightown in Congleton]]
The [[Macclesfield Canal]], completed in 1831, passes through the town. It runs {{convert|26|mi}} from Marple Junction at [[Marple, Greater Manchester|Marple]], where it joins the [[Peak Forest Canal|Upper Peak Forest Canal]], southwards (through [[Bollington]] and [[Macclesfield]]), before arriving at [[Bosley]]. Having descended the 12 Bosley Locks over the course of about a mile (1.6 km), the canal continues through Congleton to a junction with the Hall Green Branch of the [[Trent & Mersey Canal]] at Hall Green. The canal is renowned for its elegant [[roving bridge]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} Congleton is one of few places in Britain where a road, canal and railway all cross each other at the same place.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

===Air===
The nearest airport to the town is [[Manchester Airport]], {{convert|20|mi|km|0|abbr=}} away.

==Public services==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
Policing in Congleton is provided by [[Cheshire Constabulary]]. The main police station is on Market Square.

[[Fire services in the United Kingdom|Statutory emergency fire and rescue service]] is provided by the [[Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service]]. Congleton Fire Station is on West Road, near the centre of town.

Congleton has a small Non-Accident and Emergency hospital, Congleton War Memorial Hospital, which was built by public subscription in 1924. The town is also served by [[Leighton Hospital]] in [[Crewe]], [[Macclesfield District General Hospital]] and the [[University Hospital of North Staffordshire]] in [[Stoke-on-Trent]].

==Religion==
[[File:St Peter's Church, Chapel Street, Congleton (NHLE Code 1330322) (May 2022) (9).jpg|thumb|St Peter's Church, Congleton, from the south]]

The four [[Anglican]] churches in Congleton (forming a partnership in the All Saints Congleton parish<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2022 |title=New name for parish of Congleton as church looks to the future |page=Front Page |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>) are:
* St John's
* St Stephen's
* [[St Peter's Church, Congleton|St Peter's]]
* Trinity

Congleton Town Council lists eleven other places of worship in the town:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/community/places-of-worship/ |title=Places of Worship |access-date=12 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104224808/http://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/community/places-of-worship/ |archive-date=4 January 2013 }}</ref>
* Congleton Community [[Baptist]] Church<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbaptist.org.uk/ |title=Congelton Baptist Church |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106164001/http://www.cbaptist.org.uk/ |archive-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Brookhouse Green [[Methodism|Methodist]] Church<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congletonmethodist.org.uk |title=The Methodist Church – Dane and Trent Circuit |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105053842/http://www.congletonmethodist.org.uk/ |archive-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* New Life Church<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nlchurch.org.uk |title=New Life Church |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref>
* Congleton [[Pentecostal]] Church<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crossstreetchurch.co.uk/ |title=Cross Street|access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref>
* Rood Lane Methodist Church
* Congleton [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualist]] Church<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snu.org.uk/community/churches/congleton.html |title=Congleton Spiritualist Church |year=2011 |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828071119/http://snu.org.uk/community/churches/congleton.html |archive-date=28 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* St James' Anglican Church
* [[St Mary's Church, Congleton|St Mary's Roman Catholic Church]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/106085485806605143192/about?gl=uk&hl=en|title=St Mary R C Church|website=St Mary R C Church|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
* Trinity Methodist Church
* [[Congleton United Reformed Church]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minshullchurch.urc.org.uk/?page_id=1725 |title=Minshull Vernon United Reformed Church |year=2013 |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref>
* Wellspring Methodist Church
* [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormons)

Historically, Congleton has seen a wide range of Christian church denominations.

* The [[Society of Friends|Friends' Meeting House]] closed in 1741.<ref name=rels/>
* The [[Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)|Wesleyan Methodist]] Trinity Chapel, in Wagg Street, was founded in 1766 and was rebuilt in 1808 and again in 1967; the [[Primitive Methodist]] Chapel was built in 1821 on Lawton Street, and rebuilt in 1890 on Kinsey Street; the [[Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion]] Methodist chapel was founded in 1822; the Congleton Edge Wesleyan Methodist Chapel was built in 1833 and rebuilt in 1889; the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Brook Street was built in 1834; the New Connexion Methodist Chapel in Queen Street was built in 1836 and closed in 1969; the Primitive Methodist Chapel in Biddulph Road was built in 1840; the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Rood Lane was founded in 1861 and rebuilt in 1886.<ref name=rels/>
* The [[General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches|Unitarian]] Chapel in Cross Street was founded in 1687 near the Dane Bridge and in 1733 moved to Cross Street, with the present building constructed in 1883 and closed in 1978.
* The United Reformed Church ([[Independent (religion)|Independent]]/[[Congregationalist]]) was built in 1790 on Mill Street, and then rebuilt in 1876 on Antrobus Street.<ref name=rels>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukbmd.org.uk/genuki/chs/congleton.html |title=Congleton |publisher=genuki |date=1996–2012 |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Div col}}

===Primary schools===
*Astbury St Mary's C of E School<ref>{{cite web|title= Astbury St Mary's CofE Primary School |website= get-information-schools.service.gov.uk|url= https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/145720|access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref>
*Black Firs Primary School<ref>{{cite news|last=Yates |first=Jay |date= 27 April 2023 |title= Show goes on for actor who followed his dreams |page=27|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*Buglawton Primary School<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 March 2025 |title=Replacement pre-school plan will be considered |page=40 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*Daven Primary School<ref>{{cite news|date=7 December 2023 |title=Launch of new family hub in the town centre |page=40|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*Havannah Primary School<ref>{{cite news|last=Greensmith|first=Alex|date=14 February 2023|title= £1000 mental health boost to Congleton primary school |work=Congleton Nub News|url= https://congleton.nub.news/news/local-news/ps1000-mental-health-boost-to-congleton-primary-school-171479|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref>
*Marlfields Primary Academy<ref>{{cite news|last=Connolly |first=James |date= 30 March 2023 |title= Ofsted condemned after teacher's death |page=5|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*Mossley CE Primary School<ref>{{cite web|date=18 June 2024|title=Officers work hard to keep road users safe |website=Cheshire Constabulary|department=News|url= https://www.cheshire.police.uk/news/cheshire/news/articles/2024/6/officers-work-hard-to-keep-road-users-safe/ |access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref>
*St Mary's Catholic Primary School<ref>{{cite news|date= 1 December 2022 |title= Extracts from the Chronicle Files "10 years ago" |department= Glancing Back|page=6|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*The Quinta Primary School<ref>{{Cite news|last=Walker|first=Melanie|date=27 March 2025 |title=Tree-planting method hails from Far East|page=10 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>

===High and secondary schools===
*[[Congleton High School]]<ref>{{cite news|date= 23 March 2023 |title= Another 'good' Ofsted is 'fair assessment' |page=40|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*[[Eaton Bank Academy]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Greensmith|first=Alex |date=9 December 2022 |title=Congleton: Former Eaton Bank pupils raise thousands for cancer charity |url=https://congleton.nub.news/news/local-news/congleton-former-eaton-bank-pupils-raise-thousands-for-cancer-charity-162849 |work=Congleton Nub News|access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Special and alternative schools===
*Aidenswood School<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aidenswood School |url=https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/125814 |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=get-information-schools.service.gov.uk}}</ref>
*Esland Daven School<ref>{{cite news|title=Expanding specialist school records a loss|date=18 July 2024|department=Business News|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]|page=10}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

==Notable people==
[[File:JohnBradshaw.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|125px|[[John Bradshaw (judge)|John Bradshaw]]]]
[[File:Elizabeth Wolstenholme 001.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|125px|[[Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme-Elmy|Elizabeth Wolstenholme]]]]
[[File:George Eardley VC.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|125px|[[George Harold Eardley]] VC MM]]
[[File:Jackie Oates 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|125px|[[Jackie Oates]], 2010]]
[[File:Ann Packer (1964).jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|125px|[[Ann Packer]], 1964]]

=== Public service and commerce ===
* Saint [[Margaret Ward]] (ca.1550 – 1588), the "pearl of Tyburn", English Catholic martyr<ref>{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Margaret Ward |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15551b.htm |website=newadvent.org}}</ref> executed during the reign of Elizabeth I for assisting a priest to escape from prison<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2024 |title='Pearl of Tyburn stood for what she believed'|page=14 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
* [[John Bradshaw (judge)|John Bradshaw]] (1602–1659), judge,<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Bradshaw, John (1602-1659) |volume= 06 |last= Lee |first= Sidney |author-link= Sidney Lee | page= 178-181 |short= 1}}</ref> sat as President of the [[High Court of Justice]] for the trial of King Charles I, Mayor of Congleton 1637–1638
* [[John Whitehurst]] (1713–1788), clockmaker<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Whitehurst, John |volume= 61 |last= Carlyle |first= E.I. |author-link= E. I. Carlyle | page= 108-109 |short= 1}}</ref> and scientist, member of the [[Lunar Society]]
* [[Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet]] (1744–1801), Anglo-Irish Member of Parliament,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PARNELL, Sir John, 2nd Bt. (1744-1801), of Rathleague, Queen's Co. {{!}} History of Parliament Online |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/parnell-sir-john-1744-1801 |website=historyofparliamentonline.org}}</ref> his family originally migrated to Ireland from Congleton
* [[Robert Hodgson (dean of Carlisle)|Robert Hodgson]] (1773–1844), priest, [[Dean of Carlisle]]
*[[Thomas Reade (British Army officer)|Sir Thomas Reade]] (1782–1849), British Army Officer and Napoleon's Jailer.<ref>{{Cite news|date= 11 July 2024 |title= Extracts from the Chronicle Files "10 years ago" |department= Glancing Back|page=6|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
* [[Gibbs Antrobus]] (1793–1861), diplomat and politician,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANTROBUS, Gibbs Crawfurd (1793-1861), of Eaton Hall, nr. Congleton, Cheshire and 11 Grosvenor Square, Mdx. {{!}} History of Parliament Online |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/antrobus-gibbs-1793-1861 |website=historyofparliamentonline.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> long-established family in Congleton
* [[Hewett Watson]] (1804–1881), phrenologist, botanist and evolutionary theorist
* [[William Newton (trade unionist)|William Newton]] (1822–1876), trade unionist, journalist and Chartist
* [[Dennis Bradwell]] (1828–1897), silk mill owner and Mayor of Congleton 1875–1878.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Congleton: Published to Celebrate the 700th Anniversary of the Granting of the Charter to the Town |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydFRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA151 |first=W. B. |last=Stephens |publisher=Manchester University Press |date=1970 |location=Congleton|pages=151| isbn=9780719012457|via=Google Books }}</ref>
* [[Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy|Elizabeth Wolstenholme]] (1833–1918), [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|suffragist]], essayist and poet<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2022 |title='Our Elizabeth' cemented in town's history |newspaper=Congleton Chronicle|url=https://www.chronicleseries.com/our-elizabeth-cemented-in-towns-history/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317015146/https://www.chronicleseries.com/our-elizabeth-cemented-in-towns-history/ |archive-date=17 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Gerald Harrison]] (1883–1943), Royal Navy Rear-Admiral<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7604068 |title=Catalogue description Name Harrison, Gerald Cartmell Date of Birth: 8 October 1883 Rank: ... |date=1898-05-15 |publisher=United Kingdom National Archives}}</ref> and cricketer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerald Harrison Profile – Cricket Player England {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/gerald-harrison-14060 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Theodora Turner]] (1907–1999), born in Congleton, nurse<ref>{{Cite news |date=1999-08-31 |title=Obituaries: Theodora Turner |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituaries-theodora-turner-1114720.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> and hospital matron.
* [[Frank Kearton, Baron Kearton]] (1911–1992), life peer, scientist and industrialist
* [[George Harold Eardley]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcock |first=Joan P. |title=History & Guide Congleton |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |date=30 June 2003 |isbn=0752429469 |location=Stroud |page=95}}</ref>(1912–1991), received the [[Victoria Cross]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36870|supp=y|page=139|date=29 December 1944}}</ref> in 1944<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Harold Eardley|url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/cheshire.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527162824/http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/cheshire.htm|archive-date=27 May 2012|website=victoriacross.org.uk}}</ref>
* [[John Blundell (economist)|John Blundell]] (1952–2014), Director General<ref>[https://www.atlasnetwork.org/news/article/in-memoriam-john-blundell-1952-2014 ATLAS NETWORK, 22 July 2014, IN MEMORIAM: JOHN BLUNDELL (1952–2014)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020516/https://www.atlasnetwork.org/news/article/in-memoriam-john-blundell-1952-2014 |date=29 July 2021 }} retrieved December 2017</ref> at the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]]
* [[Dawn Gibbins]] (1961–2022)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Watson |first=Laura |date=15 February 2022 |title=Tributes as 'secret millionaire' Dawn dies after 30 years of business brilliance |newspaper=Stoke Sentinel |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/business/tributes-secret-millionaire-dawn-dies-6657862.amp |url-status=live |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215054911/https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/business/tributes-secret-millionaire-dawn-dies-6657862.amp |archive-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> entrepreneur,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coventry |first=Laura |date=7 January 2011 |title=Appearance on Secret Millionaire inspired me to change direction in life, reveals entrepreneur Dawn Gibbins |newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/real-life/appearance-on-secret-millionaire-inspired-me-to-change-1091550 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214014645/https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/real-life/appearance-on-secret-millionaire-inspired-me-to-change-1091550 |archive-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> started flooring company Flowcrete in [[Sandbach]] with her father.
*[[Sarah Russell (politician)|Sarah Alison Russell]] (born ca.1980) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Russell |url=https://www.congletonlabourparty.co.uk/sarah-russell |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.congletonlabourparty.co.uk}}</ref> MP for [[Congleton (UK Parliament constituency)|Congleton constituency]] since 5 July 2024.

=== Arts ===
* [[Alan Garner]] (born 1934), novelist best known for his children's fantasy novels
* [[Louise Plowright]] (1956–2016), actress<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12182352/Louise-Plowright-actress-obituary.html|title=Louise Plowright, actress - obituary|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=3 March 2016|accessdate=7 January 2025|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210215903/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12182352/Louise-Plowright-actress-obituary.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Emma Bossons]] (born 1976 in Congleton), ceramic artist and designer for [[Moorcroft]] Pottery<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Melanie |date=9 March 2023 |title=Potter is 'honoured' to be Throw Down judge |page=14 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
* [[Jackie Oates]] (born 1983 in Congleton),<ref>{{cite news|url= https://congleton.nub.news/news/local-news/congleton-musician-launches-traditional-folk-music-project-for-kids|title= Congleton musician launches traditional folk music project for kids|last=Greensmith|first=Alex|publisher=Congleton Nub News|department=Local News|date=2 March 2022| accessdate=7 January 2024}}</ref> folk singer and fiddle player

=== Sports ===
* [[Tommy Clare]] (1865–1929), international footballer (right-back) and football manager<ref>[http://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=1204 SoccerBase Database] retrieved December 2017</ref>
* [[George Clawley]] (1875–1920), football goalkeeper who played 331 games for [[Southampton F.C.]] & [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Spurs]]
* [[William Yates (athlete)|William Yates]] (1880–1967), racewalker, competed at the [[1912 Summer Olympics]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ya/william-yates-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418042956/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ya/william-yates-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-18|title=William Yates Bio, Stats, and Results|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref>
* [[Hugh Moffat (footballer)|Hugh Moffat]] (1885–1952), footballer, played 201 games for [[Burnley F.C.]] and 162 for [[Oldham Athletic F.C.]]
* [[Ann Packer]] (born 1942) and [[Robbie Brightwell]] (1939–2022),<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Robbie Brightwell |url=https://www.teamgb.com/article/remembering-robbie-brightwell/6XiHQAQ4tE1u0xPLjsqyVj |access-date=14 March 2022 |publisher=Team GB |date=7 March 2022}}</ref> husband-and-wife [[Gold medal|Olympic gold medal]] athletes at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]]. She lives locally.
* [[Ian Brightwell]] (born 1968), former [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] footballer with 464 club caps; grew up in Congleton
* [[Paul Ware]] (1970–2013), footballer who played 233 games including 155 for [[Stoke City F.C.]]
* [[Laura MacLeod]] (born 1977), cricketer, appeared in 13 [[Women's Test cricket]] matches <ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/53702.html ESPN cricinfo Database] retrieved December 2017</ref>
*[[John Gimson]] (born 1983), sailor, silver medallist at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]], lives in Congleton.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bottomley |first=Lee |date=27 September 2023 |title=Olympians claim Irish Sea sailing record |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-66939940 |access-date=2023-09-28 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
*[[Amy Rodgers]] (born 2000), football player for Bristol City WFC and Scotland,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/players/?pid=673615&lid=2 |title=Amy Rodgers |publisher=Scottish FA |access-date=11 March 2025}}</ref> started her career at Vale Juniors Congleton.

== Twin towns – sister cities ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in England}}
Congleton is twinned with:
*[[Trappes]], France, since 16 September 1962<ref>{{cite web|title=Les jumelages|url=https://www.trappes.fr/mairie/decouvrir-la-ville/les-jumelages|website=trappes.fr|publisher=Trappes|language=fr|access-date=2021-10-28|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204015101/https://www.trappes.fr/mairie/decouvrir-la-ville/les-jumelages|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== Aldermen/Alderwomen and Freeman ==
The following is a list of people who have been either an Alderman/Alderwoman or Freeman of Congleton, and when the title was bestowed.
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|

*A.J. Solly (Alderman ???)<ref>{{Cite news|date= 9 December 2021 |title= Extracts from the Chronicle Files "100 years ago" |department= Glancing Back|page=6|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*Solly (Alderman ???)<ref>{{Cite news|date= 26 September 2024 |title= Extracts from the Chronicle Files "100 years ago" |department= Glancing Back|page=6|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*Ernest Hancock (Alderman ???)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcock |first=Joan P. |title=History & Guide Congleton |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |date=30 June 2003 |isbn=0752429469 |location=Stroud |page=100}}</ref>
*J.A. Clayton (Alderman ???)<ref name="ChroniclingThePast">{{Cite news|date= 8 February 2024 |title= Chronicling the past Bringing old characters to life |page=27|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*John Smith (Alderman ???)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcock |first=Joan P. |title=History and Guide Congleton |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |date=30 June 2003 |isbn=0752429469 |location=Stroud |page=115}}</ref>
*Massie Harper (Alderman ???)<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2022 |title=Remarkable family with local link |page=7 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*Harold Burns (Alderman ???)<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 1972 |title=BY-PASS YES, BUT MAYOR HAS MIXED FEELINGS |page=12 |newspaper=[[Evening Sentinel]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/868443351/?terms=BY-PASS%20YES%2C%20BUT%20MAYOR%20HAS%20MIXED%20FEELINGS |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 June 2023 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*H.W. Howard (Alderman ???)<ref name="ChroniclingThePast" />
*W.I. Fern [[Justice of the peace|J.P.]] (Alderman ???)<ref name="DayByDay">{{Cite news |date=15 May 1934 |title=* DAY BY DAY * |page=6 |newspaper=[[Evening Sentinel]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/808032261/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 June 2023 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*S. Maskery (Alderman ???)<ref name="GrandOldMan">{{Cite news |date=4 September 1931 |title=CONGLETON'S "GRAND OLD MAN." 79th Birthday of Ald. S. Maskery. SEVEN TIMES MAYOR. |page=3 |newspaper=[[Evening Sentinel]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/808841702/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 June 2023 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*Fred Jackson (Alderman ???, Freeman ???)<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 1953 |title=Honouring Congleton Public Men |page=2 |newspaper=[[Evening Sentinel]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111567939/honouring-congleton-public-men/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*Frederick Barton (Alderman ???)<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 1945 |title=ANOTHER ALDERMAN RESIGNS |page=1 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*D. Charlesworth (Alderman ???)<ref name="RoyalTour">{{Cite news |date=5 May 1972 |title=Thrilling start to Royal tour with 'meet the people' stroll |page=Front page |newspaper=[[Evening Sentinel]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/868115615/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 June 2023 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*W.H. Semper (Alderman ???)<ref name="RoyalTour" />
*R.A. Daniel (Alderman ???)<ref name="HONORARYFREEDOMOFTHEBOROUGH">{{Cite news |date=30 October 1953 |title=HONORARY FREEDOM OF THE BOROUGH |page=4 |newspaper=Staffordshire Weekly Sentinel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/869605178/?clipping_id=127049183&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjg2OTYwNTE3OCwiaWF0IjoxNjg3NjU3MzU1LCJleHAiOjE2ODc3NDM3NTV9.yO-p8OWgt8T2-CT1_bIxnRoDK_kibE6WXXDQqWGXw94 |access-date=25 June 2023 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*S. Moores (Alderman ???)<ref name="HONORARYFREEDOMOFTHEBOROUGH" />
*A. Gleeson (Alderman ???)<ref name="HONORARYFREEDOMOFTHEBOROUGH" />
*Jackson [[Justice of the peace|JP]] (Alderman ???)<ref>{{Cite news|date= 17 August 2023|title= Extracts from the Chronicle Files "100 years ago" |department= Glancing Back|page=6|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*F Jackson (Alderman???)<ref>{{Cite news|date= 15 August 2024|title= Extracts from the Chronicle Files "100 years ago" |department= Glancing Back|page=6|newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*Shepard (Alderman ???)<ref name="SEATVACANT">{{Cite news |date=4 September 1931 |title=CONGLETON TOWN COUNCIL ALDERMANIC SEAT VACANT|page=3 |newspaper=[[Evening Sentinel]] |url= https://www-newspapers.com/image/973077680/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 April 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*Wright (Alderman ???)<ref name="SEATVACANT" />
*Isaac Salt (Alderman ???)<ref name="SEATVACANT" />
*M. Pass (Alderwoman 1937)<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ydFRAQAAIAAJ |title=History of Congleton Published to Celebrate the 700th Anniversary of the Granting of the Charter to the Town |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1970 |editor-last=Stevans |editor-first=W.B. |location=Manchester |page=108 |isbn=978-0-7190-1245-7 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
*Frank Dale (Alderman 1938)<ref name="HONORARYFREEDOMOFTHEBOROUGH" />
*G. Rowell (Alderman November 1945)<ref name="ThreenewAldermen">{{Cite news |date=11 November 1945 |title=Three new Aldermen |page=8 |newspaper=[[Congleton Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*W. Newton (Alderman November 1945)<ref name="ThreenewAldermen" />
*W.F. O'Reilly (Alderman November 1945)<ref name="ThreenewAldermen" />
}}

== Freedom of Congleton ==
The following is a list of people who have had freedom of Congleton and when the freedom was bestowed.
*S. Maskery (Freedom of the Borough of Congleton early 1900s)<ref name="GrandOldMan"/>
*W.L. Fern (Freedom of the Borough of Congleton 14 May 1934)<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 1934 |title=Freedom of Congleton |page=10 |newspaper=[[Evening Sentinel]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/808032496/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 June 2023 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*W. I. Fern (Freedom of the Borough of Congleton 14 May 1934)<ref name="DayByDay"/>
*Frank Dale (Freedom of the Borough of Congleton October 1953)<ref name="HONORARYFREEDOMOFTHEBOROUGH" />
*Harry Williams (Freedom of the Borough of Congleton October 1953)<ref name="HONORARYFREEDOMOFTHEBOROUGH" />

==Awards==
[[File:Congleton Award plaques one.jpg|thumb|Award Plaques for awards the town of Congleton has won]]
[[File:Congleton Award plaques Two.jpg|thumb|Award Plaques for awards the town of Congleton has won]]
The following is a list of awards the town of Congleton has won and the year the awards were won.
*World Record: Smallest Cow (???)<ref name="WorldRecords" />
*Civic Pride Award (1997){{refn|group=nb|name=PlaquePhoto1|Source Top photo of Award plaques}}
*Civic Pride Competition (1999){{refn|group=nb|name= PlaquePhoto1}}
*Civic Pride Competition (2001){{refn|group=nb|name= PlaquePhoto1}}
*Community Pride (2006){{refn|group=nb|name= PlaquePhoto1}}
*Community Pride (2007){{refn|group=nb|name= PlaquePhoto1}}
*World Record: Biggest Maypole Dance (21 May 2008)<ref name="WorldRecords" />
*World Record: Most Frisbees Thrown At The Same Time<ref name="WorldRecords" />
*Little Gem (2011){{refn|group=nb|name=PlaquePhoto2|Source Bottom photo of Award plaques}}
*Community Pride (2011){{refn|group=nb|name= PlaquePhoto2}}
*Community Pride (2012){{refn|group=nb|name= PlaquePhoto2}}
*Best Kept Village (2018){{refn|group=nb|name= PlaquePhoto1}}
*Best Kept Village Overall Winner (2018){{refn|group=nb|name= PlaquePhoto1}}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180" heights="120">
File:Dane-in-Shaw bluebells.jpg|[[Hyacinthoides non-scripta|Bluebells]] at Dane-in-Shaw Brook SSI
File:Astbury Mere entrance.jpg|[[Astbury Mere]]
File:Daneside Theatre.jpg|[[Daneside Theatre]] in March 2022
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Cheshire}}
*[[Listed buildings in Congleton]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |author=Head, Robert |title=Congleton Past and Present. |url=https://archive.org/details/congletonpastpre01head |publisher= Robert Head |year=1887}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category}}
*[http://www.congleton-tc.gov.uk/ Congleton Town Council website]
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Congleton |volume=6 |short=x}}
*[http://www.congletonmuseum.co.uk/ Congleton Museum] – local history museum and education resource

{{Cheshire, Cheshire East}}
{{Cheshire}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Congleton| ]]
[[Category:Manchester City Region]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Towns in Cheshire]]

Conflict triangle

2026-07-25T12:14:38Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Conflict triangle|timestamp=20220927173823|year=2022|month=September|day=27|substed=yes}}


{{short description|Concept for analyzing conflicts by Johan Galtung}}
[[File:Konfliktdreieck nach Johan Galtung.jpg|thumb|<ref>{{Citation|last=Anerev85|title=English: Johan Galtung's conflict triangle (German)|date=2010-02-24|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Konfliktdreieck_nach_Johan_Galtung.jpg|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref>]]
The '''conflict triangle''' or '''ABC triangle''' is a model exploring the impact and causes of [[Conflict of interest|conflict]].

The theory was created by [[Johan Galtung]] and was published in ''[[Journal of Peace Research]]'' in 1969.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=VIOLENCE, PEACE, AND PEACE RESEARCH*|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/422690|journal=Journal of Peace Research|volume=6|pages=167-191}}</ref> The triangle highlights three aspects of a conflict situation: on top of the triangle is B or Behavior (people's actions, statements, insults and so on), on the sides A for Attitude (it includes feelings, prejudices and beliefs) and C for [[Contradiction]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-23|title=Theoretical Approaches I – Core Theories|url=https://turnerconflict.com/theories-i-core-theories/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Conflict Analysis and Resolution Information Services|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619160522/https://turnerconflict.com/theories-i-core-theories/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> or Context.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Conflict Triangle by Scottish Centre for Conflict Resolutions|url=https://sccr-files.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/5384a71b21ba55270a000002/assets/53e22a0c21ba5531de000091/Info_Sheet-Prof.The_Conflict_Triangle.pdf}}</ref> The last one can be defined by inequality, territorial or economic arguments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galtung and the Conflict Triangle {{!}} Chapman Peace Studies Capstone Projects|url=https://sites.chapman.edu/capstoneprojectsinpeacestudies/2019/02/22/galtung-and-the-conflict-triangle/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=sites.chapman.edu|archive-date=2020-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621075626/https://sites.chapman.edu/capstoneprojectsinpeacestudies/2019/02/22/galtung-and-the-conflict-triangle/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The triangle is divided into two parts like an [[iceberg]], the upper one (with B on top) being visible, while the lower part of the triangle (with the sides A and C) is hidden.

The conflict triangle is used for analysing all types of conflict situations, even with multiple actors.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-23|title=Theoretical Approaches I – Core Theories|url=https://turnerconflict.com/theories-i-core-theories/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Conflict Analysis and Resolution Information Services|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619160522/https://turnerconflict.com/theories-i-core-theories/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Conflict (process)]]
[[Category:Interpersonal relationships]]
[[Category:Reconciliation]]
[[Category:Dispute resolution]]

{{Social-psych-stub}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conflict transformation

2026-07-25T12:13:21Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Conflict transformation|timestamp=20220927182610|year=2022|month=September|day=27|substed=yes}}


{{Short description|Concept in conflict studies}}
{{Overquotation|date=August 2017}}

'''Conflict transformation''' is a concept designed to reframe the way in which [[peacebuilding]] initiatives are discussed and pursued, particularly in contexts of [[ethnic conflict]]. Traditionally, the emphasis has been on [[conflict resolution]] and [[conflict management]] methods, which focus on reducing or defusing outbreaks of hostility. '''Conflict transformation''', in contrast, places a greater weight on addressing the underlying conditions which give rise to that conflict, preferably well in advance of any hostility, but also to ensure a [[sustainable]] peace. In other terms, it attempts to make explicit and then reshape the social structures and dynamics behind the conflict, often employing analytical tools borrowed from [[systems thinking]]. "The very structure of parties and relationships may be embedded in a pattern of conflictual relationships that extend beyond the particular site of conflict. Conflict transformation is therefore a process of engaging with and transforming the relationships, interests, discourses and, if necessary, the very constitution of society that supports the continuation of violent conflict".<ref name="Miall">Hugh Miall (2004) [http://image.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Handbook/Articles/miall_handbook.pdf Conflict Transformation: A Multi-Dimensional Task], Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, p. 4</ref>

==Approaches, definitions==
Conflict transformation approaches differ from those of conflict management or conflict resolution.<ref>[http://image.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Books/Book_Glossary_Chapters_en/berghof_glossary_2012_02_conflict_prevention_management_resolution.pdf Berghof Glossary, Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution] on [http://www.berghof-foundation.org Berghof Foundation's] web</ref>
Whereas conflict transformation involves transforming the relationships that support violence, conflict management approaches seek to merely manage and contain conflict, and conflict resolution approaches seek to move conflict parties away from [[zero-sum]] positions towards positive outcomes, often with the help of external actors.<ref name="Miall"/>

Conflict transformation theory and practice are often associated with the academics and practitioners [[Johan Galtung]] and [[John Paul Lederach]].

According to Johan Galtung's ''[[Transcend Method]]'' conflict transformation theory and practice, and process/es, comprise:<ref name=galtung-un-2000-p10>Johan Galtung: ''The Transcend Method at a glance: a one-page version'' (page 5) in: [https://www.transcend.org/pctrcluj2004/TRANSCEND_manual.pdf ''Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means (the Transcend Method) – Participants'/Trainers' Manual''], United Nations 2000 (at [https://www.transcend.org/ transcend.org])</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# ''Mapping the conflict formation: all parties, all goals, and all issues;''
# ''Bringing in forgotten parties with important stakes in the conflict;''
# ''Having highly empathic dialogues with all parties singly;''
# ''Each conflict worker may specialize on one conflict party;''
# ''In these dialogues identifying acceptable goals in all parties;''
# ''Bringing in forgotten goals that may open new perspectives;''
# ''Arriving at overarching goals acceptable to all parties;''
# ''Arriving at short, evocative, goal-formulations;''
# ''Helping define the tasks for all parties with that goal in mind; disembedding the conflict from where it was, embedding it elsewhere, bringing in forgotten parties, goals;''
# ''Verifying how realizing that goal would realize parties' goals;''
# ''Helping parties meet at the table for self-sustaining process;''
# ''Withdrawing from the conflict, go on to the next, being on call.''
}}

and are based upon ''basic premises'' inspired by main world religions:<ref name=galtung-un-2000-p10/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# ''following [[Hindu]] thought... Conflict the Destroyer and Conflict the Creator; conflict as a source of violence and conflict as a source of development. The conflict [i.e. conflict transformation] worker has the third role as Preserver, transforming the conflict by avoiding violence, promoting development.''
# ''following [[Buddhist]] thought... Codependent origination, everything grows together in mutual causation. Conflicts have no beginning and no end, we all share the responsibility; no single actor (like statesmen) carries all the responsibility (monopoly) and no single actor carries all the guilt.''
# ''following [[Christian thought]]... Ultimately, the responsibility for conflict transformation lies with individuals and their individual responsibility and decisions to act so as to promote peace rather than violence, and the principle of hope.''
# ''following [[Daoist]] thought... Everything is yin and yang, good and bad, there is the high likelihood that the action chosen also has negative consequences and that action not chosen may have positive consequences; hence the need for reversibility, only doing what can be undone.''
# ''following [[Islamic]] thought... The strength deriving from submitting together to a common goal, including the concrete responsibility for the well-being of all.''
# ''following [[Judaic]] thought... The truth lies less in a verbal formula than in the dialogue to arrive at the formula, and that dialogue has no beginning and no end.''
}}

According to [[Berghof Foundation]], conflict transformation means:
:: ''A generic, comprehensive term referring to actions and processes seeking to alter the various characteristics and manifestations of violent conflict by addressing the root causes of a particular conflict over the long term. It aims to transform negative destructive conflict into positive constructive conflict and deals with structural, behavioural and attitudinal aspects of conflict. The term refers to both the process and the completion of the process. As such, it incorporates the activities of processes such as conflict prevention and conflict resolution and goes farther than conflict settlement or conflict management.''<ref>[http://image.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Handbook/Articles/handbook_glossary.pdf The Berghof Handbook Glossary] > [http://image.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Books/Book_Glossary_Chapters_en/berghof_glossary_2012_03_conflict_transformation.pdf expanded into the Berghof Glossary, Conflict Transformation] on [http://www.berghof-foundation.org Berghof Foundation's] web</ref>

According to [[Institute for Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding]] (ICP), conflict transformation means:
:: ''Conflict transformation, in contrast to conflict resolution, does not only seek to resolve the contradiction in a conflict setting. It also aims at addressing structural and social root causes by challenging injustices and restoring human relations and it deals with ethnical and value-based dimensions. Conflict transformation is not only an approach or a tool but primarily a mindset. Conflict transformation, according to our 3 Cs approach, needs to be comprehensive, compassionate and creative.<ref>[http://www.iicp.ch/node/10 ''ICP: About Conflict Transformation & Peacebuilding''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316102247/http://www.iicp.ch/node/10 |date=2018-03-16 }} at ICP web [http://www.iicp.ch/ iicp.ch]</ref>''

According to [[Search for Common Ground]] conflict transformation initiatives are often characterized by long-time horizons and interventions at multiple levels, aimed at changing perceptions and improving communications skills addressing the roots of conflict, including inequality and social injustice.<ref name="SFCG">SFCG (no date) [http://www.sfcg.org/resources/resources_terms.html Commonly Used Terms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829005441/http://www.sfcg.org/resources/resources_terms.html |date=2009-08-29 }}, Search for Common Ground</ref>

The ''Principles of Conflict Transformation'', by [[TransConflict]], specify further in order to help with defining conflict transformation:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
:* ''Conflict should not be regarded as an isolated event that can be resolved or managed, but as an integral part of society’s on-going evolution and development;''
:* ''Conflict should not be understood solely as an inherently negative and destructive occurrence, but rather as a potentially positive and productive force for change if harnessed constructively;''
:* ''Conflict transformation goes beyond merely seeking to contain and manage conflict, instead seeking to transform the root causes of a particular conflict;''
:* ''Conflict transformation is a long-term, gradual and complex process, requiring sustained engagement and interaction;''
:* ''Conflict transformation is not just an approach and set of techniques, but a way of thinking about and understanding conflict itself;''
:* ''Conflict transformation is particularly intended for intractable conflicts, where deep-rooted issues fuel protracted violence; <ref name="TransConflict">[http://www.transconflict.com/advocate/global-coalition-for-conflict-transformation/principles-of-conflict-transformation/ Principles of Conflict Transformation], TransConflict</ref>''...continued by some ten more...''
}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Conflict resolution research]]
* [[Dispute resolution]]
* [[Mediation]]
* [[Nonviolent Communication]]
* [[Restorative justice]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==

* [http://www.berghof-foundation.org/handbook ''Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation''] online ([http://www.berghof-foundation.org//en/publications/category/handbook-1/ berghof-foundation.org/handbook]), including: [http://www.berghof-foundation.org/publications/handbook/background/ ''Key Term - Conflict Transformation'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206144015/http://koff.swisspeace.ch/what-we-work-on/human-rights-conflict-transformation/ ''Centre for Peacebuilding: Human Rights and Conflict Transformation''] – at [[Swisspeace]]'s [[Centre for Peacebuilding]] (KOFF) ([http://koff.swisspeace.ch koff.swisspeace.ch])
* [http://www.institute-icp.ch ''ICP: The Art of Conflict Transformation''] – concrete applications of the approach at the Swiss Institute for Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding (ICP)
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091015214752/http://www.sfcg.org/resources/resources_tips.html ''Search for Common Ground: Tips for Transforming Conflict''] at Search for Common Ground (SFCG)'s
* [http://www.transconflict.com/advocate/global-coalition-for-conflict-transformation/principles-of-conflict-transformation/ ''TransConflict: Principles of Conflict Transformation''] at TransConflict

[[Category:Conflict (process)]]
[[Category:Ethnic conflict]]
[[Category:Peacebuilding]]
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conflict of Heroes

2026-07-25T12:12:21Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Conflict of Heroes|timestamp=20200621084444|year=2020|month=June|day=21|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{multiple issues|
{{all plot|date=May 2017}}
{{notability|date=May 2017}}{{unref|date=July 2020}}
{{original research|date=May 2017}}
}}
{{Infobox game
| title = Conflict of Heroes
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| designer = Uwe Eickert
| manufacturer =
| publisher = [[Academy Games]] [[Elfinwerks]]
| illustrator =
| years = 2008-present
| players = 1-4
| ages = 10+
| setup_time =
| playing_time = 30-180 minutes
| random_chance =
| web = [https://academygames.com/games/conflict-of-heroes-series academygames.com]
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}

'''''Conflict of Heroes''''' (CoH) is a [[Tactical wargame|tactical-level]] [[board wargame]] series that simulates firefights at the [[platoon]] or [[company (military unit)|company]] level. Several games and expansions have been released in the series including, [[Conflict of Heroes: Price of Honour|Price of Honour]] set in [[Poland]] in 1939, [[Conflict of Heroes: Awakening the Bear!|Awakening the Bear!]], set in the [[World War II]] [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] between the years 1941 and 1942, [[Conflict of Heroes: Storms of Steel|Storms of Steel]], set in [[Kursk]] in 1943 and [[Conflict of Heroes: Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal]], set on [[Guadalcanal]] in 1942. The game is played on one or more interchangeable [[Geomorphic mapboard|map boards]] which are divided into hexagons for movement and firing regulation.

The first game in the Conflict of Heroes series, Awakening the Bear!, is a 2009 Origins Silver Award Winner for the Best Historical Board Games category. A jury of experts drawn from the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design and the Game Manufacturers Association’s (GAMA) three divisions select the top ten of the submitted games and present them to game store retailers in attendance at the GAMA Trade Show in April each year.

==Introduction==
The game has been hailed as an excellent addition to the available wargame lineup in that Conflict of Heroes uses simplified rules compared to some other wargames such as [[Advanced Squad Leader]]. It is easy for beginners to learn and games can be quite short if all players are experienced. The game can accommodate up to four players, but many of the included firefight scenarios are only designed for two players.

==Game Components==
The games contain 1" square cardboard counters, depicting either a military unit or a game related token. Units include infantry squads, assault squads, machine gun teams, mortar teams, tanks, and heavy weapons. Events such as artillery strikes and extra weapons, as well as game features are included on action cards. Also included are map boards with terrain features such as lakes, buildings, hills, forests, roads, etc.

==Gameplay==
Conflict of Heroes differs from many board wargames in that it allows players to instantly react to almost any action by the opponent. On the active player's turn, he/she activates one unit. That unit is given seven action points (APs) (although there are rule variants on the number of APs given per unit) which it can use to move, pivot, fire or build defenses if it has that capability. Each unit, upon activation, receives their APs, but each unit can only be activated once per turn, and each player can only activate one unit during his/her active period. Because of this, play is passed quickly back and forth between players. After any given unit has used all its APs, it is marked at 'used' and cannot be activated again that turn.

In addition to the APs that each unit receives, each player receives an amount of Command Action Points (CAPs) that can be used at any time to move/fire units that are not active, supplement an active unit's APs, or modify a dice roll. After each action by the active player, the inactive player is given a chance to respond one time with one unit. He may use his CAPs in the same manner as APs to fire with or move a unit, or he may choose to use an 'opportunity action', whereby he is allowed to give a unit any single action, but that unit is marked as used after completing the action. After the inactive player is given the chance to respond, the active player continues with his/her turn as normal. The active player is not bound to using strictly APs either, he/she may use CAPs and opportunity actions in between, before, or after using APs, as long as the inactive player is given a chance to respond to every action.

This rule set allows for a very involved gameplay that leaves little downtime for either player. Many of the other rules in the game are similar to other board wargames, but they are often simplified for ease of teaching and for making the game more fun.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://academygames.com/games/conflict-of-heroes-series academygames.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603140230/https://academygames.com/games/conflict-of-heroes-series |date=2016-06-03 }}
*[http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/24800 Conflict of Heroes: Awakening the Bear! - Russia 1941-42] at Boardgamegeek
*[http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/38823 Conflict of Heroes: Storms of Steel - Eastern Front 1943-45] at Boargamegeek

{{DEFAULTSORT:Conflict Of Heroes}}
[[Category:World War II board wargames]]
[[Category:Tactical wargames]]
{{Source Wikipedia}}
{{Kept on Wikipedia|Biggest version}}

Confined environment psychology

2026-07-25T12:11:35Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC submission|d|essay|u=Dudettenc|ns=118|decliner=CodeLyoko|declinets=20191010224321|ts=20190531123511}} 

{{AFC comment|1=needs ck for duplication with other articles ''' [[User:DGG|DGG]]''' ( [[User talk:DGG|talk ]]) 04:58, 2 October 2020 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=reads like an essay more then an article, please see [[WP:MOS]] on how to properly format your articles! [[User:CodeLyoko|CodeLyoko]][[User talk:CodeLyoko|buzz]] 22:43, 10 October 2019 (UTC)}}

----

{{Redirect|Confined environment psychology|Environmental psychology|Environmental psychology}} {{Redirect|Confined environment psychology|Environmental sociology|Environmental sociology}} {{Redirect|Confined environment psychology|Environmental anthropology|Environmental anthropology}} 
 [[File:Newgate_-_cell_and_galleries.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newgate_-_cell_and_galleries.jpg|thumb|Example of a confined environment]]

'''Confined environment psychology''' is a refined subcategory of environmental psychology. There can be severe neurological impacts upon remaining in a confined environment over a prolonged period of time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/loneliness-isolation-brain-changes|title=Loneliness is bad for brains|last=Sanders|first=Laura|date=2018-11-28|website=Science News|language=en|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>. Confined environment psychology can come in different forms, including; by location and lack of or limited human interaction. The broad subcategory also includes the effects of social isolation on animals.

'''Behavioural and Neurological impacts of confined environments'''

Solitary confinement and isolation can have severe psychological effects and is heavily dependent on the extent of isolation, particularly for prisoners. A study conducted by Stuart Grassian stated some of the behavioural effects of solitary confinement and isolation include agitative behaviour, hallucinations and restlessness. [[Solitary confinement]] and isolation can disrupt the function of neurotransmitter systems, which result in unusual behaviour.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Psychopathological Effects of Solitary Confinement|last=Grassian|first=Stuart|year=1983|isbn=|location=https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/CCJ%20102716%20Item%203%20Dr%20Grassian%20Psychopathological%20Effects%20of%20Solitary%20Confinement.pdf|pages=1450}}</ref>

Mice experience similar behaviour to humans, including agitation and aggression, fear and hypersensitivity to unfamiliar objects that are viewed as a threat. Neurologically, chronic social isolation for mice activates a neuropeptide found in the central nervous system known as tachykinin. Tachykinin (also known as the [[Tachykinin peptides|TACC2 gene]] for mice) is produced in the amygdala and hypothalamus of a mouse’s brain. These regions of the mouse brain directly control the behaviour of mice emotionally and socially. Suppressing certain [[Neurochemical|neurochemicals]] can have an adverse effect on the behaviour of mice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180517113856.htm|title=How social isolation transforms the brain: A particular neural chemical is overproduced during long-term social isolation, causing increased aggression and fear|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>

<nowiki/><nowiki/>{{Portal|Psychology|Environment}}

==== '''Confined environment psychology by location''' ====
Various experiments have been conducted that physically confine human beings based on location.

===== Confined environment in Antarctica =====
Isolation experiments conducted in Antarctica analysed the dynamics of human relationships during prolonged periods of time. Participants at [[Concordia Station|Concordia Antarctic Research Station]] experienced different psychological outcomes. Although [[Cognition|cognitive performance]] generally remains unchanged, inactive participants were demotivated and physically strained, whereas the active group were psychologically and physically stable.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Barkaszi|first=Irén|last2=Takács|first2=Endre|last3=Czigler|first3=István|last4=Balázs|first4=László|date=2016-06-30|title=Extreme Environment Effects on Cognitive Functions: A Longitudinal Study in High Altitude in Antarctica|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=10|pages=331|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2016.00331|issn=1662-5161|pmc=4928492|pmid=27445768}}</ref>Given the psychological and physical isolation of residing in Antarctica, there were higher rates of self-diagnosed depression, lower blood pressure levels and lower adrenaline.<ref name=":0" />
===== The Zimbardo Experiment =====
Another example of a physical confined environment is the [[Stanford prison experiment|Stanford environment prison test]], also known as the Zimbardo experiment. The Zimbardo experiment was conducted by an American psychologist and Stanford University Professor named [[Philip Zimbardo|Phillip Zimbardo]] in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbcprisonstudy.org/bbc-prison-study.php?p=17|title=The Study - The BBC Prison Study|website=www.bbcprisonstudy.org|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>Using the bottom level of the Psychology building in [[Stanford University]], Zimbardo transformed it into a mock prison, whereby random participants were assigned different prison roles, including prisoners and guards. Each participant was given an ID number and prison uniform to deprive them of their identity. The participants were given their assigned roles and soon started behaving as they were legitimately a prisoner or a prison guard. Those assigned as prison guards began to adopt authoritative mannerisms and asserted their dominance over the prisoners by punishing them physically, often through push-ups. The psychological impact of being in a confined prison was demonstrated when Prisoner #8612 experienced uncontrollable rage within 36 hours of the experiment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/zimbardo.html|title=Stanford Prison Experiment {{!}} Simply Psychology|website=www.simplypsychology.org|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>
===== NASA Mars One =====
The NASA [[Mars One]] isolation mission examines the social and individual psychological conditions of living on Mars for 32 to 33 months<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2019/research-aids-future-nasa-missions-to-mars/|title=Research aids future NASA missions to Mars|last=University|first=Michigan State|website=MSUToday|language=en|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>. There has been extensive research conducted by Michigan State University Professor [[Steve Kozlowski]] regarding team cohesion in confined environments. Experiments have been performed around the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii and Antarctica to mimic the conditions of Mars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://socialscience.msu.edu/about-us/news/msu-social-scientists-research-to-help-nasas-future-missions-to-mars/|title=College of Social Science - Michigan State University :: News|website=socialscience.msu.edu|access-date=2019-05-17|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517032031/http://socialscience.msu.edu/about-us/news/msu-social-scientists-research-to-help-nasas-future-missions-to-mars/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>The official NASA Mars One program is yet to be conducted, with the program aiming to “establish a permanent human settlement in Mars”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mars-one.com/|title=Mars One|website=Mars One|language=english|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>

===== Hospital patient isolation =====
A study conducted by US hospitals in relation to changes in patient psychology when in contact isolation due to being infected with [[Multiple drug resistance|multi-drug resistant organisms]] (MDROs)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Abad|first=C.|last2=Fearday|first2=A.|last3=Safdar|first3=N.|date=2010|title=Adverse effects of isolation in hospitalised patients: a systematic review|journal=Journal of Hospital Infection|language=en|volume=76|issue=2|pages=97–102|doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2010.04.027}}</ref>. Precautions to reduce the spread of MDROs had adverse psychological effects for patients, specifically an increase in the severity of mental health issues including [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]]. The outcome of the patient isolation studies resulted in nosocomial infection, whereby the infection is borne within the hospital. The scoring scales used for the studies included [[Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression|Hamilton Anxiety/Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)]] and the [[Rosenberg self-esteem scale|Self-Esteem Scale (SES)]]<ref name=":2" />.This study requires larger studies to be conducted to be more accurate in results.

===== Homogenous environment psychology =====
Living in a homogeneous country is a form of [[social isolation]] that can have several psychological effects on an individual. [[Saudi Arabia]] is an example of a culturally homogeneous country, whereby individuals are viewed as a collectivist society. With the whole population being of Muslim faith<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html|title=Middle East :: Saudi Arabia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|last=|first=|date=|website=www.cia.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229213833/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html|archive-date=2020-12-29|access-date=2019-05-28|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, an established way of thinking has been developed, predominantly influenced by [[Islam|Islamic beliefs and values]]. Saudi Arabian people share the same taboo topics, due to the profound link between religion and government. Arabs typically share the mentality that life is “in the hands of Allah (God)”, therefore a stigma has been formed against the practice of psychology in the Arab world<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-25/edition-6/interview-psychology-arab-world|title=Interview: Psychology in the Arab world {{!}} The Psychologist|last=|first=|date=|website=thepsychologist.bps.org.uk|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref>.Being in a confined country bounded by religious beliefs and stern traditions has resulted in individuals being bounded by narrow mentalities. With the government removing the [[Women to drive movement|ban on female drivers]] on 24 June 2018, the empowerment of women is being initiated, and culture, religion and government are being separated<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/22/riyadh-may-have-unleashed-more-change-than-it-can-handle/|title=Riyadh May Have Unleashed More Change Than It Can Handle|last=Maksad|first=Firas|date=|website=Foreign Policy|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44367981|title=Saudi women get first driving licences|last=|first=|date=2018-06-05|work=BBC|access-date=2019-05-28|language=en-GB}}</ref>.

==== '''Confined work environments''' ====

===== Royal Navy personnel experiment =====
Confined work environments can have significant psychological and physical effects on individuals. A 2010 study on Royal Navy personnel.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Brasher|first=Kate S.|last2=Dew|first2=Angela B.C.|last3=Kilminster|first3=Shaun G.|last4=Bridger|first4=Robert S.|date=2010|title=Occupational stress in submariners: The impact of isolated and confined work on psychological well-being|journal=Ergonomics|language=en|volume=53|issue=3|pages=305–313|doi=10.1080/00140130903067763|issn=0014-0139}}</ref>, conducted by the Institute of Naval Medicine in Hampshire, investigated the negative effects associated with occupational stress, specifically when working in submarines. Factors that can affect the work of personnel include the mood of the individual. According to the study, workers remain in a positive mood during and after the mission, however, may experience a negative mood when reflecting on the remaining duration of the mission. The [[Salutogenesis|'salutogenic effect’]] is presented, although this largely relied on consistent interaction with families for workers to be in a positive mood. Specific personality traits work well with working in a confined environment. These include extroverted behaviour and low levels of emotional stability. The results of the study stated that from 1999 to 2007, submariners that suffered from stress increased by 9%, from 31% in 1999 to 40% in 2007<ref name=":3" />

==== '''Confined environment psychology by limited social interaction''' ====
Social environment confinement produces similar effects to physical confined environments. The AARP study on social isolation by age, the Amish community, Oxana Malaya (the feral child), Amala and Kamala (the “wolf-like children”) and mice/rat experiments are examples of psychological changes caused by limited social interaction.

===== Social isolation by age =====
A 2018 study conducted by the [[AARP|American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)]] deconstructs the effects of social isolation on adults over 40 years old (Anderson & Thayer, 2018). The survey conducted by the AARP, consisting of a sample size of 1,300 adults aged over 40, found that two-thirds of the sample believed social isolation is triggered by a specific event, however other factors that contribute to social isolation also included lack of community facilities in health and wellbeing that can increase the severity of social isolation. The study debunked commonly believed myths about social isolation, with 82% of the sample size believing married people cannot be lonely since they have a partner around, however this myth was deemed false. The myth that prolonged periods of social isolation is equivalent to smoking 15 cigarettes per day was not commonly known, with 28% of the sample size answering correctly (Anderson & Thayer, 2018).

===== The Amish community =====
The [[Amish|Amish community]], primarily found in Ohio and Pennsylvania<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amishamerica.com/where-do-the-amish-live/|title=Where do the Amish live?|website=amishamerica.com|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>, are a religious group that follow a strict lifestyle and limit their social interactions to their own community. When an Amish person marries with a non-Amish person, they are shunned by the community.<ref>{{Citation|title=BBC Documentary 2017 - The Amish Documentary- Shunned from Amish Family|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoadadxSTyQ|language=en|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>The Amish community refrain from using advanced technologies, and other facilities that go against their [[Ordnung]], which is their set of rules for daily life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amishamerica.com/what-is-the-amish-ordnung/|title=What is the Amish Ordnung?|website=amishamerica.com|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>The Ordnung includes the prohibition of public electricity and automobiles. This also applies to the installation of phones within households, however Amish people still recognise the need for phones for communication purposes. The confined mentality of having limited social interaction results in the Amish people being very family-oriented and reliant on family connections for business, particularly for farming practices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amishnews.com/the-traditional-family-the-amish/|title=The Traditional Family & The Amish {{!}} Amish News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-17|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629184111/https://amishnews.com/the-traditional-family-the-amish/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

===== Oxana Malaya (feral child) =====
[[Oxana Malaya]], a Ukrainian woman raised by dogs, was also in a confined environment due to her limited social interaction. In 1991, the feral child was found living with a pack of dogs, adopting the behaviour of dogs by barking and using all four legs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/raised-wild/full-episodes/dog-girl-of-ukraine|title=Dog Girl of Ukraine {{!}} Raised Wild|website=Animal Planet|language=en-us|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>Though she returned to a relatively normal lifestyle after the discovery of her behaviour, British child psychologist Lyn Fry visited Oxana 5 years after her appearance on the Discovery Channel. Lyn Fry examined her mannerisms, stating that “her language is odd”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3653890/Cry-of-an-enfant-sauvage.html|title=Cry of an enfant sauvage|last=Grice|first=Elizabeth|date=2006-07-16|access-date=2019-05-17|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>Fry made further commented that though her orientation towards humans has improved, there are still some behavioural aspects that still resemble dog-like gestures.<ref name=":1" />

===== Amala and Kamala =====
[[Amala and Kamala]] were two girls, commonly known as the “wolf-children” due to their feral upbringing in [[Midnapore]], India. The siblings were hidden from the media as an Indian reverend took them to an orphanage. The observed behaviour of the “wolf-children” suggested they did not understand human behaviour and emotions, and were unable to feel affection from other people. The behaviour of the youngest sibling, Kamala, demonstrated a subtle change following the death of his sibling Amala, who died due to “severe diarrhea caused by an infestation of worms”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Massini-Cagliari|first=Gladis|date=2003|title=[NO TITLE AVAILABLE]|journal=DELTA: Documentação de Estudos Em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada|volume=19|issue=1|pages=201–210|doi=10.1590/S0102-44502003000100008|issn=0102-4450}}</ref>. Changes in behaviour included the development of understanding human emotions (as Kamala first cried following Amala’s death) and human speech<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Favazza|first=Armando R.|date=1977|title=Feral and isolated children|journal=British Journal of Medical Psychology|volume=50|issue=1|pages=105–111|doi=10.1111/j.2044-8341.1977.tb02404.x|issn=0007-1129}}</ref>

==== '''Confined environment experiments using animals''' ====
Scientists have utilised rats to conduct experiments to examine behaviour within confined environments. Manipulating a rat’s environment to analyse their behaviour to social isolation has neurological differences, which resemble symptoms of [[schizophrenia]]. Such symptoms include memory impairment and hyperactivity. MRI scans of rats in social isolation were performed, and differences in the right and left [[Prefrontal cortex|medial prefrontal cortex]] (mPFC) were prevalent as it became delineated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schubert|first=M.I.|last2=Porkess|first2=M.V.|last3=Dashdorj|first3=N.|last4=Fone|first4=K.C.F.|last5=Auer|first5=D.P.|date=2009|title=Effects of social isolation rearing on the limbic brain: A combined behavioral and magnetic resonance imaging volumetry study in rats|journal=Neuroscience|volume=159|issue=1|pages=21–30|doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.019|issn=0306-4522}}</ref>The disruption of neurobiological composition of sensorimotor gating is found for both socially isolated rats and non-medicated schizophrenics.

In 2015, another controlled experiment was conducted which explored depression for female rats as a result of social isolation. Conclusions for this experiment stated that the female rats did experience depression, however the anti-depressant drug [[amitriptyline]] is able to counteract the psychological effects of the experiment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zanier-Gomes|first=Patrícia Helena|last2=de Abreu Silva|first2=Tomaz Eugênio|last3=Zanetti|first3=Guilherme Cia|last4=Benati|first4=Évelyn Raquel|last5=Pinheiro|first5=Nanci Mendes|last6=Murta|first6=Beatriz Martins Tavares|last7=Crema|first7=Virgínia Oliveira|date=2015|title=Depressive behavior induced by social isolation of predisposed female rats|journal=Physiology & Behavior|volume=151|pages=292–297|doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.026|issn=0031-9384}}</ref>

A 2003 report.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Guo|first=Ming|last2=Wu|first2=Chun Fu|last3=Liu|first3=Wen|last4=Yang|first4=Jing Yu|last5=Chen|first5=Duo|date=2004|title=Sex difference in psychological behavior changes induced by long-term social isolation in mice|journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=115–121|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.027}}</ref> states that isolation over longer timeframes results in increased fear and agitation amongst mice, showing signs of [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]] and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. Changes in behaviour for an isolated mouse in comparison to a group of isolated mice differs, as a completely isolated mouse shows more [[aggression]]. Male and female mice react differently to stimuli. Males tend to engage more in general activity than females, whereas females are more likely to experience [[catalepsy]] earlier on in the timeframe of the study. Both male and female isolated mice experienced a lack of sleep in comparison to their corresponding gender’s group house<ref name=":4" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}{{Psychology|state=uncollapsed}}

{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=June 2019}}
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Configware/Software-Co-Compilation

2026-07-25T12:04:18Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = This article references just a single source. The issues have been noted for over 13 years. The terminology and approach do not reflect what is generally used in the field. Terms like "configware" and "flowware code" are unique to the author. In all this time the author has not updated the article. The article has not had enough information to be useful and what is in it is not helpful. For those reasons, I believe it would be best to delete the article.
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[[Image:CoCompiler.jpg|thumb|200px|Software/Configware Co-Compiler]]
'''Software/Configware Co-Compilation''' is used for [[reconfigurable computing]] to generate the code for both an instruction-stream-based [[microprocessor]] and a reconfigurable accelerator interfaced to it. Such a co-compiler (see figure) has a partitioner which accepts input from a high level language source, such as, for instance a programming language, or the output from tools like [[MATLAB]], and automatically partitions it into parallelizable parts suitable for the reconfigurable accelerator and the rest for running on the microprocessor. By [[loop transformation]]s the partitioner converts the parallelizable parts into a configware source, which is compiled by a [[Configware Compiler]] generating configware code for the configuration of the reconfigurable accelerator like, for instance an FPGA, or a [[granularity|coarse-grained]] reconfigurable array, and [[flowware]] code for organizing the data streams going from and to the accelerator.

==Further reading==
*1995 J. Becker, et al.: A Novel Two-Level Hardware/Software Co-Design Framework; Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society, Special Issue on Electronic Design Automation, Dec. 1995
*1995 J. Becker, et al.: A Profiling-driven Hardware/Software Partitioning of High-Level Language Specifications; Workshop on Logic and Architecture Synthesis, Grenoble, France, Dec. 1995
*1996 J. Becker, et al.: CoDe-X: A Novel Two-Level Hardware/Software Co-Design Framework; 9th International Conference on VLSI Design, Bangalore, India, Jan. 1996

==External links==
*[http://xputers.informatik.uni-kl.de/staff/hartenstein/lot/invited.html#phd-becker Juergen Becker: A Partitioning Compiler for Computers with Xputer-based Accelerators; Ph. D. thesis, 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511220647/http://xputers.informatik.uni-kl.de/staff/hartenstein/lot/invited.html#phd-becker |date=2021-05-11 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Configware Software-Co-Compilation}}
[[Category:Compilers]]
[[Category:Reconfigurable computing]]

{{compu-prog-stub}}
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Configa

2026-07-25T12:02:36Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{AFC comment|1=I'm Canadian. Would you mind showing an actual source for the existence of this "CBC Music's national hip hop chart" thing? I'm aware of year-end "Top 10 ''Canadian'' hip hop songs of the year" ''listicles'', but CBC Music absolutely doesn't publish weekly hip hop charts or rank the year's best non-Canadian hip hop songs at all, so what chart do you think you're talking about? [[User:Bearcat|Bearcat]] ([[User talk:Bearcat|talk]]) 05:39, 1 July 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=A long comment from the draft creator has been moved to the draft talk page. ''[[User:Bonadea|bonadea]]'' [[Special:Contributions/Bonadea|contributions]] [[User talk:Bonadea|talk]] 15:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=If he has notability you have concealed it with walls of text and a welter of [[WP:BOMBARD]] you need to cut, cut, and cut again. Précis this by a huge amount.

All inline links should be removed, please, and turned into references if appropriate, Wikilinks, or external links in a section so named. See [[Wikipedia:External links]]. There should be no links pointing to external sources until those in the 'References' section (with the exception of one optional link in any infobox). 🇵🇸&zwj;🇺🇦 [[User:Timtrent|FiddleTimtrent]] [[User talk:Timtrent|FaddleTalk to me]] 🇺🇦&zwj;🇵🇸 09:54, 9 June 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=See also [[Draft:Configa 2]]. -- [[User:DoubleGrazing|DoubleGrazing]] ([[User talk:DoubleGrazing|talk]]) 17:10, 30 May 2025 (UTC)}}

{{AFC comment|1=To the submitter: it looks like you have been trying to create headings and sections by using hash tags. Please go through the draft and fix this – the [[MOS:OVERSECTION|Manual of Style]] describes how. ''[[User:Bonadea|bonadea]]'' [[Special:Contributions/Bonadea|contributions]] [[User talk:Bonadea|talk]] 07:57, 8 April 2025 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|British hip hop producer and academic}}
{{Draft topics|biography|music}}
{{AfC topic|blp}}

{{Infobox musician
| name = Configa
| image =
| caption = British hip hop producer and academic
| birth_name = Andrew Laidlaw
| origin = [[Gateshead]], [[Tyne and Wear]], England
| genre = [[Hip hop]], [[Boom bap]], [[R&B]]
| occupation = Record producer, musician, academic, label founder
| years_active = 1997–present
| label = Configaration Records, SLAMjamz
| associated_acts = [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]], [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]], [[Chuck D]], [[Big Daddy Kane]], [[Chino XL]], [[Masta Ace]], [[PE 2.0|Jahi]], [[Ras Kass]], [[Nine (rapper)|Nine]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.configa.com}}
}}

'''Configa''' (born '''Andrew Laidlaw''') is a British hip hop record producer, sociologist, and label founder from Gateshead, England. He is known for his sample-driven boom bap production style and for collaborations with high-profile artists across the US and UK hip hop scenes including [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]], [[Chuck D]], [[Big Daddy Kane]], [[Masta Ace]], [[Chino XL]], and [[PE 2.0|Jahi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Enemy Radio’s Jahi & Configa spit “Ghetto Poems” on Forward Future|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.54862/title.enemy-radios-jahi-producer-configa-spit-ghetto-poems-on-forward-future-album|website=HipHopDX|date=26 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best Hip-Hop 2024 Albums You Might Have Unjustly Missed |website=The Source |date=September 18, 2024 |url=https://thesource.com/example-url |access-date=June 28, 2025}}</ref>

His productions have received international airplay and chart recognition. The single "Vibe" (featuring Big Daddy Kane) reached #1 on [[CBC Music]]’s national hip hop chart in Canada, while "Swing Um" (featuring [[Masta Ace]], [[Fatman Scoop]] and Dell-P)<ref>{{cite web |title=Arrested Development at City Winery |url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-574138-arrested-development |website=Creative Loafing |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref> and "Hello" (featuring [[Ras Kass]]) both topped the ''HipHopGods Top 20'', aired via RAPstation — a syndicated FM and online platform founded by Chuck D.<ref>{{cite web |author=Speech |title=Instagram post announcing "Hello" #1 on HipHopGods Top 20 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C5NQ-4_saSe |website=Instagram |date=11 April 2024 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

Configa's profile has been covered by mainstream outlets including ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'', ''[[NME]]'' and ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', which quoted him extensively in international obituaries for his long-time collaborator [[Chino XL]].<ref name="People2024">{{cite web|title=Rapper Chino XL Dead at 50|website=People|date=30 July 2024|url=https://people.com/rapper-chino-xl-dead-at-age-50-8685965}}</ref><ref name="NME2024">{{cite web|title=Tributes paid as rapper Chino XL dies|website=NME|date=30 July 2024|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/tributes-paid-as-rapper-chino-xl-dies-age-50-one-of-the-greatest-to-ever-touch-a-mic-3779122}}</ref><ref name="EW2024">{{cite web|title=Rapper Chino XL Dies at 50|website=Entertainment Weekly|date=30 July 2024|url=https://ew.com/rapper-chino-xl-dies-at-50-8686316}}</ref>

Outside of music, Laidlaw holds a PhD in sociology, with his 2011 thesis on race and hip hop described as a "seminal study" and cited in academic journals across Europe and Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pace-McCarrick |first=Solomon |title='Keeping it Real' or Keeping it Realist? Hip-Hop in International Relations |website=E-International Relations |date=11 April 2021 |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2021/04/11/keeping-it-real-or-keeping-it-realist-hip-hop-in-international-relations/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yehan|title=Keeping It Real in Chinese Hip-Hop|journal=Sociological Research Online|volume=28|issue=3|year=2023|pages=575–592|doi=10.1177/13607804231178628}}</ref> He has released music through his own Configaration Records and formerly through SLAMjamz, a label founded by Chuck D. In 2022, he was named "Producer of the Year" by UK hip hop magazine ''B-Boy Document''.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Producer of the Year: Configa|magazine=B-Boy Document|issue=Winter 2021|year=2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Configa grew up in [[Gateshead]], [[Tyne and Wear]], in a musical family. His father, North East drummer Steve Laidlaw, played with the local band Busker — best known for the regional anthem "Home Newcastle" — and later contributed live drums to several of Configa’s productions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gateshead Get Rhythm with Drummer Steve Laidlaw |url=https://alikivi.com/2019/06/16/gateshead-get-rhythm-with-drummer-steve-laidlaw |website=Alikivi |date=16 June 2019 |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> His grandfather, Ted Joynson, was a decorated distance runner and world champion veteran athlete.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tributes paid to veteran runner Ted Joynson |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/local-news/tributes-paid-veteran-runner-ted-1351548 |work=Chronicle Live |date=20 February 2013 |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>
He began producing music in the late 1990s while studying at university, drawing influence from both the UK underground hip hop scene and the [[Golden age hip hop|golden age of hip hop]].

== Academic influence ==
Publishing under his real name, Andrew Laidlaw, Configa is recognised in hip-hop scholarship for his 2011 doctoral thesis, which Solomon Pace-McCarrick has described as a "seminal study" in the field. Titled ''Blackness in the Absence of Blackness: White Appropriations of Rap Music and Hip-Hop Culture in Newcastle upon Tyne'', the thesis was completed at [[Loughborough University]] and explores how race, identity, and cultural belonging are negotiated within British hip hop scenes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/thesis/Blackness_in_the_absence_of_blackness_white_appropriations_of_Rap_Music_and_Hip-Hop_Culture_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_-explaining_a_cultural_shift/9480077 |title=Blackness in the Absence of Blackness |publisher=Loughborough University |date=2011 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277257496_Blackness_in_the_absence_of_blackness_white_appropriations_of_Rap_Music_and_Hip-Hop_Culture_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne-_explaining_a_cultural_shift |title=Blackness in the Absence of Blackness – ResearchGate |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

The thesis has since become a reference point in international hip-hop studies, particularly for its analysis of whiteness and subcultural participation. Notable citations include:

* Palma-Martos ''et al.'' (2021) on gendered rap consumption across Europe, published by [[Springer]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Palma-Martos |first1=Maria-Luisa |last2=Cuadrado-García |first2=Manuel |last3=Montoro-Pons |first3=Juan D. |year=2021 |chapter=Breaking the Gender Gap in Rap/Hip-Hop Consumption |editor-last=Marmel |editor-first=Hans |title=Music, Digitization and Copyright |publisher=Springer |pages=152–154 |quote=…as noted by Laidlaw (2011), hip-hop in Newcastle shows how white youth appropriate rap to negotiate identity…}}</ref>
* Yehan Wang (2023) in ''[[Sociological Research Online]]'', applying Laidlaw’s framework to authenticity in Chinese hip hop.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yehan |title=Keeping It Real in Chinese Hip-Hop: Everyday Authenticity and Coming From the Street |journal=Sociological Research Online |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=2023 |pages=575–592 |doi=10.1177/13607804231178628 |quote=Building on Laidlaw’s (2011) analysis of 'Blackness in the Absence of Blackness', this article…}}</ref>
* Solomon Pace-McCarrick (2021) in ''[[E-International Relations]]'', who incorporates the thesis into analysis of hip hop and diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pace-McCarrick |first=Solomon |title='Keeping it Real' or Keeping it Realist? Hip-Hop in International Relations |website=E-International Relations |date=11 April 2021 |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2021/04/11/keeping-it-real-or-keeping-it-realist-hip-hop-in-international-relations/ |access-date=4 June 2025 |quote=Echoing Laidlaw’s (2011) seminal study of Newcastle rap scenes…}}</ref>
* Gareth Dylan Smith’s edited volume ''Popular Music Education: Perspectives from the Classroom'' (Routledge, 2020), which references Laidlaw in relation to race and pedagogy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Gareth Dylan |title=Popular Music Education: Perspectives from the Classroom |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |page=184 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Popular-Music-Education-Perspectives-from-the-Classroom/Smith-Moir-Brennan-Rambarran-Kirkman/p/book/9780367331231 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

Configa has also been featured and interviewed in various media outlets, including international podcasts and radio, further reinforcing his dual identity as both a cultural theorist and a practicing hip-hop producer. In a 2024 interview with ''West Coast Styles'', he stated: “I obtained my PhD on a hip hop thesis… I’ve literally grown up with this culture. It’s part of who I am.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://westcoaststyles.com/interviews/2024/06/configa-giving-the-love-back-hh50/ |title=Configa: Giving the Love Back #HH50 |website=West Coast Styles |date=2024 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

He is also the founder of the independent label Configaration Records and the promotional agency Laidlaw Media. His podcast appearances include ''WTFI?''<ref>{{cite web |title=WTFI? Episode 2 – Configa |website=iHeartRadio |url=https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-wtfi-podcast-60422693/episode/wtfi-episode-2-configa-60443712/ |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>, ''The Real Hip-Hop Podcast''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://therealhip-hop.com/thereal-hip-hop-com-podcast-episode-39-configa/ |title=The Real Hip-Hop Podcast – Episode 39: Configa |website=The Real Hip-Hop |date=2023 |access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>, and ''We Ear Hustling Baby''<ref>{{cite web |title=We Ear Hustling Baby – Interview with Configa |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=pU82N2Jo5ZY&t=33s&pp=ygUURWFyIGh1c3RsaW5nIGNvbmZpZ2E%3D |website=YouTube |date=17 April 2024 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2000–2014: Early career ===
Influenced by [[Golden age hip hop|golden age hip hop]] and the [[Native Tongues]] collective, Configa began recording his own tracks as a teenager, then began his music career at the dawn of the new millennium. In 2002, he released ''The King of Linguistics'' on the Los Angeles–based independent label Rap Junkie Records. The album combined introspective lyricism with boom-bap production and drew attention within underground hip hop circles. It was listed among MTV.com’s upcoming releases for October 29, 2002, alongside artists such as [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Bone Thugs-N-Harmony]], [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], and the ''8 Mile'' soundtrack, signaling early visibility within the wider music industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458378/20021028/aguilera_christina.jhtml |title=New Releases – October 29, 2002 |website=MTV.com (archived by the Wayback Machine) |date=October 28, 2002 |access-date=April 21, 2025 |archive-date=February 7, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030207192500/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458378/20021028/aguilera_christina.jhtml |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
''BritishHipHop.co.uk'' reviewed the release as a cohesive and stylistically varied project, noting Configa’s early efforts to engage U.S. audiences. The review positioned him as one of the few UK-based hip hop artists actively pursuing international recognition at a time when transatlantic success for British rappers was uncommon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.britishhiphop.co.uk/ukhiphop/artists/mc_unique-king_of_linguistics.htm |title=The King of Linguistics |website=BritishHipHop.co.uk |publisher=British Hip Hop |date=2002 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>
In 2005, the linguistics blog ''Language Log'', hosted by the [[University of Pennsylvania]], highlighted ''The King of Linguistics'' as the only music title found in an Amazon database search for the word “linguistics,” calling it a rare example of the term’s use in popular culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002093.html |title=The King of Linguistics |website=Language Log |date=April 13, 2005 |access-date=April 21, 2025}}</ref>

In 2003, Configa retired from rapping to focus exclusively on production. A year later, he became a founding member (as producer) of the underground hip hop collective Slept On Fam. The group gained early recognition in the U.S. independent scene, and in 2007, music writer Adam Bernard described them as gaining momentum, noting their win as Group of the Year at the second annual ''Get 'Em Magazine'' Music Awards in Pensacola, Florida, where they were reported to have “beat out Oscar winners [[Three 6 Mafia]].”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adambernard.blogspot.com/2007/05/artist-of-week-slept-on-fam.html |title=Artist of the Week: Slept On Fam |website=Adam Bernard |date=May 2007 |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>

The Configa-produced album ''Audio Crack'' (2006) received favorable coverage from ''RapReviews'' and ''Muse’s Muse''. ''RapReviews'' praised Configa’s production, writing: “What makes Configa so good? Really, anything that ever made [[DJ Premier]] or [[Large Professor|Large Pro]] so good,” and highlighted his “superb” sampling and “precise, hard, and oh so dusty” drums. The review concluded that it “might be one of the strongest albums for 2006.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rapreviews.com/2006/10/slept-on-fam-audio-crack/ |title=Slept On Fam – Audio Crack |website=RapReviews |date=31 October 2006 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
''Muse’s Muse'' described the album as “a healthy (audio) crack epidemic that the industry can benefit from,” noting that the group blended “street credible rap acts like the [[Wu-Tang Clan]], [[Heltah Skeltah]], [[De La Soul]], and [[Mobb Deep]] with their own effusive style and flow,” supported by “carefully integrated samples — strategically placed in their organic production.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.musesmuse.com/00001223.html |title=Slept On Fam – Audio Crack |website=Muse’s Muse |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
The album featured collaborations with artists such as [[Chino XL]] on “Warriors March”, and tracks like “From the Bottom” and “Green Power” demonstrated Configa’s early fusion of boom bap with [[Reggae|reggae]] and [[Soul music|soul]] influences.

From 2006 to 2007, he hosted the ''Configa Radio Show'' on Hype Radio. Episodes from this period were later archived on [[Mixcloud]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mixcloud.com/configa/configa-radio-show-2007/ |title=Configa Radio Show 2007 |website=Mixcloud |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

In 2010, Configa released ''Pac to the Essence Volume 1'', a remix project commemorating the 14th anniversary of [[Tupac Shakur]]’s death. The album reimagined Shakur’s vocals with new boom-bap production and was praised for its respectful and cohesive reinterpretations. ''RapReviews'' highlighted Configa’s work on tracks such as “Lie to Kick It,” describing it as “1970s soul meets a Dr. Dre roll, wrapped up in a fat funk smoky blunt,” and suggested it had potential as a commercial single.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rapreviews.com/2010/10/configa-pac-to-the-essence-volume-1/ |title=Configa – Pac to the Essence Volume 1 |website=RapReviews |date=October 5, 2010 |access-date=April 21, 2025}}</ref>

In 2011, he released ''Calm Before the Storm'', a 20-track compilation album produced entirely by Configa, which was issued on his newly founded label, '''Configaration Records'''. It featured underground emcees from the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia. ''The Word Is Bond'' called the release “a great listen from start to finish,” noting Configa’s “slew of dope beats” and the wide-ranging guest list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewordisbond.com/mixtape-configa-presents-calm-before-the-storm-configaration-records/ |title=Configa – Calm Before the Storm |website=The Word Is Bond |date=December 23, 2011 |access-date=April 21, 2025}}</ref>
''RapReviews'' added that “there are winners over and over again here,” praising Configa’s production as worthy of approval from [[Diamond D]] and the [[Diggin' in the Crates Crew|D.I.T.C. crew]], concluding that “there’s too much talent here to ignore in front of and behind the boards.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Juon |first=Steve ‘Flash’ |title=Configa :: Calm Before the Storm Mixtape |url=https://www.rapreviews.com/2011/09/configa-calm-before-the-storm-mixtape/ |website=RapReviews |date=September 6, 2011 |access-date=April 21, 2025}}</ref>

Two of Configa’s tracks—“We On Fire” (featuring Jaz Kahina) and “Back 2 Basics” (featuring John Graham)—were featured in the British crime film ''[[The Liability]]'' (2012), released in the United States as ''The Hitman’s Apprentice'', starring [[Tim Roth]] and [[Jack O'Connell (actor)|Jack O'Connell]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hip-hop-realm.com/2013/01/the-liability.html |title=The Liability |website=Hip-Hop Realm |date=2013 |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ringostrack.com/en/movie/the-liability/58682 |title=The Liability |website=Ringostrack |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>
Configa also contributed music to the independent film ''The Stagg Do'' (2014), set in North East England, further linking his work to regional UK cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Stagg Do Soundtrack |url=https://www.soundtrack.net/album/the-stagg-do/ |website=Soundtrack.net |access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>

Also in 2011, Configa collaborated with Arizona-based rapper Big Meridox on a track from Meridox’s ''DeLorean Fuel'' EP. ''RapReviews'' credited Configa’s beat as a key factor in the song’s appeal, noting that “the rowdy Arizonian benefits from the UK producer’s ability to lay down a smooth funky beat.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Juon |first=Steve ‘Flash’ |title=Big Meridox :: DeLorean Fuel EP |url=https://www.rapreviews.com/2011/10/big-meridox-delorean-fuel-ep/ |website=RapReviews |date=October 4, 2011 |access-date=April 21, 2025}}</ref>

His work during this period helped establish his transatlantic reach across the [[UK hip hop|UK]] and [[Underground hip hop|US underground hip hop]] scenes, drawing comparisons to producers such as [[DJ Premier]] and [[Pete Rock]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rapreviews.com/2006/10/slept-on-fam-audio-crack/ |title=Slept On Fam – Audio Crack |website=RapReviews |date=October 2006 |access-date=April 22, 2025}}</ref> In a 2021 ''Medium'' article, Configa was described as “one of the most important producers in the game today,” with his boom bap style characterized by “multi-layered, heavily instrumental, and almost baroque” production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/docstoden/configa-and-hastyle-are-back-with-configahas-crates-5c7efa754716 |title=Configa and HaStyle Are Back With The ConfigHas Crates |website=Medium |access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref> His growing prominence helped draw wider attention to hip hop emerging from [[North East England]], an area not traditionally viewed as a national epicenter for the genre.

== Legal dispute over unauthorized sampling (2015) ==
In 2015, Configa became involved in a legal dispute concerning the unauthorized use of one of his instrumentals on the track “Change Your World,” featured on [[TeeFLii]]’s major-label debut album ''[[Starr (album)|Starr]]''. The beat, originally released by Configa as part of an earlier independent project, was sampled without permission or credit. The dispute led to a public exchange with [[Epic Records]] executive [[Sha Money XL]]. Configa outlined his grievances in an open letter published on his blog, and the incident drew attention from the independent music press.<ref>{{cite web |last=Configa |title=An Open Letter to Epic Records re: TeeFLii – Change Your World |url=https://61175musicgroup.wordpress.com/2014/12/26/an-open-letter-to-epic-records-re-teeflii-change-your-world/ |website=61175 Music Group |date=December 26, 2014 |access-date=April 20, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TeeFLii – Starr |url=https://thesoundoftheunderground.wordpress.com/2015/05/22/teeflii-starr/ |website=The Sound of the Underground |date=May 22, 2015 |access-date=April 20, 2025}}</ref>
Configa also discussed the incident in a pair of video interviews, addressing the legal and ethical issues surrounding the unauthorized use of his work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Configa interview on unauthorized sampling dispute (Part 1) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bej18U36QRM |website=YouTube |date=2015 |access-date=June 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Configa interview on unauthorized sampling dispute (Part 2) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FQSfWB3Wws |website=YouTube |date=2015 |access-date=June 7, 2025}}</ref>

== 2015–2017: HaStyle trilogy and Configaration Volume 1 ==
In 2015, Configa released ''The Calm Before HaStility'', an EP that introduced his boom bap production style in collaboration with New York emcee HaStyle. The project included the reflective track "R.I.P." and helped establish the duo’s stylistic foundation. The project later resurfaced on the KVRX Topless 39 chart in 2024, nearly a decade after its release, indicating a resurgence of interest on independent U.S. radio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kvrx.org/app/topless39/year/2024/week/48/ |title=Top Charts – November 30, 2024 |website=KVRX |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> The track "Wut You Got" was also featured on KVRX’s ''Dark and Stormy Show'', underscoring the project’s enduring underground appeal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kvrx.org/app/show/992/ |title=The Dark and Stormy Show – Black Friday Special |website=KVRX |date=November 29, 2024 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> Around the time of its initial release, Configa appeared on the Croatian hip hop programme ''Mixtape Sessions'' (Radio Student) to discuss the EP’s influences and sound.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hhunity.org/configa-hastyle-u-mixtape-sessionsu-veceras/ |title=Configa & HaStyle on Mixtape Sessions – Večeras |website=HHUnity |date=2015 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>

Later that year, Configa and HaStyle followed with a second EP, ''A Good Combination'', expanding their collaborative output. ''Hip-Hop Life and Times'' described the release as "eight tracks of soul-sampled boom bap, laced with classic storytelling rhymes," and highlighted Configa’s piano-driven production on the track "Paved the Way," a celebration of pioneering women in hip hop.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphoplifeandtimes.com/2015/11/15/configa-hastyle-a-good-combination-ep-audio-dl-paved-the-way-video-confighas-configa-hastylerhymes/ |title=Configa & HaStyle – A Good Combination EP |website=Hip-Hop Life and Times |date=November 15, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>
The EP received further praise from ''Insomniac Magazine'', which called it "a great combination" that "delivers on all levels,"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insomniacmagazine.com/configa-hastyle-are-a-good-combination/?amp=1 |title=Configa & HaStyle Are a Good Combination |website=Insomniac Magazine |date=2015 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> and from Brazilian outlet ''Bocada Forte'', which described it as "classic boom bap rap."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bocadaforte.com.br/audio/ouca-o-ep-a-good-combination-da-dupla-configa-hastyle |title=Ouça o EP ‘A Good Combination’, da dupla Configa & HaStyle |website=Bocada Forte |date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>

The final installment of the trilogy, ''HaStility (H1)'', was released in 2016. ''Hip-Hop Life and Times'' described it as "a record that oozes the Golden Era sound," with gritty production and a seamless flow of cuts and samples.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphoplifeandtimes.com/2016/08/28/configa-hastyle-hastility-h1-lp-out-now-review-videos-audio-dl-configa-hastylerhymes/ |title=Configa & HaStyle – HaStility (H1) |website=Hip-Hop Life and Times |date=August 28, 2016 |access-date=April 19, 2025}}</ref>
The album featured guest appearances by [[El Da Sensei]], [[Prince Po]], and [[Chino XL]], and was promoted through a second appearance by Configa on Croatia’s ''Mixtape Sessions'' radio show.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mixcloud.com/MixtapeSessionsRadioShow/configa-talks-hastility-mixtape-sessions-29102016/ |title=Configa Talks HaStility – Mixtape Sessions |website=Mixcloud |date=October 29, 2016 |access-date=April 22, 2025}}</ref>
''RapReviews'' called the album a "solid throwback" for fans of 1990s boom bap, noting Configa’s "penchant for dusty instrumental breaks and quirky sampled dialogue reminiscent of a 1989 [[Prince Paul]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rapreviews.com/2016/11/configa-hastyle-hastility-h1/ |title=Configa & HaStyle – HaStility (H1) |website=RapReviews |date=November 15, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>

In a 2017 interview, Configa described his artistic philosophy as rooted in authenticity: "It’s not old, it’s not new. It’s true… music free of any outside corruption."<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Alandra |title=Interview with Configa |url=https://medium.com/@thatAlandragirl/interview-with-configa-4b528d0e319d |website=Medium |date=October 12, 2017 |access-date=April 19, 2025}}</ref>

That same year, he released ''Configaration Volume 1'' through SLAMjamz Records, a label founded by [[Chuck D]] of [[Public Enemy]]. ''BritishHipHop.co.uk'' described the album as Configa’s "magnum opus,"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishhiphop.co.uk/reviews/album_reviews/configa_-_configaration_volume_1_lp_slamjamz_records.html |title=Configa – Configaration Volume 1 |website=BritishHipHop.co.uk |date=2017 |access-date=April 19, 2025}}</ref> while ''The Music Box'' called the project "something special."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://themusicboxuk.blogspot.com/2017/11/configa-configaration-volume-1.html?m=1 |title=Configa – Configaration Volume 1 |last=Radcliffe |first=Miss |website=The Music Box |date=November 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2025}}</ref>
''RapReviews'' praised the album’s stylistic range, noting Latin horns on "From the Soul," dancehall influences on "Pop Off," and jazz-tinged soul on "U Make My Day."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rapreviews.com/2017/11/configa-configaration-volume-1/ |title=Configa – Configaration Volume 1 |website=RapReviews |date=November 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>
The album featured original production by Configa, with guest appearances from Chuck D, [[Craig G]], [[Spoonie Gee]], [[Reks]], and posthumous verses from [[Sean Price]] and John “Vietnam” Nguyen.

Music videos for "From the Soul" and "What’s Your Story (Be Like That)" were released in 2018, the latter was described by ‘‘Hip-Hop Life and Times’’ as a “poignant docu-style tribute” to John Vietnam’s legacy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://7thboro.com/configa-ft-craig-g-from-the-soul-video/ |title=Configa ft. Craig G – “From the Soul” (Video) |website=7th Boro |date=September 29, 2018 |access-date=April 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphoplifeandtimes.com/2018/10/17/configa-ft-john-vietnam-whats-your-story-be-like-that-video-configa-nicklight_-slamjamzrecords-jvn-johnvietnam/ |title=Configa ft. John Vietnam – What’s Your Story (Be Like That) (Video) |website=Hip-Hop Life and Times |date=October 17, 2018 |access-date=April 22, 2025}}</ref>
''Bandcamp Daily'' praised the record in its editorial roundup of the month’s hip hop releases (December 2017), highlighting its "hard-hitting beats" and era-straddling guest features.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best Hip-Hop on Bandcamp: December 2017 |url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/best-hip-hop/the-best-hip-hop-on-bandcamp-december-2017 |website=Bandcamp Daily |date=December 27, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2025}}</ref>

== 2020: Forward Future and entry into Arrested Development ==
In 2020, Configa collaborated with [[PE 2.0|Jahi]] of Enemy Radio—a [[Public Enemy]]-affiliated group led by [[Chuck D]]—to release the album ''Forward Future''. The project combined sample-driven boom bap production with socially conscious lyricism, addressing systemic injustice, mental health, and media influence. Configa’s sound on the album drew inspiration from the politically charged aesthetic of Public Enemy, blending classic hip hop textures with contemporary themes.
''HipHopDX'' praised the album’s “pointed social commentary,” and its cohesive production, particularly on tracks such as “Ghetto Poems,” “Rock On,” and “More News @10.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.54862/title.enemy-radios-jahi-producer-configa-spit-ghetto-poems-on-forward-future-album |title=Enemy Radio’s Jahi & Configa Spit ‘Ghetto Poems’ |website=HipHopDX |date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=April 19, 2025}}</ref>

The single “Mindfulness” received additional coverage in ''I Am Hip Hop Magazine'', which described it as “a classic, yet cosmic boom-bap groove” and highlighted its focus on mental well-being.<ref>{{cite web |last=Savino |first=MJ |title=New Video: Configa & Jahi "Mindfulness" |url=https://www.iamhiphopmagazine.com/new-video-configa-jahi-mindfulness/ |website=I Am Hip Hop Magazine |date=April 14, 2020 |access-date=April 20, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55162/title.jahi-configa-feed-the-soul-with-mindfulness-video |title=Jahi & Configa Feed the Soul with 'Mindfulness' Video |website=HipHopDX |date=July 1, 2020 |access-date=April 20, 2025}}</ref>

The album was characterized by a fusion of vintage and modern elements. According to its listing on Light in the Attic Records, the project “embraces hip-hop’s continuous balance between reflecting on the past and moving forward,” describing it as a dialogue between golden age traditions and millennial perspectives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lightintheattic.net/products/future-forward |title=Forward Future |website=Light in the Attic |date=2020 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>
''Forward Future'' received an international green vinyl release in 2021 through Mosta Records, an independent label based in Singapore, marking an international physical release. The vinyl edition attracted attention in Southeast Asia and helped expand Configa’s reach in non-Western markets and audiences.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mostarecordslp.com/mosta |title=Mosta Records |website=Mosta Records |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>

The album received critical acclaim, appearing on multiple year-end lists. ''YearEndLists'' included it in their roundup of the Best Hip Hop Albums of 2020,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yearendlists.com/artists/jahi-configa-a6223593-88e3-475e-b59a-6238a8b8c29d |title=Jahi & Configa – Forward Future |website=YearEndLists |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> while ''HipHopGoldenAge'' praised it for its “blend of classic and modern influences,” calling it one of the standout underground projects of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/the-best-hip-hop-albums-of-2020/a2750610299_10/ |title=The Best Hip Hop Albums of 2020 |website=HipHopGoldenAge |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>

== Don’t Fight Your Demons (2020) ==
In 2020, Configa served as co-executive producer and primary music producer on ''Don’t Fight Your Demons'', a studio album by the American hip hop group [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]]. Released during a period of intensified racial unrest in the United States—including the resurgence of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement and widespread protests against police violence—the album marked a renewed political urgency for the group. Reviews described it as a creative resurgence that helped reintroduce Arrested Development to a broader audience.
Configa produced over half of the album’s tracks and shaped its overall sound, which leaned heavily on [[Boom bap|boom bap]] aesthetics and sample-based production. Thematically, the album addressed issues such as mental health, social justice, identity, and systemic oppression. Songs like “Sunset in Ghana,” “The Same People,” “Do or Die the Mantra,” and “Becoming” were noted for their juxtaposition of classic hip hop textures with urgent, contemporary commentary.

The album received critical recognition from multiple independent music publications. ''Hip Hop Golden Age'' named it one of the best hip hop albums of 2020, citing its authenticity and praising Configa’s production for “anchoring the group’s message-driven lyrics.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/arrested-development-dont-fight-your-demons/ |title=Arrested Development – Don’t Fight Your Demons |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |date=October 24, 2020 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>
''Cryptic Rock'' praised its “timely themes” and described it as “proof that Hip Hop is still a viable artform that can bring a message,” singling out Configa’s role in maintaining the group’s socially conscious ethos.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://crypticrock.com/arrested-development-dont-fight-your-demons-album-review/ |title=Arrested Development – Don’t Fight Your Demons (Album Review) |website=Cryptic Rock |date=September 29, 2020 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

In a 2020 review for ''The New Haberdasher'', music critic William P. Stodden described ''Don’t Fight Your Demons'' as “an essential record for this year” and wrote that “Arrested Development employed some of the hardest hitting producers in the game today, including Configa.” He stated that “by far the most lush production on the record belongs, however, to Configa,” whose style “hearkens back to the Golden Age and the Backpack eras, and is evocative of the triphop of the Quakers album and the production of [[Madlib]].”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/docstoden/arrested-development-drops-a-new-record-today-titled-dont-fight-your-demons-832d8946b1e7 |title=Arrested Development Drops a New Record Today, Titled ‘Don’t Fight Your Demons’ |author=William P. Stodden |website=The New Haberdasher |date=September 25, 2020 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

In an interview with ''VladTV'', Arrested Development frontman [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] described how he discovered Configa’s work through his collaborations with [[PE 2.0|Jahi]] of [[Public Enemy]]. He explained:
{{blockquote|There was this dude Configa, a producer out of London, who did a record with a good friend of mine from Public Enemy named Jahi, and I heard his production, and I was like ‘yo, I really like what you are doing.’ And I asked him if we could work together […] This record, Don’t Fight Your Demons, is by far our best record—maybe our best record period, but definitely our best record since 3 Years, 5 Months and 2 Days in the Life Of…, and I’m grateful because fans are saying that too.}}
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqRHNwfXQV4&t=413s |title=Speech on Arrested Development's 'Don't Fight Your Demons' Album |website=VladTV |date=November 2, 2020 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

One of the album’s lead singles, “Becoming,” produced by Configa, was later playlisted on [[LL Cool J]]’s Rock The Bells Radio on [[SiriusXM]], and by 2024 had surpassed one million streams on Spotify.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://xmplaylist.com/station/rockthebellsradio/track/2TUY-7H2T |title=Becoming – Rock The Bells Radio Airplay |website=XMPlaylist |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

== 2021: Remix contributions to Expansion ==
In 2021, Configa contributed three official remixes to ''Expansion'', a solo album by [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]], frontman of [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]]. ''Bandcamp Daily'' praised the album in its editorial roundup of the month’s hip hop releases, highlighting Configa’s remixes for their "tuneful funk-forward loops and low-end punch.”<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best Hip-Hop on Bandcamp: February 2021 |url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/best-hip-hop/the-best-hip-hop-on-bandcamp-february-2021 |website=Bandcamp Daily |date=February 26, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

== 2021: The ConfigHas Crates and The Year After ==
In 2021, Configa released two collaborative albums reflecting his commitment to classic boom bap production and working with both seasoned and emerging hip hop artists: ''The ConfigHas Crates'' with veteran New York emcee HaStyle, and ''The Year After'', an international collaborative project with newcomer DJ Views featuring a range of established and underground emcees.

=== The ConfigHas Crates ===
Released in early 2021, ''The ConfigHas Crates'' compiled previously unreleased tracks recorded by Configa and HaStyle between 2013 and 2015. The album received positive reviews for its throwback production style and strong artist–producer chemistry. ''Hip Hop Golden Age'' called it “a must-have for all fans of that true-school, rugged, boom-bap, lyrical style Hip Hop,” and described Configa as “one of our favorite producers active today.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/configa-configa-presents-the-confighas-crates/ |title=Configa – The ConfigHas Crates |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |date=2021 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>
''The Word Is Bond'' referred to the release as “yet another timeless classic under his belt,” citing Configa’s continued consistency.<ref>{{cite web |last=Savino |first=MJ |title=Configa Presents ‘The ConfigHas Crates’ Album |url=https://www.thewordisbond.com/configa-presents-the-confighas-crates-album/ |website=The Word Is Bond |date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref>
''Airdrift Signals'' described the range of Configa’s instrumentals as varying from “militaristic and Wu-inspired” to “bright and flirtatious.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Walczak |first=Stefan |title=Configa Presents: The ConfigHas Crates Review |url=https://www.airdriftsignals.com/2021/02/configa-presents-confighas-crates.html |website=Airdrift Signals |date=February 16, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-21}}</ref>
Writing for ''The New Haberdasher'', William P. Stodden praised the project as “nothing less than an excellent offering,” noting Configa’s richly layered production and highlighting the use of acoustic guitars, string arrangements, and “Wall of Sound” influences.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stodden |first=William P. |title=Configa and HaStyle are back with ConfigHas Crates |url=https://medium.com/docstoden/configa-and-hastyle-are-back-with-configahas-crates-5c7efa754716 |website=The New Haberdasher |date=February 8, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref>

The project features guest appearances from [[Sadat X]] (of [[Brand Nubian]]), [[Prince Po]] (of [[Organized Konfusion]]), [[El Da Sensei]], [[Chino XL]], [[Nine (rapper)|Nine]], [[Wordsworth (rapper)|Wordsworth]] and Rashan. In 2024, the track “Lik a Shot,” featuring Wordsworth and Rashan, received airplay on All Underground Hip Hop Radio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/us/allundergroundhiphop/playlist/6?lang=fr |title=All Underground Hip Hop Radio Playlist – April 2024 |website=Online Radio Box |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>

=== The Year After ===
Later that year, ''The Year After'' was praised by ''Hip Hop Nostalgia'', which referred to Configa as an “acclaimed producer,” and highlighted the album’s lineup, which included (among others) Speech, Chino XL, [[Ras Kass]], [[Akrobatik]], [[Planet Asia]], [[Pacewon]], Nine, [[Kxng Crooked]], [[Termanology]], [[Craig G]], and El Da Sensei.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hiphopnostalgia.com/2021/05/configa-dj-views-year-after-album-stream.html |title=Configa & DJ Views – The Year After (Album Stream) |website=Hip Hop Nostalgia |date=May 2021 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>
''Boom Bap Nation'' praised the album’s “potent lyricism and classic hip-hop vibes,” describing Configa as a “mega producer” and praising the project’s “timeless boom-bap energy.”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boombapnation.com/mega-producer-configa-dj-views-drop-the-year-after-lp/ |title=Mega Producer Configa & DJ Views Drop The Year After LP |website=Boom Bap Nation |date=2021 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>
''The New Haberdasher'' described the album as “a hardcore, albeit somewhat dark boom bap hip hop record,” noting the stark contrast between Configa’s “rich, multi-layered” style and DJ Views’ more minimalist approach.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stodden |first=William P. |title=Configa and DJ Views team up on ‘The Year After’ |url=https://medium.com/docstoden/configa-and-dj-views-team-up-on-the-year-after-c591729225e |website=The New Haberdasher |date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-21}}</ref>
''Hip Hop Golden Age'' named it one of the standout 90s-inspired sample-driven releases of the year, building on Configa’s acclaimed recent work with [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]] and [[PE 2.0|Jahi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/april-2021-round-up-the-9-best-hip-hop-albums-of-the-month/ |title=April 2021 Round-Up – Best Albums |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |date=2021 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

== 2021–2022: For the FKN Love ==
In late 2021, Configa served as co-executive producer and produced the majority of the tracks on ''For the FKN Love'', a studio album by [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]]. The project included guest appearances from prominent hip hop figures such as [[Big Daddy Kane]], [[Masta Ace]], [[Monie Love]], [[Freddie Foxxx]], and members of [[The Sugarhill Gang]], as well as [[Fatman Scoop]], [[Dee-1]] and [[G. Love]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://enspiremag.com/2022/01/legendary-group-arrested-development-release-new-album-for-the-fkn-love/ |title=Legendary Group Arrested Development Release New Album ‘For the FKN Love’ |website=Enspire Magazine |date=January 2022 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

''Hip Hop Golden Age'' included ''For the FKN Love'' among the best hip hop albums of 2021, describing it as “a 17-track tour-de-force” driven by “masterful 90s-centric boom-bap production.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/the-best-hip-hop-albums-of-2021/ |title=The Best Hip Hop Albums of 2021 |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |date=2021 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>
''Tinnitist'' praised the production’s energy and craftsmanship,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tinnitist.com/2021/11/23/arrested-development-catch-a-new-vibe/ |title=Arrested Development Catch a New ‘Vibe’ |website=Tinnitist |date=November 23, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref> while ''Underground Hip Hop Blog'' referred to the album as the group’s “biggest release ever.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://undergroundhiphopblog.com/albums/arrested-development-is-back-with-a-new-album-for-the-fkn-love/ |title=Arrested Development Is Back With A New Album “For The FKN Love” |website=Underground Hip Hop Blog |date=December 2021 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>
Generation Riff critic Rob Janicke described the album as “one of the best-sounding albums I’ve heard in years,” citing Configa’s ability to craft a cohesive “sonic tapestry” across diverse tracks.<ref>{{cite web |last=Janicke |first=Rob |title=Music For Insight & Regard, But Mostly For The FKN Love |website=The Riff |publisher=Medium |date=July 20, 2022 |url=https://medium.com/the-riff/music-for-insight-regard-but-mostly-for-the-fkn-love-6ecf7a82cfc1 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

The album’s lead single, “Vibe,” premiered on ''The Word Is Bond'' and went on to reach number one on [[CBC Music]]’s hip hop chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewordisbond.com/world-premiere-arrested-development-ft-big-daddy-kane-vibe-single/ |title=World Premiere: Arrested Development ft. Big Daddy Kane – “Vibe” |website=The Word Is Bond |date=2021 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-574138-arrested-development |title=Arrested Development Event |website=Creative Loafing |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref> Its follow-up, “Swing Um” — featuring Masta Ace, Fatman Scoop, Dell-P, Speech, and Configa — also reached number one on the ''HipHopGods Top 20'', a syndicated chart aired via RAPstation, the radio network founded by Chuck D. The track was later played by DJ Eclipse on SiriusXM’s ''Rap Is Outta Control'' show on Shade 45, further extending its reach within the international hip hop radio circuit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arrested Development at City Winery |url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-574138-arrested-development |website=Creative Loafing |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rapisouttacontrol.com/playlists/ |title=Rap Is Outta Control playlists — playlist for 30 January 2022 show |website=rapisouttacontrol.com |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=whoisdellpee |number=1487918127568625667 |title=DJ Eclipse playing @Configa and @DellPee_ #SwingUm live on @RapIsOuttaCntrl Sirius XM #HipHop #Shade45 |date=30 January 2022 |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>

Configa produced approximately 75 percent of the album’s music. In promotional interviews, frontman [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] and Configa discussed the album’s boom bap orientation and collaborative process. On the ''From Da Ground Up Productions'' podcast, Speech highlighted tracks such as “Vibe” featuring Big Daddy Kane and reflected on the project’s sound.<ref>{{cite podcast |title=Interview With Arrested Development |website=From Da Ground Up Productions |date=November 29, 2021 |url=https://fromdagroundupproductions.podbean.com/e/interview-with-arrested-development/ |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>
In a November 2023 appearance on the ''Halftime Chat RnB Podcast'', Speech further reflected on Configa’s role as both co-executive producer and principal collaborator.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lnns.co/g4A0oPbZ1vd |title=EP 99: Speech (Arrested Development) Interview |website=Halftime Chat RnB Podcast |date=November 6, 2023 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>

Configa also produced “Never Had Your Back,” a personal track inspired by Speech’s daughter and broader themes concerning the experiences of Black women in America. The album’s production process was collaborative, with Configa and Speech jointly selecting tracklists and refining the album’s structure. In one example, Speech advocated for the inclusion of “Where Lions Roam,” a track Configa initially hesitated to include, ultimately citing its sonic uniqueness and narrative contribution to the album’s arc.

Reflecting this collaborative ethos, ''For the FKN Love'' features an intergenerational and stylistically diverse roster of contributors — from established figures like Big Daddy Kane, The Sugarhill Gang, Masta Ace, Freddie Foxxx, Monie Love, Kxng Crooked, Fatman Scoop, and G. Love, to a broad range of newer voices including Dell-P, Twan Mack, Lish, Ke’Andra, Dee-1, 4ize, Tony Momrelle, Twisted Royalty, Cleveland P. Jones, MRK SX, and Jahah. The album also includes a guest appearance by Configa’s father, a drummer, adding a personal dimension to the project’s broader themes of joy and unity.

In a later interview with ''B-Boy Document'', Speech praised Configa’s evolving artistry, stating: “I see Configa making more classic albums and also scoring movies, TV shows and commercials.”<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Configa & Arrested Development Interviews |magazine=B-Boy Document |date=Winter 2021}}</ref>
In January 2022, Configa appeared on ''The Crucial Hip Hop Show'' with Jojo Mavrakis and Rob Hardman on Street Sounds Radio, where he discussed his production techniques, musical influences, and his views on hip hop’s evolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Crucial Hip Hop Show with Rob Hardman & Jojo Mavrakis 26/01/2022 |url=https://www.mixcloud.com/StreetSoundsRadio/the-crucial-hip-hop-show-with-rob-hardman-jojo-mavrakis-26-01-2022/ |website=Mixcloud |date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

== 2022: Re:Configa’d ==
In 2022, Configa released ''Re:Configa’d'', a remix album compiling his reinterpretations of tracks by artists including [[Tupac Shakur]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[Biz Markie]], [[Mary J. Blige]], [[Nas]], [[Heavy D]], [[Nipsey Hussle]], [[Ad-Rock]], [[Canibus]], [[Grand Puba]], [[Chino XL]], and others. ''The New Haberdasher'' described Configa as “one of the Greats of the Underground who has been making beats that BOOM,” and characterised ''Re:Configa’d'' as “a modern iteration of the Classic Mixtape,” highlighting his ability to reshape the atmosphere of iconic tracks through his “lush” boom bap production. The review noted that “all these tracks sound like they were produced on different equipment, over various sessions,” capturing the eclectic spirit of classic mixtapes while giving new life to both well-known and more obscure vocal performances.<ref>{{cite web |title=Re:Configa’d Released in May |website=The New Haberdasher |author=William P. Stodden |date=4 June 2022 |url=https://medium.com/docstoden/re-configad-released-in-may-eba6bfe4470e |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

== 2023–2024: Up & Away ==
In October 2023, Configa partnered with Los Angeles–based R&B artist Sulpacio Jones to produce ''Up & Away'', an EP that blends nostalgic and contemporary R&B elements with soul-infused boom bap production. Tracks such as “Hot Like Me” (featuring T Slack), “Cherries,” and “U Make My Day” showcase Jones’s emotive vocals alongside Configa’s production. Several tracks were broadcast across three separate episodes of [[BBC Music Introducing]] in the North East in late 2023,<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Music Introducing in the North East – 30/09/2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0gffrpg |website=BBC |date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Music Introducing in the North East – 07/10/2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0gj3kgl |website=BBC |date=October 7, 2023 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Music Introducing in the North East – 21/10/2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0gt0ls5 |website=BBC |date=October 21, 2023 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref> and were also featured on the Neo2Soul Playlist podcast<ref>{{cite web |title=Neo2Soul Playlist – Episode 208 |url=https://www.podomatic.com/podcasts/neo2soul/episodes/2023-09-16T01_26_04-07_00 |website=Podomatic |date=September 16, 2023 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref> and Select Soul Show’s July 2023 playlist.<ref>{{cite web |title=July 2023 Playlist |url=http://www.selectsoul.co.uk/2023/?m=1 |website=Select Soul Show |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>
The single “Hot Like Me” also appeared on the Soul Associates Top 30 chart, published by the ''Soul Strutter'' blog.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soul Associates Top 30 – Week 39 |url=https://soulstrutter.blogspot.com/2023_10_05_archive.html |website=Soul Strutter |date=October 5, 2023 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

== 2024: Bullets in the Chamber ==
In 2024, Configa again served as co-executive producer and primary music producer for [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]]’s album ''Bullets in the Chamber''. The album features contributions from [[Chuck D]], [[Ras Kass]], [[Skyzoo]], [[Sa-Roc]], [[Canibus]], [[Grandmaster Caz]], [[Diana King]], and [[DoItAll|DoItAll]]. It was ranked second on ''The Source''’s annual roundup of “Best Hip Hop Albums You Might Have Unjustly Missed.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesource.com/2024/09/18/best-hip-hop-2024-albums-you-might-have-unjustly-missed/ |title=Best Hip Hop 2024 Albums You Might Have Unjustly Missed |website=The Source |date=September 2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

The album received critical praise from multiple independent outlets. ''Style Weekly'' described it as “a soundtrack for hope,”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.styleweekly.com/a-soundtrack-for-hope/ |title=A Soundtrack for Hope |website=Style Weekly |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref> while ''Cryptic Rock'' and ''Bad Magics'' commended Configa’s “soulful beats” and melodic arrangements.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://crypticrock.com/arrested-development-bullets-in-the-chamber-album-review/ |title=Arrested Development – Bullets in the Chamber (Album Review) |website=Cryptic Rock |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.badmagics.com/arrested-development-bullets-in-the-chamber/ |title=Arrested Development – Bullets in the Chamber |website=Bad Magics |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>
In a February 2024 interview with ''Cambs Edition'', Arrested Development frontman [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] emphasized Configa’s importance to the group’s evolving sound, stating: “We’ve been relying heavily on producers from around the world. One in particular is Configa out of the UK.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cambsedition.co.uk/arts-culture/interview-arrested-development/ |title=Interview: Arrested Development |website=Cambs Edition |date=February 22, 2024 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

The track “For Free,” featuring Speech, Configa, and April So Lyrical, was included in DJ General Strike’s “Top 40 Protest Songs of Winter 2024,” published by the socially conscious music platform ''Shouts Music''. The listing described ''Bullets in the Chamber'' as “so full of great protest songs, it was hard to pick just one.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shoutsmusic.blog/dj-general-strikes-top-40-protest-songs-of-winter-2024/ |title=DJ General Strike’s Top 40 Protest Songs of Winter 2024 |website=Shouts Music |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

In January 2024, Configa appeared on the Brazilian radio programme ''Jazzmasters'', broadcast by *Alpha FM*, where he discussed his role in producing ''Bullets in the Chamber'', as well as his recent collaboration with Sulpacio Jones and his perspectives on hip hop and soul music’s evolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Configa, produtor britânico, conversa com o Jazzmasters sobre projetos atuais e futuros |url=https://jazzmasters.ig.com.br/noticias/configa-produtor-britanico-conversa-com-o-jazzmasters-sobre-projetos-atuais-e-futuros/ |website=Jazzmasters |date=January 2024 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

== Jolicoeur ==
In 2024, Configa collaborated with veteran UK rapper Tommy Evans on the concept album ''Jolicoeur'', a tribute to the late [[David Jolicoeur|Trugoy the Dove]] of [[De La Soul]]. Configa produced the entire project, which explored themes of self-love, nature, resistance, and personal growth through boom bap–influenced production and introspective lyricism. ''Urban Vault'' described the collaboration as the “world’s first producer–rapper–PhD combo.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://urbanvault.co.uk/2024/07/24/configa-x-tommy-evans-jolicoeur-album-audio-itunes-spotify/ |title=Configa x Tommy Evans – Jolicoeur |website=Urban Vault UK |date=July 24, 2024 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>
''Digiwaxx'' called the album “tailor made for the summertime,” praising Configa’s production for “making listeners dance” and noting its sonic homage to the [[Native Tongues]] era.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://digiwaxx.com/rewindreview-configa-tommy-evans-jolicoeur-2024/ |title=Configa & Tommy Evans – Jolicoeur |website=Digiwaxx |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

One of the album’s tracks, “They Are Not Expecting Us to Fight,” featuring Configa, Evans, and [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] of Arrested Development, was included in DJ General Strike’s “Top 40 Protest Songs of Winter 2024” on the independent platform ''Shouts Music''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shoutsmusic.blog/dj-general-strikes-top-40-protest-songs-of-winter-2024/ |title=DJ General Strike’s Top 40 Protest Songs of Winter 2024 |website=Shouts Music |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

Two singles were released in support of ''Jolicoeur''. The first, “Summertime,” featured guest vocals from Matthew Allman and was accompanied by a music video. ''BritishHipHop.co.uk'' described the track as a “timely up-tempo track to resurrect a typically torrential August.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishhiphop.co.uk/downloads/video/configa-x-tommy-evans-ft-matthew-allman-summertime-video.html |title=Configa x Tommy Evans ft. Matthew Allman – Summertime [Video] |website=BritishHipHop.co.uk |date=August 11, 2023 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>
The second single, “The Water,” featured vocalist Glorynade and continued the album’s thematic focus on nature and renewal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishhiphop.co.uk/downloads/video/configa-x-tommy-evans-ft-glorynade-the-water-video.html |title=Configa x Tommy Evans ft. Glorynade – The Water [Video] |website=BritishHipHop.co.uk |date=August 11, 2023 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

Several tracks from the album were also included on ''UKHH.com''’s Summer Heaters 2024 playlist.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukhh.com/ukhh-com-summer-heaters-2024/ |title=UKHH.com: Summer Heaters 2024 |website=UKHH.com |date=July 13, 2024 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

== Recent projects ==
In February 2025, Configa produced a remix of “All I See Is Melanin” by Arrested Development as part of a five-track EP released for Black History Month. The release included Configa’s remix, along with instrumental and a cappella versions, and was praised by ''Insomniac Magazine'' for celebrating Black culture and identity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insomniacmagazine.com/arrested-development-celebrate-black-history-month-with-all-i-see-is-melanin-video-prod-dr-configa/ |title=Arrested Development Celebrate Black History Month with “All I See Is Melanin” Video (Prod. Dr. Configa) |website=Insomniac Magazine |date=February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-21}}</ref>
The remix was also highlighted in a profile by ''AllHipHop'', which spotlighted the group’s continued activism and Configa’s role.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eustice |first=Kyle |title=Arrested Development Won First Best New Artist Grammy—And They’re Still At It |url=https://allhiphop.com/news/arrested-development-won-first-best-new-artist-grammy-and-theyre-still-at-it/ |website=AllHipHop |date=February 9, 2025 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>
A corresponding music video featuring Configa’s remix was also released on ''Sensimedia'', a platform dedicated to hip hop and urban culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sensimedia.net/video/music/hiphop/video/arrested-development-all-i-see-is-melanin |title=All I See Is Melanin (Configa Remix) – Sensimedia |website=Sensimedia |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>

In May 2025, Configa was credited in a documentary on [[Marley Marl]], produced by the National Hip-Hop Museum and directed by filmmaker Nick Light. Light, a long-time collaborator, had previously directed several of Configa’s music videos.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Marley Marl and Hip-Hop Sampling |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oisNk6e5VUs |website=YouTube |publisher=National Hip-Hop Museum |date=3 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-13}}</ref>
Also in May 2025, Configa contributed a remix to the track "Outer Body Experience," originally featured on UK rapper Gee Bag’s 2024 album ''No More Worries''. The remix version, featuring Anyway Tha God and Bad FX, was released via 369 Recordings and premiered on ''BritishHipHop.co.uk''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishhiphop.co.uk/downloads/video/gee-bag-anyway-tha-god-bad-fx-and-configa-outer-body-experience-video.html |title=Gee Bag, Anyway Tha God, Bad FX and Configa – Outer Body Experience (Video) |website=BritishHipHop.co.uk |date=May 2025 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref>

== Production style and influence ==
Configa’s production style is rooted in [[boom bap]] and sample-based techniques, often drawing from genres such as funk, soul, and [[jazz fusion]]. His work is frequently noted for its adherence to traditional hip hop aesthetics within a modern context, particularly through his collaborations with [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]]. Critics have described these productions as a return to the group’s foundational sound.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/the-best-hip-hop-albums-of-2020/ |title=The Best Hip Hop Albums of 2020 |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |date=2020 |access-date=2025-05-11}}</ref>

His beats, grounded in classic sample-based hip hop, have drawn comparisons to producers such as [[DJ Premier]] and [[Pete Rock]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rapreviews.com/2006/10/slept-on-fam-audio-crack/ |title=Slept On Fam – Audio Crack Review |website=RapReviews |date=October 2006 |access-date=April 22, 2025}}</ref> Music critic Rob Janicke described Configa’s production as “one of the best-sounding” in recent years, highlighting his ability to craft a cohesive “sonic tapestry” across diverse tracks.<ref>{{cite web |last=Janicke |first=Rob |title=Music For Insight & Regard, But Mostly For The FKN Love |website=The Riff |publisher=Medium |date=July 20, 2022 |url=https://medium.com/the-riff/music-for-insight-regard-but-mostly-for-the-fkn-love-6ecf7a82cfc1 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref> A recurring signature in his productions is the vocal tag “Configa, Configa,” which typically appears at the start of tracks. The tag is featured in several collaborations, most notably with Arrested Development. ''Hip Hop Golden Age'' referenced the tag and highlighted Configa’s production as a key architect of the group’s 2021 release ''For the FKN Love''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/the-best-hip-hop-albums-of-2021/ |title=The Best Hip Hop Albums of 2021 |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |date=2021 |access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref>

In addition to his musical influences, Configa’s academic background in [[cultural studies]] and [[social theory]] informs a broader artistic ethos. His work often blends sample-based hip hop with politically conscious themes and socially aware lyricism, aligning with the traditions of socially engaged hip hop.

Reviews of Configa’s production style have highlighted its versatility and depth of sound. ''Airdrift Signals'' described his approach as “varying from militaristic and Wu-inspired to bright and flirtatious,”<ref>{{cite web |last=Walczak |first=Stefan |title=Configa Presents: The ConfigHas Crates Review |url=https://www.airdriftsignals.com/2021/02/configa-presents-confighas-crates.html |website=Airdrift Signals |date=February 16, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-21}}</ref> while ''The New Haberdasher'' called it “multi-layered, heavily instrumental, and almost baroque.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Stodden |first=William P. |title=Configa and HaStyle are back with ConfigHas Crates |url=https://medium.com/docstoden/configa-and-hastyle-are-back-with-configahas-crates-5c7efa754716 |website=The New Haberdasher |date=February 8, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref> These perspectives reinforce the signature richness of Configa’s sample-based sound.

== Legacy and impact ==
Over a production career spanning more than two decades, Configa has established a profile through his collaborations with key figures in socially conscious hip hop, including [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]] and [[PE 2.0|Jahi]] of [[PE 2.0|Enemy Radio]]. His collaboration with Arrested Development spans three albums — ''Don’t Fight Your Demons'' (2020), ''For the FKN Love'' (2021), and ''Bullets in the Chamber'' (2024) — and has been cited in critical reviews as contributing to the group’s recent creative resurgence. {{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/the-best-hip-hop-albums-of-2020/ |title=The Best Hip Hop Albums of 2020 |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |date=2020 |access-date=2025-05-11}}
He is also recognised in hip hop scholarship, with his doctoral thesis ''Blackness in the Absence of Blackness'' cited in academic publications on race, identity, and cultural appropriation in hip hop worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yehan |title=Keeping It Real in Chinese Hip-Hop: Everyday Authenticity and Coming From the Street |journal=Sociological Research Online |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=2023 |pages=575–592 |doi=10.1177/13607804231178628}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Palma-Martos |first=Maria-Luisa |title=Music, Digitization and Copyright |publisher=Springer |year=2021}}</ref>
This dual impact — both artistic and academic — underscores Configa’s long-standing presence and growing influence within global hip hop culture.
Configa’s two-decade collaboration with rapper [[Chino XL]] has significantly contributed to his international profile. Following Chino XL’s untimely death in July 2024, Configa’s tribute was quoted in more than 25 independent media outlets worldwide, including [[People (magazine)|People]], [[Entertainment Weekly]], [[NME]], [[MassLive]], [[American Songwriter]], [[Indy100]] (a subsidiary of [[The Independent]]), [[Nine.com.au]] (Australia), Antena 3 Noticias (Spain), ZikNation (France), AS (Diario AS) (Spain), Yardbarker, Androbit (Hungary), The Industry, and others. In many of these publications, Configa was the only artist quoted in full, with his tribute message reprinted verbatim. Other figures cited — such as [[Chuck D]], [[Joe Budden]], [[Ice-T]], [[KXNG Crooked]], A-F-R-O, and [[Evidence (rapper)|Evidence]] — were often included in shorter excerpts or referenced indirectly.

In his widely cited tribute, Configa wrote:
<blockquote>“One of the GREATEST to ever touch a mic (and I told him this personally many times too). I have known him, worked with him and built with him over the last 20 years (and have been a fan for the last 30 years). I’m just glad that we got to collaborate on some AMAZING music – the last time being only 3 years ago… This one HURTS.”</blockquote>
This level of international media attention, alongside Configa’s contributions to hip hop production and scholarship, has highlighted his visibility within the global hip hop community. {{cite web |title=Rapper Chino XL Dead at 50 |website=People Magazine |date=30 July 2024 |url=https://people.com/rapper-chino-xl-dead-at-age-50-8685965 |access-date=2025-06-05}} {{cite web |title=Tributes paid as rapper Chino XL dies, age 50: “One of the greatest to ever touch a mic” |website=NME |date=30 July 2024 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/tributes-paid-as-rapper-chino-xl-dies-age-50-one-of-the-greatest-to-ever-touch-a-mic-3779122 |access-date=2025-06-05}} {{cite web |title=Rapper Chino XL Dies at 50 |website=Entertainment Weekly |date=30 July 2024 |url=https://ew.com/rapper-chino-xl-dies-at-50-8686316 |access-date=2025-06-05}} {{cite web |title=Rapper considered ‘one of the greatest to ever touch a mic’ dies at 50 |website=MassLive |date=30 July 2024 |url=https://www.masslive.com/entertainment/2024/07/rapper-considered-one-of-the-greatest-to-ever-touch-a-mic-dies-at-50.html |access-date=2025-06-05}} {{cite web |title=Tributes Roll In for Rapper Chino XL After His Death |website=American Songwriter |date=31 July 2024 |url=https://americansongwriter.com/tributes-roll-in-for-rapper-chino-xl-after-his-death/ |access-date=2025-06-05}} {{cite web |title=Chino XL: Cause of death revealed |website=Indy100 |date=30 July 2024 |url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/chino-xl-cause-of-death |access-date=2025-06-05}} {{cite web |title=Rapper Chino XL dead at 50 |website=Nine.com.au |date=30 July 2024 |url=https://amp.nine.com.au/article/2bf20d5d-04b5-4705-9ca0-3140065b17b0 |access-date=2025-06-05}}

In 2023, Configa was among the artists featured in a tribute roundup published by ''Hip Hop Golden Age'' following the death of [[De La Soul]]’s [[David Jolicoeur|Trugoy the Dove]]. His comments appeared alongside those of artists including [[Pharrell Williams|Pharrell]], [[Chuck D]], [[DJ Premier]], [[Busta Rhymes]], and [[Questlove]]. {{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/hip-hop-twitter-mourns-death-of-de-la-souls-trugoy-the-dove/ |title=Hip Hop Twitter Mourns Death of De La Soul’s Trugoy the Dove |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |date=2024 |access-date=April 22, 2025}} Several of the artists featured—such as Chuck D, [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]], [[Masta Ace]], [[Skyzoo]], and [[Rah Digga]]—have also collaborated with Configa.

Configa’s production style has been praised for its cohesion, melodic sensibility, and deep adherence to hip hop tradition, providing a deep and introspective backdrop for socially and politically aware lyricism. {{cite web |url=https://crypticrock.com/arrested-development-bullets-in-the-chamber-album-review/ |title=Arrested Development – Bullets in the Chamber (Album Review) |website=Cryptic Rock |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}} {{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/top-150-hip-hop-albums-of-the-2020s/ |title=Top 150 Hip Hop Albums of the 2020s |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |access-date=2025-04-21}}

In 2019, Configa launched the “Bday 16 Bars Competition,” a global initiative to spotlight emerging underground artists. Supported by [[Chuck D]], the competition offered prizes including an EP produced by Configa, promotion through Laidlaw Media affiliates, and a music video package. The initiative received coverage from outlets including ''Music Connection Magazine'', the ''Hip-Hop Daily Dose'' podcast, and ''The WTFI? Podcast''. {{cite web |url=https://www.musicconnection.com/enter-configas-birthday-beat-competition/ |title=Enter Configa’s Birthday Beat Competition |website=Music Connection |date=2019 |access-date=April 23, 2025}} {{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/04AGYgixpMBaL7WuS08Y2I |title=Hip-Hop Daily Dose – Configa Bday Beat Competition |website=Spotify |date=2019 |access-date=April 23, 2025}} {{cite web |url=https://laidlawmedia.com/birthday-beat-contest |title=Birthday Beat Contest |website=Laidlaw Media |date=2019 |access-date=April 23, 2025}} {{cite web |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-wtfi-podcast/id1475243095 |title=The WTFI Podcast – Apple Podcasts |website=Apple Podcasts |access-date=April 23, 2025}}

Configa’s international presence expanded through his collaboration with Mosta Records, an independent label based in Singapore. In 2021, ''Forward Future'' was released on green vinyl in Southeast Asia, marking an international release that combined golden age hip hop aesthetics with contemporary social commentary. The collaboration demonstrated Configa’s ability to engage audiences across hip hop communities worldwide. {{cite web |url=https://www.mostarecordslp.com/mosta |title=Mosta Records |website=Mosta Records |access-date=April 23, 2025}}

== Recognition and industry coverage ==
Configa’s work has been covered in major hip hop publications and music media, including ''[[The Source]]'', ''[[HipHopDX]]'', and ''[[AllHipHop]]''. In 2022, he was named Producer of the Year by the UK magazine ''B-Boy Document''. His music has additionally reached specialist radio audiences through the long-running underground hip hop programme WeFunk Radio (90.3 FM, Montreal).

In ''GQ Magazine''’s 2020 feature, ''354 Albums to Blow Your Mind'', [[Chuck D]] praised Configa’s production work:
<blockquote>"Configa has been producing and orchestrating beats and music over the past decade," delivering "a perfect match of beats, rhymes, consciousness and life" through projects such as ''Forward Future'' (2020).<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Chuck D |title=354 Albums to Blow Your Mind |magazine=GQ |year=2020}}</ref></blockquote>

Configa’s work has been recognised by music industry curators and streaming platforms. In August 2022, Juno Records featured the Arrested Development album ''For the FKN Love''—primarily produced by Configa—in its “Juno Recommends Hip Hop/R&B” chart, noting that “as ever,” he handled production duties for the project, which featured guests ranging from [[Big Daddy Kane]] and [[Monie Love]] to newer voices such as Twan Mack and Ke’Andra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.juno.co.uk/charts/juno-recommends/629888-Juno_Recommends_Hip_Hop_R_amp_B/7725094-Chart/ |title=Juno Recommends Hip Hop/R&B: August 2022 |website=Juno Records |date=August 2022 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>

His productions have been included on [[Spotify]] editorial playlists, featured on [[BBC Radio 6 Music]], and supported by [[BBC Introducing]] North East, broadening his reach across both major and grassroots platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001p6fv |title=The Huey Show – Arrested Development playlist |website=BBC |date=2022 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0gj3kgl |title=BBC Introducing – Configa |website=BBC |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

The single “Vibe,” released in late 2021, reached number one on [[CBC Music]]’s national hip hop chart in early 2022 and later surpassed one million streams on Spotify in 2024. [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] credited Configa’s production as a key part of the track’s success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-574138-arrested-development |title=Arrested Development Event |website=Creative Loafing |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C5mH37JvSYg/ |title=Speech celebrates 1M Spotify streams for “Vibe” |website=Instagram |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>
“Becoming”, the lead single from ''Don’t Fight Your Demons'', also surpassed one million Spotify streams, reflecting sustained audience interest in Configa’s production work.

His music has also received airplay on [[SiriusXM]]’s Shade 45 and Rock The Bells Radio, as well as on Itch FM, underscoring his continued relevance within both commercial and underground hip hop circles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rapisouttacontrol.com/playlists/ |title=Rap Is Outta Control playlists — playlist for 30 January 2022 show |website=rapisouttacontrol.com |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=whoisdellpee |number=1487918127568625667 |title=DJ Eclipse playing @Configa and @DellPee_ #SwimgUm live on @RapIsOuttaCntrl Sirius XM #HipHop #Shade45 |date=30 January 2022 |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://xmplaylist.com/station/rockthebellsradio/track/2TUY-7H2T |title=Becoming – Rock The Bells Radio Airplay |website=XMPlaylist |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itch.fm/configa-from-the-soul-ft-craig-g/ |title=Configa – From the Soul ft. Craig G |website=Itch FM |date=2021 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

[[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] has also credited Configa’s production as instrumental to the group’s musical resurgence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Speech on Arrested Development’s New Album|url=https://youtube/eqRHNwfXQV4|website=VladTV |date=September 26, 2020}}</ref>

== Recognition and year-end lists ==
In its Winter 2021 issue (released in April 2022), ''B-Boy Document'' magazine named Configa '''Producer of the Year''' and featured an extended interview. In the piece, Configa reflected on his creative evolution, stating: “With Speech, he puts so much emphasis on the hook of a song, and this changed my mind state… I don’t want to just make boom bap songs. I want to create harmonies and spread some joy, and I think this is what we did on ''For the FKN Love''.” He contrasted the album’s tone with his prior work, adding: “This album is about joy, whilst last year’s was embedded in a Black Lives Matter theme. We deliberately set out to make statement songs designed to spread happiness.” In the same issue, [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] described Configa’s versatility: “I feel that right now the sky is the limit for Configa… he is so well-rounded that I see him being successful at anything he puts his mind to.” He also praised the album’s UK connections and family contributions, noting: “I was so happy to have his dad on the album, as Configa is a family dude,” referring to the drummer feature by Configa’s father, alongside UK artists such as [[Tony Momrelle]], [[Monie Love]], and Twisted Royalty. The issue also included a review describing the album as “conscious and thought-provoking rhymes encapsulated in a rich tapestry constructed by Configa.”<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Producer of the Year: Configa |magazine=B-Boy Document |issue=Winter 2021 |publisher=B-Boy Document Magazine |date=2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=B-Boy Document Magazine – Winter 2021 |url=https://rarekindrecords.co.uk/products/winter-2021 |website=Rarekind Records |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref>

''Hip Hop Golden Age'' recognised Configa’s production work across multiple projects over four consecutive years. In 2020, it included ''Don’t Fight Your Demons''—which Configa co-executive produced and for which he produced over half the tracks—among its best hip hop albums of the year, writing that “the work on the boards from British producer Configa gives this album an authentic Hip Hop vibe.”<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best Hip Hop Albums of 2020 |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/the-best-hip-hop-albums-of-2020/ |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref> That same year, the site also named ''Forward Future'', his collaboration with [[PE 2.0|Jahi]], to its year-end list.

''For the FKN Love'' appeared on the site’s best albums of 2021 list,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best Hip Hop Albums of 2021 |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/the-best-hip-hop-albums-of-2021/ |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref> and ''Bullets in the Chamber'' was included in its 2024 roundup.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best Hip Hop Albums of 2024 |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/the-best-hip-hop-albums-of-2024/ |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref> In January 2025, ''Hip Hop Golden Age'' ranked both ''Don’t Fight Your Demons'' and ''For the FKN Love'' in its “Top 150 Hip Hop Albums of the 2020s” list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 150 Hip Hop Albums of the 2020s |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/top-150-hip-hop-albums-of-the-2020s/ |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>

In addition to critical recognition, Configa reported reaching more than 585,000 Spotify listeners across 175 countries in 2024, generating over 6.4 million streams and 239,000 listening hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spotify Wrapped 2023 – Configa |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DDNM9_Ko4RQ/ |website=Instagram |date=December 2023 |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref>

'''Selected awards and year-end list placements'''
* Producer of the Year, ''B-Boy Document'' Awards (2022)
* Multiple “Best Hip Hop Albums of the Year” inclusions (2020, 2021, 2024) — ''Hip Hop Golden Age''
* Ranked in ''Hip Hop Golden Age''’s “Top 150 Hip Hop Albums of the 2020s” (2025)

Configa’s work has also been recognised through sustained critical attention and frequent inclusion in year-end and retrospective lists.

== Radio recognition and enduring presence ==
Configa’s work has received widespread airplay across both mainstream and specialist radio platforms internationally.

On [[BBC Radio 2]], Arrested Development performed live on ''The [[Romesh Ranganathan]] Show'' in 2023, including ''Do or Die the Mantra'', produced by Configa, with [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] acknowledging his contributions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001p6fv |title=The Romesh Ranganathan Show – Arrested Development Live |website=BBC |date=2023 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>
On [[BBC Radio 6 Music]], tracks such as ''Thank You'' and ''Hip-Hop Saves Lives'' by Arrested Development were broadcast on ''The Huey Show'', presented by [[Huey Morgan]], frontman of [[Fun Lovin' Criminals]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001p6fv |title=The Huey Show – Arrested Development playlist |website=BBC |date=2022 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref> Configa’s instrumental track ''Becoming'' was featured on a December 2022 episode of ''Focus Beats'', a BBC Sounds programme dedicated to ambient and concentration-friendly music.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001g2sz |title=Focus Beats – Episode Featuring Arrested Development & Configa |website=BBC |date=December 17, 2022 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>
He has also been supported extensively by ''BBC Introducing North East'', with airplay for tracks such as ''Summertime'', ''Up & Away'', ''Hot Like Me'', ''Blown'', and ''The Water''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0gffrpg |title=BBC Introducing North East |website=BBC |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0gj3kgl |title=BBC Introducing – Configa |website=BBC |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0g7hdk5 |title=BBC Introducing – Configa Airplay |website=BBC |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0jqtw35 |title=BBC Introducing – Further Support |website=BBC |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0gt0ls5 |title=BBC Introducing – Configa Playlist |website=BBC |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

Configa’s productions have reached prominent chart placements. In 2024, ''Hello'' (Arrested Development featuring [[Ras Kass]]) reached #1 on the ''HipHopGods Top 20'', syndicated via Chuck D’s RAPstation network.<ref>{{cite web |author=Speech |title=Instagram post announcing ''Hello'' #1 on Hip Hop Gods Top 20 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C5NQ-4_saSe/?igsh=YnMycGRpY2RxMDY2 |website=Instagram |date=11 April 2024 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rapstation.com/show/3/hiphopgods-radio |title=HipHopGods Radio |website=RapStation |access-date=2025-06-04}}</ref> In 2022, ''Swing Um'' (featuring Masta Ace, Fatman Scoop, Dell-P, and Speech) also reached #1 on the same chart and was later played on SiriusXM’s ''Rap Is Outta Control'', hosted by DJ Eclipse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arrested Development at City Winery |url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-574138-arrested-development |website=Creative Loafing |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rapisouttacontrol.com/playlists/ |title=Rap Is Outta Control playlists — playlist for 30 January 2022 show |website=rapisouttacontrol.com |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=whoisdellpee |number=1487918127568625667 |title=DJ Eclipse playing @Configa and @DellPee_ #SwingUm live on @RapIsOuttaCntrl Sirius XM #HipHop #Shade45 |date=30 January 2022 |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>
Two years earlier, "Vibe" (featuring [[Big Daddy Kane]], Cleveland P. Jones, and Tasha LaRae) topped [[CBC Music]]’s hip hop chart in Canada and later surpassed one million Spotify streams.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-574138-arrested-development |title=Arrested Development Event |website=Creative Loafing |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C5mH37JvSYg/ |title=Speech celebrates 1M Spotify streams for ''Vibe'' |website=Instagram |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>
''Becoming'', from ''Don’t Fight Your Demons'', also surpassed one million Spotify streams and was placed in regular rotation on [[SiriusXM]]’s Rock The Bells Radio, curated by [[LL Cool J]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://xmplaylist.com/station/rockthebellsradio/track/2TUY-7H2T |title=Becoming – Rock The Bells Radio Airplay |website=XMPlaylist |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

His music has received airplay on [[SiriusXM]]’s Shade 45 and Rock The Bells Radio,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rapisouttacontrol.com/playlists/ |title=Rap Is Outta Control playlists — playlist for 30 January 2022 show |website=rapisouttacontrol.com |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=whoisdellpee |number=1487918127568625667 |title=DJ Eclipse playing @Configa and @DellPee_ #SwimgUm live on @RapIsOuttaCntrl Sirius XM #HipHop #Shade45 |date=30 January 2022 |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref> as well as on Itch FM and independent U.S. stations such as WTYE FM, which has also featured editorial coverage of his work.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wtyefm.com/2024/07/30/tributes-paid-as-rapper-chino-xl-dies-age-50-one-of-the-greatest-to-ever-touch-a-mic/ |title=Tributes Paid as Rapper Chino XL Dies, Age 50: “One of the Greatest to Ever Touch a Mic” |website=WTYE FM |date=30 July 2024 |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>

Configa’s music has been a recurring feature on RAPstation, the global hip hop radio network founded by [[Chuck D]]. His tracks have aired on the network’s flagship show, ''…AndYouDontStop!'', hosted by Chuck D, where his music has frequently opened the show in the ''Songs That Mean Something'' segment, and has also featured on ''HipHopGods Radio'', both syndicated via [[WBAI]] 99.5 FM (New York) and other stations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rapstation.com/show/3/hiphopgods-radio |title=HipHopGods Radio |website=RapStation |access-date=2025-06-04}}</ref>

College and independent FM radio stations worldwide have also featured Configa’s music. His remix of ''A Different World'' by [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] aired on ''Word is Bond Rap Radio'' (94.9 FM, Canada).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewordisbond.com/wheels-the-film-on-word-is-bond-rap-radio/ |title=Wheels the Film on Word is Bond Rap Radio |website=The Word is Bond |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>
Additional U.S. airplay has come via ''Side B Radio'' (WPRB 103.3 FM, Princeton).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://playlists.wprb.com/WPRB/pl/18391941/Side-B-Radio |title=Side B Radio Playlist |website=WPRB 103.3 FM |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

Configa’s tracks have also been widely included in curated podcasts and radio mixes. He was featured in ''Concrete Jungle'' (Italy),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mixcloud.com/concretejungletrieste/concrete-jungle-ep03-2018-configa-talib-kweli-a-tribe-called-quest-word-hurts-mononome/ |title=Concrete Jungle EP03 – 2018 |website=Mixcloud |date=2018 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref> Dubmatix’s ''Sticky Icky Reggae Mix'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubmatix - Basement Sessions Radio Show #101 |url=https://lnns.co/RJILd9A2GYq |website=Dubmatix Sticky Icky Reggae Mix |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref> and multiple ''Jamz Podcast'' mixes from 2022 to 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wintry Mix 2024 |url=https://lnns.co/_fle10LoZaj |website=Jamz Podcast |date=January 16, 2024 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lnns.co/vX4BHkjuzcF |title=Hip Hop and R&B Journey – Summer Madness 2024 Mix Vol. 3 |website=Jamz Podcast |date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lnns.co/NsaMhUPxWA- |title=Hip Hop and R&B Wintry Mix 2025 |website=Jamz Podcast |date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spring Jamz Mix 2025 |url=https://lnns.co/gyf4oR7bqBu |website=Jamz Podcast |date=April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>

International radio support has included ''HANGTIME!'' (Radio Grenouille, France),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lnns.co/MbK9oJDcj1G |title=HANGTIME! Saison 16 épisode 29 “Fresh out of the Box” |website=Listen Notes |date=May 20, 2024 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref> Mos Eisley Music (Germany),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/track/810249449303073031/ |title=Paved the Way – Mos Eisley Music |website=Online Radio Box |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref> ''Funky Fresh'' (Radio X, Frankfurt),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.radiox.de/sendungen/funky-fresh/playlists/8660-funky-fresh-02-03-24 |title=Funky Fresh Playlist – March 2, 2024 |website=Radio X |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref> and Mundo Livre FM (Brazil).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DBQnoWOIrYv/?igsh=MWxsdXF5ajB6eDNl |title=Black Tie Radio Show thanks Configa and HaStyle |website=Instagram |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref> His remix of ''All I See Is Melanin'' aired on RoboPdeRadio.nl (Netherlands).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://robopderadio.nl/track/156740/all_i_see_is_melanin_configa_remix_arrested_development |title=All I See Is Melanin (Configa Remix) – RoboPdeRadio.nl |website=RoboPdeRadio |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>
Additional plays have included[WEFUNK Radio (Montreal),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wefunkradio.com/song/play/1209_au/speech/just+too+cold |title=Speech – Just Too Cold (Configa Remix) |website=WEFUNK Radio |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref> Rádio B (Czech Republic),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/track/1225090763369980992/ |title=Midas Touch – Rádio B |website=Online Radio Box |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref> and Wild1 Radio (global online station).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wild1radio.com/tag/configa/ |title=Configa |website=Wild1 Radio |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>

== Media appearances ==
Configa has appeared on a range of international radio shows and podcasts. In 2015, he was interviewed on ''Mixtape Sessions'', an underground hip hop radio show from Zagreb broadcast on Radio Student, where he discussed his work and introduced the EP ''The Calm Before HaStility''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hhunity.org/configa-hastyle-u-mixtape-sessionsu-veceras/ |title=Configa & HaStyle on Mixtape Sessions – Večeras |website=HHUnity |date=2015 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> He returned to the show in 2016 for an interview about the follow-up project, ''HaStility'', which was later archived on [[Mixcloud]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mixcloud.com/MixtapeSessionsRadioShow/configa-talks-hastility-mixtape-sessions-29102016/ |title=Configa Talks HaStility – Mixtape Sessions |website=Mixcloud |date=October 29, 2016 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

In 2018, he was interviewed on the ''ANEW Podcast'', where he discussed the influence of his academic background on his creative process.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/7aXsjjBIvGr911DBBBWcR2 |title=Exclusive Interview with Configa – ANEW Podcast |website=Spotify |date=2018 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>

In 2019, Configa appeared on episode 2 of the podcast ''WTFI?'' (Who The F@&k Is…?), where he spoke about his career, hip hop philosophy, and the legacy of rapper John Vietnam. The episode also highlighted his Bday 16 Bars Competition, which was judged by [[Chuck D]].<ref>{{cite web |title=WTFI? Episode 2 – Configa |website=iHeartRadio |url=https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-wtfi-podcast-60422693/episode/wtfi-episode-2-configa-60443712/ |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>

In 2020, Configa was named Artist of the Week on ''DJ Kawon’s Mixtape Show Interviews'', where he discussed his background, influences, and current projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/4iP6UJWt0MMeGHjA3qMhY8 |title=Artist of the Week Interview w/ Configa – The Mixtape Show Interviews |website=Spotify |date=2020 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> Later that year, he appeared on ''Word is Bond Rap Radio'', a Canadian hip hop programme hosted by DJ Chase March on 94.9 FM (Radio Western) in London, Ontario. The episode featured an in-depth interview with Configa and Speech of Arrested Development, as well as a half-hour mix of their music, including Configa’s track ''Becoming'' from ''Don’t Fight Your Demons''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chasemarch.com/in-depth-and-exclusive-with-arrested-development/ |title=In-depth and Exclusive with Arrested Development |website=Chase March |date=October 1, 2020 |access-date=April 24, 2025}}</ref>

In 2021, Configa appeared on several podcasts. On episode 39 of ''TheRealHip-Hop.com Podcast'', he discussed his production style, independent philosophy, and creative evolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/1YM1HGgNR3tgxmWePBvvWw |title=Episode 39: Configa – TheRealHip-Hop.com Podcast |website=Spotify |date=2021 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> He also featured on episode 35 of the ''GRYSKLL'' podcast, where he spoke about authenticity in hip hop and transatlantic collaboration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/5qPQFfVRN5S8yfY435pjkU?si=Z-651JcITwyjqtaEo0-wGA |title=GRYSKLL Episode 35: Configa Pt 1 |website=Spotify |date=2021 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> On episode 41 of ''Boom Bap Chat'', he and Speech discussed their creative process behind ''Don’t Fight Your Demons''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/7wwlHTz9gN3Ii9CtCW2KTh?si=5r6VJTcxQpSBIlLxHCqpog |title=Boom Bap Chat 41 with Speech & Configa |website=Spotify |date=2021 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> He was also interviewed on ''The Boom Bap Hour Podcast'', where he discussed the history of UK hip hop and R&B, his collaborations with [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] and [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]], and his production work on ''Don’t Fight Your Demons''. The show’s promotional material described him as “the UK’s legendary super-producer.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.amazon.com/es-co/podcasts/24c904b6-72b4-4f1f-b876-509cb36cba29/episodes/b2ee921d-2402-4580-af43-bea2f11df7eb/the-boom-bap-hour-podcast-full-interview-with-uk-super-producer-configa |title=Full Interview with UK Super-Producer Configa |website=The Boom Bap Hour Podcast (Amazon Music) |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref>

He was also featured on ''Off The Cuff Radio'', ''Supernova Earth Show'', and ''The Masterminds Podcast'', discussing topics including production techniques, hip hop aesthetics, and the relationship between music and academia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ital0gPzdHA |title=Speech (from Arrested Development) and Configa – Full Interview |website=YouTube |date=March 2021 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.supernovaearthshow.com/p/the-speech-and-configa-interview |title=The Speech and Configa Interview |website=Supernova Earth Show |date=December 2021 |access-date=April 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8O7ndrLE_Pw |title=Configa Interview – The Masterminds Podcast |website=YouTube (The Super Facts Network) |date=2022 |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

Configa has also been profiled in music publications such as ''The Riff Magazine'' and ''Canvas Rebel''. In a 2024 interview with ''Canvas Rebel'', he stated: “I seek to preserve and honor the culture and put that at the forefront of everything that I do.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://canvasrebel.com/meet-configa/ |title=Meet Configa |website=Canvas Rebel |date=2024 |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref>

In an interview with ''West Coast Styles'', he emphasized the importance of artistic longevity and independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://westcoaststyles.com/interviews/2024/06/configa-giving-the-love-back-hh50/ |title=Configa: Giving the Love Back #HH50 |website=West Coast Styles |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref> Also in 2024, he was interviewed on ''We Ear Hustling Baby'' on YouTube, where he discussed his background, influences, and current projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pU82N2Jo5ZY |title=We Ear Hustling Baby Interview |website=YouTube |date=2024 |access-date=April 24, 2025}}</ref>

== Collaborations and guest appearances ==
Configa has worked extensively as a producer and executive producer with both UK and US artists across multiple generations, often bridging classic and contemporary voices in hip hop. His collaborators include members of [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]], [[Public Enemy]], and [[The Sugarhill Gang]], as well as prominent solo artists such as [[Chuck D]], [[Big Daddy Kane]], [[Masta Ace]], [[Monie Love]], [[Canibus]], [[Ras Kass]], [[Chino XL]], [[Sadat X]], [[Prince Po]], [[Nine (rapper)|Nine]], [[Wordsworth]], and [[El Da Sensei]]. He has also collaborated with Jamaican singer [[Diana King]] and [[DoItAll]] of [[Lords of the Underground]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/configa-configa-presents-the-confighas-crates/ |title=Configa – The ConfigHas Crates |website=Hip Hop Golden Age |date=2021 |access-date=April 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.airdriftsignals.com/2021/02/configa-presents-confighas-crates.html |title=Configa Presents: The ConfigHas Crates Review |website=Airdrift Signals |date=February 16, 2021 |access-date=April 21, 2025}}</ref>

Configa served as executive producer and primary producer on three recent [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]] albums: ''Don’t Fight Your Demons'', ''Bullets in the Chamber'', and ''For the FKN Love''. The first was described by ''Wordplay Magazine'' as “a 'how-to' handbook brimming with incomparable lyricism, storytelling, and cognizant awareness.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wordplaymagazine.com/blog-1/2020/10/4/arrested-development-dont-fight-your-demons-album |title=Arrested Development – Don’t Fight Your Demons (Album Review) |website=Wordplay Magazine |date=4 October 2020 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> The second featured [[Chuck D]] on the track ''Hip Hop Saves Lives'', with production (by Configa) described by ''Cryptic Rock'' as “authentic Hip Hop beats” that underscored the album’s “timely themes.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://crypticrock.com/arrested-development-bullets-in-the-chamber-album-review/ |title=Arrested Development – Bullets in the Chamber (Album Review) |website=Cryptic Rock |date=2024 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref> ''For the FKN Love'' was again co-executively produced by Speech and Configa,<ref>{{cite web |title=ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT : For the FKN Love – 2LP |website=Forced Exposure |url=https://www.forcedexposure.com/Artists/ARRESTED.DEVELOPMENT.html |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> and one of its singles, ''Never Had Your Back'', featured Configa’s production, with ''That Eric Alper'' describing him as a "legendary British Boom-Bap producer" and the track as "well-executed," highlighting an international creative process that spanned the UK and Georgia, USA.<ref>{{cite web |title=ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT Release Empowering “Never Had Your Back” |website=That Eric Alper |date=12 March 2022 |url=https://www.thatericalper.com/2022/03/12/arrested-development-release-empowering-never-had-your-back/ |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

Configa’s guest-heavy projects often pair veteran emcees with rising or underground talent. This included verses from [[Sadat X]], [[Prince Po]], [[El Da Sensei]], [[Chino XL]], [[Nine (rapper)|Nine]], and [[Wordsworth]] on ''The ConfigHas Crates'', with the album praised for its “hard-as-nails beats and precision bombing lyrical delivery.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Stodden |first=William P. |title=Configa and HaStyle are back with ConfigHas Crates |url=https://medium.com/docstoden/configa-and-hastyle-are-back-with-configahas-crates-5c7efa754716 |website=The New Haberdasher |date=February 8, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref>

Configa has also collaborated with a range of independent and international artists, with selected releases—including remixes and original productions—receiving airplay across Europe, North America, and Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lnns.co/MbK9oJDcj1G |title=HANGTIME! Saison 16 épisode 29 “Fresh out of the Box” |website=Listen Notes |date=May 20, 2024 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://xmplaylist.com/station/rockthebellsradio/track/2TUY-7H2T |title=Becoming – Rock The Bells Radio Airplay |website=XMPlaylist |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.radiox.de/sendungen/funky-fresh/playlists/8660-funky-fresh-02-03-24 |title=Funky Fresh Playlist – March 2, 2024 |website=Radio X |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>

In October 2022, Configa partnered with Italian producer Gianni Colonna and the Foggia-based label ''Kuore Nero'' on a series of collaborative projects, including initiatives for developing new artists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnership con Andrew "Configa" Laidlaw per la foggiana Kuore Nero |website=Stato Quotidiano |language=it |date=19 October 2022 |url=https://www.statoquotidiano.it/19/10/2022/partnership-con-andrew-configa-laidlaw-per-la-foggiana-kuore-nero/955864/ |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Musica: il foggiano Gianni Colonna stringe una collaborazione con il produttore britannico Andrew Laidlaw |website=Foggia Città Aperta |language=it |date=19 October 2022 |url=https://www.foggiacittaaperta.it/news/read/musica-foggia-gianni-colonna-collaborazione-produttore-andrew-laidlaw |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> In their coverage of the partnership, both ''Foggia Città Aperta'' and ''Stato Quotidiano'' described Configa as one of the leading British hip hop producers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnership con Andrew "Configa" Laidlaw per la foggiana Kuore Nero |website=Stato Quotidiano |language=it |date=19 October 2022 |url=https://www.statoquotidiano.it/19/10/2022/partnership-con-andrew-configa-laidlaw-per-la-foggiana-kuore-nero/955864/ |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Musica: il foggiano Gianni Colonna stringe una collaborazione con il produttore britannico Andrew Laidlaw |website=Foggia Città Aperta |language=it |date=19 October 2022 |url=https://www.foggiacittaaperta.it/news/read/musica-foggia-gianni-colonna-collaborazione-produttore-andrew-laidlaw |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Collaborations with Arrested Development ===
Configa has maintained an ongoing collaboration with [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]], producing multiple tracks for the group across several albums. On ''Vibe'' from the 2021 album ''For the FKN Love'', the track opens with the line “Configa on the beat,” directly acknowledging his role as producer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genius.com/Arrested-development-vibe-lyrics |title=Vibe Lyrics |website=Genius |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>

In ''Thank You'' from the same album, [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] gives a shout-out to Configa, saying, “Shout out to our dude ‘Configa, Configa,’” referencing Configa’s signature vocal tag.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genius.com/Arrested-development-thank-you-lyrics |title=Thank You Lyrics |website=Genius |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>

On the 2024 album ''Bullets in the Chamber'', the track ''Hello'' opens with the line, “Here’s the third installment / Of our trilogy / AD, Configa and me,” marking the continued partnership between Configa and [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]] across three consecutive albums.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genius.com/Arrested-development-hello-lyrics |title=Hello Lyrics |website=Genius |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>

Additional shout-outs to Configa appear throughout both albums, underscoring his integral role in shaping the group’s modern sound. [[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] has credited Configa with helping to define Arrested Development’s current musical identity, blending classic boom bap aesthetics with a renewed sense of lyrical and sonic purpose.

== Business ventures ==
In 2010, Configa founded '''Configaration Records''', an independent label dedicated to conscious, lyrically driven hip hop and collaborative transatlantic projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laidlawmedia.com/dr-configa |title=Configa Artist Biography |website=Laidlaw Media |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> The label has released solo and collaborative projects from underground artists as well as veteran collaborators, including affiliates of [[Public Enemy]].

== Media ==
Configa also founded Laidlaw Media, a digital platform and promotional agency focused on supporting independent hip hop artists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laidlawmedia.com/dr-configa |title=Configa Artist Biography |website=Laidlaw Media |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> The company offers press, branding, and international visibility services, with a particular focus on the UK and U.S. hip hop scenes.

== Discography ==
Configa’s discography spans a range of projects within hip hop, characterised by his use of boom bap production and traditional stylistic elements. Notable releases include ''Configaration Volume 1'', which features collaborations with [[Chuck D]], [[Craig G]], [[Reks]], [[Spoonie Gee]], and [[Sean Price]]. The album combines layered soundscapes and intricate samples with heavy percussion, creating a cohesive production style that was well received by reviewers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishhiphop.co.uk/reviews/album_reviews/configa_-_configaration_volume_1_lp_slamjamz_records.html |title=Configa – Configaration Volume 1 |website=BritishHipHop.co.uk |date=2017 |access-date=April 19, 2025}}</ref>

In addition to solo work, Configa has been a longtime collaborator with [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]], contributing extensively to the albums ''Don’t Fight Your Demons'' (2020), ''For the FKN Love'' (2021), and ''Bullets in the Chamber'' (2024). His production on these albums has been noted for complementing the group’s socially conscious lyricism with classic boom bap sensibilities. The track "Vibe," produced for ''For the FKN Love'', reached number one on CBC Music’s hip hop chart and received widespread radio airplay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-479-the-block/clip/d20211214-tuesday-dec.-14-2021 |title=CBC Music – The Block (Dec. 14, 2021) |website=CBC |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopgoldenage.com/arrested-development-vibe-review/ |title=Arrested Development – "Vibe" Review |website=HipHopGoldenAge |date=2021 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

Other collaborative releases include ''The Year After'', ''Topic of Discussion'' featuring [[Ruste Juxx]], and ''Burn This Bitch Down''. Configa’s production on ''The Year After'' was praised by the hip hop website ''Hip Hop Golden Age'' for its cohesiveness and its blend of traditional and contemporary elements, with a diverse lineup of guest emcees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hiphopgoldenage.com/configa-the-year-after-with-dj-views-review/ |title=Configa – The Year After |website=HipHopGoldenAge |date=2021 |access-date=April 19, 2025}}</ref>

=== Solo releases ===
* ''Baptizm of Fire'' (2000)
* ''The King of Linguistics'' (2002)
* ''Pac to the Essence Vol. 1'' (2010; remastered 2014)
* ''Calm Before the Storm'' (2011)
* ''Configaration Volume 1'' (2017)
* ''Re:Configa’d'' (2022)
* ''JVN 10 Year Tribute (EP)'' (2022)

=== Instrumental albums ===
* ''Forward Future (Instrumentals)'' (2020)

=== Collaborative projects ===
* ''Audio Crack'' (with Slept On Fam) (2006)
* ''The Calm Before HaStility (EP)'' (with HaStyle) (2015)
* ''A Good Combination (EP)'' (with HaStyle) (2015)
* ''HaStility (H1)'' (with HaStyle) (2016)
* ''Forward Future'' (with Jahi) (2020)
* ''The ConfigHas Crates'' (with HaStyle) (2021)
* ''Topic of Discussion (EP)'' (with Ruste Juxx) (2021)
* ''The Year After'' (with DJ Views) (2021)
* ''Up & Away (EP)'' (with Sulpacio Jones) (2023)
* ''Jolicoeur'' (with Tommy Evans) (2024)

=== Selected singles ===
* "15 Minutes" (featuring Scorzayzee) (2010)
* "Hot Off Da Press" (featuring Fdot1) (2010)
* "Burn This Bitch Down" (featuring Tha Realest, E.D.I. Mean, and C-Bo) (2020)
* "How Many Shots?" (featuring Fro Magnum Man, DA Donnie Boy, and Mic Audio) (2020)
* "Something I Said" (featuring HaStyle) (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://grownuprap.com/2021/02/11/configa-something-i-said-video/ |title=Configa – Something I Said |website=Grown Up Rap |date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>
* "Summertime" (with Tommy Evans) (2023)
* "Hot Like Me" (with Sulpacio Jones) (2023)

=== Selected production credits ===
* "Yours. To Be (Configa Remix)" – Tim Burgess (2020)
* "Becoming" – Arrested Development (2020)
* "A Different World (Configa Remix)" – Speech (2021)
* "Vibe" – Arrested Development (featuring Big Daddy Kane) (2021)
* "Swing Um" – Arrested Development (featuring Masta Ace, Fatman Scoop & Dell-P) (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Arrested Development at City Winery |url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-574138-arrested-development |website=Creative Loafing |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
* "Hello" – Arrested Development (featuring Ras Kass) (2024)
* "Hip-Hop Saves Lives" – Arrested Development (featuring Chuck D) (2024)
* "All I See Is Melanin (Configa Remix)" – Arrested Development (2025)
* "Outer Body Experience (Configa Remix)" – Gee Bag (featuring Anyway Tha God & Bad FX) (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishhiphop.co.uk/downloads/video/gee-bag-anyway-tha-god-bad-fx-and-configa-outer-body-experience-video.html |title=Gee Bag, Anyway Tha God, Bad FX and Configa – Outer Body Experience (Video) |website=BritishHipHop.co.uk |date=May 2025 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref>

=== Albums produced with Arrested Development ===
Configa has served as Arrested Development’s lead producer and co-executive producer on multiple albums since 2020.
* ''Don’t Fight Your Demons'' (2020)
* ''For the FKN Love'' (2021)
* ''Bullets in the Chamber'' (2024)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Confessional Lutherans (Contemporary LCMS)

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The modern Confessional Movement in the [[Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod|Lutheran Church Missouri Synod]] is the practice of rigid adherence to the traditional order of service, even though there is no scriptural or confessional mandate that worship must adhere to specific liturgical forms. It is commonly said it worships the worship. It is also typical that followers adopt selected practices from the Roman Catholic Church, such as chanting, genuflecting, prostrating before the altar, and venerating the host. There is a trend of pastors choosing to be called “father” and wearing more elaborate clerical attire, such as one minister who sports a miter and stave, similar to Roman Catholic bishops<ref>{{Cite web |last=Synod Document library |first=The Lutheran Church-Missouri |title=ILC-RCC Final Report — Theological Conversations Between Churches |url=https://files.lcms.org/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=files.lcms.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kieschnick |first=Gerold |date= |title=Best Practices for Ministry |url=https://www.lsfm.global/LMM-5-17.html |journal=Lutheran Mission Matters |volume=2017 |issue=5 |pages=1 |via=Lutheran Society for Missiology |access-date=2025-05-29 |archive-date=2019-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724002148/https://lsfm.global/LMM-5-17.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>.The central point of this movement is to give the church pastors and synod leadership more power and control over the congregations, while reducing the power of the lay members to control their own churches. The Confessional Movement focuses on traditional customs used in [[Divine Service (Lutheran)|Divine Service]] rather than ministers being expected to deliver a sermon to compel or grow members' faith. The Movement rejects the classical biblical idea of growing the number of faithful through evangelism due to concerns that the churches doctrine may be compromised or diluted.

This movement relies heavily on the [[Book of Concord]] to justify it's strict positions on Lutheran worship and church procedure. It is often described by it's members as representing [[Martin Luther]]'s core beliefs and teachings in an attempt to draw a line and profess that its members better confess the Lutheran faith than other members of the LCMS. This is not to say that all other members of the LCMS are not inherently [[Confessional Lutheranism|Confessional Lutherans]] in the traditional sense as well. However, it must be noted Martin Luther is quoted as to have made statements in direct conflict with the idea of strict and inflexible worship styles the Modern Confessional movement attempts to preserve. <blockquote>“[L]iberty must prevail in these matters and Christians must not be bound by laws and ordinances. That is why the Scriptures prescribe nothing in these matters, but allow for freedom for the Spirit to act according to his own understanding as the respective place, time, and persons may require it.” (AE 53:37)

“I would kindly and for God’s sake request all those who see this order of service or desire to follow it: Do not make it a rigid law to bind or entangle anyone’s conscience, but use it in Christian liberty as long, when, where, and how you find it to be practical and useful.” (AE 53:67)</blockquote>

== Nomenclature ==
Subscribers to the Modern Confessional Movement often refer to themselves as true Lutherans or similar terms. They often reject being called Confessional Lutherans because of the negative connotations associated with it. However subscribers to the Modern Confessional Movement often refer to those that disagree as ''Missional''. The Missional is insinuated to apply that those not in the Modern Confessional Movement will grow the church at the expense of doctoral purity. The Confessional Movement is also sometimes referred to colloquially as "High Church" due to its use of [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] symbolisms.

== History ==
Starting in the later part of the twentieth century a movement began in the [[Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod|Lutheran Church Missouri Synod]] to move the synod to what is positioned as a more conservative and historical ideology. This was in part a response to the [[Seminex]] controversy in the mid 1970's. Seminex caused many of the more moderate voices in church leadership to leave the synod. This allowed early Confessional factions to have more majority status. Early synod districts that adopted the movement are generally considered to include but not limited to: [[Wyoming District of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod|Wyoming]], [[Iowa District East of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod|Iowa District East]], & [[Southern Illinois District of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod|Southern Illinois]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rossow |first=Pastor Tim |date=2013-01-14 |title=Iowa East may be the New Wyoming Based on their Latest Mission Plant, by Pr. Rossow |url=https://steadfastlutherans.org/blog/2013/01/iowa-east-may-be-the-new-wyoming-based-on-this-mission-plant-by-pr-rossow/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> However by the beginning of the twenty-first century the confessional movement had grown to be a considerable voice in the LCMS church. In 2001 [[Gerald B. Kieschnick|Dr. Gerald Kieschnick]] was elected president of the synod. His presidency was constantly challenged by the Confessional Movement faction of the synod that did not approve of Dr. Kieschnick ambitious mission oriented goals. He was defeated in his bid for a fourth term by the Rev. [[Matthew C. Harrison]] on July 13, 2010, at the 64th Regular Convention of the LCMS. Rev Harrison was seen as fully embracing the Confessional Movement. Under his leadership the LCMS has shifted its constitutional objectives to primarily focus on defending doctrinal purity rather than traditional mission-oriented activities. This shift is causing contention among churches and considerable loss of membership over his term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod {{!}} Religious Landscape Study |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/religious-denomination/lutheran-church-missouri-synod/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Contention over president Harrison's strict synod control policies came to a head when in November of 2022, [[Concordia University Texas]] voted to amend it's bylaws and effectively leave the Synod. This is currently being challenged in multiple court cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ORDER ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION for Concordia University Texas v. The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod et al |url=https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/texas/txwdce/1:2024cv00176/1172775891/40 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Justia Dockets & Filings |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
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{{Source Wikipedia}}

Confederate Speedway

2026-07-25T11:31:44Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Former Speedway in South Carolina}}
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{{AfC submission|||ts=20260129131047|u=Chrisumies|ns=118}}
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'''{{Infobox motorsport venue|length_km=0.402|length_mi=0.250|miles_first=True|length2_km=0.402|length2_mi=0.250|name=Confederate Speedway|capacity=Unknown|owner=Freeman Rhodes|opened={{Start date and age|1950}}|closed={{Start date and age|1989}}|layout2=1/4 Mile Oval|surface2=Dirt (treated with calcium chloride)|turns2=4}}Confederate Speedway''' was a [[motorsports]] quarter-mile dirt track facility located south of Woodruff, [[South Carolina]]. It was built in 1950, and only operated for about five years when it was left abandoned. The track was revived in 1970, when it was changed to a three-fifths mile oval. [[Stock car racing|Stock car races]] were held on the track, until it was once again left abandoned in 1989, when a local zoning committee shut it down.<ref name="Blackstock-2021">{{Cite web |last=Blackstock |first=Elizabeth |date=2021-05-23 |title=Take A Tour Around The Abandoned Confederate Speedway Short Track |url=https://www.jalopnik.com/take-a-tour-around-the-abandoned-confederate-speedway-s-1846950563/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Jalopnik |language=en-US}}</ref> Multiple tries of revival have been made unsuccessfully.<ref name="Supercar-Blondie-2024">{{Cite news|title=Ghost dirt track in South Carolina reappears after 30 years|url=https://supercarblondie.com/confederate-motor-speedway-south-carolina/|work=Supercar Blondie|date=2024-09-11|access-date=2026-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918064549/https://supercarblondie.com/confederate-motor-speedway-south-carolina/|archive-date=2025-09-18|language=en-US|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CONFEDERATE SPEEDWAY|url=http://www.speedwayandroadracehistory.com/confederate-speedway.html|website=speedwayandroadracehistory|access-date=2026-01-29|language=en}}</ref>

[[YouTuber]] S1apSh0es has uploaded a video, in which he visits the site and tells about its history.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mV7FAbG5B5c |title=Exploring the Remains of Confederate Motor Speedway {{!}} S1ap on Location: Episode 8 |date=2021-01-17 |last=S1apSh0es |access-date=2026-01-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== History ==
According to local papers, throughout the years of operation the track was hated by the people living nearby. It was common for locals to complain about the red dust everywhere, that had flown off the track during races.<ref name="Blackstock-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Couple seek green light for racing at Confederate Motor Speedway|url=https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/1999/08/07/couple-seek-green-light-for-racing-at-confederate-motor-speedway/29612649007/|website=Spartanburg Herald Journal|access-date=2026-01-29|language=en-US|first=CHAD|last=BARWICK}}</ref> In 1981, the track was involved ''Huckaby v. Confederate Motor Speedway'', a [[South Carolina Supreme Court]] case upholding the enforceability of [[Liability waiver|liability waivers]] for race participants.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Huckaby v. Confederate Motor Speedway|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/south-carolina/supreme-court/1981/21544-1.html|work=Justia Law|access-date=2026-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013144929/http://law.justia.com/cases/south-carolina/supreme-court/1981/21544-1.html|archive-date=2015-10-13|language=en|dead-url=no}}</ref>

== Today ==
The site today can be seen on satellite images. On the site used to grow trees and grass, some affected by the calcium-treated surface,<ref name="Supercar-Blondie-2024" /> but an unknown party cleared the site in 2022 for unknown reasons and now it can be seen better and clearer on satellite images than before.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghost of South Carolina Dirt Track Reappears on Google Maps After Decades|url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/ghost-of-south-carolina-dirt-track-reappears-on-google-maps-after-decades|website=The Drive|date=2024-09-10|access-date=2026-01-29|language=en-US|first=Caleb|last=Jacobs}}</ref><ref name="Dirtfans.com">{{Cite web |title=Dirtfans.com - Confederate Motor Speedway |url=https://www.dirtfans.com/ConfederateMotorSpeedway.html |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.dirtfans.com}}</ref>In the early 2000's, a building on the site can be seen somewhat intact in photographs, but later on it was demolished.<ref name="Dirtfans.com" /> Today, some light poles and the grandstand still exist, and the track itself is mostly travelable.<ref name="Blackstock-2021" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

Conexwest

2026-07-25T11:23:31Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; border-spacing: 0px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; float: right; margin-left: 1em;"
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; padding: 5px 0;" |'''Conexwest'''
|-
|'''Website'''
|[https://www.conexwest.com/ Official Website]
|}'''Conexwest''' is a company that specializes in the sale, rental, and fabrication of shipping containers, offering a wide range of solutions for secure storage, custom office space, and other container-related services. Founded in 2014 and headquartered in California, Conexwest has built a reputation for providing durable and customizable containers with a focus on quality and customer satisfaction. The company operates across the United States and serves a diverse range of industries, including energy, construction, retail, and disaster relief. <ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/office-space</ref> <ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/office-space</ref> <ref>https://www.allmusic.com/album/office-space-mw0000602579</ref> <ref>https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/073717/screw-your-bosses-over-in-the-clicker-office-space-idle-profits-out-now-on-ios-and-android/</ref> <ref>http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/02/12/new_ted_cruz_ad_spoofs_office_space_in_clinton_attack.html</ref> <ref>http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/12/politics/ted-cruz-hillary-clinton-office-space-ad/</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160807102720/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/06/family-guy-i-dream-of-jesus-review</ref> <ref>https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=office+space+printer+scene+parodies</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Copy |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2009-02-11/739833/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |archive-date=2025-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405090511/https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2009-02-11/739833/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref>https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/watch-michael-bolton-play-michael-bolton-in-office-space-homage-89440/</ref> <ref>https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2467219/how-office-space-coined-the-term-ass-clown</ref> <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=I0QJoEWyLD8C&pg=PA61</ref> <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=JodaaDKkd0YC&pg=PA51</ref>

==History and Foundation==
Conexwest was established in 2014 with the goal of providing reliable and high-quality shipping container solutions. The company quickly grew to become a leading provider in the container industry, offering a variety of products and services that cater to the storage, transportation, and modification needs of businesses and individuals across multiple sectors. With its commitment to innovation and quality, Conexwest has expanded its offerings to include both new and used containers, as well as customized containers for specialized applications.

==Products and Services==
Conexwest provides an extensive selection of shipping containers for sale and rent, including:

Shipping Containers: New, used, and refurbished ISO containers designed for storage and transportation. Specialized containers are available for applications such as energy storage, hazardous material containment, refrigeration, and workforce housing.
Ground-Level Offices: Portable office containers that offer a mobile workspace solution for construction sites, events, and more.
Hazmat Storage: Secure containers designed for the safe handling and storage of hazardous materials.
Refrigerated Containers: Temperature-controlled containers ideal for storing perishables and sensitive products.
Emergency Shelters: Sturdy and reliable containers used in disaster relief efforts to provide temporary shelters.
Container Fabrication: Custom container modification services to suit specific client needs, such as adding windows, doors, insulation, shelving, and more.
Chassis and Trailers: Robust chassis designed for the safe and efficient transportation of containers.
Parts and Add-ons: A variety of add-ons, such as doors, windows, and shelving, that can enhance the functionality of containers.
The company also offers short- and long-term container rentals, with a fleet that includes 10-45ft storage containers, ground-level offices, and refrigerated containers. Conexwest is known for its fast lead times, professional delivery services, and custom fabrication capabilities, ensuring that projects are completed on schedule and according to client specifications.

==Conexwest Academy and Custom Solutions==
One of the key features of Conexwest is its custom container design tool, Conexbuilder, which allows clients to visualize and build their own tailored containers for storage, office spaces, or retail environments. The company emphasizes providing tailored solutions that meet the specific needs of clients, making it possible to create custom containers for various business applications.

==Industry Recognition and Clientele==
Conexwest has established a strong presence in the container solutions industry, serving more than 26,000 customers across multiple sectors. The company is trusted by high-profile organizations, including Tesla, Amazon, Walmart, Red Bull, and SpaceX. Its innovative approach and commitment to quality have made Conexwest a go-to provider for container-based solutions.

==Mission and Values==
Conexwest’s mission is to deliver high-quality products and services that meet the evolving demands of its customers. The company is committed to exceeding industry standards by offering durable, reliable, and customizable solutions that support a variety of applications. The company’s motto, "#WeBuildItBetter," reflects its philosophy of striving for excellence and customer satisfaction.

==Expansion and Growth==
Since its founding, Conexwest has expanded its operations across the United States, providing solutions to clients in all 48 contiguous states. Its services have grown to include a diverse range of offerings, from cold storage containers to emergency shelters, and the company continues to innovate with new container-based solutions.

==Headquarters and Contact Information==
Conexwest is headquartered in California, with its primary office operating from 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM, Monday through Saturday. Customers can contact the company by phone at (855) 878-5233 or via email at quote@conexwest.com. <ref>https://schedule.sxsw.com/2024/events/PP1145798</ref> <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/04/us/seattle-fraud-office-space.html</ref> <ref>https://www.cbr.com/comic-book-easter-eggs-a-collection-of-chew-easter-eggs</ref> <ref>https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/severance-creator-dan-erickson-finale-interview</ref> <ref>https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/office-space-cast-reunite-at-10th-anniversary-screening-of-mike-judges-cult-film-20090209</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121021061847/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20221235_21,00.html</ref> <ref>https://www.nme.com/photos/13-box-office-flops-that-became-hugely-successful-on-dvd-1420911</ref>

==Conclusion==
Conexwest has become a leading provider of shipping container solutions in the United States, known for its wide range of products, reliable service, and custom fabrication capabilities. With a focus on meeting the needs of a diverse customer base, Conexwest continues to set industry standards for quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction.

==References==

Cone of Silence (Get Smart)

2026-07-25T11:15:38Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing [[Wikipedia:General notability guideline]] requirement nor the more detailed [[Wikipedia:Notability (fiction)]] supplementary essay. [[WP:BEFORE]] did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and [[WP:ECHO|ping me back]] through [[WP:ECHO]] or by leaving a note at [[User talk:Piotrus]]. Thank you.
|timestamp = 20250303131325
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{{notability|date=March 2025}}
{{Short description|Secrecy trope in 60s U.S. sitcom}}
{{Italic title|string=Get Smart|all=yes}}
[[File:Get Smart-Cone-of-silence.jpg|thumb|right|Cone of Silence from Episode 1 ("[[Mr. Big (Get Smart)|Mr. Big]]", 1965) of ''[[Get Smart]]'']]

The '''Cone of Silence''' is one of many recurring joke devices from ''[[Get Smart]]'', a 1960s American [[comedy]] television series about an inept [[spy]]. The essence of the joke is that the apparatus, designed for secret conversations, makes it impossible for those inside the device – and easy for those outside the device – to hear the conversation.

==History==

The larger, plastic version of the "Cone of Silence" appeared in "[[Mr. Big (Get Smart)|Mr. Big]]", the pilot episode of ''Get Smart'', which aired on September 18, 1965. [[Mel Brooks]] and [[Buck Henry]], the original [[screenwriter]]s for the series, devised many of the [[running jokes]]. The Cone of Silence scene was shot ahead of the rest of the pilot episode, and was used to sell the series to [[NBC]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Van Riper|first=A. B.|title=The 25 Sitcoms that Changed Television: Turning Points in American Culture|year=2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility]], used by US Federal Government to deliver similar functions today
* [[The Zone of Silence]], a purported area of radio silence in Mexico
* [[United States National Radio Quiet Zone]], "a large area of land in the United States designated as a radio quiet zone, in which radio transmissions are heavily restricted by law to facilitate scientific research and military intelligence."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058805/ Get Smart]
*[http://www.wouldyoubelieve.com/ WouldYouBelieve.com: The Get Smart Web Page]
*[http://www.navfltsm.addr.com/ndb-nav-history.htm History of the AN range] and its "cone of silence"
*[http://www.theage.com.au/ftimages/2005/09/27/1127586830627.html ''Get Smart'' image (theage.com.au)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227043703/https://www.theage.com.au/ftimages/2005/09/27/1127586830627.html |date=2021-02-27 }}
{{Get Smart}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cone Of Silence}}
[[Category:Fictional technology]]
[[Category:Privacy]]
[[Category:Secrecy]]
[[Category:Get Smart]]
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