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2026–27 Florida Panthers season

2026-10-13T16:50:28Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{short description|National Hockey League season}} {{Use American English|date=March 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}} {{Infobox ice hockey team season | League = NHL | Season = 2026–27 | year = 2026 | Team = Florida Panthers | Division = Atlantic | DivisionRank = | Conference = Eastern | ConferenceRank = | Record = 2–1–2 | HomeRecord = 0–1–0 | RoadRecord = 2–0–2 | GoalsFor = 9 | GoalsAgainst..."

{{short description|National Hockey League season}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox ice hockey team season
| League = NHL
| Season = 2026–27
| year = 2026
| Team = Florida Panthers
| Division = [[Atlantic Division (NHL)|Atlantic]]
| DivisionRank =
| Conference = [[Eastern Conference (NHL)|Eastern]]
| ConferenceRank =
| Record = 2–1–2
| HomeRecord = 0–1–0
| RoadRecord = 2–0–2
| GoalsFor = 9
| GoalsAgainst = 12
| GeneralManager = [[Bill Zito]]
| Coach = [[Miami Taylor]] [[Sydney Maurice]]
| Captain = [[Aleksander Barkov]]
| AltCaptain = [[Aaron Ekblad]] [[Matthew Tkachuk]]
| Arena = [[Amerant Bank Arena]]
| Attendance =
| MinorLeague = [[Charlotte Checkers]] ([[American Hockey League|AHL]]) [[Savannah Ghost Pirates]] ([[ECHL]])
| GoalsLeader = [[Matthew Tkachuk]] (3)
| AssistsLeader = [[Sam Bennett (ice hockey)|Sam Bennett]] [[Lars Eller]] (3)
| PointsLeader = Matthew Tkachuk (4)
| PIMLeader = [[Garnet Hathaway]] (19)
| PlusMinusLeader = [[Carter Verhaeghe]] (+5)
| WinsLeader = [[Jacob Markström]] (2)
| GAALeader = Jacob Markström (1.70)
}}
The '''2026–27 Florida Panthers season''' is the [[List of Florida Panthers seasons|33rd]] season for the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) franchise that was established in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hamacher |first=Brian |date=June 24, 2024 |title=A look at the Panthers' 30-year history, from franchise beginnings to Stanley Cup |url=https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/sports/florida-panthers/a-look-at-the-panthers-30-year-history-from-franchise-beginnings-to-stanley-cup/3338137/ |work=South Florida |access-date=August 29, 2025}}</ref>

==Offseason==
In the off-season, general manager Bill Zito, who finished the previous season with [[Paul Maurice]] coaching the club, would name both [[Miami Taylor]] and [[Sydney Maurice]] as the new head coaches for the Florida Panthers, the latter being Paul Maurice's only daughter and given to be a huge Florida Panthers fan. Zito also named [[Scotty Bowman]] as his director of player development and recruitment.

==Standings==

===Divisional standings===
{{2026–27 NHL standings|Atlantic|showteam=FLA}}

===Conference standings===
{{2026–27 NHL standings|Eastern Conference Wild Card|showteam=FLA}}

==Schedule and results==

===Preseason===
The preseason schedule was published on June 24, 2026.
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:90%; clear:both; margin:1.5em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|2026 preseason game log: 2–0–2 (Home: 1–0–1; Road: 1–0–1)
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! # !! Date !! Visitor !! Score !! Home !! OT !! Decision !! Attendance !! Record !! Recap
|- {{Game-won}}
| 1 || September 20 || [[2026–27 Carolina Hurricanes season|Carolina]] || 3–6 || Florida || || [[Jacob Markström|Markström]] || 16,147 || 1–0–0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Carolina Hurricanes - Florida Panthers - Sep 20, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/car-vs-fla/2026/09/20/2026010010 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=September 20, 2026}}</ref>
|- {{Game-otl}}
| 2 || September 22 || Florida || 2–3 || Carolina || SO || [[Akira Schmid|Schmid]] || 13,200 || 1–0–1 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Carolina Hurricanes - Sep 22, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-car/2026/09/22/2026010026 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=September 22, 2026}}</ref>
|- {{Game-won}}
| 3 || September 24 || Florida || 5–3 || [[2026–27 Tampa Bay Lightning season|Tampa Bay]] || || [[Kirill Gerasimyuk|Gerasimyuk]] || 14,666 || 2–0–1 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Tampa Bay Lightning - Sep 24, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-tbl/2026/09/24/2026010043 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=September 24, 2026}}</ref>
|- {{Game-otl}}
| 4 || September 26 || Tampa Bay || 3–2 || Florida || SO || Schmid || 18,494 || 2–0–2 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Tampa Bay Lightning - Florida Panthers - Sep 26, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/tbl-vs-fla/2026/09/26/2026010059 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=September 26, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|
|}

===Regular season===
The regular season schedule was published on July 16, 2026.
{| class="toccolours" style="width:90%; clear:both; margin:1.5em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|2026–27 game log
|-
| colspan="11"|
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 2px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 2px solid;"|September: 1–0–0 (Home: 0–0–0; Road: 1–0–0)
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! # !! Date !! Visitor !! Score !! Home !! OT !! Decision !! Attendance !! Record !! Pts !! Recap
|-{{Game-won}}
| 1 || September 29 || Florida || 1–0 || [[2026–27 Carolina Hurricanes season|Carolina]] || OT || [[Jacob Markström|Markström]] || 19,250 || 1–0–0 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Carolina Hurricanes - Sep 29, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-car/2026/09/29/2026020001 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=September 29, 2026}}</ref>
|}
|-
| colspan="11"|
{| class="toccolours collapsible" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 2px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 2px solid;"|October: 1–2–2 (Home: 0–1–0; Road: 1–1–2)
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! # !! Date !! Visitor !! Score !! Home !! OT !! Decision !! Attendance !! Record !! Pts !! Recap
|- {{Game-otl}}
| 2 || October 1 || Florida || 3–4 || [[2026–27 San Jose Sharks season|San Jose]] || OT || [[Akira Schmid|Schmid]] || 17,435 || 1–0–1 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - San Jose Sharks - Oct 1, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-sjs/2026/10/01/2026020016 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=October 1, 2026}}</ref>
|- {{Game-otl}}
| 3 || October 4 || Florida || 2–3 || [[2026–27 Anaheim Ducks season|Anaheim]] || OT || [[Jacob Markström|Markström]] || 17,174 || 1–0–2 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Anaheim Ducks - Oct 4, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-ana/2026/10/04/2026020037 |website=NHL.com |access-date=October 4, 2026 |date=October 4, 2026}}</ref>
|- {{Game-won}}
| 4 || October 6 || Florida || 2–1 || [[2026–27 Los Angeles Kings season|Los Angeles]] || || Markström || 18,145 || 2–0–2 || 6 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Los Angeles Kings - Oct 6, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-lak/2026/10/06/2026020052 |website=NHL.com |access-date=October 6, 2026 |date=October 6, 2026}}</ref>
|- {{Game-lost}}
| 5 || October 10 || [[2026–27 Minnesota Wild season|Minnesota]] || 4–1 || Florida || || Markström || 19,856 || 2–1–2 || 6 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Minnesota Wild - Florida Panthers - Oct 10, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/min-vs-fla/2026/10/10/2026020073 |website=NHL.com |access-date=October 10, 2026 |date=October 10, 2026}}</ref>
|- {{Game-lost}}
| 6 || October 12 || Florida || 3–5 || [[2026–27 Buffalo Sabres season|Buffalo]] || || Schmid || 19,070 || 2–2–2 || 6 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Buffalo Sabres - Oct 12, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-buf/2026/10/12/2026020087 |website=NHL.com |access-date=October 12, 2026 |date=October 12, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 7 || October 13 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Columbus Blue Jackets season|Columbus]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Columbus Blue Jackets - Oct 13, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-cbj/2026/10/13/2026020091 |website=NHL.com |access-date=October 13, 2026 |date=October 13, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 8 || October 15 || [[2026–27 Vancouver Canucks season|Vancouver]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Vancouver Canucks - Florida Panthers - Oct 15, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/van-vs-fla/2026/10/15/2026020112 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=October 15, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 9 || October 17 || [[2026–27 Seattle Kraken season|Seattle]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Seattle Kraken - Florida Panthers - Oct 17, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/sea-vs-fla/2026/10/17/2026020124 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=October 17, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 10 || October 21 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Ottawa Senators season|Ottawa]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Ottawa Senators - Oct 21, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-ott/2026/10/21/2026020153 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=October 21, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 11 || October 22 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Pittsburgh Penguins season|Pittsburgh]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Pittsburgh Penguins - Oct 22, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-pit/2026/10/22/2026020158 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=October 22, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 12 || October 25 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Chicago Blackhawks season|Chicago]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Chicago Blackhawks - Oct 25, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-chi/2026/10/25/2026020180 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=October 25, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 13 || October 27 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Winnipeg Jets season|Winnipeg]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Winnipeg Jets - Oct 27, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-wpg/2026/10/27/2026020194 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=October 27, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 14 || October 30 || Winnipeg || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Winnipeg Jets - Florida Panthers - Oct 30, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/wpg-vs-fla/2026/10/30/2026020215 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=October 30, 2026}}</ref>
|}
|-
| colspan="11"|
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 2px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 2px solid;"|November: 0–0–0 (Home: 0–0–0; Road: 0–0–0)
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! # !! Date !! Visitor !! Score !! Home !! OT !! Decision !! Attendance !! Record !! Pts !! Recap
|- 
| 15 || November 2 || [[2026–27 Detroit Red Wings season|Detroit]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Detroit Red Wings - Florida Panthers - Nov 2, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/det-vs-fla/2026/11/02/2026020233 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 2, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 16 || November 4 || [[2026–27 Chicago Blackhawks season|Chicago]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago Blackhawks - Florida Panthers - Nov 4, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-fla/2026/11/04/2026020248 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 4, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 17 || November 7 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Washington Capitals season|Washington]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Washington Capitals - Nov 7, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-wsh/2026/11/07/2026020265 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 7, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 18 || November 8 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Boston Bruins season|Boston]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Boston Bruins - Nov 8, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-bos/2026/11/08/2026020277 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 8, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 19 || November 10 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Columbus Blue Jackets season|Columbus]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Columbus Blue Jackets - Nov 10, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-cbj/2026/11/10/2026020289 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 10, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 20 || November 12 || Detroit || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Detroit Red Wings - Florida Panthers - Nov 12, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/det-vs-fla/2026/11/12/2026020302 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 12, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 21 || November 14 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 St. Louis Blues season|St. Louis]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - St. Louis Blues - Nov 14, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-stl/2026/11/14/2026020320 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 14, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 22 || November 15 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Dallas Stars season|Dallas]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Dallas Stars - Nov 15, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-dal/2026/11/15/2026020327 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 15, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 23 || November 17 || [[2026–27 Edmonton Oilers season|Edmonton]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Edmonton Oilers - Florida Panthers - Nov 17, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/edm-vs-fla/2026/11/17/2026020335 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 17, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 24 || November 21 || [[2026–27 Buffalo Sabres season|Buffalo]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Buffalo Sabres - Florida Panthers - Nov 21, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/buf-vs-fla/2026/11/21/2026020361 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 21, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 25 || November 25 || [[2026–27 Ottawa Senators season|Ottawa]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ottawa Senators - Florida Panthers - Nov 25, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/ott-vs-fla/2026/11/25/2026020389 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 25, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 26 || November 27 || Florida || – || Washington || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Washington Capitals - Nov 27, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-wsh/2026/11/27/2026020406 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 27, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 27 || November 28 || [[2026–27 Tampa Bay Lightning season|Tampa Bay]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Tampa Bay Lightning - Florida Panthers - Nov 28, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/tbl-vs-fla/2026/11/28/2026020416 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=November 28, 2026}}</ref>
|}
|-
| colspan="11"|
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 2px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 2px solid;"|December: 0–0–0 (Home: 0–0–0; Road: 0–0–0)
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! # !! Date !! Visitor !! Score !! Home !! OT !! Decision !! Attendance !! Record !! Pts !! Recap
|- 
| 28 || December 1 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 New York Islanders season|NY Islanders]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - New York Islanders - Dec 1, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-nyi/2026/12/01/2026020438 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 1, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 29 || December 3 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Toronto Maple Leafs season|Toronto]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Toronto Maple Leafs - Dec 3, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-tor/2026/12/03/2026020448 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 3, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 30 || December 5 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Montreal Canadiens season|Montreal]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Montreal Canadiens - Dec 5, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-mtl/2026/12/05/2026020465 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 5, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 31 || December 8 || [[2026–27 Boston Bruins season|Boston]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Boston Bruins - Florida Panthers - Dec 8, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/bos-vs-fla/2026/12/08/2026020488 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 8, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 32 || December 10 || [[2026–27 Pittsburgh Penguins season|Pittsburgh]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Pittsburgh Penguins - Florida Panthers - Dec 10, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/pit-vs-fla/2026/12/10/2026020503 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 10, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 33 || December 12 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Detroit Red Wings season|Detroit]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Detroit Red Wings - Dec 12, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-det/2026/12/12/2026020521 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 12, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 34 || December 14 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Philadelphia Flyers season|Philadelphia]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Philadelphia Flyers - Dec 14, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-phi/2026/12/14/2026020532 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 14, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 35 || December 15 || Florida || – || Boston || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Boston Bruins - Dec 15, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-bos/2026/12/15/2026020536 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 15, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 36 || December 19 || [[2026–27 Calgary Flames season|Calgary]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Calgary Flames - Florida Panthers - Dec 19, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/cgy-vs-fla/2026/12/19/2026020568 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 19, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 37 || December 21 || [[2026–27 St. Louis Blues season|St. Louis]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=St. Louis Blues - Florida Panthers - Dec 21, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/stl-vs-fla/2026/12/21/2026020586 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 21, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 38 || December 26 || [[2026–27 Tampa Bay Lightning season|Tampa Bay]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Tampa Bay Lightning - Florida Panthers - Dec 26, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/tbl-vs-fla/2026/12/26/2026020601 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 26, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 39 || December 28 || [[2026–27 Nashville Predators season|Nashville]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Nashville Predators - Florida Panthers - Dec 28, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/nsh-vs-fla/2026/12/28/2026020621 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 28, 2026}}</ref>
|- 
| 40 || December 30 || [[2026–27 Buffalo Sabres season|Buffalo]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Buffalo Sabres - Florida Panthers - Dec 30, 2026 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/buf-vs-fla/2026/12/30/2026020638 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=December 30, 2026}}</ref>
|}
|-
| colspan="11"|
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 2px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 2px solid;"|January: 0–0–0 (Home: 0–0–0; Road: 0–0–0)
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! # !! Date !! Visitor !! Score !! Home !! OT !! Decision !! Attendance !! Record !! Pts !! Recap
|- 
| 41 || January 1 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Nashville Predators season|Nashville]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Nashville Predators - Jan 1, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-nsh/2027/01/01/2026020650 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 1, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 42 || January 2 || [[2026–27 Montreal Canadiens season|Montreal]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Montreal Canadiens - Florida Panthers - Jan 2, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/mtl-vs-fla/2027/01/02/2026020656 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 2, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 43 || January 5 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Calgary Flames season|Calgary]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Calgary Flames - Jan 5, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-cgy/2027/01/05/2026020685 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 5, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 44 || January 7 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Edmonton Oilers season|Edmonton]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Edmonton Oilers - Jan 7, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-edm/2027/01/07/2026020701 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 7, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 45 || January 9 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Vancouver Canucks season|Vancouver]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Vancouver Canucks - Jan 9, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-van/2027/01/09/2026020719 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 9, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 46 || January 12 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Seattle Kraken season|Seattle]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Seattle Kraken - Jan 12, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-sea/2027/01/12/2026020736 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 12, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 47 || January 14 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Minnesota Wild season|Minnesota]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Minnesota Wild - Jan 14, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-min/2027/01/14/2026020751 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 14, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 48 || January 16 || [[2026–27 Vegas Golden Knights season|Vegas]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Vegas Golden Knights - Florida Panthers - Jan 16, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/vgk-vs-fla/2027/01/16/2026020760 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 16, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 49 || January 18 || [[2026–27 Ottawa Senators season|Ottawa]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ottawa Senators - Florida Panthers - Jan 18, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/ott-vs-fla/2027/01/18/2026020784 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 18, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 50 || January 21 || [[2026–27 Carolina Hurricanes season|Carolina]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Carolina Hurricanes - Florida Panthers - Jan 21, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/car-vs-fla/2027/01/21/2026020800 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 21, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 51 || January 24 || [[2026–27 Los Angeles Kings season|Los Angeles]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Los Angeles Kings - Florida Panthers - Jan 24, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/lak-vs-fla/2027/01/24/2026020827 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 24, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 52 || January 26 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Philadelphia Flyers season|Philadelphia]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Philadelphia Flyers - Jan 26, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-phi/2027/01/26/2026020839 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 26, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 53 || January 27 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 New York Rangers season|NY Rangers]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - New York Rangers - Jan 27, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-nyr/2027/01/27/2026020847 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 27, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 54 || January 29 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Detroit Red Wings season|Detroit]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Detroit Red Wings - Jan 29, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-det/2027/01/29/2026020861 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=January 29, 2027}}</ref>
|}
|-
| colspan="11"|
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 2px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 2px solid;"|February: 0–0–0 (Home: 0–0–0; Road: 0–0–0)
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! # !! Date !! Visitor !! Score !! Home !! OT !! Decision !! Attendance !! Record !! Pts !! Recap
|- 
| 55 || February 1 || [[2026–27 New York Islanders season|NY Islanders]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=New York Islanders - Florida Panthers - Feb 1, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/nyi-vs-fla/2027/02/01/2026020881 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 1, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 56 || February 3 || [[2026–27 Washington Capitals season|Washington]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Washington Capitals - Florida Panthers - Feb 3, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/wsh-vs-fla/2027/02/03/2026020888 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 3, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 57 || February 12 || [[2026–27 Colorado Avalanche season|Colorado]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Colorado Avalanche - Florida Panthers - Feb 12, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/col-vs-fla/2027/02/12/2026020908 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 12, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 58 || February 13 || [[2026–27 Dallas Stars season|Dallas]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Dallas Stars - Florida Panthers - Feb 13, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/dal-vs-fla/2027/02/13/2026020915 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 13, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 59 || February 16 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Tampa Bay Lightning season|Tampa Bay]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Tampa Bay Lightning - Feb 16, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-tbl/2027/02/16/2026020940 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 16, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 60 || February 18 || [[2026–27 New Jersey Devils season|New Jersey]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=New Jersey Devils - Florida Panthers - Feb 18, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/njd-vs-fla/2027/02/18/2026020954 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 18, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 61 || February 20 || [[2026–27 Anaheim Ducks season|Anaheim]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Anaheim Ducks - Florida Panthers - Feb 20, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/ana-vs-fla/2027/02/20/2026020970 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 20, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 62 || February 21 || [[2026–27 San Jose Sharks season|San Jose]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose Sharks - Florida Panthers - Feb 21, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/sjs-vs-fla/2027/02/21/2026020980 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 21, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 63 || February 24 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Vegas Golden Knights season|Vegas]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Vegas Golden Knights - Feb 24, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-vgk/2027/02/24/2026021001 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 24, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 64 || February 26 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Utah Mammoth season|Utah]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Utah Mammoth - Feb 26, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-uta/2027/02/26/2026021017 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 26, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 65 || February 27 || Florida || – || Colorado || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Colorado Avalanche - Feb 27, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-col/2027/02/27/2026021026 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=February 27, 2027}}</ref>
|}
|-
| colspan="11"|
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 2px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 2px solid;"|March: 0–0–0 (Home: 0–0–0; Road: 0–0–0)
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! # !! Date !! Visitor !! Score !! Home !! OT !! Decision !! Attendance !! Record !! Pts !! Recap
|- 
| 66 || March 2 || [[2026–27 Utah Mammoth season|Utah]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Utah Mammoth - Florida Panthers - Mar 2, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/uta-vs-fla/2027/03/02/2026021044 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 2, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 67 || March 4 || [[2026–27 Pittsburgh Penguins season|Pittsburgh]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Pittsburgh Penguins - Florida Panthers - Mar 4, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/pit-vs-fla/2027/03/04/2026021060 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 4, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 68 || March 6 || [[2026–27 Toronto Maple Leafs season|Toronto]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Toronto Maple Leafs - Florida Panthers - Mar 6, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/tor-vs-fla/2027/03/06/2026021076 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 6, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 69 || March 9 || [[2026–27 New Jersey Devils season|New Jersey]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=New Jersey Devils - Florida Panthers - Mar 9, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/njd-vs-fla/2027/03/09/2026021093 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 9, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 70 || March 12 || [[2026–27 New York Islanders season|NY Islanders]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=New York Islanders - Florida Panthers - Mar 12, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/nyi-vs-fla/2027/03/12/2026021118 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 12, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 71 || March 15 || Florida || – || Toronto || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Toronto Maple Leafs - Mar 15, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-tor/2027/03/15/2026021141 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 15, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 72 || March 16 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Montreal Canadiens season|Montreal]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Montreal Canadiens - Mar 16, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-mtl/2027/03/16/2026021147 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 16, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 73 || March 18 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Ottawa Senators season|Ottawa]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Ottawa Senators - Mar 18, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-ott/2027/03/18/2026021162 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 18, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 74 || March 20 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Buffalo Sabres season|Buffalo]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Buffalo Sabres - Mar 20, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-buf/2027/03/20/2026021174 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 20, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 75 || March 23 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 Tampa Bay Lightning season|Tampa Bay]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - Tampa Bay Lightning - Mar 23, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-tbl/2027/03/23/2026021197 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 23, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 76 || March 25 || [[2026–27 New York Rangers season|NY Rangers]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=New York Rangers - Florida Panthers - Mar 25, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/nyr-vs-fla/2027/03/25/2026021214 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 25, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 77 || March 27 || [[2026–27 Philadelphia Flyers season|Philadelphia]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Philadelphia Flyers - Florida Panthers - Mar 27, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/phi-vs-fla/2027/03/27/2026021230 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 27, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 78 || March 30 || [[2026–27 Columbus Blue Jackets season|Columbus]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Columbus Blue Jackets - Florida Panthers - Mar 30, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/cbj-vs-fla/2027/03/30/2026021251 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=March 30, 2027}}</ref>
|}
|-
| colspan="11"|
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 2px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 2px solid;"|April: 0–0–0 (Home: 0–0–0; Road: 0–0–0)
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! # !! Date !! Visitor !! Score !! Home !! OT !! Decision !! Attendance !! Record !! Pts !! Recap
|- 
| 79 || April 1 || [[2026–27 Toronto Maple Leafs season|Toronto]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Toronto Maple Leafs - Florida Panthers - Apr 1, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/tor-vs-fla/2027/04/01/2026021265 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=April 1, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 80 || April 3 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 New York Rangers season|NY Rangers]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - New York Rangers - Apr 3, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-nyr/2027/04/03/2026021277 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=April 3, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 81 || April 4 || Florida || – || [[2026–27 New Jersey Devils season|New Jersey]] || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Panthers - New Jersey Devils - Apr 4, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/fla-vs-njd/2027/04/04/2026021291 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=April 4, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 82 || April 6 || [[2026–27 Montreal Canadiens season|Montreal]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Montreal Canadiens - Florida Panthers - Apr 6, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/mtl-vs-fla/2027/04/06/2026021302 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=April 6, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 83 || April 9 || [[2026–27 Boston Bruins season|Boston]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Boston Bruins - Florida Panthers - Apr 9, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/bos-vs-fla/2027/04/09/2026021326 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=April 9, 2027}}</ref>
|- 
| 84 || April 10 || [[2026–27 Carolina Hurricanes season|Carolina]] || – || Florida || || || || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Carolina Hurricanes - Florida Panthers - Apr 10, 2027 |url=https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/car-vs-fla/2027/04/10/2026021334 |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026 |date=April 10, 2027}}</ref>
|}
|-
| colspan="11" style="text-align:center;"|
'''''Legend''''':
{{legend2|#cfc|Win (2 points)|border=1px solid #666}}
{{legend2|#fcc|Loss (0 points)|border=1px solid #666}}
{{legend2|#fff|Overtime/shootout loss (1 point)|border=1px solid #666}}
|}

==Roster==
{{Florida Panthers roster}}

==Player statistics==
===Skaters===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|Regular season<ref>{{cite web |title=NHL.com - Stats - Florida Panthers Skaters - Regular season |url=https://www.nhl.com/stats/skaters?reportType=season&seasonFrom=20262027&seasonTo=20262027&gameType=2&playerPlayedFor=franchise.33&filter=gamesPlayed,gte,1&sort=points,goals,assists |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026}}</ref>
! Player
! {{abbr|GP|Games played}}
! {{abbr|G|Goals}}
! {{abbr|A|Assists}}
! {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! data-sort-type="number"|{{abbr|+/−|Plus/Minus}}
! {{abbr|PIM|Penalty minutes}}
|}

===Goaltenders===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|Regular season<ref>{{cite web |title=NHL.com - Stats - Florida Panthers Goalies - Regular season |url=https://www.nhl.com/stats/goalies?reportType=season&seasonFrom=20262027&seasonTo=20262027&gameType=2&playerPlayedFor=franchise.33&sort=wins,savePct |website=NHL.com |access-date=September 14, 2026}}</ref>
! Player
! {{abbr|GP|Games played}}
! {{abbr|GS|Games started}}
! {{abbr|TOI|Time on ice}}
! {{abbr|W|Win}}
! {{abbr|L|Loss}}
! {{abbr|OT|Overtime loss}}
! {{abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! {{abbr|GAA|Goals against average}}
! {{abbr|SA|Shots against}}
! {{abbr|SV%|Save percentage}}
! {{abbr|SO|Shutouts}}
! {{abbr|G|Goals}}
! {{abbr|A|Assists}}
! {{abbr|PIM|Penalty minutes}}
|}
{{Plainlist|
* †Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Panthers. Stats reflect time with the Panthers only.
* ‡Denotes player was traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with the Panthers only.
* '''Bold'''/''italics'' denotes franchise record.
}}

==Transactions==
The Panthers have been involved in the following [[2026–27 NHL transactions|transactions]] during the 2026–27 season.

'''Key:'''

{{Color box|#f8f9fa|{{dagger}}|border=darkgray}} Contract is entry-level. 
{{Color box|#f8f9fa|{{double-dagger}}|border=darkgray}} Contract initially takes effect in the 2027–28 season.

===Trades===

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 10em;" |Date !! colspan="2" |Details !! style="width: 2.5em;" |Ref
|}

===Players acquired===
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ddd; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 10em;"|Date || style="width: 14em;"|Player || style="width: 14em;"|Former team || style="width: 5em;"|Term || style="width: 10em;"|Via || style="width: 2.5em;"|Ref
|-
| rowspan="6" |{{start date|2026|07|01}} || [[Alex Petrovic]] || [[Dallas Stars]] || 2-year || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-defenseman-alexander-petrovic-on-a-two-year-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Defenseman Alexander Petrovic on a Two-Year Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lars Eller]] || [[Ottawa Senators]] || 1-year || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-lars-eller-on-a-one-year-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Forward Lars Eller on a One-Year Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Beecher (ice hockey)|John Beecher]] || [[Calgary Flames]] || 1-year || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-john-beecher-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Forward John Beecher on a One-Year, Two-Way Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sam Lafferty]] || [[Chicago Blackhawks]] || 1-year || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-sam-lafferty-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Forward Sam Lafferty on a One-Year, Two-Way Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bokondji Imama]] || [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] || 1-year || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-bokondji-imama-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Forward Bokondji Imama on a One-Year, Two-Way Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Casey Fitzgerald (ice hockey)|Casey Fitzgerald]] || [[New York Rangers]] || 1-year || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-defenseman-casey-fitzgerald-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Defenseman Casey Fitzgerald on a One-Year, Two-Way Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 2, 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Players lost===
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ddd; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 10em;"|Date || style="width: 14em;"|Player || style="width: 14em;"|New team || style="width: 5em;"|Term || style="width: 10em;"|Via || style="width: 2.5em;"|Ref
|-
| rowspan="7" | {{start date|2026|07|01}} || [[Michael Benning]] || [[Calgary Flames]] || style="background:#ccc;"| || Free agency ||<ref name="BenningEnglundJonesLivingstone">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/flames/news/flames-announce-multiple-signings-01-07-26 |title=Flames Announce Multiple Signings |website=Calgary Flames |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sergei Bobrovsky]] || [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] || style="background:#ccc;"| || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/maple-leafs-sign-goaltender-sergei-bobrovsky |title=Maple Leafs Sign Goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky |website=Toronto Maple Leafs |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Daniil Tarasov (ice hockey, born 1999)|Daniil Tarasov]] || [[Detroit Red Wings]] || 1-year || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/redwings/news/red-wings-sign-daniil-tarasov-to-one-year-contract |title=Red Wings sign Daniil Tarasov to one-year contract |last=Roth |first=Thomas |website=Detroit Red Wings |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jack Studnicka]] || [[Philadelphia Flyers]] || style="background:#ccc;"| || Free agency ||<ref name="Aston-ReeseDineenKlimovichStudnicka">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/flyers/news/philadelphia-flyers-agree-to-terms-with-four-players |title=Flyers Agree to Terms with Four Players |website=Philadelphia Flyers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Noah Gregor]] || [[Winnipeg Jets]] || 1-year || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/jets/news/jets-sign-forward-noah-gregor-to-a-one-year-contract |title=Jets sign forward Noah Gregor to a one-year contract |website=Winnipeg Jets |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wilmer Skoog]] || [[Detroit Red Wings]] || style="background:#ccc;"| || Free agency ||<ref name="ButlerSkoog">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/redwings/news/red-wings-sign-cameron-butler-wilmer-skoog-to-one-year-two-way-contracts |title=Red Wings sign Cameron Butler, Wilmer Skoog to one-year, two-way contracts |last=Roth |first=Thomas |website=Detroit Red Wings |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vinnie Hinostroza]] || [[Colorado Avalanche]] || style="background:#ccc;"| || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/avalanche/news/avalanche-signs-hinostroza |title=Avalanche Signs Hinostroza |website=Colorado Avalanche |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{start date|2026|08|19}} || [[Nolan Foote]] || [[Philadelphia Flyers]] || 1-year || Free agency ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/flyers/news/philadelphia-flyers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-nolan-foote-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract |title=Flyers Agree to Terms With Forward Nolan Foote On a One-Year, Two-Way Contract |website=Philadelphia Flyers |date=August 19, 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Signings===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 10em;" |Date || style="width: 14em;" |Player || style="width: 5em;" |Term || style="width: 2.5em;" |Ref
|-
| rowspan=6| {{start date|2026|07|01}} || [[Alex Petrovic]] || 2-year || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-defenseman-alexander-petrovic-on-a-two-year-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Defenseman Alexander Petrovic on a Two-Year Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lars Eller]] || 1-year || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-lars-eller-on-a-one-year-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Forward Lars Eller on a One-Year Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Beecher (ice hockey)|John Beecher]] || 1-year || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-john-beecher-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Forward John Beecher on a One-Year, Two-Way Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sam Lafferty]] || 1-year || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-sam-lafferty-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Forward Sam Lafferty on a One-Year, Two-Way Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bokondji Imama]] || 1-year || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-bokondji-imama-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Forward Bokondji Imama on a One-Year, Two-Way Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Casey Fitzgerald (ice hockey)|Casey Fitzgerald]] || 1-year || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-defenseman-casey-fitzgerald-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract |title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Defenseman Casey Fitzgerald on a One-Year, Two-Way Contract |website=Florida Panthers |date=July 2, 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Draft picks==
{{See also|List of Florida Panthers draft picks}}
Below are the Florida Panthers' selections at the [[2026 NHL entry draft]], which was held on June 26 and 27, 2026, at [[KeyBank Center]] in [[Buffalo, New York]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Round
! #
! Player
! Pos
! Nationality
! Team (league)
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;"|40
| [[Simas Ignatavičius]]
| RW
| {{flagu|Lithuania}}
| [[Genève-Servette Hockey Club|Geneve-Servette HC]] ([[National League (ice hockey)|NL]])
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|48{{efn-ua|The [[Washington Capitals]]' second-round pick went to the [[Florida Panthers]] as the result of a trade on June 26, 2025, that sent [[Justin Sourdif]] to Washington in exchange for a sixth-round pick in [[2027 NHL entry draft|2027]] and this pick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/florida-panthers-trade-f-justin-sourdif-to-washington-capitals-for-pair-of-draft-picks-1.2327768|title=Panthers trade F Justin Sourdif to Washington Capitals for pair of draft picks|publisher=TSN|date=June 26, 2025|accessdate=June 26, 2025}}</ref>}}
| [[Ryder Cali]]
| LW
| {{flagu|Canada}}
| [[North Bay Battalion]] ([[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]])
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |4
| style="text-align:center;"|98{{efn-ua|The [[Chicago Blackhawks]]' fourth-round pick went to the [[Florida Panthers]] as the result of a trade on March 1, 2025, that sent [[Spencer Knight]] and a conditional first-round pick in 2026 to Chicago in exchange for [[Seth Jones]] and this pick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/florida-panthers-acquire-seth-jones-from-chicago-blackhawks-for-spencer-knight-and-first-round-pick-1.2263355|title=Panthers acquire Jones from Blackhawks for Knight and first-round pick|website=tsn.ca|date=March 1, 2025}}</ref>}}
| [[Jonas Kemps]]
| D
| {{flagu|United States}}
| [[Chicago Steel]] ([[United States Hockey League|USHL]])
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |6
| style="text-align:center;"|168
| [[Vilho Vanhatalo]]
| RW
| {{flagu|Finland}}
| [[Tappara]] ([[Liiga]])
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|181{{efn-ua|The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] sixth-round pick went to the [[Florida Panthers]] as the result of a trade on June 25, 2026, that sent a fifth-round pick in 2026, and a fourth-round pick in [[2027 NHL entry draft|2027]] to Philadelphia in exchange for [[Garnet Hathaway]], and this pick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/flyers/news/flyers-acquire-two-draft-picks-from-florida-in-exchange-for-forward-garnet-hathaway-and-2026-sixth-round-pick|title=Flyers Acquire Two Draft Picks from Florida in Exchange for Forward Garnet Hathaway and 2026 Sixth Round Pick|website=nhl.com|date=June 25, 2026}}</ref>}}
| [[Cole Zurawski]]
| RW
| {{flagu|Canada}}
| [[Owen Sound Attack]] (OHL)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |7
| style="text-align:center;"|217{{efn-ua|The [[Minnesota Wild]]'s seventh-round pick went to the [[Florida Panthers]] as the result of a trade on March 5, 2026, that sent [[Jeff Petry]] to Minnesota in exchange for this pick (being conditional at the time of the trade).<ref name="PetryMIN">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/news/jeff-petry-traded-to-minnesota-wild-by-florida-panthers |title=Petry traded to Wild by Panthers for 7th-round pick |website=NHL.com |date=March 5, 2026}}</ref> The condition – Florida will receive Minnesota's seventh-round pick in 2026 if Minnesota fails to reach the 2026 Western Conference final, or if Petry fails to play in 50% of Minnesota's first and second-round playoff games<ref name="PetryMIN" /> – was converted when Petry was scratched from game three of Minnesota's second-round series against Colorado on May 9, mathematically eliminating him from playing 50% of Minnesota's first and second-round games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhl.com/scores/htmlreports/20252026/RO030233.HTM |title=Minnesota Wild – Colorado Avalanche – May 9, 2026 Roster Report |website=NHL.com |date=May 9, 2026 |access-date=May 13, 2026}}</ref>}}
| [[Louis-Antoine Denault]]
| G
| {{flagu|Canada}}
| [[Newfoundland Regiment (ice hockey)|Newfoundland Regiment]] ([[Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League|QMJHL]])
|}

'''Notes'''
{{notelist-ua}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Duplicated citations|reason=DuplicateReferences script detected:
* https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-defenseman-alexander-petrovic-on-a-two-year-contract (refs: 96, 110)
* https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-lars-eller-on-a-one-year-contract (refs: 97, 111)
* https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-john-beecher-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract (refs: 98, 112)
* https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-sam-lafferty-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract (refs: 99, 113)
* https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-bokondji-imama-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract (refs: 100, 114)
* https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-defenseman-casey-fitzgerald-on-a-one-year-two-way-contract (refs: 101, 115)
|date=October 2026}}

{{reflist}}

{{Florida Panthers}}
{{Florida Panthers seasons}}
{{2026–27 NHL season by team}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2026-27 Florida Panthers season}}
[[Category:Florida Panthers seasons]]
[[Category:2026–27 NHL season by team|Florida Panthers]]
[[Category:2026–27 in American ice hockey by team|Florida Panthers]]
[[Category:2026 in sports in Florida|Florida Panthers]]
[[Category:2027 in sports in Florida|Florida Panthers]]

CBRN-DT

2026-10-13T14:48:52Z

UserCraft93:

{{short description|Television station in Rouyn-Noranda (1957–2018)}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CBRN-DT
| logo =
| logo_size =
| branding = CBRN Télévision
| digital = 9 ([[VHF]])
| virtual = 4
| translators = ''see {{Section link||Transmitters}}''
| affiliations = [[CBC Television]]
| airdate = {{Start date|1966|12|25}}
| last_airdate =
| location = [[Rouyn-Noranda]], Quebec
| country = Canada
| callsign_meaning = Radio-Nord (original name of last owner) or CB Rouyn-Noranda
| former_callsigns = CBRN-TV (1966–2011)
| former_channel_numbers = '''Analog:''' 4 ([[VHF]], 1966–2011)
| owner = [[RNC Media]]
| sister_stations = [[CKRN-DT]]
| former_affiliations =
| erp = 19 [[kW]]
| haat = {{convert|219.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|15|52|N|79|2|38|W|type:landmark}}
| licensing_authority = [[CRTC]]
}}
'''CBRN-DT''' (channel 4), branded '''CBRN Télévision''', is a [[television station]] licensed to [[Rouyn-Noranda]], Quebec, Canada, affiliated with [[CBC Television]]. Privately owned by [[RNC Media]], it essentially functioned as a [[semi-satellite]] of [[Montreal]] CBC Television [[flagship station]] [[CBMT-DT]] due to not having alternative non-network sources of programming available.

CBRN-DT is [[sister station|sister]] to [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé]] outlet [[CKRN-DT]], [[TVA (Canadian TV network)|TVA]] outlet [[CFEM-DT]] and [[Val-d'Or]]-based [[Noovo]] outlet [[CFVS-DT]], and the three stations shared studios on Avenue Murdoch and Avenue de la Saint Anne in Rouyn-Noranda. CBRN-DT's transmitter was located near Chemin Powell (north of [[Quebec Route 101|Route 101]]).

== History ==
The station commenced broadcasting on December 25, 1957 as then-Radio-Nord's first television station, sharing its callsign with its radio sister station, CKRN AM 1400 (now [[CHOA-FM]] 96.5). It was originally an affiliate of Radio-Canada and the [[Canadian English|English language]] [[CBC Television|CBC]]. The CBC subsequently launched a rebroadcaster in [[Malartic, Quebec|Malartic]] of its English Montreal affiliate [[CBMT]] in the area in 1961, CBVD-TV channel 5, and CKRN dropped its English programming in 1962.

==References==

CBRN-DT

2026-10-13T14:09:39Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{short description|Television station in Rouyn-Noranda (1957–2018)}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = CBRN-DT | logo = | logo_size = | branding = CBRN Télévision | digital = 9 (VHF) | virtual = 4 | translators = ''see {{Section link||Transmitters}}'' | affiliations = CBC Television | airdate = {{Start date|1966|12|25}} | la..."

{{short description|Television station in Rouyn-Noranda (1957–2018)}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CBRN-DT
| logo =
| logo_size =
| branding = CBRN Télévision
| digital = 9 ([[VHF]])
| virtual = 4
| translators = ''see {{Section link||Transmitters}}''
| affiliations = [[CBC Television]]
| airdate = {{Start date|1966|12|25}}
| last_airdate =
| location = [[Rouyn-Noranda]], Quebec
| country = Canada
| callsign_meaning = Radio-Nord (original name of last owner) or CK Rouyn-Noranda
| former_callsigns = CBRN-TV (1966–2011)
| former_channel_numbers = '''Analog:''' 4 ([[VHF]], 1966–2011)
| owner = [[RNC Media]]
| sister_stations = [[CKRN-DT]]
| former_affiliations =
| erp = 19 [[kW]]
| haat = {{convert|219.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|15|52|N|79|2|38|W|type:landmark}}
| licensing_authority = [[CRTC]]
}}
'''CBRN-DT''' (channel 4), branded '''CBRN Télévision''', is a [[television station]] licensed to [[Rouyn-Noranda]], Quebec, Canada, affiliated with [[CBC Television]]. Privately owned by [[RNC Media]], it essentially functioned as a [[semi-satellite]] of [[Montreal]] CBC Television [[flagship station]] [[CBMT-DT]] due to not having alternative non-network sources of programming available.

CBRN-DT is [[sister station|sister]] to [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé]] outlet [[CKRN-DT]], [[TVA (Canadian TV network)|TVA]] outlet [[CFEM-DT]] and [[Val-d'Or]]-based [[Noovo]] outlet [[CFVS-DT]], and the three stations shared studios on Avenue Murdoch and Avenue de la Saint Anne in Rouyn-Noranda. CBRN-DT's transmitter was located near Chemin Powell (north of [[Quebec Route 101|Route 101]]).

==References==

Florida Panthers

2026-10-05T14:22:53Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox Pro hockey team
|team=Florida Panthers
|current=2023-24 Florida Panthers season
|logo=Florida_Panthers_2016.png
|city=[[Miami]], [[Florida]]
|league=[[NHL]]
|conference=Eastern
|division=Atlantic
|founded=1992
|operated='''Florida Panthers''' [[1993–94 NHL season|1993]]–present
|arena=[[Miami Arena]]
|colors=Pacific, Orange, Pink, Yellow {{color box|#00A1A8}} {{color box|#FF4F00}} {{color box|#FF6FFF}} {{color box|#EEFF1B}}
|owner=[[Miami Sports & Entertainment|MS&E Inc.]] ([[Vincent Viola]])
|GM=[[Bill Zito]]
|coach=[[Paul Maurice]]
|captain=[[Aleksander Barkov]]
|media=[[Moncton Public Broadcasting|MPB-TV]]
|affiliates=[[Charlotte Checkers]] ([[American Hockey League|AHL]]) [[Florida Everblades]] ([[ECHL]])
|website={{URL|https://www.nhl.com/panthers}}
|division_titles='''3''' ([[2011–12 NHL season|2011–12]], [[2015–16 NHL season|2015–16]], [[2021–22 NHL season|2021–22]])
|conf_titles='''2''' ([[1995–96 NHL season|1995–96]], [[2022–23 NHL season|2022–23]])
|kelly_cups='''1''' (2021–22)
|stanley_cups=0
}}
The '''Florida Panthers''' are a professional [[ice hockey]] team based in the [[Miami metropolitan area]]. The Panthers compete in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) as a member of the [[Atlantic Division (NHL)|Atlantic Division]] in the [[Eastern Conference (NHL)|Eastern Conference]], and initially played their home games at Miami Arena before moving to the [[Amerant Bank Arena]] in 1998. Located in [[Sunrise, Florida]], the franchise is the southernmost team in the NHL. The team's local broadcasting rights have been held by [[Bally Sports Florida]] (formerly SportsChannel and Fox Sports Florida) since 1996. The Panthers are primarily affiliated with two [[minor league]] teams: the Charlotte Checkers of the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Florida Everblades of the ECHL.

The Panthers began playing in the 1993–94 NHL season, where they set the record for the most [[Point (ice hockey)#Team stat|points]] by an expansion team in its inaugural season, which was later surpassed by the [[Vegas Golden Knights]] in [[2017–18 NHL season|2017–18]]. The team has made two appearances in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]], first in [[1996 Stanley Cup Finals|1996]], losing to the [[Colorado Avalanche]], and again in [[2023 Stanley Cup playoffs|2023]], this time losing to the Golden Knights. Between 1996 and 2020, the Panthers only qualified for the [[Stanley Cup playoffs]] five times, not winning a playoff series in that span. However, since the [[2020–21 NHL season|2020–21 season]], the Panthers have found success by winning their first playoff series in two decades in [[2022 Stanley Cup playoffs|2022]], and reaching the [[2023 Stanley Cup finals|Stanley Cup Finals]] the following year.

== History ==

=== Early years (1992–2000) ===
[[Blockbuster Video]] magnate [[Wayne Huizenga]] was awarded an NHL franchise for Miami on December 10, 1992,<ref>{{cite web|last=Richards|first=George|title=Florida Panthers new owner Vincent Viola: 'We will win here'|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/nhl/florida-panthers/article1955600.html|newspaper=The Miami Herald|date=September 28, 2013|access-date=January 17, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807044348/http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/nhl/florida-panthers/article1955600.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the same day [[The Walt Disney Company]] earned the rights to start a team in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] that would become the [[Mighty Ducks of Anaheim|Mighty Ducks]]. At the time, Huizenga owned both the newly founded [[Miami Marlins|Florida Marlins]] of [[Major League Baseball]] and a share of the [[National Football League]] (NFL)'s [[Miami Dolphins]]. The entry fee was $50 million. Huizenga announced the team would play at the Miami Arena, sharing the building with the [[National Basketball Association]]'s [[Miami Heat]], until a new arena was built.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-11/sports/1992346112_1_huizenga-miami-team-hockey|title=NHL to add teams in Miami, Anaheim Huizenga, Disney high-profile owners|last=LaPointe|first=Joe|date=December 11, 1992|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012094549/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-11/sports/1992346112_1_huizenga-miami-team-hockey|archive-date=October 12, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Offices for the team were only established in June 1993, while vice president of business operations Dean Jordan conceded that "none of the business people, myself included, knew anything about hockey."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1009015/1/index.htm|title=Above And Beyond|last=Farber|first=Michael|date=November 9, 1996|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=January 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105212732/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1009015/1/index.htm|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The new franchise would be the first professional ice hockey team in Miami since the folding of the [[Tropical Hockey League]] in 1939.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5g_r5MsuEf4C&dq=%22Tropical+Hockey+League%22&pg=PA124|title=Hockey: A People's History|last=McKinley|first=Michael|publisher=Random House Digital|year=2009|isbn=978-0771057717|page=124|access-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Wayne_Huizenga.jpg|thumb|Wayne Huizenga was awarded a franchise from the NHL on December 10, 1992.]]
On April 20, 1993, a press conference in [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Ft. Lauderdale]] announced that the team would be named Florida Panthers, with former [[New York Islanders]] general manager [[Bill Torrey]] as president and [[Bobby Clarke]] as general manager. The team is named for the [[Florida panther]], an endangered species of large cat [[Endemism|endemic]] to the nearby [[Everglades]] region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-04-20/sports/9302070080_1_stanley-cup-nhl-bob-clarke|title=They're Panthers, Torrey Is President Nhl Expansion Team's New Boss Shaped Isles|last=Joseph|first=Dave|date=April 20, 1993|newspaper=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704010522/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-04-20/sports/9302070080_1_stanley-cup-nhl-bob-clarke|archive-date=July 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once the logos and uniforms were unveiled on June 15, the team also announced its financial commitment to the panther preservation cause.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-15/sports/9306150506_1_florida-panthers-panthers-merchandise-bill-torrey|title=Panthers Unveil Uniforms, Logo|last=Joseph|first=Dave|date=June 15, 1993|newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330053705/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-15/sports/9306150506_1_florida-panthers-panthers-merchandise-bill-torrey|archive-date=March 30, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Huizenga had held the Panthers trademark since 1991, when he purchased it from a group of [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] investors who sought to create an MLB team in the Tampa Bay area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-04-01/sports/9101160701_1_huizenga-florida-panthers-national-league-expansion|title=Local Fans Give Huizenga 113,000 Votes of Confidence|last=Giuliotti|first=Ed|date=April 1, 1991|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704011543/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-04-01/sports/9101160701_1_huizenga-florida-panthers-national-league-expansion|archive-date=July 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The new franchise joined the NHL for participation in the 1993–94 season, along with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. The Panthers' and Ducks' rosters were filled in both the [[1993 NHL Expansion Draft|expansion draft]] and the [[1993 NHL Entry Draft]] in June 1993, hosted by [[Quebec City]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-27/sports/9306270413_1_sharks-goaltender-ron-hextall|title=Expansion Teams Laying Foundation|last=Babineau|first=Jeff|date=June 27, 1993|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512231315/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-27/sports/9306270413_1_sharks-goaltender-ron-hextall|archive-date=May 12, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-24/sports/9306240127_1_expansion-draft-tampa-bay-entry-draft|title=Florida, Anaheim Take Form Today|last=Babineau|first=Jeff|date=June 24, 1993|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330124947/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-24/sports/9306240127_1_expansion-draft-tampa-bay-entry-draft|archive-date=March 30, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> that draft produced ten players who would eventually be a part of the 1996 Eastern Conference-winning team.<ref name="Rat Pack">{{cite news|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1996/06/10/8103361/rat-pack-floridas-unlikely-run-to-the-cup-finals-has-miami-giddy-over-hockeyand-rabid-over-rodents|title=Rat Pack|last=Montville|first=Leigh|date=June 10, 1996|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=January 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623212414/http://www.si.com/vault/1996/06/10/8103361/rat-pack-floridas-unlikely-run-to-the-cup-finals-has-miami-giddy-over-hockeyand-rabid-over-rodents|archive-date=June 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Panthers' first major stars were former [[New York Rangers]] [[goaltender]] [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], [[rookie]] [[Rob Niedermayer]] and forward [[Scott Mellanby]], who scored 30 goals in Florida's inaugural season.<ref name="si">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1148158/index.htm|title=A Goal in Sight|date=February 7, 1994|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080432/http://www.cnn.com/bleacher-report/|archive-date=October 6, 2014|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> Their first game was a 4–4 tie on the road against the [[Chicago Blackhawks]], while their first win was a 2–0 shutout of the [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] in the [[Tropicana Field|Thunderdome]] before a then-NHL record crowd of 27,227. The Panthers had one of the most successful first seasons of any [[expansion team]] in league history, finishing just two points below .500 and narrowly missing out on the final [[1994 Stanley Cup playoffs|1994 playoff]] spot in the East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-07-27/sports/9407270532_1_panthers-tampa-bay-lone-home-game|title=Panthers To Play Nine Exhibition Games|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=October 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002045033/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-07-27/sports/9407270532_1_panthers-tampa-bay-lone-home-game|url-status=live}}</ref> Their first-year success was attributed mainly to the [[Neutral zone trap|trap defense]] that first-year coach [[Roger Neilson]] implemented. This conservative style was widely criticized by NHL teams; some even suggested that the Panthers were ruining the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-03-06/sports/9503050239_1_neutral-zone-trap-florida-panthers-roger-neilson|title=Cut The Trap? Neilson Isn't Staying in Neutral Zone|access-date=April 4, 2012|archive-date=May 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519010145/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-03-06/sports/9503050239_1_neutral-zone-trap-florida-panthers-roger-neilson|url-status=live}}</ref> While the team executives expected the audience to consist of mostly "[[Snowbird (people)|snowbird]]" Canadians living in Florida, the Floridians soon embraced the Panthers.<ref name="si" /> Helped by Miami's other teams having middling performances, the club averaged 94% capacity at the 14,500-seat Miami Arena, and sold 8,500 season tickets in 100 days.<ref name="si" />

In August 1994, general manager Clarke left to work for the [[Philadelphia Flyers]]; [[Bryan Murray (ice hockey)|Bryan Murray]] was brought in from the [[Detroit Red Wings]] as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-02/sports/25842215_1_terry-murray-new-flyers-coach-bryan-murray|title=Archives - Philly.com|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090626/http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-02/sports/25842215_1_terry-murray-new-flyers-coach-bryan-murray|url-status=live}}</ref> After another close brush with the playoffs, finishing the [[1994–95 NHL lockout|lockout]]-shortened [[1994–95 NHL season|1994–95 season]] again in ninth,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-05-04/sports/9505040096_1_jagr-s-shot-john-vanbiesbrouck-panthers|title=No Playoffs, But Panthers Finish in Style|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=February 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201155114/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-05-04/sports/9505040096_1_jagr-s-shot-john-vanbiesbrouck-panthers|url-status=dead}}</ref> Neilson was fired following an argument with Murray regarding [[Ed Jovanovski]], whom the Panthers chose as the number one overall pick at the [[1994 NHL Entry Draft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-06-13/sports/9506120510_1_jovanovski-hockey-team-roger-neilson|title=Looks Like Gm, Coach Couldn't See Eye To Eye|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=February 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201155110/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-06-13/sports/9506120510_1_jovanovski-hockey-team-roger-neilson|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Doug MacLean]], who had been the team's player development director, was promoted to coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/25/sports/sports-people-hockey-panthers-promote-from-within-by-hiring-maclean-as-coach.html|title=SPORTS PEOPLE: HOCKEY; Panthers Promote From Within By Hiring MacLean as Coach|date=July 25, 1995|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804215455/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/25/sports/sports-people-hockey-panthers-promote-from-within-by-hiring-maclean-as-coach.html|archive-date=August 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The team then acquired [[Ray Sheppard]] from the [[San Jose Sharks]] at the [[NHL trade deadline]] and looked toward the playoffs for the first time.

==== The Rat Trick and a trip to the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals ====
A very unusual goal celebration developed in Miami during the 1995–96 season. On the night of the Panthers' 1995–96 home opener, a [[rat]] scurried across the team's locker room. Scott Mellanby reacted by "[[One timer|one-timing]]" the rat against the wall, killing it. That night, he scored two goals, which Vanbiesbrouck quipped was "a [[rat trick]]." Two nights later, as the story found its way into the world, a few fans threw rubber rats on the ice in celebration of a goal. The [[rubber]] rat count went from 16 for the third home game to over 2,000 during the playoffs.<ref name="Rat Pack" />

In the [[1996 Stanley Cup playoffs|1996 playoffs]], as the fourth seed in the East, the Panthers faced the [[Boston Bruins]] in the first round and won in five games. [[Bill Lindsay]]'s series-clinching goal is still a trademark image for the run the third-year franchise went on. The Panthers went on to upset the top-seeded Philadelphia Flyers in six games followed by the second-seeded [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] in seven (with [[Tom Fitzgerald (ice hockey)|Tom Fitzgerald]] scoring what would end up being the game-winning goal) to reach the Stanley Cup Finals against the Colorado Avalanche, another team making its first Finals appearance.<ref name="Rat Pack" /> The Avalanche, however, swept the Panthers in four games. Despite losing in the Finals, the Panthers set a record for most wins by an expansion team in their first postseason appearance with 12 victories (this record would later be broken by the Vegas Golden Knights during their inaugural season in 2017–18).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB03D7A86BE23F7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=No stopping the Avalanche – Colorado completes Cup sweep of Panthers with 3OT victory|author=Ulman, Howard|date=June 11, 1996|access-date=March 25, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609205058/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB03D7A86BE23F7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|archive-date=June 9, 2011|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> For his team's surprising success, Bryan Murray was honored as NHL Executive of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1996-05-07/sports/9605060431_1_coach-doug-maclean-jason-podollan-voting|title=Murphy's Toe Ready|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=June 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623212637/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1996-05-07/sports/9605060431_1_coach-doug-maclean-jason-podollan-voting|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Panthers began the next season with a 12-game unbeaten streak, but faded in the second half of the season after trading second line center [[Stu Barnes]]. They lost in five games in the first round of the playoffs to the [[Wayne Gretzky]]-led New York Rangers. The team would plummet in the [[1997–98 NHL season|1997–98 season]]. After a 7–12–4 start, the Panthers fired Doug MacLean, replacing him for the season with general manager Bryan Murray. The change did not aid matters, as Florida posted a franchise-worst 24–43–15 record, including a 15-game winless streak. This season also marked the end of goaltender John Vanbiesbrouck's time in Florida; in the midst of that streak, he was shelled by the Chicago Blackhawks and never played another game for the Panthers. In the following off-season, Vanbiesbrouck signed with the Flyers as a free agent.

=== New arena and a decade of struggles (1998–2010) ===
The Panthers moved into the brand new National Car Rental Center (now known as Amerant Bank Arena) in 1998. In [[1998–99 NHL season|1998–99]], they acquired [[Pavel Bure]] (the "Russian Rocket"), in a blockbuster trade with the [[Vancouver Canucks]]. They then reached the playoffs again in [[1999–2000 NHL season|1999–2000]], losing in a first-round sweep to the eventual [[Stanley Cup]] champion [[New Jersey Devils]]. The team slumped in [[2000–01 NHL season|2000–01]]. Afterward, Huizenga sold the Panthers to an ownership group led by Alan Cohen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nT1GAAAAIBAJ&sjid=buUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4337,937756|title=Record-Journal – Google News Archive Search|access-date=September 21, 2016|archive-date=November 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125201129/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nT1GAAAAIBAJ&sjid=buUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4337%2C937756|url-status=live}}</ref> The following season, [[2001–02 NHL season|2001–02]], the Panthers had their worst record ever. Bure struggled despite being reunited with his brother [[Valeri Bure|Valeri]], and was traded to the Rangers at the 2002 trade deadline.
[[File:Jay_Bouwmeester.jpg|left|thumb|The Panthers drafted [[Jay Bouwmeester]] third overall in the [[2002 NHL Entry Draft]].]]
The Panthers then began eyeing defenseman Jay Bouwmeester, who was widely tipped to be picked first overall pick at the 2002 Draft. However, then-general manager [[Rick Dudley]] sent Florida's first pick to the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]], who selected winger [[Rick Nash]], and in return, the Panthers received the right to trade first-round selections with the Blue Jackets in the [[2003 NHL Entry Draft|2003 Draft]],<ref>{{cite web|title=This Day In Panthers History – June|url=http://panthers.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=37497|website=FloridaPanthers.com|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906065112/http://panthers.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=37497|url-status=dead}}</ref> a right which was not exercised when the Panthers received the first overall selection in 2003 as well. The [[Atlanta Thrashers]], after picking goaltender [[Kari Lehtonen]] second overall, announced that the Panthers had given them two draft picks to guarantee that Bouwmeester would still be available for Florida's selection. Bouwmeester was selected third overall by the Panthers. Said then-head coach [[Mike Keenan]], "We shouldn't have done that ... Jay would have been number-one if we'd kept that pick."<ref>{{cite book|title=Hockey's Greatest Stars: Legends and Young Lions|author=McDonell, Chris.|publisher=Firefly Books|year=2005|isbn=1-55407-038-4|pages=135}}</ref>

In 2003, the Panthers hosted the [[National Hockey League All-Star Game|NHL All-Star Weekend]] in which the [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western Conference]] earned a 6–5 victory after the first overtime shootout in All-Star history. The West overcame a four-goal outburst by Thrashers winger [[Dany Heatley]], who took home MVP honors in his first All-Star appearance.

On June 23, 2006, the Panthers were again involved in a blockbuster trade with Vancouver, sending [[Roberto Luongo]], [[Lukáš Krajíček|Lukas Krajicek]] and a sixth-round draft pick ([[Sergei Shirokov]]) in exchange for [[Todd Bertuzzi]], [[Alex Auld]] and [[Bryan Allen (ice hockey)|Bryan Allen]]. This trade has been regarded by some as one of the worst trades in professional sports history{{snd}}Luongo, who was at the prime of his career, was one of the League's top goaltenders, while Bertuzzi played just a handful of games for Florida before getting injured. He would later be traded to Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline for [[Shawn Matthias]]. Additionally, Auld ended up a poor replacement for Luongo, and was ultimately let go after one season with the team.

On June 22, 2007, the Panthers were involved in yet another draft-day deal involving a goaltender. The team acquired [[Tomáš Vokoun|Tomas Vokoun]] from the [[Nashville Predators]] in exchange for three draft picks{{snd}}a first-round pick in 2008, a second-round pick in 2008 and a conditional second-round pick that could be used in 2007 or 2008. The move would eventually pay off when Vokoun was selected to the Eastern Conference All-Star Team. On July 28, 2007, Florida unveiled their new jerseys to over 11,000 fans at the BankAtlantic Center during the first intermission of the Panthers' 1996 Reunion game. Star forwards [[Nathan Horton]] and [[Stephen Weiss]] were both in full gear to help showcase the sweater changes.

In June 2008, the Panthers traded their captain [[Olli Jokinen]] to the [[Phoenix Coyotes]] for a second-round draft pick and defensemen [[Keith Ballard]] and [[Nick Boynton]]. The Panthers finished the [[2008–09 NHL season|2008–09 season]] with a strong 41–30–11 record and 93 points, their second-highest finish in franchise history. Despite this, however, the Panthers missed the playoffs for an eighth-straight season, the then-longest streak in the NHL.

In November 2009, [[Cliff Viner]] and Stu Siegel became the new majority owners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2009-11-16-1521235273_x.htm|title=Panthers announce new majority owners - USATODAY.com|access-date=July 5, 2013|archive-date=May 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071341/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2009-11-16-1521235273_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 23, 2009, the Panthers made their third jersey, ridding red from the alternate jersey, replacing it with powder blue. The Panthers missed the playoffs for the ninth consecutive time in the [[2009–10 NHL season|2009–10 season]], making them the first team in NHL history to do so in one city.

=== Dale Tallon era (2010–2020) ===
Panthers management hired [[Dale Tallon]] as the team's new general manager on May 17, 2010. Tallon rebuilt the team with [[2010 NHL Entry Draft|2010]] draft picks [[Erik Gudbranson]], [[Nick Bjugstad]] and [[Quinton Howden]], as well as the acquisition of players, including [[Steve Bernier]], [[Michael Grabner]], [[Marty Reasoner]], [[Ryan Carter]] and [[Sergei Samsonov]]. All of the above-mentioned players, however, were traded at the 2011 trade deadline or released during the 2011 off-season, save for Gudbranson, Bjugstad and Howden. At the end of the [[2010–11 NHL season|2010–11 season]], just Stephen Weiss and [[David Booth (ice hockey)|David Booth]] remained from the pre-lockout era Panthers roster.
[[File:Brian_Campbell_Panthers.jpg|thumb|The Panthers acquired [[Brian Campbell]] during the 2011 off-season. Campbell played with the Panthers from 2011 to 2016.]]
On June 1, 2011, [[Kevin Dineen]], head coach of the American Hockey League (AHL)'s [[Portland Pirates]], was named to be the 11th head coach of the Panthers. The team also rebranded their image, releasing a new home jersey, predominantly red with navy blue sleeves, and eliminating the navy blue piping on the road jersey; this new {{Not a typo|jersey}} replaced the navy blue one as the main home jersey. The 2011 off-season saw the acquisitions of [[Scottie Upshall]], [[Tomáš Fleischmann|Tomas Fleischmann]], [[Sean Bergenheim]], [[Marcel Goc]], [[Matt Bradley]], Ed Jovanovski, [[José Théodore|Jose Theodore]], [[Kris Versteeg]], [[Tomáš Kopecký|Tomas Kopecky]] and Brian Campbell.

After several more trades and over 300-man-games lost to injury throughout the season, the Panthers were able to finish first in the Southeast Division, marking the end of their record-setting decade-long postseason drought. The Panthers won the first-ever division title in franchise history with a 4–1 victory over the [[Carolina Hurricanes]] on April 7, 2012. However, the Panthers were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by the eventual Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils, losing at home in double overtime of Game 7.

In the [[2012–13 NHL lockout|lockout]]-shortened [[2012–13 NHL season|2012–13 season]], the Panthers had an abysmal season. Unable to regain their form from last season, the Panthers suffered key injuries and fell back down into the basement with the worst record in the League. In the [[2013–14 NHL season|2013–14 season]], the Panthers failed to gain any momentum and finished 29th out of 30 teams. The team then fired head coach Kevin Dineen and replaced him with [[Peter Horachek]]. At the trade deadline, the Panthers reacquired Roberto Luongo from Vancouver. The Panthers would relieve Horachek of his duties at the end of the season, replacing him with former Columbus Blue Jackets head coach [[Gerard Gallant]]. The team also received the first overall pick in the [[2014 NHL Entry Draft]], using it to select [[Barrie Colts]] defenseman [[Aaron Ekblad]].
[[File:Aleksander_Barkov_2015-03-14_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|266x266px|Aleksander Barkov, drafted 2nd overall by the Panthers in [[2013 NHL Entry Draft|2013]], would emerge as the franchise's captain and star during the late-2010s.]]
The Panthers' [[2014–15 NHL season|2014–15]] home opener on October 12, 2014, set a team record for the lowest attendance at a home opener, with only 11,419 spectators in attendance. The team's next game against the [[Ottawa Senators]] marked the team's lowest attendance ever, with only 7,311 in attendance.<ref name="np-pantherslow">{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers set record for lowest attendance in franchise history|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/sports/nhl/florida-panthers-struggling-both-on-the-ice-and-in-the-stands|website=National Post|access-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref> Despite finishing with a record of 38–29–15, the Panthers missed the [[2015 Stanley Cup playoffs|2015 playoffs]] by seven points. On December 8, 2015, the Panthers announced that they signed a 13-year lease, and an $86 million funding agreement with [[Broward County]] and would have a new logo and uniforms after the 2015–16 season. Their original logo had remained almost unchanged since their first season in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|last=Creamer|first=Chris|title=Florida Panthers Staying Put, Re-Design Coming|url=http://news.sportslogos.net/2015/12/09/florida-panthers-staying-put-re-design-coming/|website=[[SportsLogos.net]]|date=December 9, 2015|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618102445/http://news.sportslogos.net/2015/12/09/florida-panthers-staying-put-re-design-coming/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fl-panthers-subsidy-vote-20151208-story.html|title=Broward Commission gives $86 million to Florida Panthers|last=Wallman|first=Brittany|date=December 8, 2015|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618102412/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fl-panthers-subsidy-vote-20151208-story.html|archive-date=June 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2015–16 Florida Panthers season|2015–16 season]], the team set a franchise record with a 12-game win streak. They also set a franchise record for most wins in a regular season with 47 wins and won their division for the second time in their existence. However, the Panthers lost to the New York Islanders in six games in the first round of the [[2016 Stanley Cup playoffs|playoffs]]; this would be the first playoff series win for the Islanders since the 1992–93 season. Head coach Gerard Gallant was nominated as a finalist for the [[Jack Adams Award]], which recognizes the NHL Coach of the Year.

The [[2016–17 Florida Panthers season|2016–17 season]] began with the promotion of general manager Dale Tallon to an executive position within the organization and assistant general manager [[Tom Rowe (ice hockey)|Tom Rowe]] was promoted to general manager.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nhl-puck-daddy/panthers-reassign-dale-tallon--shake-up-front-office-to-spotlight-analytics-063756912.html|title=Panthers reassign Dale Tallon, shake up front office to spotlight analytics|last=Wyshynski|first=Greg|date=May 8, 2016|work=[[Yahoo! Sports]]|access-date=May 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509044418/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nhl-puck-daddy/panthers-reassign-dale-tallon--shake-up-front-office-to-spotlight-analytics-063756912.html|archive-date=May 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> After an 11–10–1 start to the season, the Panthers fired head coach Gerard Gallant and general manager Tom Rowe took over as interim head coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-gm-tom-rowe-interim-head-coach/c-284147032|title=Florida Panthers Name GM Tom Rowe Interim Head Coach|date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129023803/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-gm-tom-rowe-interim-head-coach/c-284147032|archive-date=November 29, 2016|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=FloridaPanthers.com|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of the season, Rowe was relieved of his duties as both coach and general manager and was named special advisor to Tallon, who returned to positions of team president and general manager.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/dale-tallon-named-panthers-general-manager/c-288637636|title=Dale Tallon Named Panthers General Manager|date=April 10, 2017|access-date=April 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003135423/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/dale-tallon-named-panthers-general-manager/c-288637636|archive-date=October 3, 2018|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=FloridaPanthers.com|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 12, 2017, the Panthers named [[Bob Boughner]] as their new head coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-bob-boughner-head-coach/c-289896766|title=Florida Panthers Name Bob Boughner Head Coach|date=June 13, 2017|access-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520204219/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-bob-boughner-head-coach/c-289896766|archive-date=May 20, 2022|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=FloridaPanthers.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[2017–18 Florida Panthers season|2017–18 season]] began with a 19–22–6 record leading up to the [[2018 NHL All-Star Game]]. The Panthers then went on a 25–8–2 run in their last 35 games, ending up one point short of a playoff berth. Their 44–30–8 record earned 96 regular season points, tying the league record of the [[2014–15 Boston Bruins season|2014–15 Boston Bruins]] and the [[2018–19 Montreal Canadiens season|2018–19 Montreal Canadiens]] for the team with the most regular season points to miss the postseason.<ref>{{cite web|title=Most points by an NHL team without reaching playoffs|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/409884-most-points-by-an-nhl-team-without-reaching-playoffs|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=May 15, 2022|archive-date=May 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515165521/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/409884-most-points-by-an-nhl-team-without-reaching-playoffs|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 7, 2019, the Panthers fired Boughner after the team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the third straight season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers Relieve Head Coach Bob Boughner of Duties|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-relieve-head-coach-bob-boughner-of-duties/c-306559480|website=NHL.com|access-date=April 8, 2019|date=April 7, 2019|archive-date=April 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407222616/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-relieve-head-coach-bob-boughner-of-duties/c-306559480|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, [[Joel Quenneville]] was named the 16th head coach of the Panthers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers Name Joel Quenneville Head Coach|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-joel-quenneville-head-coach/c-306572380|publisher=National Hockey League|access-date=April 8, 2019|date=April 8, 2019|archive-date=April 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408120349/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-joel-quenneville-head-coach/c-306572380|url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 10, 2020, after nine years as general manager, the Panthers and Tallon mutually agreed to part ways, following the team's elimination in the [[2020 Stanley Cup playoffs]]. In Tallon's tenure, the Panthers qualified for the [[Stanley Cup Playoffs]] three times, in 2012, 2016, and [[2019–20 NHL season|2020]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/dale-tallon-florida-panthers-part-ways-after-10-seasons/c-318368422|title=Tallon out as general manager of Panthers after 10 seasons|date=August 11, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115004120/https://www.nhl.com/news/dale-tallon-florida-panthers-part-ways-after-10-seasons/c-318368422|archive-date=January 15, 2021|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=NHL.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Arrival of Bill Zito, return to prominence (2020–present) ===
Panthers management hired Bill Zito to succeed Tallon as the team's general manager on September 2, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-bill-zito-general-manager/c-318857380|title=Florida Panthers Name Bill Zito General Manager|date=September 2, 2020|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413185941/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-bill-zito-general-manager/c-318857380|archive-date=April 13, 2021|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=NHL.com|url-status=live}}</ref> During the shortened 2020–21 NHL season, the Panthers compiled 79 points in 56 games played, finishing the season in second place in the temporary [[Central Division (NHL)|Central Division]], one point behind the Carolina Hurricanes. As such, they were pitted against division and statewide rival, the Tampa Bay Lightning, in the first round of the [[2021 Stanley Cup playoffs#First Round#(C2) Florida Panthers vs. (C3) Tampa Bay Lightning|playoffs]]. They were defeated in six games by the eventual [[2021 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]] champions, for yet another first round exit.

In the 2021–22 season, Quenneville led the Panthers to a 7–0–0 record through the team's first seven games, but he would resign from his coaching duties as a result of the fallout from the [[2010 Chicago Blackhawks sexual assault scandal]] on October 28, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Florida Panthers Announce Resignation of Joel Quenneville|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-announce-resignation-of-joel-quenneville/c-327334254|access-date=October 29, 2021|publisher=National Hockey League|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029015033/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-announce-resignation-of-joel-quenneville/c-327334254|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, the Panthers named former NHL player [[Andrew Brunette]] their interim head coach.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers name Andrew Brunette interim head coach|url=https://theathletic.com/news/florida-panthers-name-andrew-brunette-interim-head-coach/SxBeA1F7irfD//c-877278|website=ESPN.com|access-date=April 22, 2022|date=October 29, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On April 3, 2022, the Panthers became the first team during the 2021–22 season to clinch a playoff berth, when they defeated the [[Buffalo Sabres]] at home, 5–3. This victory was also Florida's 48th of the season, breaking their previous record set during 2015–16 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers Clinch Berth in 2022 Stanley Cup Playoffs|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-clinch-berth-in-2022-stanley-cup-playoffs/c-332597612|website=NHL.com|access-date=April 22, 2022|date=April 3, 2022|archive-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041623/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-clinch-berth-in-2022-stanley-cup-playoffs/c-332597612|url-status=live}}</ref> Three weeks later, on April 21, 2022, following a 5–2 victory over the Detroit Red Wings, the Panthers crowned themselves as Atlantic Division champions for the first time since the 2015–16 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers Clinch Atlantic Division Title|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-clinch-atlantic-division-title/c-877278|website=NHL.com|access-date=April 22, 2022|date=April 21, 2022|archive-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041622/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-clinch-atlantic-division-title/c-877278|url-status=live}}</ref> The victory was also Florida's 12th consecutive, dating all the way back to a 7–4 win over the [[Montreal Canadiens]] on March 29.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadiens at Panthers, 03/29/22|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/game/_/gameId/401350195/c-877278|website=ESPN.com|access-date=April 22, 2022|date=March 29, 2022|archive-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041622/https://www.espn.com/nhl/game/_/gameId/401350195/c-877278|url-status=live}}</ref> This win streak matched another one achieved during the 2015–16 season, tying the franchise record. With the win, the Panthers improved to a stellar 56–15–6 record, tallying 118 points, and overcoming the Colorado Avalanche in the quest for the [[Presidents' Trophy]]. After an Avalanche defeat, and a Panthers 4–0 victory over the Ottawa Senators on April 28, the Panthers clinched the Presidents' Trophy for the first time in franchise history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers clinch franchise's first Presidents' Trophy, top seed in playoffs|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/33824337/florida-panthers-clinch-franchise-first-presidents-trophy-top-seed-playoffs|website=ESPN.com|access-date=May 4, 2022|date=April 28, 2022|archive-date=May 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504012652/https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/33824337/florida-panthers-clinch-franchise-first-presidents-trophy-top-seed-playoffs|url-status=live}}</ref> They would end the regular season with 122 points, with a 58–18–6 record, the best record registered in the league since division rivals Tampa Bay Lightning in [[2018–19 NHL season|2018–19]]. On May 13, the Panthers advanced past the first round for the first time in 26 years, dating all the way back to the 1996 Eastern Conference Finals, by beating the [[Washington Capitals]] in six games, eliminating them with a 4–3 overtime victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carter Verhaeghe scores in overtime as Florida Panthers eliminate Washington Capitals in Stanley Cup playoffs|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/33912472/carter-verhaeghe-scores-florida-panthers-eliminate-washington-capitals-stanley-cup-playoffs|website=ESPN.com|access-date=May 14, 2022|date=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514032307/https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/33912472/carter-verhaeghe-scores-florida-panthers-eliminate-washington-capitals-stanley-cup-playoffs|url-status=live}}</ref> However, their luck would run out in the second round, as the Panthers were swept in four games by the archrival the Tampa Bay Lightning. Florida went completely dry offensively, scoring only three goals throughout the whole four-game series.<ref>{{cite web|title=2022 NHL Eastern Second Round Tampa Bay Lightning defeat Florida Panthers 4–0|url=https://www.hockey-reference.com/playoffs/2022-florida-panthers-vs-tampa-bay-lightning-eastern-second-round.html|website=hockey-reference.com|access-date=May 6, 2023|date=April 24, 2022|archive-date=May 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506165503/https://www.hockey-reference.com/playoffs/2022-florida-panthers-vs-tampa-bay-lightning-eastern-second-round.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the 2022–23, the Panthers looked to carry on their positive regular season streak. However, the team was hampered by injuries, most notably to star [[Centre (ice hockey)|center]] Aleksander Barkov, who was sidelined for a large portion of the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=NHL Buzz: Barkov has lower-body injury, out for Panthers against Bruins|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-buzz-news-and-notes-december-19/c-338970884|website=NHL.com|access-date=May 25, 2023|archive-date=May 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525161128/https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-buzz-news-and-notes-december-19/c-338970884|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite being outside of playoff contention by February 2023, the Panthers slowly gained momentum, aided by Barkov's return, and eventually finished the season with a 42–32–8 record, good enough for 92 points and the last wild card spot, one point ahead of the Pittsburgh Penguins. As such, they were set to battle the record-breaking, 135-point Boston Bruins in the first round. As the heavy underdogs in the series, the Panthers were down 3–1 after losing game 4 at home. However, they won game 5 in overtime, 4–3 at the [[TD Garden]], and game 6, 7–5, at home to tie the series at 3. In the definitive game 7, the Panthers led 2–0 after the first period, but were down 3–2 with under two minutes left in the third period, facing elimination. However, after goaltender [[Sergei Bobrovsky]] left the net to bring an extra skater to the ice, [[Brandon Montour]] scored with under a minute left to play to send the game to overtime. In overtime, despite a few saves by Bruins goaltender [[Jeremy Swayman]], [[Carter Verhaeghe]] scored to win the game 4–3 and stun the Bruins, setting up a second round matchup against the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nhl/news/bruins-vs-panthers-score-florida-stuns-boston-in-game-7-behind-carter-verhaeghes-game-winning-goal-in-ot/live/|work=CBS Sports|title=Bruins vs. Panthers score: Florida stuns Boston in Game 7 behind Carter Verhaeghe's game-winning goal in OT|last=Nivison|first=Austin|date=April 30, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023|archive-date=May 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501034258/https://www.cbssports.com/nhl/news/bruins-vs-panthers-score-florida-stuns-boston-in-game-7-behind-carter-verhaeghes-game-winning-goal-in-ot/live/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second round, the Panthers continued their positive streak, defeating the Maple Leafs in five games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/florida-panthers-defeat-toronto-maple-leafs-3-2-to-advance-to-conference-finals/|website=www.cbsnews.com|publisher=CBS News|title=Florida Panthers defeat Toronto Maple Leafs 3–2 to advance to Eastern Conference final|date=May 12, 2023|access-date=May 25, 2023|archive-date=May 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525015921/https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/florida-panthers-defeat-toronto-maple-leafs-3-2-to-advance-to-conference-finals/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Panthers played their longest game in franchise history on May 18, against the Carolina Hurricanes in the Eastern Conference Final, which resulted in a 3–2 Panthers victory with [[Matthew Tkachuk]] scoring the game-winning goal with 12.7 seconds left in quadruple overtime.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tkachuk ends 6th-longest game in NHL history, Panthers outlast Hurricanes 3–2 in 4th OT|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/_/gameId/401548431|website=ESPN|access-date=May 20, 2023|date=May 18, 2023|archive-date=May 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519171457/https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/_/gameId/401548431|url-status=live}}</ref> The Panthers would then sweep the Hurricanes in four games which included a goal by Tkachuk with 4.3 seconds left in Game 4. This would be the first time the Panthers had ever swept a playoff series. They advanced to the [[2023 Stanley Cup Finals]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tkachuk sends Panthers to Stanley Cup Final, after topping Hurricanes 4–3 for sweep|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/_/gameId/401548434|website=ESPN|access-date=May 25, 2023|date=May 24, 2023|archive-date=May 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525145047/https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/_/gameId/401548434|url-status=live}}</ref> where they lost to the Vegas Golden Knights in five games.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Belson|first1=Ken|title=Vegas Golden Knights Win the Stanley Cup in Just Their Sixth Season|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/sports/hockey/nhl-stanley-cup-knights-panthers.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=December 24, 2023|date=June 13, 2023}}</ref>

For the [[2023–24 NHL season|2023–24 season]], the Panthers were expected to regress, as it was believed their aggressive [[Forecheck|forechecking]] and stout defense would be figured out by rival teams. However, the Panthers once again enjoyed a successful season. They went 52–24–6 for 110 points, star winger [[Sam Reinhart]] netted 57 goals (behind [[Auston Matthews]] for the league lead), and overtook the Boston Bruins in the last regular season game for the Atlantic Division crown, their third in franchise history.<ref name="Maple20240416">{{cite web|last1=Richards|first1=George|title=Panthers clinch 1st in Atlantic Division with win against Maple Leafs|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/toronto-maple-leafs-florida-panthers-game-recap-april-16|website=NHL.com|access-date=April 23, 2024|date=April 16, 2024}}</ref> Barkov became the franchise's [[List of Florida Panthers records|all-time points leader]] in a 5–2 win over the Detroit Red Wings on March 20.<ref name=":0" /> The Panthers defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 5–2 at home, while the Bruins were ousted by the [[Ottawa Senators]], 3–1, to win the division.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jiri Smejkal gets 1st goal, Senators beat Bruins 3–1 in regular-season finale|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/_/gameId/401560522|website=ESPN|access-date=April 23, 2024|date=April 16, 2024}}</ref> In the first round of the [[2024 Stanley Cup playoffs|2024 playoffs]], the Panthers played against their rivals, the Tampa Bay Lightning, and won the series in five games.<ref name="Lightning4292024">{{cite web|last1=Richards|first1=George|title=Panthers pull away in 3rd, eliminate Lightning with win in Game 5|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/tampa-bay-lightning-florida-panthers-game-5-recap-april-29|website=NHL.com|access-date=May 6, 2024|date=April 29, 2024}}</ref> In the next round, the Panthers played the Boston Bruins again, this time winning the series in six games. In the conference finals, they won the six-game series against the [[New York Rangers]], advancing to the [[2024 Stanley Cup Final|Stanley Cup Final]] for the second straight year, where they defeated the [[Edmonton Oilers]] in seven games to win their first Stanley Cup in franchise history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/live/stanley-cup-final-panthers-win-game-7-thriller-over-oilers-to-secure-first-championship-in-franchise-history-025534039.html|title=Stanley Cup Final: Panthers win Game 7 thriller over Oilers to secure first championship in franchise history|website=Yahoo Sports|last1=Owens|first1=Jason|last2=Leahy|first2=Sean|date=June 24, 2024|access-date=June 24, 2024}}</ref>

In the [[2024–25 NHL season|2024–25 season]], the Panthers placed third in the Atlantic Division and fifth in the Eastern Conference. The team dealt with injuries towards the end of the season, including to star forward [[Matthew Tkachuk]] and defenseman [[Dmitry Kulikov (ice hockey)|Dmitry Kulikov]]. Tkachuk was injured during the [[4 Nations Face-Off]], but he returned for the playoffs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Panthers Star Matthew Tkachuk Out for Season Due to 4 Nations Face-Off Injury|url=https://www.si.com/nhl/panthers-matthew-tkachuk-out-for-season-due-to-4-nations-face-off-injury|access-date=May 13, 2025|website=SI|date=March 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tkachuk returns for Panthers in Game 1 of Eastern 1st Round against Lightning|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/matthew-tkachuk-game-time-decision-for-game-1-for-florida-panthers-in-eastern-first-round|access-date=May 13, 2025|website=NHL.com|date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> Longtime defenseman [[Aaron Ekblad]] was suspended 20 games for violating the NHL/NHLPA Performance Enhancing Substances Program.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ekblad of Panthers suspended 20 games|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/florida-panthers-aaron-ekblad-suspended-20-games|access-date=May 13, 2025|website=NHL.com|date=March 10, 2025}}</ref> The Panthers once again met their cross-state rival the [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] in the first round of the [[2025 Stanley Cup playoffs|2025 playoffs]], with Florida winning a five-game series. In the second round, the Panthers crossed paths with the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]. Despite falling down 2–0 in the series, the Panthers won four out of the next five games. In the conference finals, Florida faced the Carolina Hurricanes whom the Panthers defeated in the 2023 conference finals. After taking a 3–0 series lead, the Panthers would go on to win the series in five games, clinching their third consecutive conference championship and a trip to the [[2025 Stanley Cup Final]]. In the Stanley Cup Final, the Panthers defeated the [[Edmonton Oilers]] in a rematch of the previous year's Cup Final in six games to win their second straight Stanley Cup and repeat as Stanley Cup champions.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dotson|first1=Kevin|title=Florida Panthers win second straight Stanley Cup in a 5-1 romp, led by Sam Reinhart’s four goals|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/06/17/sport/florida-panthers-win-stanley-cup-spt|access-date=May 2, 2026|website=CNN.com|date=June 17, 2025}}</ref>

In the [[2025–26 Florida Panthers season|2025–26 season]], the Panthers had many players that were injured, including captain Alexander Barkov. They missed the [[2026 Stanley Cup playoffs|2026 playoffs]], becoming the first defending Stanley Cup champion since the [[2014–15 Los Angeles Kings season|2014–15 Los Angeles Kings]] to miss the playoffs. In the 2026 off-season the Panthers traded for [[Brady Tkachuk]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brady Tkachuk joining brother following trade to Panthers by Senators|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/brady-tkachuk-traded-to-florida-panthers-by-ottawa-senators|access-date=August 8, 2026|website=NHL.com|date=June 23, 2026}}</ref> After the trade, [[Sergei Bobrovsky]] ended his tenure with the Panthers by signing a free agent deal with the Toronto Maple Leafs as a free agent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fox|first=Luke|title=Sergei Bobrovsky headlines Maple Leafs' wild free agency, trade day|url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/sergei-bobrovsky-headlines-maple-leafs-wild-free-agency-trade-day/|access-date=August 12, 2026|website=[[Sportsnet]]|publisher=Rogers Media|date=July 1, 2026}}</ref>

== Logo and uniforms ==
The Florida Panthers have had just two primary logos over the course of their history. Their first logo, used from 1993 to 2016, depicted a leaping panther. Other logos from the era included an alternate version of the "leaping panther" logo, this time holding a pair of broken hockey sticks, and a logo depicting a yellow sun behind a hockey stick and a palm tree. The "leaping panther" logo was redesigned and relegated to an alternate logo when the Panthers unveiled a new logo in the 2016–17 season. The current primary logo is a shield with the profile of a panther head below the word "Florida"; the same logo with the word "Panthers" above is also used interchangeably.<ref name="PanthersUniforms">{{cite news|url=https://thehockeywriters.com/florida-panthers-jersey-history/|title=Florida Panthers Jersey History|last=Ferrell|first=Peter|date=February 12, 2018|work=The Hockey Writers|access-date=January 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524232736/https://thehockeywriters.com/florida-panthers-jersey-history/|archive-date=May 24, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Panthers' first uniform set was used from 1993 to 2007. The red road and white home uniforms featured the leaping panther crest in front and the alternate palm tree logo on the shoulders. Diagonal stripes accentuated the sleeves and the yoke design was triangular in shape. Yellow and navy were used as accent colors.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

In 1998, the Panthers debuted an alternate navy uniform, with the front crest depicting the leaping panther holding a pair of broken hockey sticks. Prior to the 2003–04 season, the navy uniform became the primary home uniform while the red uniform was relegated to alternate status. The crests on both uniforms were also switched.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

Adopting the [[Reebok]] Edge template in 2007, the Panthers revealed new uniform designs. The navy and white uniforms sported a thicker stripe on each sleeve along with added piping.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

In 2009, the Panthers unveiled a navy alternate uniform, featuring a roundel crest depicting a panther head surrounded by the team name. Powder blue replaced red as trim color and the alternate "FLA" sunshine logo was placed on the shoulders. This uniform was used for three seasons.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

Before the 2011–12 season, the Panthers retired their primary navy uniforms and returned to wearing red uniforms at home. The piping on the chest was also eliminated.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

The Panthers overhauled their visual design prior to the 2016–17 season, replacing yellow with flat gold as trim color. Red uniforms featured the shield logo with the team name, while the white uniforms used the variation with the city name. An alternate logo featuring the [[flag of Florida]] below a crawling panther is added on the sleeves. Both sets feature thick contrasting stripes on the chest and sleeves. The basic design was retained once [[Adidas]] took over as supplier prior to the 2017–18 season.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

For the 2020–21 season, the Panthers released a "Reverse Retro" alternate uniform, essentially a recoloring of the team's original uniform. In this case, the Panthers wore their original 1990s "leaping panther" uniform, but with a navy base and flat gold replacing yellow as a trim color.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-reveals-adidas-reverse-retro-jerseys/c-319633384|title=Reverse Retro alternate jerseys for all 31 teams unveiled by NHL, adidas|date=December 1, 2020|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211011731/https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-reveals-adidas-reverse-retro-jerseys/c-319633384|archive-date=December 11, 2020|publisher=National Hockey League|url-status=live}}</ref> A second "Reverse Retro" uniform was unveiled, again using the same 1990s-era template but with a powder blue base (a nod to the 2009–12 navy alternates) and the alternate palm tree, sun and stick logo in front.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/2022-adidas-nhl-reverse-retro-jerseys-reveal/c-336511528|title=NHL Reverse Retro jerseys for all 32 teams unveiled by adidas|date=October 20, 2022|access-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020150818/https://www.nhl.com/news/2022-adidas-nhl-reverse-retro-jerseys-reveal/c-336511528|archive-date=October 20, 2022|website=NHL.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Season-by-season record ==
''This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Panthers. For the full season-by-season history, see [[List of Florida Panthers seasons]].''

'''''Note:''' GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against''
{| class="wikitable"
|Season
|GP
|W
|L
|OTL
|Pts
|GF
|GA
|Finish
|Playoffs
|-
|2018–19
|82
|36
|32
|14
|86
|267
|280
|5th, Atlantic
|Did not qualify
|- style="background:#eee;"
|2019–20
|69
|35
|26
|8
|78
|231
|228
|4th, Atlantic
|Lost in Qualifying Round, 1–3 (Islanders)
|-
|2020–21
|56
|37
|14
|5
|79
|189
|153
|2nd, Central
|Lost in First Round, 2–4 (Lightning)
|- style="background:#eee;"
|2021–22
|82
|58
|18
|6
|122
|340
|246
|1st, Atlantic
|Lost in Second Round, 0–4 (Lightning)
|-
|2022–23
|82
|42
|32
|8
|92
|290
|273
|4th, Atlantic
|Lost in Stanley Cup Finals, 1–4 (Golden Knights)
|}

== Players ==

=== Team captains ===
{{div col}}
* [[Brian Skrudland]], 1993–1997
* Scott Mellanby, 1997–2001
* Pavel Bure & [[Paul Laus]], 2001–2002 {{small|(co-captains)}}
* Olli Jokinen, 2003–2008
* [[Bryan McCabe]], 2009–2011
* Ed Jovanovski, 2013–2014
* [[Willie Mitchell (ice hockey)|Willie Mitchell]], 2014–2016
* [[Derek MacKenzie]], 2016–2018
* Aleksander Barkov, 2018–present
{{col div end}}

== League and team honors ==

=== Awards and trophies ===
{{main|List of Florida Panthers award winners}}{{col-float|width=33%}}
'''[[Prince of Wales Trophy]]'''
* 1995–96, 2022–23
'''[[Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy]]'''
* Pavel Bure: 1999–2000, 2000–01
{{col-float-break|width=33%}}
'''[[Lady Byng Memorial Trophy]]'''
* Brian Campbell: 2011–12
* Aleksander Barkov: 2018–19
'''[[Calder Memorial Trophy]]'''
* [[Jonathan Huberdeau]]: 2012–13
* Aaron Ekblad: 2014–15
{{col-float-break|width=33%}}
'''[[Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy]]'''
* [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]]: 2015–16
{{col-float-break|width=33%}}
'''[[Frank J. Selke Trophy]]'''
* Aleksander Barkov: 2020–21
'''Presidents' Trophy'''
* 2021–22
{{col-float-end}}

=== First-round draft picks ===
{{main|List of Florida Panthers draft picks}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* 1993: Rob Niedermayer (5th overall)
* 1994: Ed Jovanovski (1st overall)
* [[1995 NHL Entry Draft|1995]]: [[Radek Dvořák|Radek Dvorak]] (10th overall)
* [[1996 NHL Entry Draft|1996]]: [[Marcus Nilson]] (20th overall)
* [[1997 NHL Entry Draft|1997]]: [[Mike Brown (winger, born 1979)|Mike Brown]] (20th overall)
* [[1999 NHL Entry Draft|1999]]: [[Denis Shvidki]] (12th overall)
* [[2001 NHL Entry Draft|2001]]: Stephen Weiss (4th overall) & Lukas Krajicek (24th overall)
* 2002: Jay Bouwmeester (3rd overall) & [[Petr Tatíček|Petr Taticek]] (9th overall)
* 2003: Nathan Horton (3rd overall) & [[Anthony Stewart (ice hockey)|Anthony Stewart]] (25th overall)
* [[2004 NHL Entry Draft|2004]]: [[Rostislav Olesz]] (7th overall)
* [[2005 NHL Entry Draft|2005]]: [[Kenndal McArdle]] (20th overall)
* [[2006 NHL Entry Draft|2006]]: [[Michael Frolík|Michael Frolik]] (10th overall)
* [[2007 NHL Entry Draft|2007]]: [[Keaton Ellerby]] (10th overall)
* [[2009 NHL Entry Draft|2009]]: [[Dmitri Kulikov (ice hockey)|Dmitri Kulikov]] (14th overall)
* 2010: Erik Gudbranson (3rd overall), Nick Bjugstad (19th overall) & Quinton Howden (25th overall)
* [[2011 NHL Entry Draft|2011]]: Jonathan Huberdeau (3rd overall)
* [[2012 NHL Entry Draft|2012]]: [[Mike Matheson]] (23rd overall)
* 2013: Aleksander Barkov (2nd overall)
* 2014: Aaron Ekblad (1st overall)
* [[2015 NHL Entry Draft|2015]]: [[Lawson Crouse]] (11th overall)
* [[2016 NHL Entry Draft|2016]]: [[Henrik Borgström|Henrik Borgstrom]] (23rd overall)
* [[2017 NHL Entry Draft|2017]]: [[Owen Tippett]] (10th overall)
* [[2018 NHL Entry Draft|2018]]: [[Grigori Denisenko]] (15th overall)
* [[2019 NHL Entry Draft|2019]]: [[Spencer Knight]] (13th overall)
* [[2020 NHL Entry Draft|2020]]: [[Anton Lundell]] (12th overall)
* [[2021 NHL Entry Draft|2021]]: [[Mackie Samoskevich]] (24th overall)
{{div col end}}

=== Hockey Hall of Fame inductees ===
The Florida Panthers have an affiliation with a number of inductees to the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]]. Inductees affiliated with the Panthers include seven former players and two builders of the sport. Builders that have an affiliation with the Panthers include former head coach [[Roger Nielson]], and Bill Torrey, former general manager of the Panthers. Former [[play-by-play]] commentator, [[Dave Strader]] was also a recipient of the [[Foster Hewitt Memorial Award]] from the Hockey Hall of Fame, for his contributions in hockey broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hhof.com/html/leg_broadcasters.shtml|title=Foster Hewitt Memorial Award winners|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum|year=2018|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142146/https://www.hhof.com/html/leg_broadcasters.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%;margin: 1em auto;" width="100%"
! colspan="7" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid;border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid; text-align: center;" |Florida Panthers Hall of Famers
|-
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |Hall of Fame players
|-
|[[Ed Belfour]]
|Pavel Bure
|[[Dino Ciccarelli]]
|[[Igor Larionov]]
|Roberto Luongo
|[[Joe Nieuwendyk]]
|[[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]]
|
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |Hall of Fame builders
|-
|
|
|
|Roger Neilson
|Bill Torrey
|
|
|}

=== NHL All-Star Game selections ===

; Players
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[45th National Hockey League All-Star Game|1994]]: [[Bob Kudelski]], John Vanbiesbrouck
* [[46th National Hockey League All-Star Game|1996]]: Scott Mellanby, John Vanbiesbrouck
* [[47th National Hockey League All-Star Game|1997]]: [[Róbert Švehla|Robert Svehla]], John Vanbiesbrouck
* [[50th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2000]]: Pavel Bure, [[Viktor Kozlov]], [[Ray Whitney (ice hockey)|Ray Whitney]]
* [[51st National Hockey League All-Star Game|2001]]: Pavel Bure
* [[52nd National Hockey League All-Star Game|2002]]: [[Sandis Ozoliņš|Sandis Ozolinsh]]
* [[53rd National Hockey League All-Star Game|2003]]: Olli Jokinen, Sandis Ozolinsh
* [[54th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2004]]: Roberto Luongo
* [[55th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2007]]: Jay Bouwmeester
* [[56th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2008]]: Tomas Vokoun
* [[57th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2009]]: Jay Bouwmeester
* [[59th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2012]]: Brian Campbell
* [[60th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2015]]: Aaron Ekblad, Roberto Luongo
* [[61st National Hockey League All-Star Game|2016]]: Aaron Ekblad, Jaromir Jagr, Roberto Luongo
* [[62nd National Hockey League All-Star Game|2017]]: [[Vincent Trocheck]]
* [[63rd National Hockey League All-Star Game|2018]]: [[Aleksander Barkov Jr.|Aleksander Barkov]]
* [[64th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2019]]: [[Keith Yandle]]
* [[65th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2020]]: Jonathan Huberdeau
* [[66th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2022]]: Jonathan Huberdeau
* [[2023 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2023]]: Matthew Tkachuk, Aleksander Barkov
* [[2024 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2024]]: [[Sam Reinhart]], Sergei Bobrovsky
{{col div end}}

; Head coaches

* Doug MacLean, 1996, 1997
* Gerard Gallant, 2016
* Andrew Brunette, 2022

=== Retired numbers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ style="background:#FFFFFF;border-top:#C8102E 5px solid;border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;" |Florida Panthers retired numbers
! width="40px" |No.
! width="120px" |Player
! width="120px" |Position
! width="100px" |Career
! width="150px" |No. retirement
|-
|'''1'''
|Roberto Luongo
|G
|2000–2006
2014–2019
|March 7, 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/florida-panthers-will-retire-roberto-luongo-jersey/c-308500718|title=Luongo to have number retired by Panthers|website=Florida Panthers|date=August 12, 2019|access-date=August 13, 2019|archive-date=August 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813221239/https://www.nhl.com/news/florida-panthers-will-retire-roberto-luongo-jersey/c-308500718|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''37'''
|Wayne Huizenga
|Owner
|1993–2001
|January 19, 2018<ref>{{cite web|last1=DeFranks|first1=Matthew|title=Panthers retire No. 37 in honor of former owner H. Wayne Huizenga|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/florida-panthers/fl-sp-panthers-notes-20180119-story.html|website=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=January 21, 2018|date=January 19, 2018|archive-date=January 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121053724/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/florida-panthers/fl-sp-panthers-notes-20180119-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''93'''
|Bill Torrey
|President
General manager
|1993–2001
|October 23, 2010
|}

* The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All-Star Game.<ref>{{cite web|title=Perfect setting: Gretzky's number retired before All-Star Game|publisher=CNN Sports Illustrated. Associated Press|date=February 6, 2000|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/2000/nhl_allstar/news/2000/02/06/gretsky_99/|access-date=June 9, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112022319/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/2000/nhl_allstar/news/2000/02/06/gretsky_99/|archive-date=November 12, 2013}}</ref>

=== Franchise scoring leaders ===
These are the top-ten-point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.

* {{Color box|#CCFFCC|*|border=darkgray}} – current Panthers player

'''''Note:''' Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game''
[[File:Stephen_Weiss.jpg|thumb|Recording 394 points as a Panther, Stephen Weiss is fourth all-time in franchise point scoring.]]
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|Points
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Player || Pos || GP || G || A || Pts || P/G
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aleksander Barkov* || C || 664 || 243 || 388 || '''631''' || 0.95
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Jonathan Huberdeau || LW || 671 || 198 || 415 || '''613''' || 0.91
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Olli Jokinen || C || 567 || 188 || 231 || '''419''' || 0.73
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Stephen Weiss || C || 654 || 145 || 249 || '''394''' || 0.60
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Scott Mellanby || RW || 552 || 157 || 197 || '''354''' || 0.64
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aaron Ekblad* || D || 625 || 111 || 218 || '''329''' || 0.53
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Nathan Horton || C || 422 || 142 || 153 || '''295''' || 0.66
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Viktor Kozlov || C || 414 || 101 || 190 || '''291''' || 0.70
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Robert Svehla || D || 573 || 61 || 229 || '''290''' || 0.51
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Vincent Trocheck || C || 420 || 111 || 171 || '''282''' || 0.67
|}
{{col-break|gap=1em}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ style= "background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|Goals
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Player || Pos || G
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aleksander Barkov* || C || 243
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Jonathan Huberdeau || LW || 198
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Olli Jokinen || C || 188
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Scott Mellanby || RW || 157
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Pavel Bure || RW || 152
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Stephen Weiss || C || 145
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Nathan Horton || C || 142
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Radek Dvorak || RW || 113
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Vincent Trocheck || C || 111
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aaron Ekblad* || D || 111
|}
{{col-break|gap=1em}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ style= "background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|Assists
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Player || Pos || A
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Jonathan Huberdeau || LW || 415
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aleksander Barkov* || C || 388
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Stephen Weiss || C || 249
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Olli Jokinen || C || 231
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Robert Svehla || D || 229
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aaron Ekblad* || D || 218
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Keith Yandle || D || 201
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Scott Mellanby || RW || 197
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Viktor Kozlov || C || 190
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Vincent Trocheck || C || 171
|}
{{col-end}}

=== Franchise individual records ===
{{main|List of Florida Panthers records}}{{div col}}
* Most goals in a season: Pavel Bure, 59 (2000–01)
* Most assists in a season: Jonathan Huberdeau, 85 (2021–22)
* Most points in a season: Jonathan Huberdeau, 115 (2021–22)
* Most penalty minutes in a season: [[Peter Worrell]], 354 (2001–02)
* Most points in a season, defenseman: Brandon Montour, 73 (2022–23)
* Most points in a season, rookie: [[Jesse Bélanger|Jesse Belanger]], 50 (1993–94)
* Highest +/- in a season: [[Gustav Forsling]], +41 (2021–22)
* Most wins in a season: Sergei Bobrovsky, 39 (2021–22)
* Most saves in a shutout win: [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 53
* Most shutouts in a season: Roberto Luongo (2003–04), Tomas Vokoun (2009–10), 7
* All-time leader in goals against average: Tomas Vokoun, 2.57
* All-time leader in shutouts: Roberto Luongo, 38
* All-time leader in games played by a goaltender: Roberto Luongo, 572
* All-time leader in wins by a goaltender: Roberto Luongo, 230
{{col div end}}

=== Other honors ===
Featured as cover athlete of ''[[NHL 97]]'' video game: John Vanbiesbrouck.<ref>{{Cite web|title=genesis nhl97.jpg|url=https://www.covercentury.com/index.php?p=genesis&l=n&f=genesis_nhl97.jpg|access-date=August 14, 2020|website=Cover Century {{!}} CD Covers and DVD Covers {{!}} Over 500.000 Album Art covers for free|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142538/https://www.covercentury.com/index.php?p=genesis&l=n&f=genesis_nhl97.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Florida Panthers general managers]]
* [[List of Florida Panthers head coaches]]
* [[List of Florida Panthers players]]
* [[Sports in Miami]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Florida Panthers}}

{{NHL}}

[[Category:Florida Panthers]]
[[Category:National Hockey League teams]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Florida]]
[[Category:Atlantic Division (NHL)]]
[[Category:National Hockey League in Florida|Panthers]]
[[Category:Ice hockey clubs established in 1993]]
[[Category:Ice hockey teams in Miami]]

Florida Panthers

2026-10-05T14:04:02Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox Pro hockey team
|team=Florida Panthers
|current=2023-24 Florida Panthers season
|logo=Florida_Panthers_2016.png
|city=[[Miami]], [[Florida]]
|league=[[NHL]]
|conference=Eastern
|division=Atlantic
|founded=1992
|operated='''Florida Panthers''' [[1993–94 NHL season|1993]]–present
|arena=[[Miami Arena]]
|colors=Pacific, Orange, Pink, Yellow {{color box|#00A1A8}} {{color box|#FF4F00}} {{color box|#FF6FFF}} {{color box|#EEFF1B}}
|owner=[[Miami Sports & Entertainment|MS&E Inc.]] ([[Vincent Viola]])
|GM=[[Bill Zito]]
|coach=[[Paul Maurice]]
|captain=[[Aleksander Barkov]]
|media=[[Moncton Public Broadcasting|MPB-TV]]
|affiliates=[[Charlotte Checkers]] ([[American Hockey League|AHL]]) [[Florida Everblades]] ([[ECHL]])
|website={{URL|https://www.nhl.com/panthers}}
|division_titles='''3''' ([[2011–12 NHL season|2011–12]], [[2015–16 NHL season|2015–16]], [[2021–22 NHL season|2021–22]])
|conf_titles='''2''' ([[1995–96 NHL season|1995–96]], [[2022–23 NHL season|2022–23]])
|kelly_cups='''1''' (2021–22)
|stanley_cups=0
}}
The '''Florida Panthers''' are a professional [[ice hockey]] team based in the [[Miami metropolitan area]]. The Panthers compete in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) as a member of the [[Atlantic Division (NHL)|Atlantic Division]] in the [[Eastern Conference (NHL)|Eastern Conference]], and initially played their home games at Miami Arena before moving to the [[Amerant Bank Arena]] in 1998. Located in [[Sunrise, Florida]], the franchise is the southernmost team in the NHL. The team's local broadcasting rights have been held by [[Bally Sports Florida]] (formerly SportsChannel and Fox Sports Florida) since 1996. The Panthers are primarily affiliated with two [[minor league]] teams: the Charlotte Checkers of the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Florida Everblades of the ECHL.

The Panthers began playing in the 1993–94 NHL season, where they set the record for the most [[Point (ice hockey)#Team stat|points]] by an expansion team in its inaugural season, which was later surpassed by the [[Vegas Golden Knights]] in [[2017–18 NHL season|2017–18]]. The team has made two appearances in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]], first in [[1996 Stanley Cup Finals|1996]], losing to the [[Colorado Avalanche]], and again in [[2023 Stanley Cup playoffs|2023]], this time losing to the Golden Knights. Between 1996 and 2020, the Panthers only qualified for the [[Stanley Cup playoffs]] five times, not winning a playoff series in that span. However, since the [[2020–21 NHL season|2020–21 season]], the Panthers have found success by winning their first playoff series in two decades in [[2022 Stanley Cup playoffs|2022]], and reaching the [[2023 Stanley Cup finals|Stanley Cup Finals]] the following year.

== History ==

=== Early years (1992–2000) ===
[[Blockbuster Video]] magnate [[Wayne Huizenga]] was awarded an NHL franchise for Miami on December 10, 1992,<ref>{{cite web|last=Richards|first=George|title=Florida Panthers new owner Vincent Viola: 'We will win here'|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/nhl/florida-panthers/article1955600.html|newspaper=The Miami Herald|date=September 28, 2013|access-date=January 17, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807044348/http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/nhl/florida-panthers/article1955600.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the same day [[The Walt Disney Company]] earned the rights to start a team in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] that would become the [[Mighty Ducks of Anaheim|Mighty Ducks]]. At the time, Huizenga owned both the newly founded [[Miami Marlins|Florida Marlins]] of [[Major League Baseball]] and a share of the [[National Football League]] (NFL)'s [[Miami Dolphins]]. The entry fee was $50 million. Huizenga announced the team would play at the Miami Arena, sharing the building with the [[National Basketball Association]]'s [[Miami Heat]], until a new arena was built.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-11/sports/1992346112_1_huizenga-miami-team-hockey|title=NHL to add teams in Miami, Anaheim Huizenga, Disney high-profile owners|last=LaPointe|first=Joe|date=December 11, 1992|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012094549/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-11/sports/1992346112_1_huizenga-miami-team-hockey|archive-date=October 12, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Offices for the team were only established in June 1993, while vice president of business operations Dean Jordan conceded that "none of the business people, myself included, knew anything about hockey."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1009015/1/index.htm|title=Above And Beyond|last=Farber|first=Michael|date=November 9, 1996|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=January 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105212732/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1009015/1/index.htm|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The new franchise would be the first professional ice hockey team in Miami since the folding of the [[Tropical Hockey League]] in 1939.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5g_r5MsuEf4C&dq=%22Tropical+Hockey+League%22&pg=PA124|title=Hockey: A People's History|last=McKinley|first=Michael|publisher=Random House Digital|year=2009|isbn=978-0771057717|page=124|access-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Wayne_Huizenga.jpg|thumb|Wayne Huizenga was awarded a franchise from the NHL on December 10, 1992.]]
On April 20, 1993, a press conference in [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Ft. Lauderdale]] announced that the team would be named Florida Panthers, with former [[New York Islanders]] general manager [[Bill Torrey]] as president and [[Bobby Clarke]] as general manager. The team is named for the [[Florida panther]], an endangered species of large cat [[Endemism|endemic]] to the nearby [[Everglades]] region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-04-20/sports/9302070080_1_stanley-cup-nhl-bob-clarke|title=They're Panthers, Torrey Is President Nhl Expansion Team's New Boss Shaped Isles|last=Joseph|first=Dave|date=April 20, 1993|newspaper=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704010522/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-04-20/sports/9302070080_1_stanley-cup-nhl-bob-clarke|archive-date=July 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once the logos and uniforms were unveiled on June 15, the team also announced its financial commitment to the panther preservation cause.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-15/sports/9306150506_1_florida-panthers-panthers-merchandise-bill-torrey|title=Panthers Unveil Uniforms, Logo|last=Joseph|first=Dave|date=June 15, 1993|newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330053705/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-15/sports/9306150506_1_florida-panthers-panthers-merchandise-bill-torrey|archive-date=March 30, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Huizenga had held the Panthers trademark since 1991, when he purchased it from a group of [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] investors who sought to create an MLB team in the Tampa Bay area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-04-01/sports/9101160701_1_huizenga-florida-panthers-national-league-expansion|title=Local Fans Give Huizenga 113,000 Votes of Confidence|last=Giuliotti|first=Ed|date=April 1, 1991|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704011543/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-04-01/sports/9101160701_1_huizenga-florida-panthers-national-league-expansion|archive-date=July 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The new franchise joined the NHL for participation in the 1993–94 season, along with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. The Panthers' and Ducks' rosters were filled in both the [[1993 NHL Expansion Draft|expansion draft]] and the [[1993 NHL Entry Draft]] in June 1993, hosted by [[Quebec City]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-27/sports/9306270413_1_sharks-goaltender-ron-hextall|title=Expansion Teams Laying Foundation|last=Babineau|first=Jeff|date=June 27, 1993|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512231315/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-27/sports/9306270413_1_sharks-goaltender-ron-hextall|archive-date=May 12, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-24/sports/9306240127_1_expansion-draft-tampa-bay-entry-draft|title=Florida, Anaheim Take Form Today|last=Babineau|first=Jeff|date=June 24, 1993|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330124947/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-06-24/sports/9306240127_1_expansion-draft-tampa-bay-entry-draft|archive-date=March 30, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> that draft produced ten players who would eventually be a part of the 1996 Eastern Conference-winning team.<ref name="Rat Pack">{{cite news|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1996/06/10/8103361/rat-pack-floridas-unlikely-run-to-the-cup-finals-has-miami-giddy-over-hockeyand-rabid-over-rodents|title=Rat Pack|last=Montville|first=Leigh|date=June 10, 1996|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=January 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623212414/http://www.si.com/vault/1996/06/10/8103361/rat-pack-floridas-unlikely-run-to-the-cup-finals-has-miami-giddy-over-hockeyand-rabid-over-rodents|archive-date=June 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Panthers' first major stars were former [[New York Rangers]] [[goaltender]] [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], [[rookie]] [[Rob Niedermayer]] and forward [[Scott Mellanby]], who scored 30 goals in Florida's inaugural season.<ref name="si">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1148158/index.htm|title=A Goal in Sight|date=February 7, 1994|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080432/http://www.cnn.com/bleacher-report/|archive-date=October 6, 2014|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> Their first game was a 4–4 tie on the road against the [[Chicago Blackhawks]], while their first win was a 2–0 shutout of the [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] in the [[Tropicana Field|Thunderdome]] before a then-NHL record crowd of 27,227. The Panthers had one of the most successful first seasons of any [[expansion team]] in league history, finishing just two points below .500 and narrowly missing out on the final [[1994 Stanley Cup playoffs|1994 playoff]] spot in the East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-07-27/sports/9407270532_1_panthers-tampa-bay-lone-home-game|title=Panthers To Play Nine Exhibition Games|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=October 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002045033/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-07-27/sports/9407270532_1_panthers-tampa-bay-lone-home-game|url-status=live}}</ref> Their first-year success was attributed mainly to the [[Neutral zone trap|trap defense]] that first-year coach [[Roger Neilson]] implemented. This conservative style was widely criticized by NHL teams; some even suggested that the Panthers were ruining the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-03-06/sports/9503050239_1_neutral-zone-trap-florida-panthers-roger-neilson|title=Cut The Trap? Neilson Isn't Staying in Neutral Zone|access-date=April 4, 2012|archive-date=May 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519010145/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-03-06/sports/9503050239_1_neutral-zone-trap-florida-panthers-roger-neilson|url-status=live}}</ref> While the team executives expected the audience to consist of mostly "[[Snowbird (people)|snowbird]]" Canadians living in Florida, the Floridians soon embraced the Panthers.<ref name="si" /> Helped by Miami's other teams having middling performances, the club averaged 94% capacity at the 14,500-seat Miami Arena, and sold 8,500 season tickets in 100 days.<ref name="si" />

In August 1994, general manager Clarke left to work for the [[Philadelphia Flyers]]; [[Bryan Murray (ice hockey)|Bryan Murray]] was brought in from the [[Detroit Red Wings]] as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-02/sports/25842215_1_terry-murray-new-flyers-coach-bryan-murray|title=Archives - Philly.com|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090626/http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-02/sports/25842215_1_terry-murray-new-flyers-coach-bryan-murray|url-status=live}}</ref> After another close brush with the playoffs, finishing the [[1994–95 NHL lockout|lockout]]-shortened [[1994–95 NHL season|1994–95 season]] again in ninth,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-05-04/sports/9505040096_1_jagr-s-shot-john-vanbiesbrouck-panthers|title=No Playoffs, But Panthers Finish in Style|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=February 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201155114/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-05-04/sports/9505040096_1_jagr-s-shot-john-vanbiesbrouck-panthers|url-status=dead}}</ref> Neilson was fired following an argument with Murray regarding [[Ed Jovanovski]], whom the Panthers chose as the number one overall pick at the [[1994 NHL Entry Draft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-06-13/sports/9506120510_1_jovanovski-hockey-team-roger-neilson|title=Looks Like Gm, Coach Couldn't See Eye To Eye|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=February 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201155110/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-06-13/sports/9506120510_1_jovanovski-hockey-team-roger-neilson|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Doug MacLean]], who had been the team's player development director, was promoted to coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/25/sports/sports-people-hockey-panthers-promote-from-within-by-hiring-maclean-as-coach.html|title=SPORTS PEOPLE: HOCKEY; Panthers Promote From Within By Hiring MacLean as Coach|date=July 25, 1995|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804215455/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/25/sports/sports-people-hockey-panthers-promote-from-within-by-hiring-maclean-as-coach.html|archive-date=August 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The team then acquired [[Ray Sheppard]] from the [[San Jose Sharks]] at the [[NHL trade deadline]] and looked toward the playoffs for the first time.

==== The Rat Trick and a trip to the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals ====
A very unusual goal celebration developed in Miami during the 1995–96 season. On the night of the Panthers' 1995–96 home opener, a [[rat]] scurried across the team's locker room. Scott Mellanby reacted by "[[One timer|one-timing]]" the rat against the wall, killing it. That night, he scored two goals, which Vanbiesbrouck quipped was "a [[rat trick]]." Two nights later, as the story found its way into the world, a few fans threw rubber rats on the ice in celebration of a goal. The [[rubber]] rat count went from 16 for the third home game to over 2,000 during the playoffs.<ref name="Rat Pack" />

In the [[1996 Stanley Cup playoffs|1996 playoffs]], as the fourth seed in the East, the Panthers faced the [[Boston Bruins]] in the first round and won in five games. [[Bill Lindsay]]'s series-clinching goal is still a trademark image for the run the third-year franchise went on. The Panthers went on to upset the top-seeded Philadelphia Flyers in six games followed by the second-seeded [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] in seven (with [[Tom Fitzgerald (ice hockey)|Tom Fitzgerald]] scoring what would end up being the game-winning goal) to reach the Stanley Cup Finals against the Colorado Avalanche, another team making its first Finals appearance.<ref name="Rat Pack" /> The Avalanche, however, swept the Panthers in four games. Despite losing in the Finals, the Panthers set a record for most wins by an expansion team in their first postseason appearance with 12 victories (this record would later be broken by the Vegas Golden Knights during their inaugural season in 2017–18).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB03D7A86BE23F7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=No stopping the Avalanche – Colorado completes Cup sweep of Panthers with 3OT victory|author=Ulman, Howard|date=June 11, 1996|access-date=March 25, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609205058/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB03D7A86BE23F7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|archive-date=June 9, 2011|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> For his team's surprising success, Bryan Murray was honored as NHL Executive of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1996-05-07/sports/9605060431_1_coach-doug-maclean-jason-podollan-voting|title=Murphy's Toe Ready|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=June 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623212637/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1996-05-07/sports/9605060431_1_coach-doug-maclean-jason-podollan-voting|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Panthers began the next season with a 12-game unbeaten streak, but faded in the second half of the season after trading second line center [[Stu Barnes]]. They lost in five games in the first round of the playoffs to the [[Wayne Gretzky]]-led New York Rangers. The team would plummet in the [[1997–98 NHL season|1997–98 season]]. After a 7–12–4 start, the Panthers fired Doug MacLean, replacing him for the season with general manager Bryan Murray. The change did not aid matters, as Florida posted a franchise-worst 24–43–15 record, including a 15-game winless streak. This season also marked the end of goaltender John Vanbiesbrouck's time in Florida; in the midst of that streak, he was shelled by the Chicago Blackhawks and never played another game for the Panthers. In the following off-season, Vanbiesbrouck signed with the Flyers as a free agent.

=== New arena and a decade of struggles (1998–2010) ===
The Panthers moved into the brand new National Car Rental Center (now known as Amerant Bank Arena) in 1998. In [[1998–99 NHL season|1998–99]], they acquired [[Pavel Bure]] (the "Russian Rocket"), in a blockbuster trade with the [[Vancouver Canucks]]. They then reached the playoffs again in [[1999–2000 NHL season|1999–2000]], losing in a first-round sweep to the eventual [[Stanley Cup]] champion [[New Jersey Devils]]. The team slumped in [[2000–01 NHL season|2000–01]]. Afterward, Huizenga sold the Panthers to an ownership group led by Alan Cohen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nT1GAAAAIBAJ&sjid=buUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4337,937756|title=Record-Journal – Google News Archive Search|access-date=September 21, 2016|archive-date=November 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125201129/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nT1GAAAAIBAJ&sjid=buUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4337%2C937756|url-status=live}}</ref> The following season, [[2001–02 NHL season|2001–02]], the Panthers had their worst record ever. Bure struggled despite being reunited with his brother [[Valeri Bure|Valeri]], and was traded to the Rangers at the 2002 trade deadline.
[[File:Jay_Bouwmeester.jpg|left|thumb|The Panthers drafted [[Jay Bouwmeester]] third overall in the [[2002 NHL Entry Draft]].]]
The Panthers then began eyeing defenseman Jay Bouwmeester, who was widely tipped to be picked first overall pick at the 2002 Draft. However, then-general manager [[Rick Dudley]] sent Florida's first pick to the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]], who selected winger [[Rick Nash]], and in return, the Panthers received the right to trade first-round selections with the Blue Jackets in the [[2003 NHL Entry Draft|2003 Draft]],<ref>{{cite web|title=This Day In Panthers History – June|url=http://panthers.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=37497|website=FloridaPanthers.com|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906065112/http://panthers.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=37497|url-status=dead}}</ref> a right which was not exercised when the Panthers received the first overall selection in 2003 as well. The [[Atlanta Thrashers]], after picking goaltender [[Kari Lehtonen]] second overall, announced that the Panthers had given them two draft picks to guarantee that Bouwmeester would still be available for Florida's selection. Bouwmeester was selected third overall by the Panthers. Said then-head coach [[Mike Keenan]], "We shouldn't have done that ... Jay would have been number-one if we'd kept that pick."<ref>{{cite book|title=Hockey's Greatest Stars: Legends and Young Lions|author=McDonell, Chris.|publisher=Firefly Books|year=2005|isbn=1-55407-038-4|pages=135}}</ref>

In 2003, the Panthers hosted the [[National Hockey League All-Star Game|NHL All-Star Weekend]] in which the [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western Conference]] earned a 6–5 victory after the first overtime shootout in All-Star history. The West overcame a four-goal outburst by Thrashers winger [[Dany Heatley]], who took home MVP honors in his first All-Star appearance.

On June 23, 2006, the Panthers were again involved in a blockbuster trade with Vancouver, sending [[Roberto Luongo]], [[Lukáš Krajíček|Lukas Krajicek]] and a sixth-round draft pick ([[Sergei Shirokov]]) in exchange for [[Todd Bertuzzi]], [[Alex Auld]] and [[Bryan Allen (ice hockey)|Bryan Allen]]. This trade has been regarded by some as one of the worst trades in professional sports history{{snd}}Luongo, who was at the prime of his career, was one of the League's top goaltenders, while Bertuzzi played just a handful of games for Florida before getting injured. He would later be traded to Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline for [[Shawn Matthias]]. Additionally, Auld ended up a poor replacement for Luongo, and was ultimately let go after one season with the team.

On June 22, 2007, the Panthers were involved in yet another draft-day deal involving a goaltender. The team acquired [[Tomáš Vokoun|Tomas Vokoun]] from the [[Nashville Predators]] in exchange for three draft picks{{snd}}a first-round pick in 2008, a second-round pick in 2008 and a conditional second-round pick that could be used in 2007 or 2008. The move would eventually pay off when Vokoun was selected to the Eastern Conference All-Star Team. On July 28, 2007, Florida unveiled their new jerseys to over 11,000 fans at the BankAtlantic Center during the first intermission of the Panthers' 1996 Reunion game. Star forwards [[Nathan Horton]] and [[Stephen Weiss]] were both in full gear to help showcase the sweater changes.

In June 2008, the Panthers traded their captain [[Olli Jokinen]] to the [[Phoenix Coyotes]] for a second-round draft pick and defensemen [[Keith Ballard]] and [[Nick Boynton]]. The Panthers finished the [[2008–09 NHL season|2008–09 season]] with a strong 41–30–11 record and 93 points, their second-highest finish in franchise history. Despite this, however, the Panthers missed the playoffs for an eighth-straight season, the then-longest streak in the NHL.

In November 2009, [[Cliff Viner]] and Stu Siegel became the new majority owners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2009-11-16-1521235273_x.htm|title=Panthers announce new majority owners - USATODAY.com|access-date=July 5, 2013|archive-date=May 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071341/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2009-11-16-1521235273_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 23, 2009, the Panthers made their third jersey, ridding red from the alternate jersey, replacing it with powder blue. The Panthers missed the playoffs for the ninth consecutive time in the [[2009–10 NHL season|2009–10 season]], making them the first team in NHL history to do so in one city.

=== Dale Tallon era (2010–2020) ===
Panthers management hired [[Dale Tallon]] as the team's new general manager on May 17, 2010. Tallon rebuilt the team with [[2010 NHL Entry Draft|2010]] draft picks [[Erik Gudbranson]], [[Nick Bjugstad]] and [[Quinton Howden]], as well as the acquisition of players, including [[Steve Bernier]], [[Michael Grabner]], [[Marty Reasoner]], [[Ryan Carter]] and [[Sergei Samsonov]]. All of the above-mentioned players, however, were traded at the 2011 trade deadline or released during the 2011 off-season, save for Gudbranson, Bjugstad and Howden. At the end of the [[2010–11 NHL season|2010–11 season]], just Stephen Weiss and [[David Booth (ice hockey)|David Booth]] remained from the pre-lockout era Panthers roster.
[[File:Brian_Campbell_Panthers.jpg|thumb|The Panthers acquired [[Brian Campbell]] during the 2011 off-season. Campbell played with the Panthers from 2011 to 2016.]]
On June 1, 2011, [[Kevin Dineen]], head coach of the American Hockey League (AHL)'s [[Portland Pirates]], was named to be the 11th head coach of the Panthers. The team also rebranded their image, releasing a new home jersey, predominantly red with navy blue sleeves, and eliminating the navy blue piping on the road jersey; this new {{Not a typo|jersey}} replaced the navy blue one as the main home jersey. The 2011 off-season saw the acquisitions of [[Scottie Upshall]], [[Tomáš Fleischmann|Tomas Fleischmann]], [[Sean Bergenheim]], [[Marcel Goc]], [[Matt Bradley]], Ed Jovanovski, [[José Théodore|Jose Theodore]], [[Kris Versteeg]], [[Tomáš Kopecký|Tomas Kopecky]] and Brian Campbell.

After several more trades and over 300-man-games lost to injury throughout the season, the Panthers were able to finish first in the Southeast Division, marking the end of their record-setting decade-long postseason drought. The Panthers won the first-ever division title in franchise history with a 4–1 victory over the [[Carolina Hurricanes]] on April 7, 2012. However, the Panthers were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by the eventual Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils, losing at home in double overtime of Game 7.

In the [[2012–13 NHL lockout|lockout]]-shortened [[2012–13 NHL season|2012–13 season]], the Panthers had an abysmal season. Unable to regain their form from last season, the Panthers suffered key injuries and fell back down into the basement with the worst record in the League. In the [[2013–14 NHL season|2013–14 season]], the Panthers failed to gain any momentum and finished 29th out of 30 teams. The team then fired head coach Kevin Dineen and replaced him with [[Peter Horachek]]. At the trade deadline, the Panthers reacquired Roberto Luongo from Vancouver. The Panthers would relieve Horachek of his duties at the end of the season, replacing him with former Columbus Blue Jackets head coach [[Gerard Gallant]]. The team also received the first overall pick in the [[2014 NHL Entry Draft]], using it to select [[Barrie Colts]] defenseman [[Aaron Ekblad]].
[[File:Aleksander_Barkov_2015-03-14_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|266x266px|Aleksander Barkov, drafted 2nd overall by the Panthers in [[2013 NHL Entry Draft|2013]], would emerge as the franchise's captain and star during the late-2010s.]]
The Panthers' [[2014–15 NHL season|2014–15]] home opener on October 12, 2014, set a team record for the lowest attendance at a home opener, with only 11,419 spectators in attendance. The team's next game against the [[Ottawa Senators]] marked the team's lowest attendance ever, with only 7,311 in attendance.<ref name="np-pantherslow">{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers set record for lowest attendance in franchise history|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/sports/nhl/florida-panthers-struggling-both-on-the-ice-and-in-the-stands|website=National Post|access-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref> Despite finishing with a record of 38–29–15, the Panthers missed the [[2015 Stanley Cup playoffs|2015 playoffs]] by seven points. On December 8, 2015, the Panthers announced that they signed a 13-year lease, and an $86 million funding agreement with [[Broward County]] and would have a new logo and uniforms after the 2015–16 season. Their original logo had remained almost unchanged since their first season in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|last=Creamer|first=Chris|title=Florida Panthers Staying Put, Re-Design Coming|url=http://news.sportslogos.net/2015/12/09/florida-panthers-staying-put-re-design-coming/|website=[[SportsLogos.net]]|date=December 9, 2015|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618102445/http://news.sportslogos.net/2015/12/09/florida-panthers-staying-put-re-design-coming/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fl-panthers-subsidy-vote-20151208-story.html|title=Broward Commission gives $86 million to Florida Panthers|last=Wallman|first=Brittany|date=December 8, 2015|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618102412/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fl-panthers-subsidy-vote-20151208-story.html|archive-date=June 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2015–16 Florida Panthers season|2015–16 season]], the team set a franchise record with a 12-game win streak. They also set a franchise record for most wins in a regular season with 47 wins and won their division for the second time in their existence. However, the Panthers lost to the New York Islanders in six games in the first round of the [[2016 Stanley Cup playoffs|playoffs]]; this would be the first playoff series win for the Islanders since the 1992–93 season. Head coach Gerard Gallant was nominated as a finalist for the [[Jack Adams Award]], which recognizes the NHL Coach of the Year.

The [[2016–17 Florida Panthers season|2016–17 season]] began with the promotion of general manager Dale Tallon to an executive position within the organization and assistant general manager [[Tom Rowe (ice hockey)|Tom Rowe]] was promoted to general manager.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nhl-puck-daddy/panthers-reassign-dale-tallon--shake-up-front-office-to-spotlight-analytics-063756912.html|title=Panthers reassign Dale Tallon, shake up front office to spotlight analytics|last=Wyshynski|first=Greg|date=May 8, 2016|work=[[Yahoo! Sports]]|access-date=May 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509044418/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nhl-puck-daddy/panthers-reassign-dale-tallon--shake-up-front-office-to-spotlight-analytics-063756912.html|archive-date=May 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> After an 11–10–1 start to the season, the Panthers fired head coach Gerard Gallant and general manager Tom Rowe took over as interim head coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-gm-tom-rowe-interim-head-coach/c-284147032|title=Florida Panthers Name GM Tom Rowe Interim Head Coach|date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129023803/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-gm-tom-rowe-interim-head-coach/c-284147032|archive-date=November 29, 2016|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=FloridaPanthers.com|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of the season, Rowe was relieved of his duties as both coach and general manager and was named special advisor to Tallon, who returned to positions of team president and general manager.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/dale-tallon-named-panthers-general-manager/c-288637636|title=Dale Tallon Named Panthers General Manager|date=April 10, 2017|access-date=April 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003135423/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/dale-tallon-named-panthers-general-manager/c-288637636|archive-date=October 3, 2018|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=FloridaPanthers.com|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 12, 2017, the Panthers named [[Bob Boughner]] as their new head coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-bob-boughner-head-coach/c-289896766|title=Florida Panthers Name Bob Boughner Head Coach|date=June 13, 2017|access-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520204219/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-bob-boughner-head-coach/c-289896766|archive-date=May 20, 2022|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=FloridaPanthers.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[2017–18 Florida Panthers season|2017–18 season]] began with a 19–22–6 record leading up to the [[2018 NHL All-Star Game]]. The Panthers then went on a 25–8–2 run in their last 35 games, ending up one point short of a playoff berth. Their 44–30–8 record earned 96 regular season points, tying the league record of the [[2014–15 Boston Bruins season|2014–15 Boston Bruins]] and the [[2018–19 Montreal Canadiens season|2018–19 Montreal Canadiens]] for the team with the most regular season points to miss the postseason.<ref>{{cite web|title=Most points by an NHL team without reaching playoffs|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/409884-most-points-by-an-nhl-team-without-reaching-playoffs|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=May 15, 2022|archive-date=May 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515165521/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/409884-most-points-by-an-nhl-team-without-reaching-playoffs|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 7, 2019, the Panthers fired Boughner after the team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the third straight season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers Relieve Head Coach Bob Boughner of Duties|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-relieve-head-coach-bob-boughner-of-duties/c-306559480|website=NHL.com|access-date=April 8, 2019|date=April 7, 2019|archive-date=April 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407222616/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-relieve-head-coach-bob-boughner-of-duties/c-306559480|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, [[Joel Quenneville]] was named the 16th head coach of the Panthers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers Name Joel Quenneville Head Coach|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-joel-quenneville-head-coach/c-306572380|publisher=National Hockey League|access-date=April 8, 2019|date=April 8, 2019|archive-date=April 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408120349/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-joel-quenneville-head-coach/c-306572380|url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 10, 2020, after nine years as general manager, the Panthers and Tallon mutually agreed to part ways, following the team's elimination in the [[2020 Stanley Cup playoffs]]. In Tallon's tenure, the Panthers qualified for the [[Stanley Cup Playoffs]] three times, in 2012, 2016, and [[2019–20 NHL season|2020]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/dale-tallon-florida-panthers-part-ways-after-10-seasons/c-318368422|title=Tallon out as general manager of Panthers after 10 seasons|date=August 11, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115004120/https://www.nhl.com/news/dale-tallon-florida-panthers-part-ways-after-10-seasons/c-318368422|archive-date=January 15, 2021|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=NHL.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Arrival of Bill Zito, return to prominence (2020–present) ===
Panthers management hired Bill Zito to succeed Tallon as the team's general manager on September 2, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-bill-zito-general-manager/c-318857380|title=Florida Panthers Name Bill Zito General Manager|date=September 2, 2020|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413185941/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-name-bill-zito-general-manager/c-318857380|archive-date=April 13, 2021|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=NHL.com|url-status=live}}</ref> During the shortened 2020–21 NHL season, the Panthers compiled 79 points in 56 games played, finishing the season in second place in the temporary [[Central Division (NHL)|Central Division]], one point behind the Carolina Hurricanes. As such, they were pitted against division and statewide rival, the Tampa Bay Lightning, in the first round of the [[2021 Stanley Cup playoffs#First Round#(C2) Florida Panthers vs. (C3) Tampa Bay Lightning|playoffs]]. They were defeated in six games by the eventual [[2021 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]] champions, for yet another first round exit.

In the 2021–22 season, Quenneville led the Panthers to a 7–0–0 record through the team's first seven games, but he would resign from his coaching duties as a result of the fallout from the [[2010 Chicago Blackhawks sexual assault scandal]] on October 28, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Florida Panthers Announce Resignation of Joel Quenneville|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-announce-resignation-of-joel-quenneville/c-327334254|access-date=October 29, 2021|publisher=National Hockey League|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029015033/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-announce-resignation-of-joel-quenneville/c-327334254|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, the Panthers named former NHL player [[Andrew Brunette]] their interim head coach.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers name Andrew Brunette interim head coach|url=https://theathletic.com/news/florida-panthers-name-andrew-brunette-interim-head-coach/SxBeA1F7irfD//c-877278|website=ESPN.com|access-date=April 22, 2022|date=October 29, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On April 3, 2022, the Panthers became the first team during the 2021–22 season to clinch a playoff berth, when they defeated the [[Buffalo Sabres]] at home, 5–3. This victory was also Florida's 48th of the season, breaking their previous record set during 2015–16 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers Clinch Berth in 2022 Stanley Cup Playoffs|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-clinch-berth-in-2022-stanley-cup-playoffs/c-332597612|website=NHL.com|access-date=April 22, 2022|date=April 3, 2022|archive-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041623/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-clinch-berth-in-2022-stanley-cup-playoffs/c-332597612|url-status=live}}</ref> Three weeks later, on April 21, 2022, following a 5–2 victory over the Detroit Red Wings, the Panthers crowned themselves as Atlantic Division champions for the first time since the 2015–16 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers Clinch Atlantic Division Title|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-clinch-atlantic-division-title/c-877278|website=NHL.com|access-date=April 22, 2022|date=April 21, 2022|archive-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041622/https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-clinch-atlantic-division-title/c-877278|url-status=live}}</ref> The victory was also Florida's 12th consecutive, dating all the way back to a 7–4 win over the [[Montreal Canadiens]] on March 29.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadiens at Panthers, 03/29/22|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/game/_/gameId/401350195/c-877278|website=ESPN.com|access-date=April 22, 2022|date=March 29, 2022|archive-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041622/https://www.espn.com/nhl/game/_/gameId/401350195/c-877278|url-status=live}}</ref> This win streak matched another one achieved during the 2015–16 season, tying the franchise record. With the win, the Panthers improved to a stellar 56–15–6 record, tallying 118 points, and overcoming the Colorado Avalanche in the quest for the [[Presidents' Trophy]]. After an Avalanche defeat, and a Panthers 4–0 victory over the Ottawa Senators on April 28, the Panthers clinched the Presidents' Trophy for the first time in franchise history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Panthers clinch franchise's first Presidents' Trophy, top seed in playoffs|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/33824337/florida-panthers-clinch-franchise-first-presidents-trophy-top-seed-playoffs|website=ESPN.com|access-date=May 4, 2022|date=April 28, 2022|archive-date=May 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504012652/https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/33824337/florida-panthers-clinch-franchise-first-presidents-trophy-top-seed-playoffs|url-status=live}}</ref> They would end the regular season with 122 points, with a 58–18–6 record, the best record registered in the league since division rivals Tampa Bay Lightning in [[2018–19 NHL season|2018–19]]. On May 13, the Panthers advanced past the first round for the first time in 26 years, dating all the way back to the 1996 Eastern Conference Finals, by beating the [[Washington Capitals]] in six games, eliminating them with a 4–3 overtime victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carter Verhaeghe scores in overtime as Florida Panthers eliminate Washington Capitals in Stanley Cup playoffs|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/33912472/carter-verhaeghe-scores-florida-panthers-eliminate-washington-capitals-stanley-cup-playoffs|website=ESPN.com|access-date=May 14, 2022|date=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514032307/https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/33912472/carter-verhaeghe-scores-florida-panthers-eliminate-washington-capitals-stanley-cup-playoffs|url-status=live}}</ref> However, their luck would run out in the second round, as the Panthers were swept in four games by the archrival the Tampa Bay Lightning. Florida went completely dry offensively, scoring only three goals throughout the whole four-game series.<ref>{{cite web|title=2022 NHL Eastern Second Round Tampa Bay Lightning defeat Florida Panthers 4–0|url=https://www.hockey-reference.com/playoffs/2022-florida-panthers-vs-tampa-bay-lightning-eastern-second-round.html|website=hockey-reference.com|access-date=May 6, 2023|date=April 24, 2022|archive-date=May 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506165503/https://www.hockey-reference.com/playoffs/2022-florida-panthers-vs-tampa-bay-lightning-eastern-second-round.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the 2022–23, the Panthers looked to carry on their positive regular season streak. However, the team was hampered by injuries, most notably to star [[Centre (ice hockey)|center]] Aleksander Barkov, who was sidelined for a large portion of the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=NHL Buzz: Barkov has lower-body injury, out for Panthers against Bruins|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-buzz-news-and-notes-december-19/c-338970884|website=NHL.com|access-date=May 25, 2023|archive-date=May 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525161128/https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-buzz-news-and-notes-december-19/c-338970884|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite being outside of playoff contention by February 2023, the Panthers slowly gained momentum, aided by Barkov's return, and eventually finished the season with a 42–32–8 record, good enough for 92 points and the last wild card spot, one point ahead of the Pittsburgh Penguins. As such, they were set to battle the record-breaking, 135-point Boston Bruins in the first round. As the heavy underdogs in the series, the Panthers were down 3–1 after losing game 4 at home. However, they won game 5 in overtime, 4–3 at the [[TD Garden]], and game 6, 7–5, at home to tie the series at 3. In the definitive game 7, the Panthers led 2–0 after the first period, but were down 3–2 with under two minutes left in the third period, facing elimination. However, after goaltender [[Sergei Bobrovsky]] left the net to bring an extra skater to the ice, [[Brandon Montour]] scored with under a minute left to play to send the game to overtime. In overtime, despite a few saves by Bruins goaltender [[Jeremy Swayman]], [[Carter Verhaeghe]] scored to win the game 4–3 and stun the Bruins, setting up a second round matchup against the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nhl/news/bruins-vs-panthers-score-florida-stuns-boston-in-game-7-behind-carter-verhaeghes-game-winning-goal-in-ot/live/|work=CBS Sports|title=Bruins vs. Panthers score: Florida stuns Boston in Game 7 behind Carter Verhaeghe's game-winning goal in OT|last=Nivison|first=Austin|date=April 30, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023|archive-date=May 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501034258/https://www.cbssports.com/nhl/news/bruins-vs-panthers-score-florida-stuns-boston-in-game-7-behind-carter-verhaeghes-game-winning-goal-in-ot/live/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second round, the Panthers continued their positive streak, defeating the Maple Leafs in five games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/florida-panthers-defeat-toronto-maple-leafs-3-2-to-advance-to-conference-finals/|website=www.cbsnews.com|publisher=CBS News|title=Florida Panthers defeat Toronto Maple Leafs 3–2 to advance to Eastern Conference final|date=May 12, 2023|access-date=May 25, 2023|archive-date=May 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525015921/https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/florida-panthers-defeat-toronto-maple-leafs-3-2-to-advance-to-conference-finals/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Panthers played their longest game in franchise history on May 18, against the Carolina Hurricanes in the Eastern Conference Final, which resulted in a 3–2 Panthers victory with [[Matthew Tkachuk]] scoring the game-winning goal with 12.7 seconds left in quadruple overtime.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tkachuk ends 6th-longest game in NHL history, Panthers outlast Hurricanes 3–2 in 4th OT|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/_/gameId/401548431|website=ESPN|access-date=May 20, 2023|date=May 18, 2023|archive-date=May 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519171457/https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/_/gameId/401548431|url-status=live}}</ref> The Panthers would then sweep the Hurricanes in four games which included a goal by Tkachuk with 4.3 seconds left in Game 4. This would be the first time the Panthers had ever swept a playoff series. They advanced to the [[2023 Stanley Cup Finals]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tkachuk sends Panthers to Stanley Cup Final, after topping Hurricanes 4–3 for sweep|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/_/gameId/401548434|website=ESPN|access-date=May 25, 2023|date=May 24, 2023|archive-date=May 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525145047/https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/_/gameId/401548434|url-status=live}}</ref> where they lost to the Vegas Golden Knights in five games.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Belson|first1=Ken|title=Vegas Golden Knights Win the Stanley Cup in Just Their Sixth Season|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/sports/hockey/nhl-stanley-cup-knights-panthers.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=December 24, 2023|date=June 13, 2023}}</ref>

== Logo and uniforms ==
The Florida Panthers have had just two primary logos over the course of their history. Their first logo, used from 1993 to 2016, depicted a leaping panther. Other logos from the era included an alternate version of the "leaping panther" logo, this time holding a pair of broken hockey sticks, and a logo depicting a yellow sun behind a hockey stick and a palm tree. The "leaping panther" logo was redesigned and relegated to an alternate logo when the Panthers unveiled a new logo in the 2016–17 season. The current primary logo is a shield with the profile of a panther head below the word "Florida"; the same logo with the word "Panthers" above is also used interchangeably.<ref name="PanthersUniforms">{{cite news|url=https://thehockeywriters.com/florida-panthers-jersey-history/|title=Florida Panthers Jersey History|last=Ferrell|first=Peter|date=February 12, 2018|work=The Hockey Writers|access-date=January 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524232736/https://thehockeywriters.com/florida-panthers-jersey-history/|archive-date=May 24, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Panthers' first uniform set was used from 1993 to 2007. The red road and white home uniforms featured the leaping panther crest in front and the alternate palm tree logo on the shoulders. Diagonal stripes accentuated the sleeves and the yoke design was triangular in shape. Yellow and navy were used as accent colors.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

In 1998, the Panthers debuted an alternate navy uniform, with the front crest depicting the leaping panther holding a pair of broken hockey sticks. Prior to the 2003–04 season, the navy uniform became the primary home uniform while the red uniform was relegated to alternate status. The crests on both uniforms were also switched.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

Adopting the [[Reebok]] Edge template in 2007, the Panthers revealed new uniform designs. The navy and white uniforms sported a thicker stripe on each sleeve along with added piping.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

In 2009, the Panthers unveiled a navy alternate uniform, featuring a roundel crest depicting a panther head surrounded by the team name. Powder blue replaced red as trim color and the alternate "FLA" sunshine logo was placed on the shoulders. This uniform was used for three seasons.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

Before the 2011–12 season, the Panthers retired their primary navy uniforms and returned to wearing red uniforms at home. The piping on the chest was also eliminated.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

The Panthers overhauled their visual design prior to the 2016–17 season, replacing yellow with flat gold as trim color. Red uniforms featured the shield logo with the team name, while the white uniforms used the variation with the city name. An alternate logo featuring the [[flag of Florida]] below a crawling panther is added on the sleeves. Both sets feature thick contrasting stripes on the chest and sleeves. The basic design was retained once [[Adidas]] took over as supplier prior to the 2017–18 season.<ref name="PanthersUniforms" />

For the 2020–21 season, the Panthers released a "Reverse Retro" alternate uniform, essentially a recoloring of the team's original uniform. In this case, the Panthers wore their original 1990s "leaping panther" uniform, but with a navy base and flat gold replacing yellow as a trim color.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-reveals-adidas-reverse-retro-jerseys/c-319633384|title=Reverse Retro alternate jerseys for all 31 teams unveiled by NHL, adidas|date=December 1, 2020|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211011731/https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-reveals-adidas-reverse-retro-jerseys/c-319633384|archive-date=December 11, 2020|publisher=National Hockey League|url-status=live}}</ref> A second "Reverse Retro" uniform was unveiled, again using the same 1990s-era template but with a powder blue base (a nod to the 2009–12 navy alternates) and the alternate palm tree, sun and stick logo in front.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/2022-adidas-nhl-reverse-retro-jerseys-reveal/c-336511528|title=NHL Reverse Retro jerseys for all 32 teams unveiled by adidas|date=October 20, 2022|access-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020150818/https://www.nhl.com/news/2022-adidas-nhl-reverse-retro-jerseys-reveal/c-336511528|archive-date=October 20, 2022|website=NHL.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Season-by-season record ==
''This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Panthers. For the full season-by-season history, see [[List of Florida Panthers seasons]].''

'''''Note:''' GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against''
{| class="wikitable"
|Season
|GP
|W
|L
|OTL
|Pts
|GF
|GA
|Finish
|Playoffs
|-
|2018–19
|82
|36
|32
|14
|86
|267
|280
|5th, Atlantic
|Did not qualify
|- style="background:#eee;"
|2019–20
|69
|35
|26
|8
|78
|231
|228
|4th, Atlantic
|Lost in Qualifying Round, 1–3 (Islanders)
|-
|2020–21
|56
|37
|14
|5
|79
|189
|153
|2nd, Central
|Lost in First Round, 2–4 (Lightning)
|- style="background:#eee;"
|2021–22
|82
|58
|18
|6
|122
|340
|246
|1st, Atlantic
|Lost in Second Round, 0–4 (Lightning)
|-
|2022–23
|82
|42
|32
|8
|92
|290
|273
|4th, Atlantic
|Lost in Stanley Cup Finals, 1–4 (Golden Knights)
|}

== Players ==

=== Team captains ===
{{div col}}
* [[Brian Skrudland]], 1993–1997
* Scott Mellanby, 1997–2001
* Pavel Bure & [[Paul Laus]], 2001–2002 {{small|(co-captains)}}
* Olli Jokinen, 2003–2008
* [[Bryan McCabe]], 2009–2011
* Ed Jovanovski, 2013–2014
* [[Willie Mitchell (ice hockey)|Willie Mitchell]], 2014–2016
* [[Derek MacKenzie]], 2016–2018
* Aleksander Barkov, 2018–present
{{col div end}}

== League and team honors ==

=== Awards and trophies ===
{{main|List of Florida Panthers award winners}}{{col-float|width=33%}}
'''[[Prince of Wales Trophy]]'''
* 1995–96, 2022–23
'''[[Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy]]'''
* Pavel Bure: 1999–2000, 2000–01
{{col-float-break|width=33%}}
'''[[Lady Byng Memorial Trophy]]'''
* Brian Campbell: 2011–12
* Aleksander Barkov: 2018–19
'''[[Calder Memorial Trophy]]'''
* [[Jonathan Huberdeau]]: 2012–13
* Aaron Ekblad: 2014–15
{{col-float-break|width=33%}}
'''[[Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy]]'''
* [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]]: 2015–16
{{col-float-break|width=33%}}
'''[[Frank J. Selke Trophy]]'''
* Aleksander Barkov: 2020–21
'''Presidents' Trophy'''
* 2021–22
{{col-float-end}}

=== First-round draft picks ===
{{main|List of Florida Panthers draft picks}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* 1993: Rob Niedermayer (5th overall)
* 1994: Ed Jovanovski (1st overall)
* [[1995 NHL Entry Draft|1995]]: [[Radek Dvořák|Radek Dvorak]] (10th overall)
* [[1996 NHL Entry Draft|1996]]: [[Marcus Nilson]] (20th overall)
* [[1997 NHL Entry Draft|1997]]: [[Mike Brown (winger, born 1979)|Mike Brown]] (20th overall)
* [[1999 NHL Entry Draft|1999]]: [[Denis Shvidki]] (12th overall)
* [[2001 NHL Entry Draft|2001]]: Stephen Weiss (4th overall) & Lukas Krajicek (24th overall)
* 2002: Jay Bouwmeester (3rd overall) & [[Petr Tatíček|Petr Taticek]] (9th overall)
* 2003: Nathan Horton (3rd overall) & [[Anthony Stewart (ice hockey)|Anthony Stewart]] (25th overall)
* [[2004 NHL Entry Draft|2004]]: [[Rostislav Olesz]] (7th overall)
* [[2005 NHL Entry Draft|2005]]: [[Kenndal McArdle]] (20th overall)
* [[2006 NHL Entry Draft|2006]]: [[Michael Frolík|Michael Frolik]] (10th overall)
* [[2007 NHL Entry Draft|2007]]: [[Keaton Ellerby]] (10th overall)
* [[2009 NHL Entry Draft|2009]]: [[Dmitri Kulikov (ice hockey)|Dmitri Kulikov]] (14th overall)
* 2010: Erik Gudbranson (3rd overall), Nick Bjugstad (19th overall) & Quinton Howden (25th overall)
* [[2011 NHL Entry Draft|2011]]: Jonathan Huberdeau (3rd overall)
* [[2012 NHL Entry Draft|2012]]: [[Mike Matheson]] (23rd overall)
* 2013: Aleksander Barkov (2nd overall)
* 2014: Aaron Ekblad (1st overall)
* [[2015 NHL Entry Draft|2015]]: [[Lawson Crouse]] (11th overall)
* [[2016 NHL Entry Draft|2016]]: [[Henrik Borgström|Henrik Borgstrom]] (23rd overall)
* [[2017 NHL Entry Draft|2017]]: [[Owen Tippett]] (10th overall)
* [[2018 NHL Entry Draft|2018]]: [[Grigori Denisenko]] (15th overall)
* [[2019 NHL Entry Draft|2019]]: [[Spencer Knight]] (13th overall)
* [[2020 NHL Entry Draft|2020]]: [[Anton Lundell]] (12th overall)
* [[2021 NHL Entry Draft|2021]]: [[Mackie Samoskevich]] (24th overall)
{{div col end}}

=== Hockey Hall of Fame inductees ===
The Florida Panthers have an affiliation with a number of inductees to the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]]. Inductees affiliated with the Panthers include seven former players and two builders of the sport. Builders that have an affiliation with the Panthers include former head coach [[Roger Nielson]], and Bill Torrey, former general manager of the Panthers. Former [[play-by-play]] commentator, [[Dave Strader]] was also a recipient of the [[Foster Hewitt Memorial Award]] from the Hockey Hall of Fame, for his contributions in hockey broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hhof.com/html/leg_broadcasters.shtml|title=Foster Hewitt Memorial Award winners|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum|year=2018|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142146/https://www.hhof.com/html/leg_broadcasters.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%;margin: 1em auto;" width="100%"
! colspan="7" style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid;border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid; text-align: center;" |Florida Panthers Hall of Famers
|-
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |Hall of Fame players
|-
|[[Ed Belfour]]
|Pavel Bure
|[[Dino Ciccarelli]]
|[[Igor Larionov]]
|Roberto Luongo
|[[Joe Nieuwendyk]]
|[[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]]
|
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |Hall of Fame builders
|-
|
|
|
|Roger Neilson
|Bill Torrey
|
|
|}

=== NHL All-Star Game selections ===

; Players
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[45th National Hockey League All-Star Game|1994]]: [[Bob Kudelski]], John Vanbiesbrouck
* [[46th National Hockey League All-Star Game|1996]]: Scott Mellanby, John Vanbiesbrouck
* [[47th National Hockey League All-Star Game|1997]]: [[Róbert Švehla|Robert Svehla]], John Vanbiesbrouck
* [[50th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2000]]: Pavel Bure, [[Viktor Kozlov]], [[Ray Whitney (ice hockey)|Ray Whitney]]
* [[51st National Hockey League All-Star Game|2001]]: Pavel Bure
* [[52nd National Hockey League All-Star Game|2002]]: [[Sandis Ozoliņš|Sandis Ozolinsh]]
* [[53rd National Hockey League All-Star Game|2003]]: Olli Jokinen, Sandis Ozolinsh
* [[54th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2004]]: Roberto Luongo
* [[55th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2007]]: Jay Bouwmeester
* [[56th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2008]]: Tomas Vokoun
* [[57th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2009]]: Jay Bouwmeester
* [[59th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2012]]: Brian Campbell
* [[60th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2015]]: Aaron Ekblad, Roberto Luongo
* [[61st National Hockey League All-Star Game|2016]]: Aaron Ekblad, Jaromir Jagr, Roberto Luongo
* [[62nd National Hockey League All-Star Game|2017]]: [[Vincent Trocheck]]
* [[63rd National Hockey League All-Star Game|2018]]: [[Aleksander Barkov Jr.|Aleksander Barkov]]
* [[64th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2019]]: [[Keith Yandle]]
* [[65th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2020]]: Jonathan Huberdeau
* [[66th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2022]]: Jonathan Huberdeau
* [[2023 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2023]]: Matthew Tkachuk, Aleksander Barkov
* [[2024 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2024]]: [[Sam Reinhart]], Sergei Bobrovsky
{{col div end}}

; Head coaches

* Doug MacLean, 1996, 1997
* Gerard Gallant, 2016
* Andrew Brunette, 2022

=== Retired numbers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ style="background:#FFFFFF;border-top:#C8102E 5px solid;border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;" |Florida Panthers retired numbers
! width="40px" |No.
! width="120px" |Player
! width="120px" |Position
! width="100px" |Career
! width="150px" |No. retirement
|-
|'''1'''
|Roberto Luongo
|G
|2000–2006
2014–2019
|March 7, 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/florida-panthers-will-retire-roberto-luongo-jersey/c-308500718|title=Luongo to have number retired by Panthers|website=Florida Panthers|date=August 12, 2019|access-date=August 13, 2019|archive-date=August 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813221239/https://www.nhl.com/news/florida-panthers-will-retire-roberto-luongo-jersey/c-308500718|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''37'''
|Wayne Huizenga
|Owner
|1993–2001
|January 19, 2018<ref>{{cite web|last1=DeFranks|first1=Matthew|title=Panthers retire No. 37 in honor of former owner H. Wayne Huizenga|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/florida-panthers/fl-sp-panthers-notes-20180119-story.html|website=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=January 21, 2018|date=January 19, 2018|archive-date=January 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121053724/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/florida-panthers/fl-sp-panthers-notes-20180119-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''93'''
|Bill Torrey
|President
General manager
|1993–2001
|October 23, 2010
|}

* The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All-Star Game.<ref>{{cite web|title=Perfect setting: Gretzky's number retired before All-Star Game|publisher=CNN Sports Illustrated. Associated Press|date=February 6, 2000|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/2000/nhl_allstar/news/2000/02/06/gretsky_99/|access-date=June 9, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112022319/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/2000/nhl_allstar/news/2000/02/06/gretsky_99/|archive-date=November 12, 2013}}</ref>

=== Franchise scoring leaders ===
These are the top-ten-point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.

* {{Color box|#CCFFCC|*|border=darkgray}} – current Panthers player

'''''Note:''' Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game''
[[File:Stephen_Weiss.jpg|thumb|Recording 394 points as a Panther, Stephen Weiss is fourth all-time in franchise point scoring.]]
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|Points
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Player || Pos || GP || G || A || Pts || P/G
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aleksander Barkov* || C || 664 || 243 || 388 || '''631''' || 0.95
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Jonathan Huberdeau || LW || 671 || 198 || 415 || '''613''' || 0.91
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Olli Jokinen || C || 567 || 188 || 231 || '''419''' || 0.73
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Stephen Weiss || C || 654 || 145 || 249 || '''394''' || 0.60
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Scott Mellanby || RW || 552 || 157 || 197 || '''354''' || 0.64
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aaron Ekblad* || D || 625 || 111 || 218 || '''329''' || 0.53
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Nathan Horton || C || 422 || 142 || 153 || '''295''' || 0.66
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Viktor Kozlov || C || 414 || 101 || 190 || '''291''' || 0.70
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Robert Svehla || D || 573 || 61 || 229 || '''290''' || 0.51
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Vincent Trocheck || C || 420 || 111 || 171 || '''282''' || 0.67
|}
{{col-break|gap=1em}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ style= "background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|Goals
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Player || Pos || G
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aleksander Barkov* || C || 243
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Jonathan Huberdeau || LW || 198
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Olli Jokinen || C || 188
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Scott Mellanby || RW || 157
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Pavel Bure || RW || 152
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Stephen Weiss || C || 145
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Nathan Horton || C || 142
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Radek Dvorak || RW || 113
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Vincent Trocheck || C || 111
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aaron Ekblad* || D || 111
|}
{{col-break|gap=1em}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ style= "background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;"|Assists
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Player || Pos || A
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Jonathan Huberdeau || LW || 415
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aleksander Barkov* || C || 388
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Stephen Weiss || C || 249
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Olli Jokinen || C || 231
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Robert Svehla || D || 229
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Aaron Ekblad* || D || 218
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Keith Yandle || D || 201
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Scott Mellanby || RW || 197
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Viktor Kozlov || C || 190
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Vincent Trocheck || C || 171
|}
{{col-end}}

=== Franchise individual records ===
{{main|List of Florida Panthers records}}{{div col}}
* Most goals in a season: Pavel Bure, 59 (2000–01)
* Most assists in a season: Jonathan Huberdeau, 85 (2021–22)
* Most points in a season: Jonathan Huberdeau, 115 (2021–22)
* Most penalty minutes in a season: [[Peter Worrell]], 354 (2001–02)
* Most points in a season, defenseman: Brandon Montour, 73 (2022–23)
* Most points in a season, rookie: [[Jesse Bélanger|Jesse Belanger]], 50 (1993–94)
* Highest +/- in a season: [[Gustav Forsling]], +41 (2021–22)
* Most wins in a season: Sergei Bobrovsky, 39 (2021–22)
* Most saves in a shutout win: [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 53
* Most shutouts in a season: Roberto Luongo (2003–04), Tomas Vokoun (2009–10), 7
* All-time leader in goals against average: Tomas Vokoun, 2.57
* All-time leader in shutouts: Roberto Luongo, 38
* All-time leader in games played by a goaltender: Roberto Luongo, 572
* All-time leader in wins by a goaltender: Roberto Luongo, 230
{{col div end}}

=== Other honors ===
Featured as cover athlete of ''[[NHL 97]]'' video game: John Vanbiesbrouck.<ref>{{Cite web|title=genesis nhl97.jpg|url=https://www.covercentury.com/index.php?p=genesis&l=n&f=genesis_nhl97.jpg|access-date=August 14, 2020|website=Cover Century {{!}} CD Covers and DVD Covers {{!}} Over 500.000 Album Art covers for free|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142538/https://www.covercentury.com/index.php?p=genesis&l=n&f=genesis_nhl97.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Florida Panthers general managers]]
* [[List of Florida Panthers head coaches]]
* [[List of Florida Panthers players]]
* [[Sports in Miami]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Florida Panthers}}

{{NHL}}

[[Category:Florida Panthers]]
[[Category:National Hockey League teams]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Florida]]
[[Category:Atlantic Division (NHL)]]
[[Category:National Hockey League in Florida|Panthers]]
[[Category:Ice hockey clubs established in 1993]]
[[Category:Ice hockey teams in Miami]]

CBSH-DT

2026-10-02T16:30:49Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox television station|city={{W|Sherbrooke}}, {{W|Quebec}}, {{W|Canada}}|airdate=February 2, 1973; {{age|1973|2|2}} years ago|branding=CBC Sherbrooke ''(general)'' ''CBC Eye on Quebec (newscasts)''|slogan=''Canada's Public Broadcaster''|affiliations={{W|CBC Television}} (1973-present)|owner={{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}|callsign=CBSH-DT|licensing_authority=[[CRTC]]|coordinates={{Coord|45|18|43|N|72|14|30|W|type:landmark}}|haat={{convert|585.9|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|effective_radiated_power=1.5 [[kW]]|callsign_meaning=Sherbrooke|digital=10.1 (10)|virtual=10.1 (10)|sister_stations=[[CKSH-DT]] • [[CHLT-DT]] • [[CIVS-DT]] • [[CFKS-DT]]}}

'''CBSH-DT''', virtual and VHF digital channel 10, is a CBC Television owned-and-operated station licensed to {{W|Sherbrooke}}, {{W|Quebec}}, {{W|Canada}} and serving Anglo-Quebecers in Sherbrooke and the Estrie region. The station is owned by the {{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}. It's studios are co-located with its Francophone sister TV & radio stations on Rue King Ouest in Sherbrooke, and its transmitter is located in {{W|Orford, Quebec|Orford}}. Since 2014, CBSH-DT has originated the set of repeaters known as the ''Quebec Community TV Network'', with a special mandate to provide service to the province's anglophone minority.

== History ==
The station first signed on the air on September 19, 1974. As a privately owned station, CBSH basically functioned as a semi-satellite of CBMT (channel 2) in Montreal due to not having alternative non-network sources of programming available. After several years, CBSH began airing its own local news and a few programs not carried by CBMT.

== Programming ==
The flagship local newscast, ''CBC News Eye on Quebec'', is currently anchored by [[Paul Rowlandson]]. It is produced with production assistance from sister station {{W|CKSH-DT}}; several on-air reporters and anchors within CKSH's newsroom have been bilingual, allowing reporters to file stories for both stations.

== References ==

CBSH-DT

2026-09-30T16:20:28Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox television station|city={{W|Sherbrooke}}, {{W|Quebec}}, {{W|Canada}}|airdate=February 2, 1973; {{age|1973|2|2}} years ago|branding=CBC Sherbrooke ''(general)'' ''CBC Eye on Quebec (newscasts)''|slogan=''Canada's Public Broadcaster''|affiliations={{W|CBC Television}} (1973-present)|owner={{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}|callsign=CBSH-DT|licensing_authority=[[CRTC]]|coordinates={{Coord|45|18|43|N|72|14|30|W|type:landmark}}|haat={{convert|585.9|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|effective_radiated_power=1.5 [[kW]]|callsign_meaning=Sherbrooke|digital=10.1 (10)|virtual=10.1 (10)|sister_stations=[[CKSH-DT]]}}

'''CBSH-DT''', virtual and VHF digital channel 10, is a CBC Television owned-and-operated station licensed to {{W|Sherbrooke}}, {{W|Quebec}}, {{W|Canada}} and serving Anglo-Quebecers in Sherbrooke and the Estrie region. The station is owned by the {{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}. It's studios are co-located with its Francophone sister TV & radio stations on Rue King Ouest in Sherbrooke, and its transmitter is located in {{W|Orford, Quebec|Orford}}. Since 2014, CBSH-DT has originated the set of repeaters known as the ''Quebec Community TV Network'', with a special mandate to provide service to the province's anglophone minority.

== History ==
The station first signed on the air on September 19, 1974. As a privately owned station, CBSH basically functioned as a semi-satellite of CBMT (channel 2) in Montreal due to not having alternative non-network sources of programming available. After several years, CBSH began airing its own local news and a few programs not carried by CBMT.

== Programming ==
The flagship local newscast, ''CBC News Eye on Quebec'', is currently anchored by [[Paul Rowlandson]]. It is produced with production assistance from sister station {{W|CKSH-DT}}; several on-air reporters and anchors within CKSH's newsroom have been bilingual, allowing reporters to file stories for both stations.

== References ==

CBOH-DT

2026-09-30T14:39:16Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox television station
|location = {{W|Oshawa}}, {{W|Ontario}}, {{W|Canada}}
|branding = CBC Television ''(general)'' ''CBC Newsreel (newscasts)''
|slogan = ''Canada's Public Broadcaster''
|affiliations = {{W|CBC Television}} (O&O) 
|owner = {{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}
|airdate=February 17, 1966 ({{age|1966|10|31}} years ago)|digital=Digital: 3 (VHF)|virtual=Virtual: 10 (PSIP)|callsign_meaning='''C'''anadian '''B'''roadcasting '''C'''orporation '''O'''shawa|licensing_authority=[[CRTC]]|enddate=|licensee=[[CBOH Foundation]]|country=Canada|language=English, Obijwe|sister_stations=[[CHEX-DT-2]], [[CIII-DT]], [[CHEX-DT]], [[CKWS-DT]]|former_channel_numbers={{ubl|'''Analog:''' 3 (UHF, 1966–2011)}}|erp=0.185 [[kW]]|haat={{convert|133.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|coordinates={{coord|43|57|15|N|78|48|23|W|type:landmark}}}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''', virtual channel 5 (VHF digital channel 20), is a CBC Television owned-and-operated station licensed to {{W|Oshawa}}, {{W|Ontario}}, {{W|Canada}}. The station's master control facilities and production studios are located on Simcoe Street (just north of King Street) within Downtown Oshawa and its transmitter is located on Enfield Road in Clarington.

CBOH was licensed as a rebroadcaster of CBLT-DT in Toronto, even though it operated as a semi-satellite with its own associated network of repeaters, as it aired separate commercials, a separate children's show, and (until the 1990s) its own local news broadcasts. On cable, the station was available on Shaw Cable channel 4 and Bell Fibre on channel 9.

While the CBC originally planned to discontinue CBOH's over the air feed on August 31, 2011 (as the corporation did not originally plan to convert rebroadcasters in mandatory transition markets like Oshawa to digital), the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) granted the CBC permission to allow transmitters in selected mandatory markets, including Oshawa, to still operate an analogue feed until August 31, 2012. On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the CBC's application to delete CBOH from CBLT's licence, effective August 1, 2012. On July 31, 2012, CBOH was shut down after more than 41 years on the air.

Since the closure of CBOH, cable and satellite providers have piped in CBLT (which took over CBOH's slots) and other CBC outlets for their customers. Due to the high penetration of cable and satellite in Oshawa and elsewhere within central and eastern Ontario, few viewers actually lost complete access to CBC Television programming.

== History ==
On April 28, 2010, the CRTC granted a license request by the CBC to relaunch CBKST as CBST-TV, a separate station which would once again produce a distinct local newscast from <abbr>CBKT-TV</abbr>.

CBOH-DT

2026-09-29T17:29:28Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Infobox television station |location = {{W|Oshawa}}, {{W|Ontario}}, {{W|Canada}} |branding = CBC Television ''(general)'' ''CBC Newsreel (newscasts)'' |slogan = ''Canada's Public Broadcaster'' |affiliations = {{W|CBC Television}} (O&O) |owner = {{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}} |airdate=February 17, 1966 ({{age|1966|10|31}} years ago)|digital=Digital: 3 (VHF)|virtual=Virtual: 10 (PSIP)|callsign_meaning='''C'''anadian '''B'''roadcasting '''C''..."

{{Infobox television station
|location = {{W|Oshawa}}, {{W|Ontario}}, {{W|Canada}}
|branding = CBC Television ''(general)'' ''CBC Newsreel (newscasts)''
|slogan = ''Canada's Public Broadcaster''
|affiliations = {{W|CBC Television}} (O&O) 
|owner = {{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}
|airdate=February 17, 1966 ({{age|1966|10|31}} years ago)|digital=Digital: 3 (VHF)|virtual=Virtual: 10 (PSIP)|callsign_meaning='''C'''anadian '''B'''roadcasting '''C'''orporation '''O'''shawa|licensing_authority=[[CRTC]]|enddate={{end date|2012|7|31}}}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''', virtual channel 5 (VHF digital channel 20), is a CBC Television owned-and-operated station licensed to {{W|Oshawa}}, {{W|Ontario}}, {{W|Canada}}. The station's master control facilities and production studios were located on Simcoe Street (just north of King Street) within Downtown Oshawa and its transmitter was located on Enfield Road in Clarington.

CBOH was licensed as a rebroadcaster of CBLT-DT in Toronto, even though it operated as a semi-satellite with its own associated network of repeaters, as it aired separate commercials, a separate children's show, and (until the 1990s) its own local news broadcasts. On cable, the station was available on Shaw Cable channel 4 and Bell Fibre on channel 9.

While the CBC originally planned to discontinue CBOH's over the air feed on August 31, 2011 (as the corporation did not originally plan to convert rebroadcasters in mandatory transition markets like Oshawa to digital), the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) granted the CBC permission to allow transmitters in selected mandatory markets, including Oshawa, to still operate an analogue feed until August 31, 2012. On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the CBC's application to delete CBOH from CBLT's licence, effective August 1, 2012. On July 31, 2012, CBOH was shut down after more than 41 years on the air.

Since the closure of CBOH, cable and satellite providers have piped in CBLT (which took over CBOH's slots) and other CBC outlets for their customers. Due to the high penetration of cable and satellite in Oshawa and elsewhere within central and eastern Ontario, few viewers actually lost complete access to CBC Television programming.

CBSH-DT

2026-09-29T15:27:37Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox television station|city={{W|Sherbrooke}}, {{W|Quebec}}, {{W|Canada}}|airdate=February 2, 1973; {{age|1973|2|2}} years ago|branding=CBC Sherbrooke ''(general)'' ''CBC Eye on Quebec (newscasts)''|slogan=''Canada's Public Broadcaster''|affiliations={{W|CBC Television}} (1973-present)|owner={{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}|callsign=CBSH-DT|licensing_authority=[[CRTC]]|coordinates={{Coord|45|18|43|N|72|14|30|W|type:landmark}}|haat={{convert|585.9|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|effective_radiated_power=1.5 [[kW]]|callsign_meaning=Sherbrooke|digital=10.1 (10)|virtual=10.1 (10)}}

'''CBSH-DT''', virtual and VHF digital channel 10, is a CBC Television owned-and-operated station licensed to {{W|Sherbrooke}}, {{W|Quebec}}, {{W|Canada}} and serving Anglo-Quebecers in Sherbrooke and the Estrie region. The station is owned by the {{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}. It's studios are co-located with its Francophone sister TV & radio stations on Rue King Ouest in Sherbrooke, and its transmitter is located in {{W|Orford, Quebec|Orford}}. Since 2014, CBSH-DT has originated the set of repeaters known as the ''Quebec Community TV Network'', with a special mandate to provide service to the province's anglophone minority.

== History ==
The station first signed on the air on September 19, 1974. As a privately owned station, CBSH basically functioned as a semi-satellite of CBMT (channel 2) in Montreal due to not having alternative non-network sources of programming available. After several years, CBSH began airing its own local news and a few programs not carried by CBMT.

== Programming ==
The flagship local newscast, ''CBC News Eye on Quebec'', is currently anchored by [[Paul Rowlandson]]. It is produced with production assistance from sister station {{W|CKSH-DT}}; several on-air reporters and anchors within CKSH's newsroom have been bilingual, allowing reporters to file stories for both stations.

== References ==

CBSH-DT

2026-09-28T16:21:37Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Infobox television station|city={{W|Sherbrooke}}, {{W|Quebec}}, {{W|Canada}}|airdate=February 2, 1973; {{age|1973|2|2}} years ago|branding=CBC Sherbrooke ''(general)'' ''CBC Eye on Quebec (newscasts)''|slogan=''Canada's Public Broadcaster''|affiliations={{W|CBC Television}} (1973-present)|owner={{W|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}|callsign=CBSH-DT}} '''CBSH-DT''', virtual and VHF digital channel 10, is a CBC Television owned-and-operated station licensed to {{..."

ITV Grampian

2026-09-27T18:01:32Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox broadcasting network|type=Region of [[television network]]|branding=ITV1|country=[[United Kingdom]]|airdate={{start date and age|1961|9|30|df=yes}}|tvtransmitters=[[Durris transmitting station|Durris]], [[Angus transmitting station|Angus]], [[Rosemarkie transmitting station|Rosemarkie]], [[Rumster Forest transmitting station|Rumster Forest]], [[Knock More transmitting station|Knock More]], [[Keelylang Hill transmitting station|Keelylang Hill]], [[Bressay transmitting station|Bressay]], [[Eitshal transmitting station|Eitshal]], [[Mounteagle transmitting station|Mounteagle]]|headquarters=[[Aberdeen]]|broadcast_area=Northern Scotland|owner=[[ITV plc]]|affiliation=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]|Picture format=[[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]|former_names=Grampian Television (1961–2002)|language=English|dissolved=lost on-air identity on {{End date|2002|10|27|df=y}} (now known as ITV1 at all times)}}

'''Grampian Television''' was the original name of the Channel 3 service for the north of Scotland founded in 1961 and which, decades later, was merged with the Central Belt channel STV. The northern region's coverage area includes the Northern Isles, Western Isles, Highlands (except Fort William and Lochaber), Grampian, Tayside (except the Kinross area), and parts of north Fife.

Grampian went on the air on 30 September 1961. The company was bought out in 1997 by STV Group (the parent company of STV, the Channel 3 broadcaster in Central Scotland). The name Grampian Television was retired in 2006 and the channel is now known as STV on-air. STV runs one service which covers both central and northern Scotland but with separate news bulletins. Legally, however, the two services are still licensed separately; the northern licence is held by STV North, which is owned and operated by STV Group plc (formerly SMG plc), and the southern licence by STV Central (previously known as Scottish Television).

As an independent company, Grampian had a very distinctive local personality which was quite different from STV's. After the station was bought, it gradually assimilated with STV, culminating in the change of name in 2006. STV did not adopt the generic ITV branding that is now used in the other Channel 3 regions which are owned by ITV plc.

For over 65 years, the station produced a dedicated regional news service for Northern Scotland. Today, most of the station's regional progamming is shared with STV Central with short opt-outs for the North during STV News at Six on weekdays.

In 2007, the United Kingdom began its five year programme to end analogue television broadcasts as part of the switchover to digital transmissions, with the eight transmitters covering the STV North region (Angus, Rosemarkie, Knockmore, Eitshal, Durris, Bressay, Rumster Forest and Keelylang Hill) switching over from May to October 2010. The digital switchover ended in 2012.

== History ==
===Background===
On 24 November 1958, the Independent Television Authority (ITA) provisionally approved plans to complete the ITV service by the winter of 1960/61 with three new stations — in North-East Scotland, the Solway area, and South-West England. Formal approval by the Postmaster-General could not be given at this stage because of restrictions on capital expenditure. It was envisaged that the new Scottish franchise would service between 600,000 and 700,000 people within a large triangle whose points were Fraserburgh, the Moray Firth, and Forfar, and preliminary work suggested that the station would almost certainly be built in Aberdeenshire.

===Transmitters===
By late 1959 the ITA had concluded that at least two stations would be necessary to cover North-East and North Scotland:

<quote>In North-East Scotland at least two stations would seem to be necessary, one of medium power to serve the Inverness area and the other of high power to cover Aberdeenshire and as much of Angus as possible. The task of obtaining the best coverage of these difficult areas on Band III poses many technical problems. The sites selected for the existing Band I stations are not necessarily equally appropriate for Band III. The Authority nevertheless hopes to begin providing a service to North-East Scotland, starting with the main Aberdeen-Angus area, during 1961, but it cannot yet be certain, particularly in view of the time likely to be required for extending the programme link from Glasgow to Aberdeen.</quote>

In its report the following year, the ITA confirmed that two stations were indeed necessary and that design studies of the coverage problems involved showed that a site at Roskill, 730 feet above sea level on the Black Isle north of Inverness, was the most suitable one for the northern station, and that one at Mongour, 1,050 feet above sea level and some 15 miles south-west of Aberdeen, most satisfactorily solved the problem of serving the area between the Moray Firth and the Firth of Tay. These were later renamed Mounteagle and Durris.

* Durris transmitting station (Channel 9): A site at Mongour, 1,050 feet above sea level and some 15 miles south-west of Aberdeen, near Stonehaven, satisfactorily solved the problem of serving the area between the Moray Firth and the Firth of Tay, serving both an estimated and measured population of 730,000. It would have a 1,000-foot mast and a bi-directional aerial radiating a maximum power of 400 kW to the north and south. Construction began at the end of September 1960 with completion expected at the end of August 1961.
* Mounteagle transmitting station (Channel 12): A site was chosen at Roskill, 730 feet above sea level at the highest part of the Black Isle, eight miles north of Inverness, serving a measured population of 143,000. It employed an 800-foot mast and a directional aerial radiating a maximum power of 50 kW.

Durris began trade test transmissions on 1 September 1961, and Mounteagle on 21 September. Both commenced programme transmissions on 30 September 1961. Together, they served a combined population of 873,000. After the station opened, the transmission area was described as followed.

===Applicants===
On 11 May 1960, the Independent Television Authority invited applications from groups wishing to become the North-East Scotland programme contractor, for which a rental of £73,000 p.a. would be payable in return for a predicted coverage from the two transmitters of some 870,000 people (including 182,000 in fringe areas). It was expected that both transmitting stations would open towards then end of 1961. Seven bids were received by the closing date, 28 June 1960:

* Highland TV Syndicate: News of this consortium was announced on 19 August 1959. Among the directors were Sir Ian MacPherson-Grant, Ballindalloch, Banffshire; the Countess of Seafield; the Earl of Dalhousie; James Stuart MP, formerly Secretary of State for Scotland; Lord Doune; and Admiral Sir Rhoderick McGrigor.
* Caledonian TV: Led by Thomas Johnston, Fintry, Stirlingshire, former Secretary of State for Scotland and chairman of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board. It also included John Grierson; Alex Gibson of the Scottish National Orchestra; the two novelists Neil Gunn and Neil Paterson (of Crieff), representatives of local farm and fishery interests and a long list of ordinary local folk as would-be shareholders. Their proposed managing director was J. J. Hardy, the then General Manager of STV and James Buchan, ex-BBC, was to be programme controller. When this group was formed in September 1959, it also consisted of Sir James Hutchison, formerly MP for Glasgow Scotstoun; the Earl of Wemyss; and Eric Linklater, the playwright.
* World Television Productions: Lord Boothby of Buchan (chairman); Field-Marshal Lord Harding (vice-chairman). The most famous members were Sir Compton Mackenzie; the Earl of Strathmore, cousin of the Queen; and Lady Maud Baillie, sister of Lady Dorothy Macmillan, wife of the Prime Minister. Politicians included: Patrick Wolrige-Gordon, MP for East Aberdeenshire; A. Forbes Hendry, MP for West Aberdeenshire; the Lord Provost of Elgin, and the Provosts of Banff, Peterhead, Huntly, Kintore, and Brechin; Francis W. Walker, convenor of Inverness County Council; the Rev P. Craig MacQuoid, vice-convener of Aberdeenshire Council. Business names included: Myer H. Price, chairman of Summit Securities Ltd; the Bank of Scotland; Maitland Mackie; Messrs. David Allen and Sons. Also: Lord Sempill; Ivan Foxwell, film producer; the Rt Rev Edward F. Easson, Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney; George Roberts of Aberdeen Town Council; Mrs James Mackie of Insch; Dr James Buchanan (M.o.H. Banff); John Paton.
* North of Scotland Television (winning bid), led by the prominent independent cinema owner, Sir Alexander King, Whitecraigs, Renfrewshire and Captain Iain M. Tennant, Innes House, Elgin (deputy chairman), owner of the 8,000-acre Innes estate near Elgin; and Provost Wotherspoon of Inverness, managing director of Caledonian Cinemas. Other associates included Lord Forbes, Balforbes, Alford, Scotland's premier baron and Deeside landowner; the Hon. Angus Ogilvy, Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir; the Dowager Viscountess Colville, Chief Commissioner of the Scottish Girl Guides; E. O'Donnell, a director of London Film Productions, formerly with ABPC; and Dr. Honeyman, one-time member of the ITA; Mr John N. Milne, Aberdeen; Mr Edward O'Donnell, London; the Dowager Viscountess Colville of Culross, Inverbervie, Kincardine; Major Michael Crichton-Stuart, Falkland Palace, Falkland, Fife; Mr David L. Urquhart, the Manor, Forfar. Captain Tennant admitted that there was an apparent paucity of backers from the immediate Aberdeen area in their group but pointed out that competing groups had to some extent pre-empted them by roping in several hundreds ofthe people most likely to be interested. If appointed they would be ready to offer shares to these people and over a third of the proposed share capital had been reserved for this very purpose.
* North Caledonia Television: Led by Lieutenant-Colonel Donald Cameron of Lochiel (chairman) and Sir Ian Forbes-Leith (deputy chairman). Included the novelist Eric Linklater, who was a director. Over a period of a year the group built up a membership of over 300 people representing a broad cross-section of the community. Other directors named included: R. N. Bruce Lockhart; D. L. Donne; George Elrick; the Duke of Fife; K. R. Lockhart Smith; I. A. Duncan Millar; General Sir Richard O'Connor; and the Hon. Robin Sinclair. Of the 350 other named interested people 326 were residents in the area and represented a complete cross-section of local life. Their programme controller was to be Tom Singleton, who had been successively an executive producer and deputy controller of programmes with ABC and had been one of those who advised UTV in the difficult run-up period.
* Lord Boyd-Orr (chairman); Lady Tweedsmuir MP; the Lord Provost of Aberdeen, George Stephen; the Donald brothers, who controlled most of Aberdeen's live cinema and theatre entertainment; Malcolm Barclay-Harvey.

== References ==

ITV Grampian

2026-09-27T17:36:29Z

UserCraft93:

CIHC-TV

2026-09-25T16:36:16Z

UserCraft93:

{{AfDM|page=CIHC-TV (2nd nomination)|year=2025|month=December|day=23|substed=yes|origtag=afdx|help=off}}

{{Missing information|Regarding closure of station - no citations given|date=January 2025}}

{{short description|Community TV station in Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CIHC-TV
| logo =
| branding =
| analog = 5 ([[Very high frequency|VHF]])
| digital = Unknown (VHF) allotted
| translators =
| affiliations = [[Independent station|Independent]]
| airdate = {{start date|1993|09|30}}
| founded =Hay River, NT, Canada
| location = [[Hay River, Northwest Territories]]
| callsign_meaning = Independent Hay River Community
| former_callsigns =
| owner = [[Hay River Community Service Society]]
| sister_stations = [[CKHR-FM]]
| former_affiliations =
| erp = 100 W
| haat =
| class =
| facility_id =
| website = http://ckhr.online/
}}

'''CIHC-TV''' was a [[community channel (Canada)|community channel]] in the community of Hay River, [[Northwest Territories]]. It has recently ceased broadcasting, and the board of directors has dissolved.

==External links==
* {{RecnetCanada|CIHC-TV}}
*[http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/television/cihc-tv CIHC-TV history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514230657/https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/television/cihc-tv |date=2021-05-14 }} - Canadian Communication Foundation

{{Northern Canada TV}}
{{CanindTVstations}}

[[Category:Independent television stations in Canada|IHC]]
[[Category:Canadian community channels]]
[[Category:Television stations in the Northwest Territories|IHC]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1993]]

{{Canada-tv-station-stub}}
{{Northwest Territories-stub}}
{{⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗}}
{{Source Wikipedia}}

CFTV-DT

2026-09-25T16:34:25Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Short description|Television station in Ontario, Canada}} {{More citations needed|date=November 2023}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = CFTV-DT | logo = CFTV-DT logo 2021.webp | logo_size = 200px | branding = {{ubl|CFTV-DT 34: Community Focus Television|''CFTV 34 Action News''}} | analog = | digital = 30 (UHF) | virtual = 34 | subchannels = '..."

{{Short description|Television station in Ontario, Canada}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CFTV-DT
| logo = CFTV-DT logo 2021.webp
| logo_size = 200px
| branding = {{ubl|CFTV-DT 34: Community Focus Television|''CFTV 34 Action News''}}
| analog =
| digital = 30 ([[UHF]])
| virtual = 34
| subchannels = ''see {{section link||Subchannels}}''
| affiliations = '''34.1:''' [[Independent station|Independent]]/[[Community channel (Canada)|Community]]
| founded = December 29, 2005
| location = [[Leamington, Ontario]]
| country = Canada
| callsign_meaning = Community Focused Television
| former_callsigns = CFTV-TV (2005–2012)
| owner = Southshore Broadcasting
| former_channel_numbers = {{ubl|'''Analog:''' 34 (UHF, 2005–2012)|'''Digital:''' 34 (UHF, 2012–2020)}}
| former_affiliations =
| erp = 0.584 kW
| haat = {{convert|63|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{nowrap|{{coord|42|5|38|N|82|43|48|W|type:landmark_scale:2000}}}}
| licensing_authority = [[CRTC]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.cftvdt.com}}
}}

'''CFTV-DT''' (channel 34) is a [[low-power broadcasting#Television|low-power]] [[community channel (Canada)|community]] [[television station]] in [[Leamington, Ontario]], Canada. The station is owned by a local [[non-profit]] consortium known as Southshore Broadcasting. CFTV-DT's transmitter is located on South Talbot Road in [[Kingsville, Ontario#Communities|Cottam, Ontario]].

CFTV-DT's signal reaches as far as [[Harrow, Ontario|Harrow]], [[Tilbury, Ontario|Tilbury]], and the village of [[South Woodslee]] in the town of [[Lakeshore, Ontario|Lakeshore]]. The station is available in the Leamington area on [[Cogeco]] [[digital cable]] channel 100 and Gosfield North [[IPTV]] channel 34, and nationwide on [[Bell Satellite TV]] channel 586. Currently, viewers in [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]] and [[Detroit]] are unable to view the station as its over-the-air signal is too weak to be received in these areas nor is the station available on cable.

==History==
The station was licensed by the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) in 2003.<ref>[http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2003/db2003-581.htm CRTC Decision 2003-581]</ref> On March 8, 2006, the ''[[Windsor Star]]'' stated that CFTV would begin regular transmissions on March 9, 2006, at 6 p.m. In the March 17, 2006 edition of the ''Windsor Star'', it was confirmed that Leamington Municipal Council had allocated $12,000 per year to broadcast council meetings on the station.

[[Image:Cftvtv.png|thumb|right|CFTV's logo (2011–2012), it was edited slightly when it was moved to Cable Channel 100]]
==Digital television==
In replies to questions asked via email, the CRTC has stated that CFTV is not required to convert to digital, because it is a low-powered station fairly far from Windsor–[[Detroit]], and thus, has not received a digital assignment and was not required to [[flash-cut]] on its current channel to digital operations on August 31, 2011.

On August 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the station's request to begin broadcasting in digital on its current channel, 34. In addition, the station has also received permission to carry four [[digital subchannel|subchannels]], making it the first station in Canada to launch original content on its multiplex channels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2012/2012-446.htm|title=ARCHIVED - CFTV-TV Leamington - Licence amendment|date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://virtual.leamingtonpostandshopper.com/doc/Leamington-Post/tritown-leamingtonpostaug30/2012082901/33.html#32 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045522/http://virtual.leamingtonpostandshopper.com/doc/Leamington-Post/tritown-leamingtonpostaug30/2012082901/33.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |title=tritown-leamingtonpostaug30 - 0033}}</ref>

===Subchannels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Subchannels of CFTV-DT<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=CFTV#station|title=RabbitEars TV Query for CFTV|website=RabbitEars|accessdate=June 22, 2026}}</ref>
! scope = "col" | Channel
! scope = "col" | [[Display resolution|Res.]]
! scope = "col" | Short name
! scope = "col" | Programming
|-
! scope = "row" | 34.1
| rowspan=4| [[480i]] || rowspan=4| || [[Independent station|Independent]]/[[Community channel (Canada)|Community]]
|-
! scope = "row" | 34.2
| [[French language|French]] independent (6 a.m.–6 p.m.) [[Spanish language|Spanish]] independent (6 p.m.–6 a.m.)
|-
! scope = "row" | 34.3
| [[Caldwell First Nation|Caldwell]]/[[Kettle Point 44, Ontario|Kettle Point/Stoney Point]] [[First Nations in Canada|First Nation]] and [[special needs]]/[[described video]] programming
|-
! scope = "row" | 34.4
| [[Leamington, Ontario|Leamington]] and [[Essex County, Ontario|Essex County]] council meetings/[[Local news]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://www.cftvdt.com/}}
*[https://broadcasting-history.ca/television/television-stations/ontario/ontario-western/cftv-dt/ CFTV-TV] at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the [[Canadian Communications Foundation]]
* {{RecnetCanada|CFTV}}
* [http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2010/04/april-30-2010.html Tony Vidal interview on The Current]

{{Ontario TV}}
{{CanindTVstations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cftv-Dt}}
[[Category:2005 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian community channels]]
[[Category:Independent television stations in Canada|FTV-DT]]
[[Category:Leamington, Ontario]]
[[Category:Multicultural and ethnic television in Canada]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Television stations in Southwestern Ontario|FTV-DT]]

CIMC-TV

2026-09-25T16:31:29Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Short description|Television station in Isle Madame}} {{use mdy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = CIMC-TV | location = Isle Madame, Nova Scotia | country = CA | logo = CIMC-TV.png | branding = Telile | analog = 10 (VHF) | digital = | translators = | affiliations = Independent station | founded = 199..."

{{Short description|Television station in Isle Madame}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CIMC-TV
| location = [[Isle Madame]], [[Nova Scotia]] | country = CA
| logo = CIMC-TV.png
| branding = Telile
| analog = 10 ([[Very high frequency|VHF]])
| digital =
| translators =
| affiliations = [[Independent station]]
| founded = 1994 (on cable)
| airdate = {{start date|2002|06}}
| callsign_meaning = Canada Isle Madame Community TV
| former_callsigns =
| owner = Telile
| former_affiliations =
| erp =
| website = [http://www.telile.tv Telile]
}}

'''CIMC-TV''', branded as '''Telile''', is a [[community channel (Canada)|community channel]] based in [[Arichat, Nova Scotia]], broadcasting on channel 10 over the air, and cable channels 4 (on EastLink Cable), and 63 (Seaside Cable). On January 12, 2013, the station was also added by Bell TV, airing on channel 536.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telile.tv/ |title=Home |website=telile.tv}}</ref>

The station's programming is in [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{RecnetCanada|CIMC-TV}}
*[http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/television/cimc-tv CIMC-TV history] - Canadian Communication Foundation

{{Nova Scotia TV}}
{{CanindTVstations}}
{{coord|45|30|50.04|N|61|0|54|W|name=CIMC|display=title|region:CA}}

[[Category:Canadian community channels]]
[[Category:Television stations in Nova Scotia|IMC]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Nova Scotia]]

{{Canada-tv-station-stub}}

CBGT

2026-09-23T18:35:23Z

UserCraft93:

{{short description|Television station in Newfoundland, Canada (1971–2012)}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CBGT-DT
| logo = CBC Television 2009.svg
| logo_size =193px
| branding = CBC Television
| analog = 12 ([[VHF]])
| affiliations = [[CBC Television|CBC]]
| airdate = {{start date|1966|10|17}}
| last_airdate = Lost on-air identity on {{end date|2012|7|31}}; Now known as [[CBNT-DT|CBC Newfoundland]] at all times
| location = [[Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador]]
| country = Canada
| callsign_meaning = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Gander Television
| owner = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| licensee =
| sister_stations = [[CBG (AM)]]
| erp = 325 [[kilowatt|kW]]
| haat = {{convert|239.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{coord|52|10|28|N|106|26|5|W|type:landmark}}
}}

'''CBGT''' (channel 11) was a CBC Television station in Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, which operated from 1971 to 2012, and still continues as a rebroadcaster of CBNT-DT in [[St. John's]]. The station's [[master control]] facilities were located in the [[Gander Arena Centre]] on 2nd Avenue North (between 21 and 22 Streets West) in [[Downtown Gander]] after being relocated from an office tower above [[Midtown Plaza (Saskatoon)|Midtown Plaza]]. Its transmitter was located between Highways 8 and 39.

CBGT was licensed as a rebroadcaster of CBNT-DT in [[St. John's, Newfoundland|St. John's]], even though it operated as a [[broadcast relay station#Semi-satellites|semi-satellite]] with its own associated network of repeaters; it aired separate commercials and (until the 1990s) its own local news broadcasts. On [[cable television|cable]], the station was available on [[Shaw Cable]] channel 12 and [[Rogers Cable]] channel 3.

While the CBC originally planned to discontinue CBGT's over the air feed on August 31, 2011 (as the corporation did not originally plan to convert rebroadcasters in mandatory transition markets like Gander to digital), the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) granted the CBC permission to allow transmitters in selected mandatory markets, including Gander, to still operate an analogue feed until August 31, 2012. On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the CBC's application to relaunch CBGT from CBNT's licence, effective August 1, 2012. On 28 July 2012, CBGT lost its on-screen identity in favour of the CBC Newfoundland brand, with its name and regional idents only being seen properly before regional programming.

== History ==

=== 1950s-1960s ===
CBGT-DT, operating on VHF channel 5 as a CBC Television owned-and-operated station, began broadcasting from Corner Brook, Newfoundland, in 1959, marking the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's inaugural full-time television operation in the province. This launch extended CBC's national network to western Newfoundland, serving a region previously reliant on limited private broadcasting like CJON-TV in St. John's, which had started in 1955. The station's establishment aligned with CBC's mandate to provide public service programming, including educational and informational content, to remote areas

=== 1990s-2000s ===
In 1991, the Canadian federal government imposed budget cuts on the CBC, including a $46 million reduction specifically targeting regional television services, which directly impacted operations at CBGT in Corner Brook. As a result, CBGT discontinued its local news programming that year, shifting responsibility for western Newfoundland coverage to CBNT in St. John's, which deployed reporters based in Corner Brook to maintain some regional reporting. CBYT retained limited functions such as master control for station identifications, public service announcements, occasional specials, and commercial insertions, but ceased independent local content production.

These reductions were part of a broader CBC strategy to centralize resources amid fiscal pressures, with similar cuts affecting other regional outlets. In 1993, the CBC further eliminated local newscasts at CBGT and four other Newfoundland stations, augmenting St. John's-originated news with field reports from remaining staff, without immediate layoffs at the affected sites. In August 2001, the CBC announced that both CBYT and CBGT would be shutdown completely by 2002, and that it's operations were to become fully integrated into CBNT's framework, ending any residual local autonomy as it transitioned to simulcasting all programming from St. John's, including its rebroadcasters like CBGT-1 within Appletown, with this consolidation reflecting ongoing CBC efforts to streamline costs in smaller markets during a period of sustained parliamentary funding constraints, though no major additional programming cuts specific to CBGT were documented beyond the earlier 1990s measures. However, CBGT was the first Canadian station to report any coverage on the [[September 11 attacks]], especially when it came down to planes being diverted to Gander and it's population welcoming over 7,000 unexpected tourists from several of these planes into the small town. This not only saved CBGT at the last, but prompted the CBC to announce that it now had very different plans for the station.

== Programming ==
(TBA)

== Transmitters ==
CBGT had over 20 analog over-the-air television rebroadcasters in several northern Saskatchewan communities such as Corner Brook and Victoria Cove. Due to federal funding reductions to the CBC, in April 2012, the CBC responded with substantial budget cuts, which included shutting down CBC's and Radio-Canada's remaining analog transmitters on July 31, 2012.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
![[wikipedia:City_of_license|City of licence]]
![[wikipedia:Call_signs_in_North_America|Callsign]]
!Channel
![[wikipedia:Effective_radiated_power|ERP]]
([[wikipedia:Watt|W]])<ref name="tvf1988">{{cite book|title=TV & Cable Factbook|author=|date=1988|publisher=Warren Communications News|edition=56th|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|page=B-171 and B-172}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''TV & Cable Factbook'' (56th ed.). [[Washington, D.C.]]: Warren Communications News. 1988. p. B-171 and B-172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TV+%26+Cable+Factbook&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=B-171+and+B-172&rft.edition=56th&rft.pub=Warren+Communications+News&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACBKST" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref>
|-
|Corner Brook
|CBGT-0
|1 (VHF)
|7,700
|-
|Appleton
|CBGT-1
|3 (VHF)
|321
|-
|Norris Arm
|CBGT-2
|4 (VHF)
|402
|-
|Glenwood
|CBGT-3
|6 (VHF)
|3,000
|-
|Harbour Breton
|CBGT-4
|7 (VHF)
|105
|-
|Stoneville
|CBGT-5
|9 (VHF)
|180
|-
|Victoria Cove
|CBGVT
|12 (VHF)
|60
|}

== Trivia ==
(TBA)

== References ==
(TBA)

CJCL-TV

2026-09-23T17:21:26Z

UserCraft93:

{{short description|Canadian television station (1965–2012)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CJCL-DT
| logo =
| logo_size = 120px
| branding = {{ubl|[[CTV Atlantic]] (general)|''[[CTV News]] Atlantic'' (newscasts)}}
| analog = 13 ([[VHF]])
| translators =
| affiliations = [[CTV Television Network|CTV]], [[Noovo]]
| airdate = {{start date|1965|08|22}}
| last_airdate =
| location = [[Labrador City]], Newfoundland and Labrador
| country = Canada
| callsign_meaning =
| former_callsigns = CJCL-TV (1965–1973) CBNLT (1973-2012)
| owner = [[BCE Inc.]]
| erp = 1.34 kW
| haat = {{convert|4.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{coord|52|56|51|N|66|55|0|W|type:landmark}}
|licensing_authority=[[CRTC]]|digital=13 ([[UHF]])|virtual=13 ([[DHF]])|language=English, French|former_affiliations=[[CBC Television|CBC]] (1973-2012)|above={{nowrap|[[Semi-satellite]] of [[CJCH-DT]], [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]]}}}}
'''CJCL-DT''' (channel 4) is a repeater television station in [[Labrador City]], Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, [[wikipedia:Owned_and_operated|owned and operated]] by the CTV Television Network, a division of [[wikipedia:Bell_Media|Bell Media]]. The station's transmitter is located in 208 Amherst Avenue southwest of the city. It's principal studios are mainly located at [[Community Recreation Rebroadcasting Service|CRRC Arena]] within 208 Amherst Aveneue, with all frequency and technical operations, as well as most of all master control work of the station, are now done within Halifax at CJCH-DT. CJCL-DT airs a schedule consisting of 73 per cent English programming and 27 per cent French programming. Although privately owned, all shows aired were from CBC and Radio-Canada, with none of its shows being local.

==History==
===1970s===
On July 28, 1970, the licences for the two stations (CJCL-TV and CFKL-TV) were renewed for only two years. The Iron Ore Company of Canada Aviation, Limited was considered ineligible to hold a [[Terrestrial television|broadcast]] television station licence, as 60% of the company's shares were owned by American companies. Although both stations were private CBC affiliates, they aired the whole CBC schedule on [[videotape]]. At the time, both stations were [[Official bilingualism in Canada|bilingual]] (English and French), with 73% of their programming in English, and the other 27% in French. Since it was considered very unlikely another company would be willing to buy these stations, their licences were renewed temporarily under the existing ownership.

On March 30, 1973, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] was given approval to purchase CJCL and CFKL. CJCL would continue to operate as it did when it was a private affiliate: on channel 13, with an [[effective radiated power]] of 214 watts (video), and 43 watts audio, using a directional antenna. Full CBC network programming would now be received via [[satellite]] transmissions, instead of having videotapes flown in. CJCL became CBNLT.

===1980s===
In 1985, the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) considered an application to amend CBNLT's licence so it could receive all of its programming directly from CBNT in [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]]. This would relieve CBNLT of its requirement to provide local programming (such as news segments) for Labrador City. In the application, the CBC told the CRTC that it would close CBNLT's local studio to save money, effective March 31, 1985. This meant the station would cease production of its local [[Public affairs programming|public affairs]] and information programming, which aired 15 minutes per day, Monday to Friday. This programming had aired for over 10 years, and was inserted in the provincial weekday evening news program ''Here and Now''. This closure also resulted in the elimination of roughly 230 minutes per week of [[public service announcement]]s. The CBC had proposed that a [[news reporter]] supported by a technical crew would prepare news stories regarding Labrador City and Western [[Labrador]], and send the tapes directly to CBNT in St. John's (the master control facilities), where the program editor would select which material would be broadcast.

The CRTC had expressed serious concerns the following year that the CBC had discontinued the production of 75 minutes of local live television programming in Labrador City, as of March 31, 1985, without prior notification to the community of Labrador City, or authorization from the CRTC. Due to budget cuts, it was agreed that it would be unreasonable to expect the CBC to completely reinstate the former level of local origination at CBNLT.<ref>Kathryn Young, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-tribune-cbc-dodging-any/194480720/ "CBC dodging any bullets CRTC fires"]. ''[[Grande Prairie Daily Herald-Tribune]]'', March 26, 1991.</ref> The station was told, however, to continue to originate programming from Labrador City. The CRTC maintained that the programs broadcast by CBNLT and CBNLT-1 (its [[broadcast translator]] in [[Churchill Falls, Newfoundland and Labrador|Churchill Falls]] on Channel 9, at 0.0089 kW) be received from studios located at Labrador City. In 1987, the CBC had notified the CRTC that it intended to introduce regular weekday local newscasts on CBNLT as of August 4. On September 13, 1988, CBMRT (channel 9, 0.089 kW) in [[Fermont, Quebec]], was authorized to change its program source from [[CBMT]] in Montreal to CBNLT in Labrador City.

===1990s===
On February 22, 1991, CBNLT-1 in Churchill Falls was authorized to change its program source from CBNLT Labrador City, to the CBC Television [[Television network|network feed]] received via [[satellite]]. It would also air local programs produced by CBNT St. John's. The CBC indicated the change was necessary because the [[Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway]] Company Inc. would abandon its [[microwave]] facilities on February 9. These facilities provided the feed to Churchill Falls. Also on this date, CBNLT and [[CFLA-TV]] [[Happy Valley-Goose Bay|Goose Bay]] became rebroadcasting transmitters of CBNT.

===Closure of CBNLT===
Due to budget cuts handed down on the CBC in April 2012, the CBC announced several austerity measures to keep the corporation solvent and in operation; these included the closure of the CBC and Radio-Canada's remaining analog transmitters, including CBNLT and CBNLT-1, which occurred on July 31, 2012.<ref>[http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/speeches/20120404.shtml CBC/Radio-Canada Speech Transcript: "Speaking notes for Hubert T. Lacroix, President and CEO, CBC/Radio-Canada, regarding measures announced in the context of the Deficit Reduction Action Plan (DRAP)", April 4, 2012.]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407221422/http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/speeches/20120404.shtml|date=April 7, 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of CBC television stations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://broadcasting-history.ca/television/television-stations/newfoundland-labrador/cbnlt-tv/ CBNLT] at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the [[Canadian Communications Foundation]]
*{{RecnetCanada|CBNLT}}

{{Atlantic Canada TV}}
{{Defunct Canadian TV stations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:CBNLT}}
[[Category:Labrador City]]
[[Category:Television stations in Newfoundland and Labrador|BNLT]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1965]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 1991]] 
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2012]] 
[[Category:Defunct television stations in Canada|BNLT]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Newfoundland and Labrador]]
[[Category:1991 disestablishments in Newfoundland and Labrador]] 
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Defunct mass media in Newfoundland and Labrador|BNLT]]

Citytv Saskatchewan

2026-09-22T18:10:35Z

UserCraft93:

{{Short description|Television channel in Saskatchewan, Canada}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Citytv Saskatchewan
| logo = Citytv logo.svg
| logo_size = 220px
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1991|5|6|p=y}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]]) [[480i]] ([[Standard-definition television|SDTV]])
| network = [[Citytv]] '''Former affiliations:''' [[Educational television|Educational]] [[Independent station (North America)|independent]] (1991–2012)
| owner = [[Rogers Sports & Media]]
| parent = [[Rogers Communications]]
| country = Canada
| area = Saskatchewan National {{small|(via satellite)}}
| headquarters = [[Regina, Saskatchewan]]
| former_names = Saskatchewan Communications Network (1991–2012) City Saskatchewan (2012–2018)
| sister_channels = [[Sportsnet|Sportsnet West]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.citytv.com/saskatchewan}}
}}

'''Citytv Saskatchewan''' (formerly the '''Saskatchewan Communications Network''' or '''SCN''') is a [[Television in Canada|Canadian]] [[English language]] [[cable television]] [[television channel|channel]] in the [[provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Saskatchewan]]. Headquartered in the provincial capital of [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], the channel is owned by the [[Rogers Sports & Media]] subsidiary of [[Rogers Communications]] and operates as a ''de facto'' [[owned-and-operated station]] of its [[Citytv]] [[television network]]. Its studios are shared with [[CBC Television|CBC]]'s [[CBKT-DT|Regina studios]] on 2440 Broad Street in Downtown Regina.

Citytv Saskatchewan is licensed by the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) as an [[educational television|educational]] programming service for the province of Saskatchewan. It was formerly operated by the [[government of Saskatchewan]] as a [[public broadcaster]]. In March 2010, the government announced that it would shut down the network due to low viewership. In June 2010, the government announced that it would instead privatize and sell the network to Bluestone Investment Group. Under Bluestone, SCN was converted to a format similar to Alberta's [[CTV 2 Alberta|Access network]], airing commercial-supported entertainment programming during the late-afternoon and prime time hours, and commercial-free educational and cultural programming from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. daily. In late-December 2011, SCN announced that it would affiliate with Rogers' Citytv network for its entertainment programming beginning on January 2, 2012. In June 2012, Rogers would acquire SCN entirely, maintaining the same programming model implemented by Bluepoint.

Because it is licensed as an educational broadcaster, Citytv Saskatchewan is required to be distributed as part of the basic cable service in Saskatchewan, and is also available on [[Bell Satellite TV]] and [[Shaw Direct]]. The channel is defined as a satellite-to-cable television programming undertaking, meaning that it has full [[simultaneous substitution]] rights for its programming in Saskatchewan, but does not operate any over-the-air transmitters.

==History==
===Public television===
In February 1991,<ref>[http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1991/DB91-98.htm Decision CRTC 91-98] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182733/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1991/DB91-98.htm |date=July 6, 2011 }} CRTC, February 14, 1997</ref> the [[Politics of Saskatchewan|Government of Saskatchewan]] (led at the time by [[Premier of Saskatchewan|Premier]] [[Allan Blakeney]]) was granted a broadcast licence for a non-commercial educational service by the CRTC. The channel, Saskatchewan Communications Network (SCN), was launched on May 6 of that year. (Ontario's [[TVOntario]] was launched on September 27, 1970; British Columbia's [[Knowledge Network]] was launched on January 12, 1981; and Alberta's Access, which is now the privately owned [[CTV 2 Alberta]], was launched on June 30, 1973.)

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = left
| width = 125px
| image1 = Saskatchewan Communications Network (logo).png
| caption1 = SCN's first logo, used from 1991 to 2001.
| image2 = SCN TV 2.png
| caption2 = SCN's second logo, used from 2001 to 2007. It was still used as the channel's official logo until 2011.
}}
As a publicly owned entity, SCN received funding from the Government of Saskatchewan and from the general public in the form of donations. At the time, SCN frequently stopped between shows to ask for pledges like other public broadcasters such as [[PBS]] in the United States.

Noted programming on the channel included the music performance series ''[[The Neighbors Dog]]''.<ref>Jeanette Stewart, "Small is the new big; Series of house concerts filmed in Saskatoon". ''[[Saskatoon Star-Phoenix]]'', July 7, 2009.</ref>

===Privatization===
The Government of Saskatchewan (then led by Premier [[Brad Wall]]) announced on March 24, 2010, that it would wind down SCN's operations, citing low ratings, with some operations such as [[distance education]] broadcasts to be transferred to [[SaskTel]].<ref>[http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=b6aaef20-b481-4c56-b90d-d653f4d7eabf Government Provides SCN Core Services in More Efficient Manner] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326141434/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=b6aaef20-b481-4c56-b90d-d653f4d7eabf |date=March 26, 2010 }}, Government of Saskatchewan press release, March 24, 2010</ref> The channel was to have shut down at the end of April, but it was later decided to keep the channel in operation while offers to buy SCN were evaluated.<ref>Neil Scott, [https://leaderpost.com/entertainment/remain+operating+while+expressions+interest+evaluated/2973058/story.html SCN to remain operating while expressions of interest evaluated] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503004335/http://www.leaderpost.com/entertainment/remain+operating+while+expressions+interest+evaluated/2973058/story.html |date=May 3, 2010 }}, ''[[Leader-Post]]'', 2010-05-01, accessed May 1, 2010</ref> On June 21, 2010, the Government of Saskatchewan announced the channel would be sold to Bluepoint Investment Corporation. During the CRTC approval process, Bluepoint requested several amendments to SCN's licence, which would allow the channel to air limited amounts of non-educational programming with commercials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-21 |title=Sask. TV network sold to Ontario firm |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-tv-network-sold-to-ontario-firm-1.897892 |work=CBC News |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401164735/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-tv-network-sold-to-ontario-firm-1.897892 |url-status=live }}</ref> The CRTC approved the sale of SCN to Bluepoint and the licence amendments on December 23, 2010.<ref name="bluepoint-crtc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-965.htm |title=Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2010-965 |access-date=December 24, 2010 |archive-date=December 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228223303/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-965.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The transaction was completed shortly thereafter, and at that point, SCN lost its original revenue streams of government funding and viewer donations.

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width = 125px
| image3 = SCN TV.PNG
| caption3 = SCN's third logo, used from 2007 to 2009.
| image4 = SCN 2009 logo.png
| caption4 = SCN's fourth logo, used from 2009 to 2011.
| image5 = SCN logo 2011.svg
| caption5 = SCN's fifth and final logo, used from 2011 to 2012 under Bluepoint ownership.
}}
Under Bluepoint's approved amendments to its licence, SCN was still required to air commercial-free educational programming from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m.; after 3 p.m., the channel would be allowed to air entertainment-based programming with up to 14 minutes of advertising per hour – Bluepoint planned to use this new ability to air programming that could attract new advertising revenue to the channel,<ref name="bluepoint-crtc" /> in a hybrid format similar to Alberta's [[CTV Two Alberta|Access]].<ref name="scnpurchase">{{cite web|title=Ontario Company Purchases SCN|url=http://www.saskatoonhomepage.ca/index.php?option=com_content&id=26545&task=view|publisher=Saskatoon Media Group|access-date=July 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202756/http://www.saskatoonhomepage.ca/index.php?option=com_content&id=26545&task=view|archive-date=July 6, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> When Bluepoint took over control of the station, few changes were made to SCN's programming, other than introducing films seven nights a week starting at 9 p.m. during the summer of 2011.<ref>[http://www.scn.ca/news_details.php?ref_id=220 SCN Summer Schedule] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827023622/http://www.scn.ca/news_details.php?ref_id=220 |date=August 27, 2011 }} SCN press release May 3, 2011</ref> The first major changes to the channel occurred on September 12, 2011, premiering a new prime time lineup of current American network series such as ''[[Supernatural (American TV series)|Supernatural]]'' and ''[[The Insider (TV program)|The Insider]]'', and classic series such as ''[[Danger Bay]]'', ''[[Family Ties]]'', and ''[[Frasier]]''.<ref>[http://www.marketingmag.ca/news/media-news/claassen%E2%80%99s-bluepoint-to-introduce-revamped-scn-in-september-34102 Claassen’s Bluepoint to introduce revamped SCN in September] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230194352/http://www.marketingmag.ca/news/media-news/claassen%e2%80%99s-bluepoint-to-introduce-revamped-scn-in-september-34102 |date=December 30, 2011 }} Marketing August 15, 2011</ref>

===Affiliation with Citytv, acquisition by Rogers===
On December 20, 2011, SCN announced that it had entered into an affiliation agreement with [[Rogers Communications]] to air [[Citytv]] programs from 3 p.m. to 6 a.m. starting on January 2, 2012, with educational, children's and locally produced programming continuing to air on SCN outside those hours (to fulfill the channel's licence as an educational station). The post-3 p.m. programming, branded as "Citytv on SCN", consisted of entertainment programming sourced from Rogers' Citytv stations, including the network's prime time lineup.<ref>[http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/898133/citytv-and-scn-sign-affiliate-agreement Citytv and SCN Sign Affiliate Agreement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929132307/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/898133/citytv-and-scn-sign-affiliate-agreement |date=September 29, 2013 }} CNW press release December 20, 2011</ref> With the Citytv affiliation, SCN became the second Canadian educational television service to carry entertainment programming from one of the major commercial networks or television systems. The other was Alberta's Access, which adopted the [[CTV 2|CTV Two]] name and lineup upon its relaunch in August 2011. It also gave the Citytv system affiliations in all provinces west of [[Quebec]] and south of the [[Northern Canada|federal territories of Northern Canada]]. (Rogers later expanded Citytv into Quebec when it affiliated with [[CJNT-DT|CJNT]] [[Montreal]] in June 2012, which the company also purchased.)<ref>[http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/national/article/203765--citytv-expanding-into-quebec-western-canada Citytv expanding into Quebec & Western Canada] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509185944/http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/national/article/203765--citytv-expanding-into-quebec-western-canada |date=May 9, 2012 }}, ''[[CityNews]]'', May 3, 2012.</ref>

The next year, Rogers Media announced its intent to acquire SCN from Bluepoint Investment Corporation. The sale was approved by the CRTC on June 21, 2012, and closed later that month, making the channel an [[owned-and-operated station]] of the Citytv system. Rogers relaunched the channel as '''Citytv Saskatchewan''' on July 1.<ref>[http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/997785/rogers-media-receives-crtc-approval-to-launch-citytv-saskatchewan Rogers Media Receives CRTC Approval to Launch Citytv Saskatchewan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727062148/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/997785/rogers-media-receives-crtc-approval-to-launch-citytv-saskatchewan |date=July 27, 2013 }} CNW press release June 21, 2012</ref> Rogers planned to invest into improving the channel's infrastructure, and to launch a [[High-definition television|high definition]] feed for the channel in the coming year. No regional news programming is planned for the channel under Rogers ownership; as such, Citytv Saskatchewan is the first Citytv owned-and-operated station to carry no localized news programming (All other Citytv stations air nightly ''[[CityNews]]'' broadcasts at 6 p.m. and 11 p.m., as well as a national broadcast of ''[[Breakfast Television]]''. Citytv stations in Toronto, Calgary, and Vancouver also air their own local versions of ''BT''.)

==Programming==
{{further|List of programs broadcast by Citytv}}
In addition to airing Citytv's schedule of entertainment programming, Rogers committed when the channel was purchased to maintaining the channel's requirement to air commercial-free educational programming from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. daily.<ref name=np-rogersscn>{{cite news|title=Rogers to buy SCN, launch Citytv Saskatchewan|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/01/17/rogers-to-buy-scn-launch-citytv-saskatchewan/|newspaper=[[National Post]]|access-date=January 18, 2012|archive-date=September 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927170311/http://business.financialpost.com/2012/01/17/rogers-to-buy-scn-launch-citytv-saskatchewan/|url-status=live}}</ref> Children's programming airs from 6 a.m. to 1 p.m. in a block branded as ''CityKids'', with educational programming for adults and older youth aired from 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. daily.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daytime Schedule|url=https://www.citytv.com/saskatchewan/shows/citykids/|website=Citytv Saskatchewan|access-date=March 9, 2018|language=en-CA|archive-date=October 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008014957/https://www.citytv.com/saskatchewan/shows/citykids/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[CTV 2 Alberta]] - a similar cable-only affiliate of [[CTV 2]] in the Canadian province of [[Alberta]]; formerly Access
* [[CTV 2 Atlantic]] - a similar cable-only affiliate of CTV 2 in [[Atlantic Canada]]; formerly the Atlantic Satellite Network (ASN) and A Atlantic
* [[The CW Plus]] - an alternate feed of [[The CW]] for small and mid-size television markets in the United States, consisting of privately owned digital multicast channels and cable-only affiliates, with syndicated programs supplied by the network in addition to CW network programming

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.citytv.com/saskatchewan}}

{{Navboxes|
|list1=
{{Saskatchewan TV}}
{{Citytv Stations}}
{{Public broadcasting in Canada}}
{{Rogers Communications}}
{{Saskcrowncorps}}
}}

[[Category:Educational television networks in Canada]]
[[Category:Public television in Canada]]
[[Category:Citytv stations|Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Companies based in Regina, Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Television stations in Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1991]]
[[Category:Specialty television channels in Canada]]
[[Category:Former Crown corporations of Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Saskatchewan]]

Dominion Network

2026-09-22T17:32:52Z

UserCraft93:

{{Short description|Former CBC radio network}}{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2026}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2026}}{{Infobox radio network|network_name=CBC Dominion Network|network_logo=CBC logo 1940–1958.png|country=Canada|network_type=[[Public broadcaster]] [[radio network]]|format=[[Light entertainment]]|available=National, through [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]] and private affiliates|owner=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|key_people=[[Spence Caldwell]]|launch_date={{Start date|1944|1|1}}|closure_date={{End date|1962|10|1}}|logo_size=150px}}The '''Dominion Network''' was the second English-language radio network of the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC). It operated from 1 January 1944 until 1 October 1962, alongside the CBC's main English-language service, the [[Trans-Canada Network]].<ref name="cbc-networks">{{cite web|title=CBC English Radio Networks|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-networks/cbc-english-radio-networks/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref>

The Dominion Network was created to provide an alternative CBC-controlled national service for private affiliates, advertisers and listeners who wanted more popular and commercially sponsored programming. Its flagship and only CBC-owned station was [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]] in [[Toronto]]; the rest of the network consisted of privately owned affiliate stations across Canada.<ref name="cjbc">{{cite web|title=CJBC-AM|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-stations/ontario/ontario-city-of-toronto/cjbc-am/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="caldwell">{{cite web|title=Spencer Wood “Spence” Caldwell (1909–1983)|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/caldwell-spencer-wood-spence/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> Compared with the Trans-Canada Network, which emphasized news, public affairs, educational programming and cultural broadcasts, the Dominion Network carried more light entertainment, commercial programming and American network material.<ref name="cbc-networks" /><ref name="ce-broadcasting">{{cite web|title=Broadcasting|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/broadcasting-emc|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Canada|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==
Before 1944, the CBC operated a single English-language radio network. By the early 1940s, pressure had grown from listeners, advertisers and privately owned stations for alternative programming, particularly commercial and American network programs that could attract larger audiences and advertising revenue.<ref name="cbc-networks" /> Private stations also wanted greater access to network programming without having to rely entirely on the CBC's main service.

The CBC was concerned that private broadcasters might campaign successfully for permission to operate a separate private radio network. Under the broadcasting legislation then in force, radio networks could not operate without CBC approval. Rather than permit a privately controlled national network, the CBC created a second English-language network under its own authority.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

== Launch ==
The Dominion Network was formed on 1 January 1944. The existing CBC English network was renamed the [[Trans-Canada Network]], while the new second service became the Dominion Network.<ref name="cbc-networks" /> The CBC lined up 34 existing and planned private stations as affiliates, but it initially lacked a Toronto key station after [[CFRB]] declined to join the new network.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

The solution was to use the CBC-owned Toronto station CBY, formerly CKNC and CRCY, as the network's flagship. CBY became [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]] on 15 November 1943, and when the Dominion Network was launched in 1944, CJBC became its key station.<ref name="cjbc" /> The CBC planned to increase CJBC's power and move it to 860 kHz, a clear-channel frequency that had previously been occupied by CFRB.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

The Dominion Network's first sponsored program was the American panel show ''[[Information Please]]'', carried experimentally in April 1944 before the network's full complement of programming began later that year.<ref name="cbc-networks" /> CJBC carried programs from the [[Blue Network]], [[NBC]], the [[BBC]] and other sources, while also originating programs for the Dominion Network.<ref name="cjbc" />

== Management and programming ==
The CBC hired [[Spence Caldwell]], formerly commercial manager of [[CKWX]] in Vancouver, to manage the new network. Caldwell was chosen because of his commercial radio experience and was based at CJBC in Toronto. He managed a network made up almost entirely of private affiliates; CJBC was the only CBC-owned station in the Dominion Network.<ref name="caldwell" /> Caldwell later left the CBC for All-Canada Radio Facilities and subsequently became one of the founders of the [[CTV Television Network]].<ref name="caldwell" />

The Dominion Network's schedule was intended to complement rather than duplicate the Trans-Canada Network. It carried lighter and more commercial programming, including American entertainment series, popular music, drama, comedy and sponsored shows.<ref name="cbc-networks" /><ref name="ce-programming">{{cite web|title=Radio Programming|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/radio-programming|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Canada|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> Programs carried by Dominion affiliates included ''[[Duffy's Tavern]]'', ''[[Amos 'n' Andy]]'' and ''[[Fibber McGee and Molly]]''.<ref name="chat">{{cite web|title=CHAT-FM|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-stations/alberta/alberta-south/chat-fm/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref>

The network operated primarily during periods when national programming was commercially useful, particularly in the evening. This arrangement allowed private affiliates to carry local programming and sell local advertising during other parts of the broadcast day.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

== Relationship with the Trans-Canada Network ==
From 1944 to 1962, the CBC operated two coast-to-coast English-language AM radio networks. The Trans-Canada Network was the principal CBC English service and included more CBC-owned stations, while the Dominion Network relied mainly on private affiliates and served as a more commercially oriented companion service.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

Both networks were part of the CBC system and both carried some commercial programming. The distinction was therefore not absolute, but the Trans-Canada Network was generally associated with more serious, educational, cultural and public-affairs programming, while the Dominion Network was more closely associated with light entertainment and American network programs.<ref name="ce-broadcasting" /><ref name="ce-programming" />

== Later years and dissolution ==
By the late 1950s and early 1960s, Canadian broadcasting was changing rapidly. Television had taken much of the audience and advertising revenue that had previously supported commercial network radio, and the CBC began reorganizing its radio services. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' notes that the CBC closed the Dominion Network in 1962 as radio's role in Canadian broadcasting changed.<ref name="ce-programming" />

The Dominion Network was dissolved on 1 October 1962. The Trans-Canada and Dominion networks were consolidated into a single CBC radio service, linking CBC-owned stations with private affiliates used where necessary to fill coverage gaps.<ref name="cbc-networks" /><ref name="cbla">{{cite web|title=CBLA-FM, Radio One, Toronto|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-stations/ontario/ontario-city-of-toronto/cbla-fm/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> Some private stations resisted continued CBC affiliation after the merger, and the CBC gradually reduced its reliance on private affiliates as it built or funded its own transmitters and repeaters.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

After the merger, CJBC began carrying some French-language programming. By 1964, it had become an entirely French-language station and later became the Toronto outlet of Radio-Canada's French-language radio service, now [[Ici Radio-Canada Première]].<ref name="cjbc" />

== Stations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Province
!City
!Station
|-
|Alberta
|[[Calgary]]
|[[CKMX (AM)|CFCN]]
|-
|Alberta
|[[Edmonton]]
|[[CFRN (AM)|CFRN]]
|-
|Alberta
|[[Medicine Hat]]
|[[CHAT (AM)|CHAT]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Chilliwack, British Columbia|Chilliwack]]
|[[CKSR-FM|CHWK]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Penticton]]
|[[CKOR (AM)|CKOK]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Vancouver]]
|[[CKPK-FM|CJOR]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Vernon, British Columbia|Vernon]]
|[[CKIZ-FM|CJIB]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]
|[[CHTT-FM|CJVI]]
|-
|Manitoba
|[[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]]
|[[CKXA-FM|CKX]]
|-
|Manitoba
|[[Winnipeg]]
|[[CFWM-FM|CKRC]]
|-
|New Brunswick
|[[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]]
|[[CFBC (AM)|CFBC]]
|-
|Nova Scotia
|[[City of Halifax|Halifax]]
|[[CHNS-FM|CHNS]]
|-
|Nova Scotia
|[[Sydney, Nova Scotia|Sydney]]
|[[CJCB (AM)|CJCB]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]]
|[[CKPC (AM)|CKPC]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Brockville]]
|[[CFJR-FM|CFBR]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Fort Frances, Ontario|Fort Frances]]
|[[CFOB-FM|CKFI]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
|[[CHML]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kenora]]
|[[CJRL-FM|CJRL]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]]
|[[CKLC-FM|CKLC]] / [[CFLY-FM|CKLC-FM]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]]
|[[CHYM-FM|CKCR]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[London, Ontario|London]]
|[[CFPL (AM)|CFPL]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Orillia]]
|[[CICX-FM|CFOR]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Ottawa]]
|[[CIWW (AM)|CKCO]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Owen Sound, Ontario|Owen Sound]]
|[[CFOS]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]]
|[[CKRU|CHEX]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]]
|[[CKTB]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]]
|[[CJCS-FM|CJCS]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]]
|[[CHNO-FM|CHNO]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Thunder Bay]]
|[[CKTG-FM|CFPA]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Toronto]]
|'''[[CFRB]]'''
|-
|Ontario
|[[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]
|[[CKLW]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Wingham, Ontario|Wingham]]
|[[CKNX (AM)|CKNX]]
|-
|Prince Edward Island
|[[Charlottetown]]
|[[CFCY-FM|CFCY]]
|-
|Quebec
|[[Montreal]]
|[[CINW|CFCF]]
|-
|Quebec
|[[Quebec City]]
|[[CFOM (AM)|CJQC]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Moose Jaw]]
|[[CHAB (AM)|CHAB]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]
|[[CKBI (AM)|CKBI]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
|[[CKRM]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Saskatoon]]
|[[CKBL-FM|CFQC]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Yorkton]]
|[[CJGX]]
|}

== Stations ==
The Dominion Network's affiliate lineup changed over time. In 1945, the CBC listed the following as Dominion basic stations: [[CJFX-FM|CJFX]], [[CHNS-FM|CHNS]], [[CFCY-FM|CFCY]], [[CKCW-FM|CKCW]], [[CKNB]], [[CJLS-FM|CJLS]], [[CIWW (AM)|CKCO]], [[CHOV-FM|CHOV]], [[CFJR-FM|CFBR]], [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]], [[CKRU|CHEX]], [[CFPL (AM)|CFPL]], [[CFCO]], [[CKTG-FM|CFPA]], [[CHLT-FM|CHLT]], [[CINW|CFCF]], [[CFWM-FM|CKRC]], [[CJGX]], [[CKXA-FM|CKX]], [[CKRM]], [[CHAB (AM)|CHAB]], [[CKBL-FM|CFQC]], [[CKBI (AM)|CKBI]], [[CKMX (AM)|CFCN]], [[CFRN (AM)|CFRN]], [[CJRL-FM|CJRL]], [[CKSR-FM|CHWK]], [[CKPK-FM|CJOR]] and [[CHTT-FM|CJVI]].<ref name="cjbc" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Dominion Network stations
!Province
!City
!Station
!Notes
|-
|Alberta
|[[Calgary]]
|[[CKMX (AM)|CFCN]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; now defunct
|-
|Alberta
|[[Edmonton]]
|[[CFRN (AM)|CFRN]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio for two years after the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged; now defunct
|-
|Alberta
|[[Medicine Hat]]
|[[CHAT (AM)|CHAT]]
|Affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Chilliwack, British Columbia|Chilliwack]]
|[[CKSR-FM|CHWK]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Penticton]]
|[[CKOR (AM)|CKOK]]
|Affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Vancouver]]
|[[CKPK-FM|CJOR]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Vernon, British Columbia|Vernon]]
|[[CKIZ-FM|CJIB]]
|
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]
|[[CHTT-FM|CJVI]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Manitoba
|[[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]]
|[[CKXA-FM|CKX]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Manitoba
|[[Winnipeg]]
|[[CFWM-FM|CKRC]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|New Brunswick
|[[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]]
|[[CFBC (AM)|CFBC]]
|
|-
|Nova Scotia
|[[City of Halifax|Halifax]]
|[[CHNS-FM|CHNS]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Nova Scotia
|[[Sydney, Nova Scotia|Sydney]]
|[[CJCB (AM)|CJCB]]
|Affiliated from 1948; previously a Trans-Canada Network affiliate
|-
|Ontario
|[[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]]
|[[CKPC (AM)|CKPC]]
|Now defunct
|-
|Ontario
|[[Brockville]]
|[[CFJR-FM|CFBR]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; later CFJM and CFJR
|-
|Ontario
|[[Fort Frances, Ontario|Fort Frances]]
|[[CFOB-FM|CKFI]]
|Affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
|[[CHML]]
|Now defunct
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kenora]]
|[[CJRL-FM|CJRL]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; CBC Dominion affiliate
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]]
|[[CKLC-FM|CKLC]] / [[CFLY-FM|CKLC-FM]]
|Shared affiliation, 1953–1962
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]]
|[[CHYM-FM|CKCR]]
|Affiliated 1949–1960; CKCR-AM-FM affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[London, Ontario|London]]
|[[CFPL (AM)|CFPL]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Orillia]]
|[[CICX-FM|CFOR]]
|Affiliated from 1945; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Ottawa]]
|[[CIWW (AM)|CKCO]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; became CKOY in 1949; now defunct
|-
|Ontario
|[[Owen Sound, Ontario|Owen Sound]]
|[[CFOS]]
|Affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]]
|[[CKRU|CHEX]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Ontario
|[[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]]
|[[CKTB]]
|
|-
|Ontario
|[[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]]
|[[CJCS-FM|CJCS]]
|
|-
|Ontario
|[[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]]
|[[CHNO-FM|CHNO]]
|
|-
|Ontario
|[[Thunder Bay]]
|[[CKTG-FM|CFPA]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Toronto]]
|'''[[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]]'''
|Flagship station; only CBC owned-and-operated Dominion station; converted to French-language [[Ici Radio-Canada Première|Radio-Canada]] service in 1964
|-
|Ontario
|[[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]
|[[CKLW]]
|Affiliated with both the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks until 1950, when CBC-owned [[CBEW-FM|CBE]] launched
|-
|Ontario
|[[Wingham, Ontario|Wingham]]
|[[CKNX (AM)|CKNX]]
|
|-
|Prince Edward Island
|[[Charlottetown]]
|[[CFCY-FM|CFCY]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Quebec
|[[Montreal]]
|[[CINW|CFCF]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; now defunct
|-
|Quebec
|[[Quebec City]]
|[[CFOM (AM)|CJQC]]
|Affiliated in 1949; previously [[CKCV]] was affiliated with both the Trans-Canada Network and the Dominion Network; CJQC affiliated with CBC Radio when the networks merged; now defunct
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Moose Jaw]]
|[[CHAB (AM)|CHAB]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]
|[[CKBI (AM)|CKBI]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
|[[CKRM]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Saskatoon]]
|[[CKBL-FM|CFQC]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Yorkton]]
|[[CJGX]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|}

== Legacy ==
The Dominion Network was an important part of the CBC's attempt to balance public-service broadcasting with the commercial realities of privately owned radio stations. It allowed the CBC to keep control over national networking while giving private affiliates access to popular and sponsored programming. Its creation also delayed the emergence of a private Canadian broadcasting network; Spence Caldwell, its first manager, later helped establish [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] as Canada's first private television network.<ref name="caldwell" />

The network's closure in 1962 marked the end of the CBC's two-network English AM radio structure. The surviving English radio service eventually became [[CBC Radio One]], while the CBC later developed a separate FM service that became [[CBC Music]].<ref name="cbc-networks" />

== See also ==

* [[CBC Radio One]]
* [[Trans-Canada Network]]
* [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
* [[CJBC (AM)]]
* [[Spence Caldwell]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{CBC Radio}}

Anglo-Quebec

2026-09-22T16:14:43Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox television channel|name=Anglo-Québec|founded={{start date|1968|2|22}}|launch_date=|type=|country=Canada|area=Provincewide [[Quebec]]|owner=[[Quebec Broadcasting System]] ([[Government of Quebec]])|parent=|website={{URL|https://www.telequebec.tv/}} {{in lang|fr}}|launch={{start date|1975|1|19}}|language=[[English]]|broadcast area=[[Quebec]]|affiliates=[[#Stations|see list of stations]]|headquarters=Lorimier Centre, Montreal, Quebec|terr serv 1=[[WNQT]] (Montreal)|terr chan 1=1|terr serv 2=[[CHRC]] (Quebec City)|terr chan 2=2|terr serv 3=[[CKCH]] (Hull)|terr chan 3=3|terr serv 4=[[CHOY]] (Saint Jerome)|terr chan 4=4|terr serv 5=[[CFKL]] (Schefferville)|terr chan 5=5}}
'''{{lang|fr|Anglo-Québec|italic=no}}''' is a Canadian English-language public educational television network in the province of Quebec. It is a provincial Crown corporation owned by the [[Government of Quebec]]. The network's main studios and headquarters are located at the corner of de Lorimier Street and East René Lévesque Boulevard in Montreal.

The network serves as the [[Anglo-Quebec]] counterpart of Télé-Québec, broadcasting [[wikipedia:Canadian_English|English-language]] programming to [[wikipedia:English-speaking_Quebecers|Anglo-Quebecers]] within the province's quality areas, serving as a sister outlet to Télé-Québec and its French-language content.

Anglo-Quebec is the primary English-speaking Quebec equivalent to [[wikipedia:Ontario|Ontario]]'s [[wikipedia:TVO|TVO]] and its French counterpart [[wikipedia:TFO|TFO]], as well as Alberta's [[Access Public Television]] and and [[wikipedia:British_Columbia|British Columbia]]'s [[wikipedia:Knowledge_Network|Knowledge Network]], with a usually similar to the American Public Broadcasting Service ([[wikipedia:PBS|PBS]]) and its affiliated state networks, in that it is somewhat modest in scope, runs mostly educational or cultural programming and does not try to compete with privately owned television networks (such as CTV) or with [[CBC Television]], the English-language service of the [[wikipedia:Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]].

== History ==
When Télé-Québec launched its over-the-air transmitters on January 19, 1975, primarily with the sign-ons of CIVM-TV in Montreal and CIVQ-TV in Quebec City in which they basically started making its programming available to an even wider audience, it aired English-language programming on Weekdays anywhere from noon until sign-off, particularly through its unique and loved weekday, hour-long, instructional program ''Quebec School Telecasts'' and its successor ''Quebec School Television''. In 1978, the English Language Arts Network (ELAN) filed an intervention to CRTC within their planned licence renewals for the service, seeking that Télé-Québec be required to devote 20% of its programming and budget to programs of interest to an anglophone, [[wikipedia:Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec|indigenous]], and other visible minority communities of Quebec. The proposal called for at least 10% of this quota to be put towards English-language programming.<ref name="2018-12-04">{{Cite web|url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm|title=CIVM-DT Montréal and its transmitters – Licence renewal|publisher=CRTC|date=December 4, 2018|access-date=December 4, 2018|archive-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003259/https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm "CIVM-DT Montréal and its transmitters – Licence renewal"]. CRTC. December 4, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003259/https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm Archived] from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIVM-DT+Montr%C3%A9al+and+its+transmitters+%E2%80%93+Licence+renewal&rft.pub=CRTC&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrtc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Farchive%2F2018%2F2018-450.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref> While the CRTC declined the request, stating that it was beyond the scope of licence renewal, and that it should be the subject of a policy proceeding in which broadcasters as a whole are considered, it did make the provincial Government of Quebec conclude that a separate anglophone educational network was needed to prevent the ghettoization of the Anglo-Quebecor community by 1981.

In February 1982, the Quebec Ministry of Municipal and Cultural Affairs, together with Communications Canada, approved the creation of an Quebec-based English-language educational television network. At the time, the only portions of Quebec with access to a dedicated anglophone educational television service were either the National Capital Region and/or the Ottawa Valley, which were by this point served by TVOntario outlet CNCR-TV within Ottawa. In October 1984, the new network received its broadcast licence from the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). On February 1, 1985, the network was officially launched by the Société de télédiffusion du Québec under the name Anglo-Quebec. The company remains part of Télé-Québec to this day, even if not operating most primary finances within the broadcaster.

== Programming ==
(TBA)

== Stations ==

== Extras ==

== References ==

Anglo-Quebec

2026-09-22T16:14:26Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox television channel|name=Anglo-Québec|founded={{start date|1968|2|22}}|launch_date=|type=|country=Canada|area=Provincewide [[Quebec]]|owner=[[Quebec Broadcasting System]] ([[Government of Quebec]])|parent=|website={{URL|https://www.telequebec.tv/}} {{in lang|fr}}|launch={{start date|1975|1|19}}|language=[[English]]|broadcast area=[[Quebec]]|affiliates=[[#Stations|see list of stations]]|headquarters=Lorimier Centre, Montreal, Quebec|terr serv 1=[[WNQT]] (Montreal)|terr chan 1=1|terr serv 2=[[CHRC]] (Quebec City)|terr chan 2=2|terr serv 3=[[CKCH]] (Hull)|terr chan 3=3|terr serv 4=[[CHOY]] (Saint Jerome)|terr chan 4=4|terr serv 5=[[CFKL]] (Schefferville)|terr chan 5=5}}'''{{lang|fr|Anglo-Québec|italic=no}}
''' is a Canadian English-language public educational television network in the province of Quebec. It is a provincial Crown corporation owned by the [[Government of Quebec]]. The network's main studios and headquarters are located at the corner of de Lorimier Street and East René Lévesque Boulevard in Montreal.

The network serves as the [[Anglo-Quebec]] counterpart of Télé-Québec, broadcasting [[wikipedia:Canadian_English|English-language]] programming to [[wikipedia:English-speaking_Quebecers|Anglo-Quebecers]] within the province's quality areas, serving as a sister outlet to Télé-Québec and its French-language content.

Anglo-Quebec is the primary English-speaking Quebec equivalent to [[wikipedia:Ontario|Ontario]]'s [[wikipedia:TVO|TVO]] and its French counterpart [[wikipedia:TFO|TFO]], as well as Alberta's [[Access Public Television]] and and [[wikipedia:British_Columbia|British Columbia]]'s [[wikipedia:Knowledge_Network|Knowledge Network]], with a usually similar to the American Public Broadcasting Service ([[wikipedia:PBS|PBS]]) and its affiliated state networks, in that it is somewhat modest in scope, runs mostly educational or cultural programming and does not try to compete with privately owned television networks (such as CTV) or with [[CBC Television]], the English-language service of the [[wikipedia:Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]].

== History ==
When Télé-Québec launched its over-the-air transmitters on January 19, 1975, primarily with the sign-ons of CIVM-TV in Montreal and CIVQ-TV in Quebec City in which they basically started making its programming available to an even wider audience, it aired English-language programming on Weekdays anywhere from noon until sign-off, particularly through its unique and loved weekday, hour-long, instructional program ''Quebec School Telecasts'' and its successor ''Quebec School Television''. In 1978, the English Language Arts Network (ELAN) filed an intervention to CRTC within their planned licence renewals for the service, seeking that Télé-Québec be required to devote 20% of its programming and budget to programs of interest to an anglophone, [[wikipedia:Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec|indigenous]], and other visible minority communities of Quebec. The proposal called for at least 10% of this quota to be put towards English-language programming.<ref name="2018-12-04">{{Cite web|url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm|title=CIVM-DT Montréal and its transmitters – Licence renewal|publisher=CRTC|date=December 4, 2018|access-date=December 4, 2018|archive-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003259/https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm "CIVM-DT Montréal and its transmitters – Licence renewal"]. CRTC. December 4, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003259/https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm Archived] from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIVM-DT+Montr%C3%A9al+and+its+transmitters+%E2%80%93+Licence+renewal&rft.pub=CRTC&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrtc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Farchive%2F2018%2F2018-450.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref> While the CRTC declined the request, stating that it was beyond the scope of licence renewal, and that it should be the subject of a policy proceeding in which broadcasters as a whole are considered, it did make the provincial Government of Quebec conclude that a separate anglophone educational network was needed to prevent the ghettoization of the Anglo-Quebecor community by 1981.

In February 1982, the Quebec Ministry of Municipal and Cultural Affairs, together with Communications Canada, approved the creation of an Quebec-based English-language educational television network. At the time, the only portions of Quebec with access to a dedicated anglophone educational television service were either the National Capital Region and/or the Ottawa Valley, which were by this point served by TVOntario outlet CNCR-TV within Ottawa. In October 1984, the new network received its broadcast licence from the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). On February 1, 1985, the network was officially launched by the Société de télédiffusion du Québec under the name Anglo-Quebec. The company remains part of Télé-Québec to this day, even if not operating most primary finances within the broadcaster.

== Programming ==
(TBA)

== Stations ==

== Extras ==

== References ==

CBST-DT

2026-09-22T14:10:39Z

UserCraft93:

{{short description|Television station in Saskatchewan, Canada (1971–2012)}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CBST-DT
| logo = CBC Television 2009.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| branding = CBC Saskatoon ''(general)'' ''CBC Saskatoon News (newscasts)''
| analog = 11 ([[VHF]])
| affiliations = [[CBC Television|CBC]]
| airdate = {{start date|1971|10|17}}
| last_airdate =
| location = [[Saskatoon]], Saskatchewan
| country = Canada
| callsign_meaning = '''C'''anadian '''B'''roadcasting Corporation '''S'''askatoon '''T'''elevision
| owner = [[CBST Foundation]]
| licensee =[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| sister_stations = [[CBSR (AM)]], [[CBSR (FM)|CBSR]]
| erp = 325 [[kilowatt|kW]]
| haat = {{convert|239.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{coord|52|10|28|N|106|26|5|W|type:landmark}}
|former_callsigns=CBKST (1971-2010)|slogan=''Canada's Public Broadcaster''|licensing_authority=CRTC}}

'''CBST-DT''' (channel 11) is a [[CBC Television]] station in [[Saskatoon]], Saskatchewan, Canada, which operated since 1971. The station's [[master control]] facilities were located in the [[Hutchinson Building]] on 2nd Avenue South (between 21 and 22 Streets East) in [[Downtown Saskatoon]] after being relocated from an office tower above [[Midtown Plaza (Saskatoon)|Midtown Plaza]]. Its transmitter was located between [[Saskatchewan Highway 5|Highways 5]] and [[Saskatchewan Highway 41|41]].

CBKST was licensed as a rebroadcaster of [[CBKT-DT]] in [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], even though it operated as a [[broadcast relay station#Semi-satellites|semi-satellite]] with its own associated network of repeaters; it aired separate commercials and (until the 1990s) its own local news broadcasts. On [[cable television|cable]], the station was available on [[Shaw Cable]] channel 12 and [[Sasktel|Sasktel Max]] channel 3.

While the CBC originally planned to discontinue CBKST's over the air feed on August 31, 2011 (as the corporation did not originally plan to convert rebroadcasters in mandatory transition markets like Saskatoon to digital), the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) granted the CBC permission to allow transmitters in selected mandatory markets, including Saskatoon, to still operate an analogue feed until August 31, 2012. On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the CBC's application to the CRTC to relaunch CBKST as CBST-TV, a separate station which would once again produce a distinct local newscast from [[CBKT-DT]].

==History==
As early as 1967, efforts were under way to secure a new CBC affiliate for Saskatoon. [[CFQC-DT|CFQC-TV]], which had been the only station in Saskatoon since going on the air in December 1954, had wished to switch to [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] once the federal government commissioned a new CBC station. In November 1967, however, the federal government declined an application by the CBC to establish a new station, with [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Lester B. Pearson]] stating reasons including cost-cutting by the government and the fact CFQC already existed to provide CBC programming.

After this and further delays, the CBC was finally approved to launch a new station in Saskatoon. In a move that would come back to haunt the station, however, it was not licensed as a full standalone station in its own right, but as a rebroadcaster of Regina's '''CBKRT''' (now CBKT). CBKST ultimately launched at 5:30 p.m. on October 17, 1971 as Saskatoon's second television station. CFQC, which had begun airing select CTV programming in off-hours since 1969, became an exclusive CTV affiliate at CBKST's launch. The first program aired was the religious music series ''[[Hymn Sing]]''.

Like most local CBC stations, in the 1970s and 1980s, CBKST had its own newsroom and aired local newscasts and other original programming, as well as locally-aired [[broadcast syndication|syndicated]] reruns of off-network American shows outside of the network schedule. Notable personalities included veteran sportscaster Lloyd Saunders and newscaster Cathy Little. The station's studios were originally located on the fifth floor of CN Towers (renamed Tower at Midtown in 2006), an office block located above Saskatoon's [[Midtown Plaza (Saskatoon)|Midtown Plaza shopping centre]]. In August 1976, CBKST was temporarily knocked off the air for several days when several chunks of concrete, each weighing several thousand pounds, fell off the side of CN Towers and went crashing into the mall below; fortunately, businesses at the Plaza had closed for the day and no one was injured as there was no one inside the Plaza at that point.

For several years from 1978 until December 31, 1985, CBKST used the brand "Saskatoon 11/12" on-air and in print, reflecting the station's respective over-the-air and cable channels in the city. At the time, the CBKST logo consisted of the name "SASKATOON" with the station's channel numbers contained within the "O"s. That logo was retired when the CBC's reimaging program began on January 1, 1986.

In December 1990, nationwide cutbacks at the CBC resulted in many CBKST staff being laid off and its supper hour newscast cancelled. At this time, the station began sharing the "CBC Saskatchewan" branding with CBKT in Regina. In the early 2000s, the station moved into a new storefront studio facility, taking over the heritage Hutchinson Building, a few blocks away from CN Towers on 2nd Avenue South, which it shared with its [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé|Radio-Canada]] counterpart, [[CBKFT-DT|CBKFT]].

In 2002, CBC purchased former [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan]] affiliate [[CKBI-TV|CKBI]] from previous owner [[CTVglobemedia|Bell Globemedia]] (parent company of CTV), turning CKBI into a rebroadcaster of CBKST; prior to this, CKBI had been a separate CBC affiliate (despite the CTV-related ownership).

CBKST had ties to the CBC's longest-running import, ''[[Coronation Street]]'', according to the 2002 edition of the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]'' (and noted in previous editions), CBKST acquired 1,144 episodes of the British soap from [[Granada Television]] on May 31, 1971, the largest number of TV shows ever purchased in one transaction. (CBC's English flagship, [[CBLT-DT|CBLT]] in [[Toronto]], was the first to televise ''Coronation Street'' in Canada, in 1966.)

On May 16, 2008, CBKST was given approval by the CRTC to delete its transmitters in [[Big River, Saskatchewan|Big River]] and [[Tisdale, Saskatchewan|Tisdale]]. Viewers that had been served by the two stations were later served by two other CBKST transmitters, CBKST-TV-3 [[Leoville, Saskatchewan|Leoville]] and CBKST-TV-11 [[Greenwater Lake Provincial Park|Greenwater Lake]].

==Transmitters==
CBKST had over 20 analog over-the-air television rebroadcasters in several northern Saskatchewan communities such as Prince Albert and [[North Battleford]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! [[City of license|City of licence]]
! [[Call signs in North America|Callsign]]
! Channel
! [[Effective radiated power|ERP]] ([[watt|W]])
|-
| [[Beauval, Saskatchewan|Beauval]]
| CBST-1
| 7 (VHF)
| 7,700
|-
| [[Buffalo Narrows]]
| CBST-2
| 11 (VHF)
| 321
|-
| [[Fond-du-Lac, Saskatchewan|Fond-du-Lac]]
| CBST-3
| 10 (VHF)
| 402
|-
| [[Greenwater Lake Provincial Park|Greenwater Lake]]
| CBST-4
| 4 (VHF)
| 3,000
|-
| [[Île-à-la-Crosse]]
| CBST-5
| 9 (VHF)
| 105
|-
| [[La Loche, Saskatchewan|La Loche]]
| CBST-6
| 13 (VHF)
| 180
|-
| [[La Ronge]]
| CBST-7
| 12 (VHF)
| 60
|-
| [[Leoville, Saskatchewan|Leoville]]
| CBST-8
| 12 (VHF)
| 39,200
|-
| [[Montreal Lake, Saskatchewan|Montreal Lake]]
| CBST-9
| 11 (VHF)
| 168
|-
| [[Nipawin, Saskatchewan|Nipawin]]
| CBST-10
| 10 (VHF)
| 4,300 w
|-
| [[North Battleford]]
| CBST-11
| 7 (VHF)
| 10,000 w
|-
| [[Palmbere Lake, Saskatchewan|Palmbere Lake]]
| CBST-12
| 8 (VHF)
| 7
|-
| [[Patuanak]]
| CBST-13
| 5 (VHF)
| 45
|-
|[[Pelican Narrows]]
|CBPNT
|3 (VHF)
|9,310
|-
| [[Pinehouse Lake, Saskatchewan|Pinehouse Lake]]
| CBST-14
| 10 (VHF)
| 7.7
|-
| [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]
| [[CKBI-TV|CBST-15]]
| 5 (VHF)
| 13,000
|-
| [[Southend, Saskatchewan|Southend]]
| CBST-16
| 13 (VHF)
| 36
|-
| [[Spiritwood, Saskatchewan|Spiritwood]]
| CBST-17
| 2 (VHF)
| 5,000
|-
| [[Stanley Mission, Saskatchewan|Stanley Mission]]
| CBST-18
| 8 (VHF)
| 333
|-
| [[Stony Rapids, Saskatchewan|Stony Rapids]]
| CBST-19
| 7 (VHF)
| 320
|-
| [[Stranraer, Saskatchewan|Stranraer]]
| CBST-20
| 9 (VHF)
| 163,000
|-
| [[Uranium City]]
| CBKAT
| 8 (VHF)
| 370
|}

==See also==
*[[List of CBC television stations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://broadcasting-history.ca/television/television-stations/saskatchewan/cbkst-tv/ CBST-DT] at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the [[Canadian Communications Foundation]]

[[Category:Television stations in Saskatoon|CBST]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations priviatized in 2012]]
[[Category:television stations in Canada|CBST]]
[[Category:mass media in Saskatchewan|CBST]]
[[Category:CBC Television stations]]
[[Category:CBC]]
[[Category:CBKST]]
[[Category:CBST-DT]]

CFRG-TV

2026-09-21T18:22:28Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Infobox television station|callsign=CFRG-TV|analog=2 (VHF)|affiliations=CBC, Radio-Canada|founded={{Start date|1959|10|31}}|last_airdate={{End date|2001|09|11}}|location=Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan|callsign_meaning=Named after CFRG & CFRG-FM|owner=Fransaskois Community Association of Gravelbourg|erp=15,000 watts day (710 kHz) 1,500 watts night (1230 kHz)|licensing_author..."

{{Infobox television station|callsign=CFRG-TV|analog=2 ([[very high frequency|VHF]])|affiliations=[[CBC Television|CBC]], [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé|Radio-Canada]]|founded={{Start date|1959|10|31}}|last_airdate={{End date|2001|09|11}}|location=[[Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan]]|callsign_meaning=Named after [[CFRG (AM)|CFRG]] & [[CFRG-FM]]|owner=[[Fransaskois Community Association of Gravelbourg]]|erp=15,000 watts day (710 kHz) 1,500 watts night (1230 kHz)|licensing_authority=CRTC|power=710 [[Hertz|kHz]] and 1230 kHz|class=TE|facility_id=9345102861|coordinates={{coord|49|52|17|N|106|33|10|W|type:landmark_region:CA}}|haat={{convert|13.5|metres}}|branding=CFRG Television|country=Canada}}'''CFRG-TV''' was a [[Low-power broadcasting|low-power]] [[community television]] station in [[Ear Falls]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]], which began broadcasting in the early 1980s. The station was licensed by the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] before 1984. CFRG-TV is owned and operated by a local television broadcaster, Ear Falls TV Committee, who also rebroadcasts a small selection of broadcast and cable channels via low-powered VHF/UHF translators. The station aired two hours per week of local programming, such as locally produced programming, news events, community updates, township council meetings, interviews, tournaments, and recreational activities.

Dominion Network

2026-09-21T17:56:42Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Short description|Former CBC radio network}}{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2026}}{{Infobox radio network|network_name=CBC Dominion Network|network_logo=150px|country=Canada|network_type=Public broadcaster / radio network|format=Light entertainment|available=National, through CJBC and private affiliates|owner=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|key_people=[[Spence Caldwell]..."

{{Short description|Former CBC radio network}}{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2026}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2026}}{{Infobox radio network|network_name=CBC Dominion Network|network_logo=[[File:CBC logo 1940–1958.png|150px]]|country=Canada|network_type=[[Public broadcaster]] / [[radio network]]|format=[[Light entertainment]]|available=National, through [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]] and private affiliates|owner=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|key_people=[[Spence Caldwell]]|launch_date={{Start date|1944|1|1}}|closure_date={{End date|1962|10|1}}}}The '''Dominion Network''' was the second English-language radio network of the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC). It operated from 1 January 1944 until 1 October 1962, alongside the CBC's main English-language service, the [[Trans-Canada Network]].<ref name="cbc-networks">{{cite web|title=CBC English Radio Networks|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-networks/cbc-english-radio-networks/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref>

The Dominion Network was created to provide an alternative CBC-controlled national service for private affiliates, advertisers and listeners who wanted more popular and commercially sponsored programming. Its flagship and only CBC-owned station was [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]] in [[Toronto]]; the rest of the network consisted of privately owned affiliate stations across Canada.<ref name="cjbc">{{cite web|title=CJBC-AM|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-stations/ontario/ontario-city-of-toronto/cjbc-am/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="caldwell">{{cite web|title=Spencer Wood “Spence” Caldwell (1909–1983)|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/caldwell-spencer-wood-spence/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> Compared with the Trans-Canada Network, which emphasized news, public affairs, educational programming and cultural broadcasts, the Dominion Network carried more light entertainment, commercial programming and American network material.<ref name="cbc-networks" /><ref name="ce-broadcasting">{{cite web|title=Broadcasting|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/broadcasting-emc|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Canada|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==
Before 1944, the CBC operated a single English-language radio network. By the early 1940s, pressure had grown from listeners, advertisers and privately owned stations for alternative programming, particularly commercial and American network programs that could attract larger audiences and advertising revenue.<ref name="cbc-networks" /> Private stations also wanted greater access to network programming without having to rely entirely on the CBC's main service.

The CBC was concerned that private broadcasters might campaign successfully for permission to operate a separate private radio network. Under the broadcasting legislation then in force, radio networks could not operate without CBC approval. Rather than permit a privately controlled national network, the CBC created a second English-language network under its own authority.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

== Launch ==
The Dominion Network was formed on 1 January 1944. The existing CBC English network was renamed the [[Trans-Canada Network]], while the new second service became the Dominion Network.<ref name="cbc-networks" /> The CBC lined up 34 existing and planned private stations as affiliates, but it initially lacked a Toronto key station after [[CFRB]] declined to join the new network.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

The solution was to use the CBC-owned Toronto station CBY, formerly CKNC and CRCY, as the network's flagship. CBY became [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]] on 15 November 1943, and when the Dominion Network was launched in 1944, CJBC became its key station.<ref name="cjbc" /> The CBC planned to increase CJBC's power and move it to 860 kHz, a clear-channel frequency that had previously been occupied by CFRB.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

The Dominion Network's first sponsored program was the American panel show ''[[Information Please]]'', carried experimentally in April 1944 before the network's full complement of programming began later that year.<ref name="cbc-networks" /> CJBC carried programs from the [[Blue Network]], [[NBC]], the [[BBC]] and other sources, while also originating programs for the Dominion Network.<ref name="cjbc" />

== Management and programming ==
The CBC hired [[Spence Caldwell]], formerly commercial manager of [[CKWX]] in Vancouver, to manage the new network. Caldwell was chosen because of his commercial radio experience and was based at CJBC in Toronto. He managed a network made up almost entirely of private affiliates; CJBC was the only CBC-owned station in the Dominion Network.<ref name="caldwell" /> Caldwell later left the CBC for All-Canada Radio Facilities and subsequently became one of the founders of the [[CTV Television Network]].<ref name="caldwell" />

The Dominion Network's schedule was intended to complement rather than duplicate the Trans-Canada Network. It carried lighter and more commercial programming, including American entertainment series, popular music, drama, comedy and sponsored shows.<ref name="cbc-networks" /><ref name="ce-programming">{{cite web|title=Radio Programming|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/radio-programming|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Canada|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> Programs carried by Dominion affiliates included ''[[Duffy's Tavern]]'', ''[[Amos 'n' Andy]]'' and ''[[Fibber McGee and Molly]]''.<ref name="chat">{{cite web|title=CHAT-FM|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-stations/alberta/alberta-south/chat-fm/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref>

The network operated primarily during periods when national programming was commercially useful, particularly in the evening. This arrangement allowed private affiliates to carry local programming and sell local advertising during other parts of the broadcast day.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

== Relationship with the Trans-Canada Network ==
From 1944 to 1962, the CBC operated two coast-to-coast English-language AM radio networks. The Trans-Canada Network was the principal CBC English service and included more CBC-owned stations, while the Dominion Network relied mainly on private affiliates and served as a more commercially oriented companion service.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

Both networks were part of the CBC system and both carried some commercial programming. The distinction was therefore not absolute, but the Trans-Canada Network was generally associated with more serious, educational, cultural and public-affairs programming, while the Dominion Network was more closely associated with light entertainment and American network programs.<ref name="ce-broadcasting" /><ref name="ce-programming" />

== Later years and dissolution ==
By the late 1950s and early 1960s, Canadian broadcasting was changing rapidly. Television had taken much of the audience and advertising revenue that had previously supported commercial network radio, and the CBC began reorganizing its radio services. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' notes that the CBC closed the Dominion Network in 1962 as radio's role in Canadian broadcasting changed.<ref name="ce-programming" />

The Dominion Network was dissolved on 1 October 1962. The Trans-Canada and Dominion networks were consolidated into a single CBC radio service, linking CBC-owned stations with private affiliates used where necessary to fill coverage gaps.<ref name="cbc-networks" /><ref name="cbla">{{cite web|title=CBLA-FM, Radio One, Toronto|url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-stations/ontario/ontario-city-of-toronto/cbla-fm/|website=The History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> Some private stations resisted continued CBC affiliation after the merger, and the CBC gradually reduced its reliance on private affiliates as it built or funded its own transmitters and repeaters.<ref name="cbc-networks" />

After the merger, CJBC began carrying some French-language programming. By 1964, it had become an entirely French-language station and later became the Toronto outlet of Radio-Canada's French-language radio service, now [[Ici Radio-Canada Première]].<ref name="cjbc" />

== Stations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Province
!City
!Station
|-
|Alberta
|[[Calgary]]
|[[CKMX (AM)|CFCN]]
|-
|Alberta
|[[Edmonton]]
|[[CFRN (AM)|CFRN]]
|-
|Alberta
|[[Medicine Hat]]
|[[CHAT (AM)|CHAT]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Chilliwack, British Columbia|Chilliwack]]
|[[CKSR-FM|CHWK]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Penticton]]
|[[CKOR (AM)|CKOK]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Vancouver]]
|[[CKPK-FM|CJOR]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Vernon, British Columbia|Vernon]]
|[[CKIZ-FM|CJIB]]
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]
|[[CHTT-FM|CJVI]]
|-
|Manitoba
|[[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]]
|[[CKXA-FM|CKX]]
|-
|Manitoba
|[[Winnipeg]]
|[[CFWM-FM|CKRC]]
|-
|New Brunswick
|[[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]]
|[[CFBC (AM)|CFBC]]
|-
|Nova Scotia
|[[City of Halifax|Halifax]]
|[[CHNS-FM|CHNS]]
|-
|Nova Scotia
|[[Sydney, Nova Scotia|Sydney]]
|[[CJCB (AM)|CJCB]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]]
|[[CKPC (AM)|CKPC]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Brockville]]
|[[CFJR-FM|CFBR]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Fort Frances, Ontario|Fort Frances]]
|[[CFOB-FM|CKFI]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
|[[CHML]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kenora]]
|[[CJRL-FM|CJRL]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]]
|[[CKLC-FM|CKLC]] / [[CFLY-FM|CKLC-FM]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]]
|[[CHYM-FM|CKCR]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[London, Ontario|London]]
|[[CFPL (AM)|CFPL]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Orillia]]
|[[CICX-FM|CFOR]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Ottawa]]
|[[CIWW (AM)|CKCO]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Owen Sound, Ontario|Owen Sound]]
|[[CFOS]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]]
|[[CKRU|CHEX]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]]
|[[CKTB]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]]
|[[CJCS-FM|CJCS]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]]
|[[CHNO-FM|CHNO]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Thunder Bay]]
|[[CKTG-FM|CFPA]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Toronto]]
|'''[[CFRB]]'''
|-
|Ontario
|[[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]
|[[CKLW]]
|-
|Ontario
|[[Wingham, Ontario|Wingham]]
|[[CKNX (AM)|CKNX]]
|-
|Prince Edward Island
|[[Charlottetown]]
|[[CFCY-FM|CFCY]]
|-
|Quebec
|[[Montreal]]
|[[CINW|CFCF]]
|-
|Quebec
|[[Quebec City]]
|[[CFOM (AM)|CJQC]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Moose Jaw]]
|[[CHAB (AM)|CHAB]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]
|[[CKBI (AM)|CKBI]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
|[[CKRM]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Saskatoon]]
|[[CKBL-FM|CFQC]]
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Yorkton]]
|[[CJGX]]
|}

== Stations ==
The Dominion Network's affiliate lineup changed over time. In 1945, the CBC listed the following as Dominion basic stations: [[CJFX-FM|CJFX]], [[CHNS-FM|CHNS]], [[CFCY-FM|CFCY]], [[CKCW-FM|CKCW]], [[CKNB]], [[CJLS-FM|CJLS]], [[CIWW (AM)|CKCO]], [[CHOV-FM|CHOV]], [[CFJR-FM|CFBR]], [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]], [[CKRU|CHEX]], [[CFPL (AM)|CFPL]], [[CFCO]], [[CKTG-FM|CFPA]], [[CHLT-FM|CHLT]], [[CINW|CFCF]], [[CFWM-FM|CKRC]], [[CJGX]], [[CKXA-FM|CKX]], [[CKRM]], [[CHAB (AM)|CHAB]], [[CKBL-FM|CFQC]], [[CKBI (AM)|CKBI]], [[CKMX (AM)|CFCN]], [[CFRN (AM)|CFRN]], [[CJRL-FM|CJRL]], [[CKSR-FM|CHWK]], [[CKPK-FM|CJOR]] and [[CHTT-FM|CJVI]].<ref name="cjbc" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Dominion Network stations
!Province
!City
!Station
!Notes
|-
|Alberta
|[[Calgary]]
|[[CKMX (AM)|CFCN]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; now defunct
|-
|Alberta
|[[Edmonton]]
|[[CFRN (AM)|CFRN]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio for two years after the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged; now defunct
|-
|Alberta
|[[Medicine Hat]]
|[[CHAT (AM)|CHAT]]
|Affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Chilliwack, British Columbia|Chilliwack]]
|[[CKSR-FM|CHWK]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Penticton]]
|[[CKOR (AM)|CKOK]]
|Affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Vancouver]]
|[[CKPK-FM|CJOR]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Vernon, British Columbia|Vernon]]
|[[CKIZ-FM|CJIB]]
|
|-
|British Columbia
|[[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]
|[[CHTT-FM|CJVI]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Manitoba
|[[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]]
|[[CKXA-FM|CKX]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Manitoba
|[[Winnipeg]]
|[[CFWM-FM|CKRC]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|New Brunswick
|[[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]]
|[[CFBC (AM)|CFBC]]
|
|-
|Nova Scotia
|[[City of Halifax|Halifax]]
|[[CHNS-FM|CHNS]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Nova Scotia
|[[Sydney, Nova Scotia|Sydney]]
|[[CJCB (AM)|CJCB]]
|Affiliated from 1948; previously a Trans-Canada Network affiliate
|-
|Ontario
|[[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]]
|[[CKPC (AM)|CKPC]]
|Now defunct
|-
|Ontario
|[[Brockville]]
|[[CFJR-FM|CFBR]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; later CFJM and CFJR
|-
|Ontario
|[[Fort Frances, Ontario|Fort Frances]]
|[[CFOB-FM|CKFI]]
|Affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
|[[CHML]]
|Now defunct
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kenora]]
|[[CJRL-FM|CJRL]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; CBC Dominion affiliate
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]]
|[[CKLC-FM|CKLC]] / [[CFLY-FM|CKLC-FM]]
|Shared affiliation, 1953–1962
|-
|Ontario
|[[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]]
|[[CHYM-FM|CKCR]]
|Affiliated 1949–1960; CKCR-AM-FM affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[London, Ontario|London]]
|[[CFPL (AM)|CFPL]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Orillia]]
|[[CICX-FM|CFOR]]
|Affiliated from 1945; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Ottawa]]
|[[CIWW (AM)|CKCO]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; became CKOY in 1949; now defunct
|-
|Ontario
|[[Owen Sound, Ontario|Owen Sound]]
|[[CFOS]]
|Affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]]
|[[CKRU|CHEX]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Ontario
|[[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]]
|[[CKTB]]
|
|-
|Ontario
|[[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]]
|[[CJCS-FM|CJCS]]
|
|-
|Ontario
|[[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]]
|[[CHNO-FM|CHNO]]
|
|-
|Ontario
|[[Thunder Bay]]
|[[CKTG-FM|CFPA]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Ontario
|[[Toronto]]
|'''[[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]]'''
|Flagship station; only CBC owned-and-operated Dominion station; converted to French-language [[Ici Radio-Canada Première|Radio-Canada]] service in 1964
|-
|Ontario
|[[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]
|[[CKLW]]
|Affiliated with both the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks until 1950, when CBC-owned [[CBEW-FM|CBE]] launched
|-
|Ontario
|[[Wingham, Ontario|Wingham]]
|[[CKNX (AM)|CKNX]]
|
|-
|Prince Edward Island
|[[Charlottetown]]
|[[CFCY-FM|CFCY]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; affiliated with CBC Radio when the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks merged
|-
|Quebec
|[[Montreal]]
|[[CINW|CFCF]]
|1945 Dominion basic station; now defunct
|-
|Quebec
|[[Quebec City]]
|[[CFOM (AM)|CJQC]]
|Affiliated in 1949; previously [[CKCV]] was affiliated with both the Trans-Canada Network and the Dominion Network; CJQC affiliated with CBC Radio when the networks merged; now defunct
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Moose Jaw]]
|[[CHAB (AM)|CHAB]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]
|[[CKBI (AM)|CKBI]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
|[[CKRM]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Saskatoon]]
|[[CKBL-FM|CFQC]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|-
|Saskatchewan
|[[Yorkton]]
|[[CJGX]]
|1945 Dominion basic station
|}

== Legacy ==
The Dominion Network was an important part of the CBC's attempt to balance public-service broadcasting with the commercial realities of privately owned radio stations. It allowed the CBC to keep control over national networking while giving private affiliates access to popular and sponsored programming. Its creation also delayed the emergence of a private Canadian broadcasting network; Spence Caldwell, its first manager, later helped establish [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] as Canada's first private television network.<ref name="caldwell" />

The network's closure in 1962 marked the end of the CBC's two-network English AM radio structure. The surviving English radio service eventually became [[CBC Radio One]], while the CBC later developed a separate FM service that became [[CBC Music]].<ref name="cbc-networks" />

== See also ==

* [[CBC Radio One]]
* [[Trans-Canada Network]]
* [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
* [[CJBC (AM)]]
* [[Spence Caldwell]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{CBC Radio}}

CJCL-TV

2026-09-21T17:20:05Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{short description|Canadian television station (1965–2012)}} {{Use Canadian English|date=February 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2014}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = CBNLT | logo = CBC Television 2009.svg | logo_size = 120px | branding = CBC Television | analog = 13 (VHF) | translators = | affiliations = CBC | airdate = {{start date|1965|08|22}} | last_airdate = | l..."

{{short description|Canadian television station (1965–2012)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CBNLT
| logo = CBC Television 2009.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| branding = CBC Television
| analog = 13 ([[VHF]])
| translators =
| affiliations = [[CBC Television|CBC]]
| airdate = {{start date|1965|08|22}}
| last_airdate =
| location = [[Labrador City]], Newfoundland and Labrador
| country = CA
| callsign_meaning = CBC Newfoundland Labrador City Television
| former_callsigns = CJCL-TV (1965–1973)
| owner = [[BCE Inc.]]
| erp = 1.34 kW
| haat = {{convert|4.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{coord|52|56|51|N|66|55|0|W|type:landmark}}
}}
'''CBNLT''' (channel 13) was a [[CBC Television]] station in [[Labrador City]], Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It was an analog [[semi-satellite]] of [[CBNT-DT]] in [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]]. Until 1985, it produced limited amounts of local programming. The station was founded by the Iron Ore Company of Canada Aviation, Limited, and was co-owned with nearby sister station [[CFKL-TV]] in [[Schefferville, Quebec]] (which later became '''CBSET-1''', which repeated [[CBMT]] [[Montreal]]).

==History==
===1970s===
On July 28, 1970, the licences for the two stations (CJCL-TV and CFKL-TV) were renewed for only two years. The Iron Ore Company of Canada Aviation, Limited was considered ineligible to hold a [[Terrestrial television|broadcast]] television station licence, as 60% of the company's shares were owned by American companies. Although both stations were private CBC affiliates, they aired the whole CBC schedule on [[videotape]]. At the time, both stations were [[Official bilingualism in Canada|bilingual]] (English and French), with 73% of their programming in English, and the other 27% in French. Since it was considered very unlikely another company would be willing to buy these stations, their licences were renewed temporarily under the existing ownership.

On March 30, 1973, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] was given approval to purchase CJCL and CFKL. CJCL would continue to operate as it did when it was a private affiliate: on channel 13, with an [[effective radiated power]] of 214 watts (video), and 43 watts audio, using a directional antenna. Full CBC network programming would now be received via [[satellite]] transmissions, instead of having videotapes flown in. CJCL became CBNLT.

===1980s===
In 1985, the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) considered an application to amend CBNLT's licence so it could receive all of its programming directly from CBNT in [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]]. This would relieve CBNLT of its requirement to provide local programming (such as news segments) for Labrador City. In the application, the CBC told the CRTC that it would close CBNLT's local studio to save money, effective March 31, 1985. This meant the station would cease production of its local [[Public affairs programming|public affairs]] and information programming, which aired 15 minutes per day, Monday to Friday. This programming had aired for over 10 years, and was inserted in the provincial weekday evening news program ''Here and Now''. This closure also resulted in the elimination of roughly 230 minutes per week of [[public service announcement]]s.

The CBC had proposed that a [[news reporter]] supported by a technical crew would prepare news stories regarding Labrador City and Western [[Labrador]], and send the tapes directly to CBNT in St. John's (the master control facilities), where the program editor would select which material would be broadcast.

The CRTC had expressed serious concerns the following year that the CBC had discontinued the production of 75 minutes of local live television programming in Labrador City, as of March 31, 1985, without prior notification to the community of Labrador City, or authorization from the CRTC. Due to budget cuts, it was agreed that it would be unreasonable to expect the CBC to completely reinstate the former level of local origination at CBNLT.<ref>Kathryn Young, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-tribune-cbc-dodging-any/194480720/ "CBC dodging any bullets CRTC fires"]. ''[[Grande Prairie Daily Herald-Tribune]]'', March 26, 1991.</ref> The station was told, however, to continue to originate programming from Labrador City. The CRTC maintained that the programs broadcast by CBNLT and CBNLT-1 (its [[broadcast translator]] in [[Churchill Falls, Newfoundland and Labrador|Churchill Falls]] on Channel 9, at 0.0089 kW) be received from studios located at Labrador City.

In 1987, the CBC had notified the CRTC that it intended to introduce regular weekday local newscasts on CBNLT as of August 4.

On September 13, 1988, CBMRT (channel 9, 0.089 kW) in [[Fermont, Quebec]], was authorized to change its program source from [[CBMT]] in Montreal to CBNLT in Labrador City.

===1990s===
On February 22, 1991, CBNLT-1 in Churchill Falls was authorized to change its program source from CBNLT Labrador City, to the CBC Television [[Television network|network feed]] received via [[satellite]]. It would also air local programs produced by CBNT St. John's. The CBC indicated the change was necessary because the [[Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway]] Company Inc. would abandon its [[microwave]] facilities on February 9. These facilities provided the feed to Churchill Falls.

Also on this date, CBNLT and [[CFLA-TV]] [[Happy Valley-Goose Bay|Goose Bay]] became rebroadcasting transmitters of CBNT.

===Closure of CBNLT===
Due to budget cuts handed down on the CBC in April 2012, the CBC announced several austerity measures to keep the corporation solvent and in operation; these included the closure of the CBC and Radio-Canada's remaining analog transmitters, including CBNLT and CBNLT-1, which occurred on July 31, 2012.<ref>[http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/speeches/20120404.shtml CBC/Radio-Canada Speech Transcript: "Speaking notes for Hubert T. Lacroix, President and CEO, CBC/Radio-Canada, regarding measures announced in the context of the Deficit Reduction Action Plan (DRAP)", April 4, 2012.]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407221422/http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/speeches/20120404.shtml|date=April 7, 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of CBC television stations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://broadcasting-history.ca/television/television-stations/newfoundland-labrador/cbnlt-tv/ CBNLT] at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the [[Canadian Communications Foundation]]
*{{RecnetCanada|CBNLT}}

{{Atlantic Canada TV}}
{{Defunct Canadian TV stations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:CBNLT}}
[[Category:Labrador City]]
[[Category:Television stations in Newfoundland and Labrador|BNLT]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1965]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 1991]] 
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2012]] 
[[Category:Defunct television stations in Canada|BNLT]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Newfoundland and Labrador]]
[[Category:1991 disestablishments in Newfoundland and Labrador]] 
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Defunct mass media in Newfoundland and Labrador|BNLT]]

CKNX Foundation

2026-09-21T16:55:13Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox organization|name=CKNX Inc.|named_after=[[CKNX (AM)|CKNX]]|founder=[[Alan Cruickshank|Alan Cruicks]]|headquarters=Wingham, Ontario, Canada|services=Broadcasting • TV Production • Radio Production • Media Distribution|language=English|key_people=[[Alan Cruicks]]|products=Television • Radio|website={{url|https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CKNX-TV&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL|cknxfoundation.com}}}}

'''CKNX Foundation''' is a Canadian media company that has operated since August 2009. It was founded as an established way of broadcasting outlets to raise operating capital for the stations.

== History ==

=== Radio ===
Doc was selling Stromberg Carlson radios in his down-town shop by night and on weekends. In those days (about 1924) there was only four or five radio stations in Canada and this new technology was really only beginning to catch the imagination of listeners in the U.S. Radio sales were few and far between but interest was building. But Doc persevered and quit his job at the foundry and opened his store and radio shop on Wingham's main street. Sales picked up and it was then that he got the idea that perhaps he could contribute to the rather sparse choice of programming material that was being broadcast at that time.

"Radios were a luxury in February 1926, and it could take some pursuasion to convince someone to buy one. It wasn't the kind of weather to try that persuasion. …So the young man, the only radio retailer and service man in a 50 mile radius, sat in the rear of his little shop on Main street in Wingham and idly examined a copy of Popular Mechanics magazine. He came across a story on how to build a simple radio transmitter, and decided to give a try. He had all the needed parts around the shop and within an hour had put the thing together. A telephone mouthpiece was utilized for a microphone and some storage batteries provided the power.

The young man didn't even know the set worked until tinkering with it a day or two later he had a telephone call from a citizen to whom he had earlier sold a radio set to say that the signal was coming in fine. Almost by accident Wilford Thomas "Doc" Cruickshank had stumbled onto the career that was to make him a legend in western Ontario and in the Canadian broadcasting industry. That day, February 20, 1926 became the beginning of ...CKNX radio and later lead to CKNX television.

When Melville Culbert was unable to continue broadcasting from Dungannon, W.T. "Doc" Cruickshank took over the amateur license and call letters for 10BP. Under the license terms he could use up to 10 watts of power and broadcast from the frequency of 1200 cycles. He was not allowed to sell airtime for advertising or seek sponsors for his programming. He was one of many radio enthusiasts in Canada, tinkering with the new technology and experimenting with its abilities and properties. As a radio store owner, Cruickshank found there was little programming for radio buyers to listen to, once they'd bought a new-fangled radio. So with a limited range of broadcasting power, Cruickshank turned to his home community - Wingham and began producing programs they could easily get in on their radio sets.

Bud Cruickshank (Doc's son) once described Wingham as "a place where you can walk to work in two minutes. But it might take you half an hour or more to walk a block on the main drag. Everyone knows everyone else and maybe even their business. Such is the quality and intimacy of life in Wingham, an unhurried farm town of 3,000 high on the arch of the southern Ontario "boot." (LFP-5, 1970) Eventually through CKNX, Wingham was to became a household name. But in the beginning, the radio broadcast focused on the town; broadcasting local news bulletins, a weekly church service for shut-ins, commentary on Wingham baseball & hockey games and music from local performers.

The call letters 10BP were assigned not chosen, so had no local or personal significance to Doc Cruickshank. Over time, announcers on 10BP were to find the call letters difficult to pronounce at time and listeners commented on confusion about the station's name. But during the period from 1926 to 1935, it mattered little. 10BP was a hobby. It was an opportunity to explore the unknown realm of radio - and give his radio customers something to listen to. Doc began to find that radio sales from his repair shop were being spurred by his broadcasts so one complimented the other. Actually Doc built only three or four radios himself before aligning with a radio firm as a serviceman but he knew then his broadcasts would spur sales.

When W.T. "Doc" Cruickshank applied for a professional radio license in 1929, he was bucking the trend. Professional radio stations were located in cities. Some were run by companies like the T. Eaton Company or the Canadian National Railway - not unknown persons from small rural areas. The Canadian Department of Transportation's Colonel Steele gave Cruickshank a hard time with his application to operate a commercial station at 1200 kilocycles with the call letters - CKNX. Commercial licenses for towns the size of Wingham were unheard of. Local north Huron area Member of Parliament, George Spottan threatened a filibuster, if Colonel Steele, the man in charge of federal broadcasting, did not grant Doc a license. Finally Steele agreed to give this "tiny farm community" its own radio station. The application was helped by many people. George Spottan worked hard to get higher power and better frequencies, R.J. Deachman was in large measure responsible for the station getting a commercial license and the present wavelength of 1200 kilocycles with 50 watts of power. The station immediately became a western Ontario favourite.

10 B.P. became CKNX, a full commercial station with permission to sell time for advertising purposes. The power was 50 watts and the wave length at 1200 kilocycles. Local businesses began to advertise on the radio and it became a business venture, not a hobby. "Two call letters are assigned," Doc explained, "and the last two are your choice," He chose NX for clarity on the air because the 10BP was always being confused. Hence the NX in CKNX stands for nothing but clarity. Many other broadcasters used their initials

=== Television ===
"We made out first contact with the Department of Transport about five years ago (1950), Mr Cruickshank recalls. "It wasn't actually an application. It was more in the nature of a request that we be kept informed of all developments so that we could apply when the time seemed ripe."

Keeping informed on all developments, it turned out, was a sure way of getting caught in the line of fire on a great many conflicts. The amazing growth of the industry was creating problems, circumstances and equipment faster than anyone could digest.

Mr. Cruickshank doesn't regret, delaying his formal application until the industry had more closely approached normalcy although at the same time, he concedes it is unlikely the application could have been readied any earlier.

"By implementing our television operation at this time we are better prepared to offer programming and commercial service with a more full-trained staff than would have been possible even six months ago," says Mr. Cruickshank. " And at a considerable monetary saving to us and our clients." (OST-1, 1955, p. 19)

In 1954, W.T. "Doc" Cruickshank bought Warren House, a TV, stereo and electrical supply store in town "just because he wanted a shop again." (LFP-5, 1970). Just as he entered the radio business through the running of radio shop, he purchased a TV store just before entering into the television business. Doc Cruickshank was 59 years old when he plunged into the fascinating and complex world of television. It was a costly and risky venture in this area described recently (1970) to the CRTC as a "non market." But Doc, his brother John, manager of the radio station, and son, Bud, made it go. (LFP-5, 1970)p.1

1954-55 - The government had set aside channels for every area of the country and Channel 8 had been designated for the Owen Sound area north of Wingham though few thought a television station could survive in such a low population base. But the National Broadcasting Company in the US meanwhile had applied for Channel 8 for a station in Buffalo and by international agreement no two cities within 170 miles of each other could have the same channel. If Buffalo got the station Wingham couldn't have one. (50 years, 1976, p.7-8)

Doc went to Ottawa and presented plans for a small scale television station for a cost of about $125,000 and asked for Channel 8. The commissioners heard him and promised they would hold the channel open for him, but asked him to work out plans for a more powerful station. (50 years, 1976, p.7-8)

On investigation, Doc found out that a suitable station of the kind the commissioners wanted would cost $500,000 and would need $250,000 in revenue annually to meet expenses. The largest single expense was for transmission equipment: $223,000. Again RCA Victor helped out. Then the supplier for the 650 foot transmission tower agreed to take deferred payments on the $100,000 project. (50 years, 1976, p.7-8)

There was still the problem of the building required. The old location downtown was far too small to include a television station. In addition, a higher site was needed for a television station. The Wingham area was getting a new high school at the time and knowing the problem, the town agreed to sell the old high school building to Doc for $1.00. It still required a lot of renovation but at least the station had a home. Normally it takes a year to put a new station on air. The CKNX crew of 65 involved in starting up CKNX television took only three months. The station went on air on November 18, 1955. (50 years, 1976, p.7-8) (VS-1, 1976)

"Mr. Cruickshank feels that the initiation of television completes the working cycle of his life: from silent movie operator, to broadcast sound, and finally the ultimate marriage of the two in the marvel of the electronic age - television." (OST-1, 1955, p. 19)

== Staff ==

* Regular Staff - Brad Williams, Marg Forrest, Scott Buchan, Barry Smith, Gerry Chomin, Dave Curzon, Bill Kendrick, Jim Moore, Bill Stephenson, Brian Emslie, Monty Snyder, Roger West, McDaniel Phillips, Roly Kaufman (Comptroller), Don Fraser (announcer), Jack Caesar (TV sales), Bert Mathers (radio sales), Pat Renwick (continuity), Anita During (photography), Sharon Thompson (secretary), Erik Schistad (producer), Fred Steinmetz, Karl Krug (Singtime), Murray Brown, Dean Balser, Don Hickling, Mike Walker, Dede McQuiggen, Arn Spivey, Tim Tuck, Sandra Sloan, Jeff Norgate, Bob Montgomery, Stan Cepukas, Dave Yull, Verna Hodgins, Nancy Burton, Fred Burton, Sharon Montgomery, Wayne Ellis, Murray Gaunt, John Day, Roy Bennett
* Engineering Staff - Glen Scheifele, Scott Reid, Dave Burgess, Roy Major, Barry Skidmore, Dick Schwichenberg, Ken Post, Gerry Belanger, Manford Koenig, Rob Enders, Barry Skidmore
* Staff - Adam Taylor, Wayne Brown, Jim Kirkland, Rick Zacharewicz, Kevin Brown, Garry Ballagh, Bill Brown, Steve Hodgins, Chris Catcher, Christa Fraser, Verna Hodgins, Jack Gillepsie, Murray Armstrong, Wayne Ellis, Jack Caesar, Jerry Chomyn, Paul Mercey, Lloyd Mercey, John Crewson, McDaniel Phillips, Cathy Walters, Helen West, Jean Thynne, Janet Henderson
* Announcers - Derek Botten, Jeff Norgate, Lisa Brandt, Don Fraser, Dave Curzon, John Chippa
* TV Traffic - Peg Tervit
* TV Control - Earl Knox
* TV Productions - Lissa Biskupski
* Receptionists - Peg Cameron, Adora McKague, Verna Hodgins, Verna Norgate, Joan Moore, Jane Day, Dilys Chapman, Diane Kerr, Marion McIntyre, Sylvia Sutherland, Lisa Hamilton, Joan Black, Dorothy Marks, Pam Templeman, Lori Goodall
* TV Program Manager - Clarence Wiema

== References ==

CKNX Foundation

2026-09-21T16:49:30Z

UserCraft93:

CKNX Foundation

2026-09-21T16:44:37Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Infobox organization|name=CKNX Inc.|named_after=CKNX|founder=Alan Cruicks|headquarters=Wingham, Ontario, Canada|services=Broadcasting • TV Production • Radio Production • Media Distribution|language=English|key_people=Alan Cruicks|products=Television • Radio|website={{url|https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CKNX-TV&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL|cknxfoundation..."

CBST-DT

2026-09-21T16:01:26Z

UserCraft93:

{{short description|Television station in Saskatchewan, Canada (1971–2012)}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CBST-DT
| logo = CBC Television 2009.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| branding = [[CBST Foundation]]
| analog = 11 ([[VHF]])
| affiliations = [[CBC Television|CBC]]
| airdate = {{start date|1971|10|17}}
| last_airdate =
| location = [[Saskatoon]], Saskatchewan
| country = Canada
| callsign_meaning = '''C'''anadian '''B'''roadcasting Corporation '''S'''askatoon '''T'''elevision
| owner = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| licensee =
| sister_stations = [[CBK (AM)]], [[CBKS-FM]]
| erp = 325 [[kilowatt|kW]]
| haat = {{convert|239.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{coord|52|10|28|N|106|26|5|W|type:landmark}}
|former_callsigns=CBKST (1971-2010)}}

'''CBST-DT''' (channel 11) is a [[CBC Television]] station in [[Saskatoon]], Saskatchewan, Canada, which operated since 1971. The station's [[master control]] facilities were located in the [[Hutchinson Building]] on 2nd Avenue South (between 21 and 22 Streets East) in [[Downtown Saskatoon]] after being relocated from an office tower above [[Midtown Plaza (Saskatoon)|Midtown Plaza]]. Its transmitter was located between [[Saskatchewan Highway 5|Highways 5]] and [[Saskatchewan Highway 41|41]].

CBKST was licensed as a rebroadcaster of [[CBKT-DT]] in [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], even though it operated as a [[broadcast relay station#Semi-satellites|semi-satellite]] with its own associated network of repeaters; it aired separate commercials and (until the 1990s) its own local news broadcasts. On [[cable television|cable]], the station was available on [[Shaw Cable]] channel 12 and [[Sasktel|Sasktel Max]] channel 3.

While the CBC originally planned to discontinue CBKST's over the air feed on August 31, 2011 (as the corporation did not originally plan to convert rebroadcasters in mandatory transition markets like Saskatoon to digital), the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) granted the CBC permission to allow transmitters in selected mandatory markets, including Saskatoon, to still operate an analogue feed until August 31, 2012. On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the CBC's application to the CRTC to relaunch CBKST as CBST-TV, a separate station which would once again produce a distinct local newscast from [[CBKT-DT]].

==History==
As early as 1967, efforts were under way to secure a new CBC affiliate for Saskatoon. [[CFQC-DT|CFQC-TV]], which had been the only station in Saskatoon since going on the air in December 1954, had wished to switch to [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] once the federal government commissioned a new CBC station. In November 1967, however, the federal government declined an application by the CBC to establish a new station, with [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Lester B. Pearson]] stating reasons including cost-cutting by the government and the fact CFQC already existed to provide CBC programming.

After this and further delays, the CBC was finally approved to launch a new station in Saskatoon. In a move that would come back to haunt the station, however, it was not licensed as a full standalone station in its own right, but as a rebroadcaster of Regina's '''CBKRT''' (now CBKT). CBKST ultimately launched at 5:30 p.m. on October 17, 1971 as Saskatoon's second television station. CFQC, which had begun airing select CTV programming in off-hours since 1969, became an exclusive CTV affiliate at CBKST's launch. The first program aired was the religious music series ''[[Hymn Sing]]''.

Like most local CBC stations, in the 1970s and 1980s, CBKST had its own newsroom and aired local newscasts and other original programming, as well as locally-aired [[broadcast syndication|syndicated]] reruns of off-network American shows outside of the network schedule. Notable personalities included veteran sportscaster Lloyd Saunders and newscaster Cathy Little. The station's studios were originally located on the fifth floor of CN Towers (renamed Tower at Midtown in 2006), an office block located above Saskatoon's [[Midtown Plaza (Saskatoon)|Midtown Plaza shopping centre]]. In August 1976, CBKST was temporarily knocked off the air for several days when several chunks of concrete, each weighing several thousand pounds, fell off the side of CN Towers and went crashing into the mall below; fortunately, businesses at the Plaza had closed for the day and no one was injured as there was no one inside the Plaza at that point.

For several years from 1978 until December 31, 1985, CBKST used the brand "Saskatoon 11/12" on-air and in print, reflecting the station's respective over-the-air and cable channels in the city. At the time, the CBKST logo consisted of the name "SASKATOON" with the station's channel numbers contained within the "O"s. That logo was retired when the CBC's reimaging program began on January 1, 1986.

In December 1990, nationwide cutbacks at the CBC resulted in many CBKST staff being laid off and its supper hour newscast cancelled. At this time, the station began sharing the "CBC Saskatchewan" branding with CBKT in Regina. In the early 2000s, the station moved into a new storefront studio facility, taking over the heritage Hutchinson Building, a few blocks away from CN Towers on 2nd Avenue South, which it shared with its [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé|Radio-Canada]] counterpart, [[CBKFT-DT|CBKFT]].

In 2002, CBC purchased former [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan]] affiliate [[CKBI-TV|CKBI]] from previous owner [[CTVglobemedia|Bell Globemedia]] (parent company of CTV), turning CKBI into a rebroadcaster of CBKST; prior to this, CKBI had been a separate CBC affiliate (despite the CTV-related ownership).

CBKST had ties to the CBC's longest-running import, ''[[Coronation Street]]'', according to the 2002 edition of the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]'' (and noted in previous editions), CBKST acquired 1,144 episodes of the British soap from [[Granada Television]] on May 31, 1971, the largest number of TV shows ever purchased in one transaction. (CBC's English flagship, [[CBLT-DT|CBLT]] in [[Toronto]], was the first to televise ''Coronation Street'' in Canada, in 1966.)

On May 16, 2008, CBKST was given approval by the CRTC to delete its transmitters in [[Big River, Saskatchewan|Big River]] and [[Tisdale, Saskatchewan|Tisdale]]. Viewers that had been served by the two stations were later served by two other CBKST transmitters, CBKST-TV-3 [[Leoville, Saskatchewan|Leoville]] and CBKST-TV-11 [[Greenwater Lake Provincial Park|Greenwater Lake]].

==Transmitters==
CBKST had over 20 analog over-the-air television rebroadcasters in several northern Saskatchewan communities such as Prince Albert and [[North Battleford]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! [[City of license|City of licence]]
! [[Call signs in North America|Callsign]]
! Channel
! [[Effective radiated power|ERP]] ([[watt|W]])
|-
| [[Beauval, Saskatchewan|Beauval]]
| CBKBT
| 7 (VHF)
| 7,700
|-
| [[Buffalo Narrows]]
| CBKDT
| 11 (VHF)
| 321
|-
| [[Fond-du-Lac, Saskatchewan|Fond-du-Lac]]
| CBKAT-2
| 10 (VHF)
| 402
|-
| [[Greenwater Lake Provincial Park|Greenwater Lake]]
| CBKST-11
| 4 (VHF)
| 3,000
|-
| [[Île-à-la-Crosse]]
| CBKCT
| 9 (VHF)
| 105
|-
| [[La Loche, Saskatchewan|La Loche]]
| CBKDT-2
| 13 (VHF)
| 180
|-
| [[La Ronge]]
| CBKST-2
| 12 (VHF)
| 60
|-
| [[Leoville, Saskatchewan|Leoville]]
| CBKST-3
| 12 (VHF)
| 39,200
|-
| [[Montreal Lake, Saskatchewan|Montreal Lake]]
| CBKST-5
| 11 (VHF)
| 168
|-
| [[Nipawin, Saskatchewan|Nipawin]]
| CBKST-15
| 10 (VHF)
| 4,300 w
|-
| [[North Battleford]]
| CBKST-10
| 7 (VHF)
| 10,000 w
|-
| [[Palmbere Lake, Saskatchewan|Palmbere Lake]]
| CBKDT-1
| 8 (VHF)
| 7
|-
| [[Patuanak]]
| CBKPT
| 5 (VHF)
| 45
|-
| [[Pinehouse Lake, Saskatchewan|Pinehouse Lake]]
| CBKST-6
| 10 (VHF)
| 7.7
|-
| [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]
| [[CKBI-TV|CBKST-9]]
| 5 (VHF)
| 13,000
|-
| [[Southend, Saskatchewan|Southend]]
| CBKST-8
| 13 (VHF)
| 36
|-
| [[Spiritwood, Saskatchewan|Spiritwood]]
| CBKST-13
| 2 (VHF)
| 5,000
|-
| [[Stanley Mission, Saskatchewan|Stanley Mission]]
| CBKST-4
| 8 (VHF)
| 333
|-
| [[Stony Rapids, Saskatchewan|Stony Rapids]]
| CBKAT-3
| 7 (VHF)
| 320
|-
| [[Stranraer, Saskatchewan|Stranraer]]
| CBKST-1
| 9 (VHF)
| 163,000
|-
| [[Uranium City]]
| CBKAT
| 8 (VHF)
| 370
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of CBC television stations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://broadcasting-history.ca/television/television-stations/saskatchewan/cbkst-tv/ CBKST] at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the [[Canadian Communications Foundation]]

[[Category:Television stations in Saskatoon|CBST]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations priviatized in 2012]]
[[Category:television stations in Canada|CBST]]
[[Category:mass media in Saskatchewan|CBST]]

CFRC-TV

2026-09-21T14:58:36Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Infobox television station |callsign=CFRC-TV|location=Kingston, Ontario|country=Canada|digital=4|erp=3,000 watts}} '''CFRC-TV''' (channel 4) is the non-commercial campus radio station at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada."

{{Infobox television station
|callsign=CFRC-TV|location=[[Kingston, Ontario]]|country=Canada|digital=4|erp=3,000 [[watt]]s}}
'''CFRC-TV''' (channel 4) is the [[commercial radio|non-commercial]] [[campus radio]] [[radio station|station]] at [[Queen's University, Kingston|Queen's University]] in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Ontario]], Canada.

CBST-DT

2026-09-21T14:20:42Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{short description|Television station in Saskatchewan, Canada (1971–2012)}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = CBST-DT | logo = CBC Television 2009.svg | logo_size = 120px | branding = CBC Television | analog = 11 (VHF) | affiliations = CBC | airdate = {{start date|1971|10|17}} | last_airdate = | location = Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | country = Canada | call..."

{{short description|Television station in Saskatchewan, Canada (1971–2012)}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CBST-DT
| logo = CBC Television 2009.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| branding = CBC Television
| analog = 11 ([[VHF]])
| affiliations = [[CBC Television|CBC]]
| airdate = {{start date|1971|10|17}}
| last_airdate =
| location = [[Saskatoon]], Saskatchewan
| country = Canada
| callsign_meaning = '''C'''anadian '''B'''roadcasting Corporation '''S'''askatoon '''T'''elevision
| owner = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| licensee =
| sister_stations = [[CBK (AM)]], [[CBKS-FM]]
| erp = 325 [[kilowatt|kW]]
| haat = {{convert|239.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{coord|52|10|28|N|106|26|5|W|type:landmark}}
}}

'''CBST-DT''' (channel 11) is a [[CBC Television]] station in [[Saskatoon]], Saskatchewan, Canada, which operated since 1971. The station's [[master control]] facilities were located in the [[Hutchinson Building]] on 2nd Avenue South (between 21 and 22 Streets East) in [[Downtown Saskatoon]] after being relocated from an office tower above [[Midtown Plaza (Saskatoon)|Midtown Plaza]]. Its transmitter was located between [[Saskatchewan Highway 5|Highways 5]] and [[Saskatchewan Highway 41|41]].

CBKST was licensed as a rebroadcaster of [[CBKT-DT]] in [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], even though it operated as a [[broadcast relay station#Semi-satellites|semi-satellite]] with its own associated network of repeaters; it aired separate commercials and (until the 1990s) its own local news broadcasts. On [[cable television|cable]], the station was available on [[Shaw Cable]] channel 12 and [[Sasktel|Sasktel Max]] channel 3.

While the CBC originally planned to discontinue CBKST's over the air feed on August 31, 2011 (as the corporation did not originally plan to convert rebroadcasters in mandatory transition markets like Saskatoon to digital), the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) granted the CBC permission to allow transmitters in selected mandatory markets, including Saskatoon, to still operate an analogue feed until August 31, 2012. On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the CBC's application to the CRTC to relaunch CBKST as CBST-TV, a separate station which would once again produce a distinct local newscast from [[CBKT-DT]].

==History==
As early as 1967, efforts were under way to secure a new CBC affiliate for Saskatoon. [[CFQC-DT|CFQC-TV]], which had been the only station in Saskatoon since going on the air in December 1954, had wished to switch to [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] once the federal government commissioned a new CBC station. In November 1967, however, the federal government declined an application by the CBC to establish a new station, with [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Lester B. Pearson]] stating reasons including cost-cutting by the government and the fact CFQC already existed to provide CBC programming.

After this and further delays, the CBC was finally approved to launch a new station in Saskatoon. In a move that would come back to haunt the station, however, it was not licensed as a full standalone station in its own right, but as a rebroadcaster of Regina's '''CBKRT''' (now CBKT). CBKST ultimately launched at 5:30 p.m. on October 17, 1971 as Saskatoon's second television station. CFQC, which had begun airing select CTV programming in off-hours since 1969, became an exclusive CTV affiliate at CBKST's launch. The first program aired was the religious music series ''[[Hymn Sing]]''.

Like most local CBC stations, in the 1970s and 1980s, CBKST had its own newsroom and aired local newscasts and other original programming, as well as locally-aired [[broadcast syndication|syndicated]] reruns of off-network American shows outside of the network schedule. Notable personalities included veteran sportscaster Lloyd Saunders and newscaster Cathy Little. The station's studios were originally located on the fifth floor of CN Towers (renamed Tower at Midtown in 2006), an office block located above Saskatoon's [[Midtown Plaza (Saskatoon)|Midtown Plaza shopping centre]]. In August 1976, CBKST was temporarily knocked off the air for several days when several chunks of concrete, each weighing several thousand pounds, fell off the side of CN Towers and went crashing into the mall below; fortunately, businesses at the Plaza had closed for the day and no one was injured as there was no one inside the Plaza at that point.

For several years from 1978 until December 31, 1985, CBKST used the brand "Saskatoon 11/12" on-air and in print, reflecting the station's respective over-the-air and cable channels in the city. At the time, the CBKST logo consisted of the name "SASKATOON" with the station's channel numbers contained within the "O"s. That logo was retired when the CBC's reimaging program began on January 1, 1986.

In December 1990, nationwide cutbacks at the CBC resulted in many CBKST staff being laid off and its supper hour newscast cancelled. At this time, the station began sharing the "CBC Saskatchewan" branding with CBKT in Regina. In the early 2000s, the station moved into a new storefront studio facility, taking over the heritage Hutchinson Building, a few blocks away from CN Towers on 2nd Avenue South, which it shared with its [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé|Radio-Canada]] counterpart, [[CBKFT-DT|CBKFT]].

In 2002, CBC purchased former [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan]] affiliate [[CKBI-TV|CKBI]] from previous owner [[CTVglobemedia|Bell Globemedia]] (parent company of CTV), turning CKBI into a rebroadcaster of CBKST; prior to this, CKBI had been a separate CBC affiliate (despite the CTV-related ownership).

CBKST had ties to the CBC's longest-running import, ''[[Coronation Street]]'', according to the 2002 edition of the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]'' (and noted in previous editions), CBKST acquired 1,144 episodes of the British soap from [[Granada Television]] on May 31, 1971, the largest number of TV shows ever purchased in one transaction. (CBC's English flagship, [[CBLT-DT|CBLT]] in [[Toronto]], was the first to televise ''Coronation Street'' in Canada, in 1966.)

On May 16, 2008, CBKST was given approval by the CRTC to delete its transmitters in [[Big River, Saskatchewan|Big River]] and [[Tisdale, Saskatchewan|Tisdale]]. Viewers that had been served by the two stations were later served by two other CBKST transmitters, CBKST-TV-3 [[Leoville, Saskatchewan|Leoville]] and CBKST-TV-11 [[Greenwater Lake Provincial Park|Greenwater Lake]].

==Transmitters==
CBKST had over 20 analog over-the-air television rebroadcasters in several northern Saskatchewan communities such as Prince Albert and [[North Battleford]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! [[City of license|City of licence]]
! [[Call signs in North America|Callsign]]
! Channel
! [[Effective radiated power|ERP]] ([[watt|W]])
|-
| [[Beauval, Saskatchewan|Beauval]]
| CBKBT
| 7 (VHF)
| 7,700
|-
| [[Buffalo Narrows]]
| CBKDT
| 11 (VHF)
| 321
|-
| [[Fond-du-Lac, Saskatchewan|Fond-du-Lac]]
| CBKAT-2
| 10 (VHF)
| 402
|-
| [[Greenwater Lake Provincial Park|Greenwater Lake]]
| CBKST-11
| 4 (VHF)
| 3,000
|-
| [[Île-à-la-Crosse]]
| CBKCT
| 9 (VHF)
| 105
|-
| [[La Loche, Saskatchewan|La Loche]]
| CBKDT-2
| 13 (VHF)
| 180
|-
| [[La Ronge]]
| CBKST-2
| 12 (VHF)
| 60
|-
| [[Leoville, Saskatchewan|Leoville]]
| CBKST-3
| 12 (VHF)
| 39,200
|-
| [[Montreal Lake, Saskatchewan|Montreal Lake]]
| CBKST-5
| 11 (VHF)
| 168
|-
| [[Nipawin, Saskatchewan|Nipawin]]
| CBKST-15
| 10 (VHF)
| 4,300 w
|-
| [[North Battleford]]
| CBKST-10
| 7 (VHF)
| 10,000 w
|-
| [[Palmbere Lake, Saskatchewan|Palmbere Lake]]
| CBKDT-1
| 8 (VHF)
| 7
|-
| [[Patuanak]]
| CBKPT
| 5 (VHF)
| 45
|-
| [[Pinehouse Lake, Saskatchewan|Pinehouse Lake]]
| CBKST-6
| 10 (VHF)
| 7.7
|-
| [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]
| [[CKBI-TV|CBKST-9]]
| 5 (VHF)
| 13,000
|-
| [[Southend, Saskatchewan|Southend]]
| CBKST-8
| 13 (VHF)
| 36
|-
| [[Spiritwood, Saskatchewan|Spiritwood]]
| CBKST-13
| 2 (VHF)
| 5,000
|-
| [[Stanley Mission, Saskatchewan|Stanley Mission]]
| CBKST-4
| 8 (VHF)
| 333
|-
| [[Stony Rapids, Saskatchewan|Stony Rapids]]
| CBKAT-3
| 7 (VHF)
| 320
|-
| [[Stranraer, Saskatchewan|Stranraer]]
| CBKST-1
| 9 (VHF)
| 163,000
|-
| [[Uranium City]]
| CBKAT
| 8 (VHF)
| 370
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of CBC television stations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://broadcasting-history.ca/television/television-stations/saskatchewan/cbkst-tv/ CBKST] at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the [[Canadian Communications Foundation]]

[[Category:Television stations in Saskatoon|CBST]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations priviatized in 2012]]
[[Category:television stations in Canada|CBST]]
[[Category:mass media in Saskatchewan|CBST]]

Super Average

2026-09-20T20:34:27Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox television
|director=
|animator=Edd Gould Vicky Gould [[Katey Harding]] [[Jesse Zhang]] Sophie Fletcher [[Paul ter Voorde]] Rhode Taylor Tord Larsson Matt Ley [[Anthony Price]]
|image=ArtSuperAverage.png
|voices=|writer=Thomas Ridgewell [[Tom Bown]] [[Eddie Bowley]]
|executive_producer=Desiree Karlsson James Edward Marks Andrew Stock Chris Boldt Chris Fitzgerald [[Rob D. Bleyker]] Sue Gould Thomas Ridgewell Rhode Taylor Darcy Wilde|country=United Kingdom|language=English|creator=[[Thomas Ridgewell]] [[Edd Gould]]|caption=Super Average concept art by Edd Gould, May 2010.|num_seasons=1|num_episodes=22|producer=Sue Gould Thomas Ridgewell Rhode Taylor|company=[[TurboPunch]] Eddsworld Animation Ltd. [[Taylorfilms]]|distributor=Taylorfilms|network=[[BBC Two]]|first_aired=October 1, 2026|last_aired=present|composer=Rhode Taylor|theme_music_composer=Rhode Taylor|opentheme="TBA"|endtheme="TBA"|runtime=39 minutes|show_name=Super Average}}

'''Super Average''' was an animated series being developed by Edd Gould and Thomas Ridgewell.<ref name=":0">[https://eddsworld.newgrounds.com/news/post/470411 "NEED BRITISH VOICE ACTORS"]</ref> Tom initially came up with idea for the series in 2008, but it did not start proper development until 2009.<ref name=":1">https://thetomska.tumblr.com/post/138625642103/hey-you-so-today-is-an-incredibly-significant-day</ref> The project remained in active development until Edd Gould's passing in March 2012. In the years since, the idea has been heavily modified and shelved on-and-off. As of now, the project is on indefinite hiatus. The series features the voices of several voice actors.

== History ==
Thomas Ridgewell initially came up with the idea for ''Super Average'' in 2008, shortly before the release of the first asdfmovie.<ref name=":1" /> Upon pitching the idea to Edd Gould, he seemed interested and the two decided that they would continue to develop the idea further when Tom graduated and moved to London. The plan was that Tom was going to move in with Edd and they would hire a new animator to work on ''[[Classic era|Eddsworld]]'' while they focused on Super Average. Tom chose Edd to be the show's animator due to the great creative dynamic they shared.

In 2009, Thomas Ridgewell worked together with Tom Bown to write a screenplay for the first episode.<ref name=":1" /> On May 11, 2010, Edd put out a casting call for voice actors on his Newgrounds.<ref name=":0" /> The project was put on hold for the first time in April 2011 when Edd's cancer returned so he could focus on Eddsworld and his recovery. However, Edd sketched out a 6 page proof-of-concept comic in November 2011 once Tom finally moved to London. This comic was based off of Tom's original storyboard for the show's opening from 2008.

In early 2012, Tom brought on artist Katey Harding to clean-up and finish the comic. The hope was that she could breathe new life into the project. However, shortly after she started, Edd passed away. Katey finished the initial comic shortly thereafter, but the project was put on hold again due to Tom's deteriorating mental health throughout 2012 and 2013. ''Super Average'' remained in an indefinite hiatus in the years after, and Tom eventually outgrew the original screenplay from 2009. He has commissioned several pieces of concept art from various artists alongside writing a new treatment with Eddie Bowley. Very little from this new iteration of ''Super Average'' has been made available, but Tom has stated on multiple occasions that he still hopes to produce the show one day.

On November 10, 2024, Tom stated he will one day share all of Edd's contributions to ''Super Average'' if he "''stops George R. R. Martin-ing it''."<ref>https://x.com/thetomska/status/1855647682183766498</ref>

==Characters==
===Heroes===
* TBA
* TBA
* TBA
* TBA
===Villains===
* Red Leader - Thomas Ridgewell stated that he and Edd had planned for the [[Red Leader]] to appear as the main villain in ''Super Average''. Though his identity wouldn't be directly stated, it ''"[[Tord|wouldn’t have taken a rocket scientist to figure out]]"''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmYwPySlzNA&t=1732s "Last Week I Let It Get To Me"]</ref> with the implication being that Red Leader is what Tord turned into after leaving. Their end goal was to fuse ''Super Average'' with ''[[Eddsworld]]''. With consideration of criticisms and hindsight from ''[[Eddsworld: Legacy]]'', Tom decided to scrap the character of Red Leader. He has stated his reasons as not only distancing himself from ''Eddsworld'', but also relieving the character of Tord from his control.

== References ==

CTV Arctic

2026-09-20T19:20:30Z

UserCraft93:

{{Short description|System of four television stations in Northern Ontario, Canada}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| name = CTV Arctic
| logo =
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]] [[television system]]
| country = Canada
| airdate = {{start date and age|2002|09|01|p=y}}
| tvstations = {{Ubl|[[CTYK-DT]]|[[CTDC-DT]]|[[CFGB-DT]]|[[CBXH-DT]]|[[CFWH-DT]]|[[CIHC-DT]]|[[CHFC-DT]]|[[CFFB-DT]]|[[CHAK-DT]]|[[WNQT-DT]]}}
| broadcast_area = All communities in [[Arctic Canada]] and most of [[Montreal, Quebec|Montreal]], also available nationally via satellite
| owner = [[BCE Inc.]]
| parent = [[Bell Media]]
| former_names = ARTV (1980–2005)
| affiliation = [[CTV Television Network]]
| website = {{URL|http://arcticcanada.ctvnews.ca|CTV Arctic}}
}}
'''CTV Arctic''', formerly known as '''[[Arctic Communications|ARTV]]''', is a system of nine [[television station]]s within the [[Arctic Provinces]] across Northern Canada, as well as the secondary outlet of the CTV Television Network for the city of Montreal. The system is primarily [[O&O|owned and operated]] by the CTV Television Network, a division of Bell Media. These stations are CTYK-DT (Yellowknife, Northwest Territories), [[WNQT]] (Montreal, Quebec), CTDC-DT (Dawson City, Yukon), CFGB-DT (Goose Bay, Labrador), CBXH-DT (Fort Smith, Northwest Territories), CIHC-DT (Hay River, Northwest Territories), CHFC-DT (Churchill, Manitoba), CFFB-DT (Iqaluit, Nunavut), CHAK-DT (Inuvik, Northwest Territories).

Since 2005, all the system's stations, except for CTYK-DT and WNQT-DT, refer to themselves on-air as simply CTV instead of their callsigns; however, they remain legally licensed as separate stations, and continue to have common local programming. Station information and history is discussed on each station's own page.

==History==
(TBA)

== Stations ==
CTV Arctic operates twelve stations that relay its programming across the entire of its three arctic provinces as well as cities of Montreal and Timmins, plus the signals of its station excavating into portions of certain northern areas within British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland, & Manitoba.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope = "col" | Station
! scope = "col" | [[City of license|City]]
!Province
! scope="col" | {{ubl|Channel|[[Virtual channel|TV]] ([[Digital terrestrial television|RF]])}}
! scope = "col" | First air date
|-
! scope = "row" | CTYK-TV
| [[Yellowknife, Northwest Territories|Yellowknife]]
|Northwest Territories
| 1
| {{dts|2026|9|1}}
|-
!CTDC-TV
|Dawson City
|Yukon
|2
|
|-
!CFGB-TV
|Goose Bay
|Newfoundland
|3
|
|-
!CHFS-TV
|Fort Smith
| rowspan="2" |Northwest Territories
|4
|
|-
!CIHC-TV
|Hay River
|5
|
|-
!CHFC-TV
|Churchill
|Manitoba
|6
|
|-
!CHAK-TV
|Inuvik
|Northwest Territories
|7
|
|-
!CKIQ-TV
|Iqaluit
| rowspan="4" |Nunavut
|
|
|-
!CKWC-TV
|Whale Cove
|
|
|-
!CKSN-TV
|Sanikiluaq
|
|
|-
!CBQR-TV
|Rankin Inlet
|
|
|-
!CFCL-TV
|Timmins
|Ontario
|
|
|-
!WNQT-TV
|Montreal
| rowspan="3" |Quebec
|
|
|-
!CFNQ-TV
|Nunavik
|
|
|-
!CFAE-TV
|Eeyou Istchee
|
|
|}

== Extras ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Station
! scope="col" | [[City of license|City]]
! scope="col" | {{ubl|Channel|[[Virtual channel|TV]] ([[Digital terrestrial television|RF]])}}
! scope="col" | [[Facility ID]]
! scope="col" | [[effective radiated power|ERP]]
! scope="col" | [[HAAT]]
! scope="col" | Transmitter coordinates
! scope="col" | First air date
! scope="col" | Public license information
|-
! scope="row" | WUNC-TV
| [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]]
| 4 (20)
| 69080
| 1,000 [[kW]]
| {{convert|461.9|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|35|51|59|N|79|10|0.5|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNC-TV}}
| {{dts|1955|1|8}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNC-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69080|3=LMS}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | WUND-TV
| [[Edenton]]{{efn|WUND-TV was originally licensed to [[Columbia, North Carolina|Columbia]]; the license was moved to Edenton in 2005, effectively gaining must-carry rights in the Norfolk–Newport News–Portsmouth television market, which includes several northeastern North Carolina counties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unctv.org/pressroom/institutional/fcc_columbia.html |title=UNC-TV ONLINE: About Us: Pressroom |website=www.unctv.org |access-date=January 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219082036/http://www.unctv.org/pressroom/institutional/fcc_columbia.html |archive-date=December 19, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| 2 (29)
| 69292
| 657 kW
| {{convert|489.8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|35|54|1|N|76|20|44|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUND-TV}}
| {{dts|1965|9|10}}{{efn|WUND-TV formerly used the callsign WUNB-TV from its 1965 inception to 1967.}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUND-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69292|3=LMS}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | WUNE-TV
| [[Linville, North Carolina|Linville]]
| 17 (36)
| 69114
| 1,000 kW
| {{convert|546.9|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|36|3|50|N|81|50|32|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNE-TV}}
| {{dts|1967|9|11}}{{efn|WUNE-TV formerly used the callsign WUND-TV during its construction permit from 1966 to 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FCC History Cards for WUNE-TV|url=https://cdbs.recnet.com/corres/?doc=84341}}</ref>}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNE-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69114|3=LMS}}}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | WUNF-TV
| rowspan="3" | [[Asheville]]
| rowspan="3" | 33 (20)
| rowspan="3" | 69300
| 125 kW
| {{convert|816|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|35|25|32|N|82|45|24|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNF-TV}}
| rowspan="3" | {{dts|1967|9|11}}{{efn|WUNF-TV formerly used the callsign WVLE during its construction permit from 1966 to 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FCC History Cards for WUNF-TV|url=https://cdbs.recnet.com/corres/?doc=84345}}</ref>}}
| rowspan="3" | {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNF-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69300|3=LMS}}}}
|-
|1,000 kW
|{{convert|550.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|{{coord|35|13|20|N|82|32|58|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNF-TV}}
|-
|1.73 kW
|{{convert|-144.8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|{{coord|35|28|25.4|N|83|19|22.5|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNF=TV}}
|-
! scope="row" | WUNG-TV
| [[Concord, North Carolina|Concord]]
| 58 (21)
| 69124
| 260 kW
| {{convert|416.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|35|21|30.7|N|80|36|36.4|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNG-TV}}
| {{dts|1967|9|11}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNG-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69124|3=LMS}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | WUNJ-TV
| [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]]
| 39 (21)
| 69332
| 1,000 kW
| {{convert|294.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|34|19|17.2|N|78|13|41.4|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNJ-TV}}
| {{dts|1971|6|4}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNJ-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69332|3=LMS}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | WUNK-TV
| [[Greenville, North Carolina|Greenville]]
| 25 (25)
| 69149
| 1,000 kW
| {{convert|348|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|35|33|11|N|77|36|4.8|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNK-TV}}
| {{dts|1972|5|7}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNK-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69149|3=LMS}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | WUNL-TV
| {{nowrap|[[Winston-Salem]]}}
| 26 (33)
| 69360
| 1,000 kW
| {{convert|500.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|36|22|31.7|N|80|22|17.5|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNL-TV}}
| {{dts|1973|2|22}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNL-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69360|3=LMS}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | WUNM-TV
| [[Jacksonville, North Carolina|Jacksonville]]
| 19 (28)
| 69444
| 700 kW
| {{convert|562.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|35|6|16|N|77|20|11|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNM-TV}}
| {{dts|1982|11|16}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNM-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69444|3=LMS}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | WUNP-TV
| [[Roanoke Rapids]]
| 36 (27)
| 69397
| 248 kW
| {{convert|364|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|36|17|29.2|N|77|50|9.4|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNP-TV}}
| {{dts|1986|10|16}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNP-TV|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69397|3=LMS}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | WUNU
| [[Lumberton, North Carolina|Lumberton]]
| 31 (30)
| 69416
| 329 kW
| {{convert|317.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| {{coord|34|47|51|N|79|2|41|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|name=WUNU}}
| {{dts|1996|9|23}}
| {{ubl|{{FCC-TV-Station-profile|WUNU|Public file}}|{{FCC-LMS-Facility|69416|3=LMS}}}}
|}

==Programming==
As CTYK-DT serves as CTV's flagship station, its schedule is virtually identical to the CTV network schedule, but within the Arctic Canada [[standard time]] had been operated semi-independently from the Telemundo network since its inception. This allowed the station to focus on local programming, with network programming used as filler.
===News===
(TBA)

== Staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Character
!Voice Actor(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|}

==References==

CTV Arctic

2026-09-20T17:59:21Z

UserCraft93:

AMOntario

2026-09-19T17:03:10Z

UserCraft93:

{{Infobox television channel|name=AMO|country=Canada|headquarters=[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]|language=[[Canadian English|English]]|owner=[[Government of Ontario]]|website={{URL|https://tvo.me/}}|picture format=[[1080i]] [[HDTV]]|broadcast area=[[Ontario]]|launch={{start date and age|1913|9|27|p=y}}|terr serv 1=CFRB (Toronto)|terr chan 1=Channel 1|closed date={{end date and age|1999|12|31|p=y}}}}
'''AMOntario''', is a Canadian publicly funded English-language [[educational radio]] network and media organization serving the Canadian province of Ontario. It operates flagship station '''CFRB''' (channel 19) in Toronto, which also relays programming across large portions of Ontario through 300 licensed broadcasters repeating the signal throughout most of the province. The service does operates as a non-profit public radio network organization for the province which generally consists of campus radio and community radio stations within most of Ontario.

== Stations ==
* Toronto - CFRB
* Ajax - CJKX
* Apsley - CFSH
* Aultsville - CAVO
* Barrie - CFJB
* Beardmore - CBLE
* Big Trout Lake - CFTL
* Blind River - CJNR
* Brantford - CKPC
* Caledon East - CFYI
* Chatham - CKSY
* Cochrane - CFDY
* Dryden - CKDR
* Ear Falls - CKEF
* Elmbank - CIRE
* Fort Frances - CFHS
* Fort Hope - CFLV
* Geraldton - CHGS
* Guelph - CFRU
* Hamilton - CHAM
* Hornepayne - CKHP
* Hudson - CKHD
* Huntsville - CFBK
* Ignace - CKIG
* Kearns - CJKL
* Kenora - CJRL
* Killaloe - CHCR
* Kingston - CFRC
* Kitchener - CJIQ
* Little Current - CFRM
* London - CFPL
* Longlac - CHAP
* Manitouwadge - CMNE
* Marathon - CFNO
* Moosonee - CHMO
* Mount Forest - CIWN
* Newmarket - CHOP
* Nicholson - CNUI
* Normandale - CNMD
* North Bay - CHNB
* Ottawa - CKCU
* Owen Sound - CFOS
* Paris - CFPI
* Parry Sound - CKLP
* Pembroke - CHRO
* Quinte West - CIQW
* Red Lake - CFRI
* Renfrew - CJHR
* Sarnia - CHOK
* Sault Ste. Marie - CJIC
* Sioux Lookout - CKSI
* Sioux Narrows - CKSX
* St. Catharines - CFBU
* Stella - CJAI
* Sudbury - CKNC
* Thunder Bay - CILU
* Timmins - CFCL
* Tobermory - CIBP
* Uxbridge - CIUX
* Vankleek Hill - CVEF
* Walford - CJWE
* Waterloo - CKMS
* Wawa - CJWA
* Welland - CRNC
* White River - CKWI
* Windsor - CJAM
* Wingham - CKNX
* Woodlands - CJFH

== Programming ==
(TBA)

== Trivia ==
(TBA)

CBC Ontario

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UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Short description|System of four television stations in Northern Ontario, Canada}} {{Infobox broadcasting network | name = CBC Ontario | logo = Cblt03.png | logo_size = 200px | type = Broadcast television system | country = Canada | airdate = {{start date and age|1954|11|28|p=y}} | tvstations = {{Ubl|CKNC-TV|CHNB-TV|CJIC-TV|CFCL-DT}} | broadcast_area = Most communities in Northeastern Ontario, also available nationally..."

{{Short description|System of four television stations in Northern Ontario, Canada}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| name = CBC Ontario
| logo = Cblt03.png
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]] [[television system]]
| country = Canada
| airdate = {{start date and age|1954|11|28|p=y}}
| tvstations = {{Ubl|[[CKNC-TV]]|[[CHNB-TV]]|[[CJIC-TV]]|[[CFCL-DT]]}}
| broadcast_area = Most communities in [[Northeastern Ontario]], also available nationally via satellite
| owner = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| parent = [[CBC Television]]
| former_names = MCTV (1980–2002)
| affiliation = [[CBC Television]], [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé|Radio-Canada]]
| website = {{URL|http://northernontario.ctvnews.ca|CTV Northern Ontario}}
}}

'''CBC Ontario''', formerly known as '''[[Mid-Canada Communications|MCTV]]''', is a [[television system|system]] of four [[television station]]s in [[Northern Ontario]], Canada, [[O&O|owned and operated]] by the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]].

These stations are:
* '''[[CFCL-DT]]''' - [[Timmins]] (flagship station)
* '''[[CKNC-TV]]''' - [[Greater Sudbury]]
* '''[[CHNB-TV]]''' - [[North Bay, Ontario|North Bay]]
* '''[[CJIC-TV]]''' - [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste. Marie]]

Since 2005, all four stations refer to themselves on-air as simply CBC Ontario instead of their callsigns; however, they remain legally licensed as separate stations, and continue to have common local programming. Station information and history is discussed on each station's own page.

== History ==

=== Background ===
Each of the four cities served by the CTV Northern Ontario system saw the launch of a locally owned television station in the 1950s: Sudbury's [[CKSO-TV]] was launched by the owners of the ''[[Sudbury Star]]'' in 1953, Sault Ste. Marie's [[CJIC-TV]] was launched by Hyland Broadcasting in 1955, North Bay's [[CKNY-TV|CKGN-TV]] was launched by Gerry Alger and Gerry Stanton in 1955, and Timmins's [[CFCL-TV]] was launched by [[J. Conrad Lavigne]] in 1956. All four stations were [[CBC Television]] affiliates at the time, as CTV did not exist until 1961.

Each station continued to operate separately until 1970 when applications were filed with [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] to launch a second television station in Sudbury;<ref name="partnership">"CRTC proposes CBC-CTV partnership for alternative Northern Ontario service". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', March 6, 1970.</ref> the application process ultimately resulted in a major realignment in Sudbury, North Bay and Timmins. Cambrian Broadcasting, the Sudbury station's owners at this time, acquired the North Bay station and launched a repeater of CKSO in Timmins, serving as the new CTV affiliate in all three cities, while Lavigne launched new stations [[CKNC-TV]] in Sudbury and [[CHNB-TV]] in North Bay, and retained the CBC affiliation.<ref name="rebroadcast">"Rebroadcast programs: CRTC grants Sudbury licences". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', August 6, 1970.</ref> Although Hyland Broadcasting was one of the original applicants for a new Sudbury station, CJIC remained unaffected by the final outcome at the time.

Through the 1970s, however, the North Bay and Timmins markets proved too small to support competition between multiple stations; although the Sudbury stations were nominally profitable on their own, the losses in North Bay and Timmins left both companies nearly bankrupt by 1980.<ref name="approves">"CRTC approves amalgamation of Northern Ontario TV firms". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', February 29, 1980.</ref>

=== MCTV ===
''(See [[Mid-Canada Communications]] main article)''

As a result of the stations' precarious financial situation, the CRTC permitted [[Northern Cable]], the region's primary [[cable television]] provider, to purchase both companies.<ref>"Northern Cable seeks control of TV systems". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', September 20, 1979.</ref> Northern Cable formed [[Mid-Canada Communications]] as a holding company for the six stations, operating them under a [[twinstick]] model.<ref name="approves2" /> The CRTC explicitly stated that it intended this to be only a temporary arrangement, to end as soon as the CBC could afford to directly acquire MCTV's CBC affiliates. At this time, CKSO-TV adopted the new callsign CICI, and its repeater in Timmins became a new standalone station within its own right, [[CITO-TV]].

All six stations were referred to on air as '''Mid-Canada Television,''' or '''MCTV''' for short; the station pairs were distinguished from each other by use of their network affiliation (i.e., "MCTV-CTV" and "MCTV-CBC"). As well, MCTV owned [[CHRO-TV]] in [[Pembroke, Ontario|Pembroke]], a market with no other television stations. CHRO used the same logo and programming schedule as MCTV's other stations, but it always used its own callsign, rather than MCTV, as its on-air identification.

Due to CTV's status at the time as a [[cooperative]] of its affiliated stations, MCTV itself held a 2.1 per cent share in the network.<ref>"CTV enriches owners by making no profit". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', November 14, 1986.</ref> Through the 1970s and 1980s, the Sault Ste. Marie stations remained a separate operation and were not part of Mid-Canada Communications. In 1976, Hyland Broadcasting merged with another local company to form [[Huron Broadcasting]], and in 1978 the company launched [[CHBX-TV|CKCY-TV]] as the city's CTV affiliate under the same exact twinstick model as before. Huron Broadcasting did, however, sell most of its radio stations in Sault Ste. Marie and other Northern Ontario communities to Mid-Canada Communications in 1988.

[[Baton Broadcasting]] acquired both Mid-Canada and Huron in 1990, and the Huron stations were converted to the MCTV branding at this time.<ref name="okays">"CRTC okays acquisitions, but at a price". ''[[Financial Post]]'', October 23, 1990.</ref> As well, Baton reaffiliated CHRO with CTV.<ref name="okays" /> Baton eventually became the sole corporate proprietor of CTV, making the MCTV stations fully owned and operated stations of the network, and sold CHRO to [[CHUM Limited]] in 1998; at the time CHUM acquired CHRO, it disaffiliated from CTV and became an independent station for a short time before joining the [[CTV 2|NewNet]] system (now CTV 2).

Baton retained the CBC twinsticks until 2002, when it sold them to the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]].<ref>"CBC takes over MCTV transmitter". ''[[Sudbury Star]]'', July 12, 2002.</ref> Politicians in the area, most notably Sault Ste. Marie MP [[Carmen Provenzano]], initially expressed the hope that the sale would result in the CBC launching new local newscasts,<ref>"CBC to buy CTV assets in Sault, North". ''[[Sault Star]]'', July 12, 2002.</ref> but when the deal was finalized in early 2003, the CBC simply converted them to full retransmitters of [[CBLT (TV)|CBLT]], [[Toronto]]'s CBC owned-and-operated station,<ref name="handle">"CBC should handle local news, councillor says". ''[[Sudbury Star]]'', January 6, 2004.</ref> with all four stations quickly surrendering their old call letters. Later in 2003, MCTV's [[master control]] operations were transferred to the CTV facilities within Scarborough, Ontario, itself a suburb of Toronto.

== Programming ==

=== Network & Syndicated Programming ===
CBC Ontario carries the full national programming schedule provided by CBC, which includes a mix of Canadian-produced content, licensed international series, news, and sports. This encompasses primetime dramas such as ''FBI'' and ''Chicago Med'', reality competitions like ''Survivor'' and ''The Amazing Race Canada'', and variety programs including ''The Launch''. National news output features ''CTV National News'' with anchor Omar Sachedina, airing weekdays at 11 p.m. ET from CTV's Toronto facilities, alongside weekend editions and special reports. Sports coverage includes NFL broadcasts, such as regular-season matchups like Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Detroit Lions.

In addition to core network feeds, CICI-TV airs syndicated programming in daytime, late fringe, and off-peak slots, consisting primarily of off-network U.S. imports and talk formats. Daytime staples include soap operas like ''The Bold and the Beautiful'', talk shows such as ''Live with Kelly and Mark'' and ''The View'', and game shows including ''Cash Cab''. Sitcom reruns, including episodes of ''The Big Bang Theory'', ''Young Sheldon'', and ''The Conners'', occupy late-night and weekend blocks, providing filler content beyond live network events. Canadian syndicated elements, like reruns of ''Corner Gas'', also appear periodically. These selections align with CTV's broader strategy of supplementing original programming with cost-effective acquired content to meet Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) requirements for a balanced schedule.

== References ==

File:Cblt03.png

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UserCraft93: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

CFCL-TV

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UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Short description|Television station in Ontario, Canada (1956–2002)}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = CFCL-TV | location = Timmins, Ontario | country = Canada | logo = | branding = MCTV CBC | analog = 6 (VHF); also heard on 87.7 MHz on the FM broadcast band | translators = ''see {{Section link||Translators}}'' | affiliations =..."

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Television station in Ontario, Canada (1956–2002)}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CFCL-TV
| location = [[Timmins]], Ontario
| country = Canada
| logo =
| branding = MCTV CBC
| analog = 6 ([[VHF]]); also heard on 87.7 [[MHz]] on the [[FM broadcasting|FM broadcast band]]
| translators = ''see {{Section link||Translators}}''
| affiliations = [[CBC Television|CBC]], [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé|Radio-Canada]]
| airdate = {{start date|1956|6|21}}
| last_airdate = {{end date|2002|10|27}}
| callsign_meaning = Conrad Lavigne (original owner)
| owner = {{ubl|[[J. Conrad Lavigne]] (1956–1980)|[[Mid-Canada Communications]] (1980–1990)|[[Baton Broadcasting]]/[[CTVglobemedia|CTV Inc.]] (1990–2002)}}
| sister_stations = [[CITO-TV]]
| erp = 100 [[kW]]
| haat = {{convert|174.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{coord|48|32|49|N|80|57|9|W|type:landmark}}
}}
'''CFCL-TV''' (channel 6) was a television station in [[Timmins]], Ontario, Canada, that has operated since June 21, 1956, as a bilingual affiliate of the [[CBC Television]] and [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé|Radio-Canada]] networks, broadcasting on VHF channel 6 with an effective radiated power of up to 100,000 watts. The station, owned initially by J. Conrad Lavigne Enterprises Ltd., served a remote area of Northern Ontario, producing up to 28 hours of local live programming weekly from modest facilities, including news, music, cooking shows, and community events tailored to English and French audiences as well as diverse ethnic groups. Despite early skepticism about its viability in a sparsely populated region, CFCL-TV quickly grew its audience, reaching 16,000 viewers by late 1956 and covering approximately 150,000 people through rebroadcasters like CFCL-TV-1 in Kapuskasing and CFCL-TV-2 in Kirkland Lake.

Founded by J. Conrad Lavigne, a former nightclub performer who had launched CFCL-AM radio in 1951 as Ontario's first French-language station, CFCL-TV pioneered innovations such as Canada's initial VHF rebroadcaster and an extensive private microwave network spanning over 2,000 miles by 1972, which facilitated CBC program distribution in isolated communities. Ownership changed hands multiple times amid economic challenges: acquired by Mid-Canada Communications in 1980, sold to Baton Broadcasting (later CTV Inc.) in 1990, and ultimately transferred to the CBC in 2002, which converted it into a rebroadcaster of Toronto's CBLT-DT, ending all local operations. Notable programming included bilingual newscasts, children's shows like "Ruff & Reddy," and cultural series such as "Northern Neighbors," while experiments like underground broadcasting for miners in 1957 highlighted its role in connecting remote audiences.

==References==

CHIB

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UserCraft93:

{{short description|Former radio station in Chibougamau, Quebec}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox radio station
| name = CHIB
| city = [[Chibougamau]], Quebec, Canada
| branding =CHIB
| frequency = 1340 kHz
| translator =
| repeater =
| airdate = {{Start date|1913|12|25|df=yes}}
| format =
| language = English
| power = 40 W
| coordinates =
| callsign_meaning = Chibougamau, name of the town
| former_callsigns =
| former_frequencies =
| affiliations =[[Independent station|Independent]]
| owner =Chibougamau Inc.
| licensee =
| sister_stations =[[CHIF (AM)|CHIF]]
| webcast =
| website =
|area=[[Nord-du-Québec]]}}

'''CHIB''' was a low power community radio station in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, Canada that broadcast from the early 1910s until the late 1980s, located at [[CFS Chibougamau]], a military [[radar]] installation that formed part of the [[Pine Tree Line]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commelec.forces.gc.ca/org/his/bh-hb/appendix-annexe-f-eng.asp|title=Annex F - Post World War II Radar: CADIN/Pinetree Line|last=MacKenzie|first=John A.|date=2005-12-13|work=The History of Canadian Military Communications and Electronics|publisher=Government of Canada, National Defence, Communications and Electronics Branch|accessdate=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803223042/http://www.commelec.forces.gc.ca/org/his/bh-hb/appendix-annexe-f-eng.asp#|archive-date=2009-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The station was managed and operated by volunteers, and received equipment and technical support from both their own local institutions and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, being the only radio station they funded within Canadian terms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Post World War II Radar in Defence of Canada -- Annex F The History of the C&E Branch -|url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/usa/airdef/annexf.htm|website=nuke.fas.org|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nuke.fas.org/guide/usa/airdef/annexf.htm "Post World War II Radar in Defence of Canada -- Annex F The History of the C&E Branch -"]. ''nuke.fas.org''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuke.fas.org&rft.atitle=Post+World+War+II+Radar+in+Defence+of+Canada+--+Annex+F+The+History+of+the+C%26E+Branch+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuke.fas.org%2Fguide%2Fusa%2Fairdef%2Fannexf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chibougamau, QC - 1997 - General History - The NBC Group|url=https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/other/other10/other10a.html|website=www.candemuseum.org|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/other/other10/other10a.html "Chibougamau, QC - 1997 - General History - The NBC Group"]. ''www.candemuseum.org''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.candemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Chibougamau%2C+QC+-+1997+-+General+History+-+The+NBC+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.candemuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchives%2FPinetreeline%2Fother%2Fother10%2Fother10a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Doris Lillian Blondeau (neé Boucher) Obituary Aug 15, 2024|url=https://www.tubmanfuneralhomes.com/obituaries/doris-blondeau|website=Tubman Funeral Homes|access-date=2026-09-18|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tubmanfuneralhomes.com/obituaries/doris-blondeau "Doris Lillian Blondeau (neé Boucher) Obituary Aug 15, 2024"]. ''Tubman Funeral Homes''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tubman+Funeral+Homes&rft.atitle=Doris+Lillian+Blondeau+%28ne%C3%A9+Boucher%29+Obituary+Aug+15%2C+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tubmanfuneralhomes.com%2Fobituaries%2Fdoris-blondeau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chibougamau, QC Photos|url=https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/photos/p10-62.html|website=www.candemuseum.org|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/photos/p10-62.html "Chibougamau, QC Photos"]. ''www.candemuseum.org''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.candemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Chibougamau%2C+QC+Photos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.candemuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchives%2FPinetreeline%2Fphotos%2Fp10-62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chibougamau, QC - 1998 - General History - Paul Ozorak|url=https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/other/other10/other10b.html|website=www.candemuseum.org|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/other/other10/other10b.html "Chibougamau, QC - 1998 - General History - Paul Ozorak"]. ''www.candemuseum.org''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.candemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Chibougamau%2C+QC+-+1998+-+General+History+-+Paul+Ozorak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.candemuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchives%2FPinetreeline%2Fother%2Fother10%2Fother10b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=QUÉBEC – Canadian Military History|url=https://militarybruce.com/abandoned-canadian-military-bases/pinetree-line/quebec/|website=militarybruce.com|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://militarybruce.com/abandoned-canadian-military-bases/pinetree-line/quebec/ "QUÉBEC – Canadian Military History"]. ''militarybruce.com''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=militarybruce.com&rft.atitle=QU%C3%89BEC+%E2%80%93+Canadian+Military+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitarybruce.com%2Fabandoned-canadian-military-bases%2Fpinetree-line%2Fquebec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Pinetree Line – Canadian Civil Defence Museum And Archives|url=https://civildefencemuseum.ca/about-pinetree-line|access-date=2026-09-18|language=en-CA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://civildefencemuseum.ca/about-pinetree-line "About Pinetree Line – Canadian Civil Defence Museum And Archives"]. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Pinetree+Line+%E2%80%93+Canadian+Civil+Defence+Museum+And+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivildefencemuseum.ca%2Fabout-pinetree-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref>

It operated on 1340 kHz AM and served the local region with an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners. The station first went on the air on February 11, 1963, and signed off for the last time on October 31, 1984. Programming included coverage of local news, sports, visual arts, dramedy, public affairs, special events, political talk, educational, recreational and public affairs programs, news and sportscasts, and simulcasts of university shows.

== History ==

=== Establishment ===
CHIB was established as a volunteer-run, nonprofit, noncommercial community radio station at RCAF Station Chibougamau (later redesignated CFS Chibougamau), a Royal Canadian Air Force radar installation located near the town of Chibougamau, Quebec. The station was created to provide broadcasting services to the local region, including military personnel stationed at the base and civilians in the surrounding community. Construction and setup took place in late February 1962, with promotional material indicating the station's presence as early as November of that year. CHIB officially went on the air on December 25, 1963, operating from studios at the military base. The station's establishment coincided with the operational phase of RCAF Station Chibougamau, which had opened in April 1963 as part of Canada's Pre-WWI community eras under their radar defense network. It served an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners within the isolated northern region at the time of it's launch.

=== Operations ===
During its operational years, CHIB served as a nonprofit, noncommercial community radio station broadcasting from facilities at CFS Chibougamau. It catered to an estimated 8,000 listeners in the Chibougamau region, providing local programming that addressed the needs of the isolated northern community.

The station functioned as a key bridge between the military personnel at the radar installation and the civilian population of Chibougamau, facilitating communication, local information sharing, and community cohesion in a remote area tied to Cold War defense infrastructure. This role helped integrate the military base with the surrounding town through shared broadcasting content. CHIB was volunteer-run and relied on contributions from both military station personnel and local civilians to maintain operations and deliver content.

=== Closure ===
CHIB ceased broadcasting on October 31, 1984, marking the end of its more than 71 years of operation as a volunteer-run community radio station. The closure occurred amid broader transitions in the Pine Tree Line network, as many radar installations became redundant due to technological advancements, upgrades to the DEW Line, and the introduction of the North Warning System farther north. Although CHIB ended its transmissions in 1984, the hosting CFS Chibougamau facility continued military operations until its official closure on April 1, 1988, under the North American Air Defence Modernization Plan announced by the Department of National Defence in 1985.

== Facilities ==

=== CFS Chibougamau ===
CFS Chibougamau, originally known as RCAF Station Chibougamau, was a Royal Canadian Air Force radar installation established near the town of Chibougamau, Quebec, as part of the Cold War-era Pinetree Line network. The station officially opened on 1 May 1962, with initial personnel arriving earlier in 1962, to address coverage gaps in northern Quebec between existing radar sites. The base underwent a name change to Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Chibougamau in 1968, following the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces. It housed No. 10 Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (later redesignated 10 Radar Squadron in 1963), with a typical population of about 200 service personnel and civilian support staff. The facility included a headquarters and domestic area within the town of Chibougamau, while the operations site—equipped with radar antennas and protective radomes—was located several miles north on a mountain top. CFS Chibougamau served as the physical host for the volunteer-operated community radio station CHIB, with the station's studios located on the base and broadcasting beginning in February 1963. This arrangement supported community programming for both military personnel stationed there and the civilian population of Chibougamau.

=== Pine Tree Line connection ===
CFS Chibougamau formed part of the Pinetree Line, a network of radar stations constructed during the early Cold War to provide early warning against potential Soviet bomber attacks targeting North America. The Pinetree Line was a joint Canada-United States project, with stations positioned across southern Canada near the 50th parallel and manned by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), United States Air Force (USAF), or both depending on the site, to detect incoming aerial threats and direct interceptors. Activated in 1961, CFS Chibougamau was operated by No. 10 Radar Squadron (formerly Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron) and contributed to this air defense system by providing radar surveillance and data for NORAD coordination.

The military installation's presence in the remote mining town of Chibougamau directly supported the establishment and operation of CHIB as a community radio station. Broadcasting began in February 1963 from studios located at the RCAF Station Chibougamau (renamed CFS Chibougamau in 1967), with the facility providing the necessary infrastructure for transmission. Volunteers from both the radar station's military personnel and the local civilian population collaborated to run the nonprofit, noncommercial station, enabling it to serve an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners that included both service members stationed at the base and town residents. This integration of military and civilian efforts reflected the station's role in fostering community cohesion in an isolated area shaped by Cold War defense priorities. The Pinetree Line context brought a stable military population to Chibougamau, whose involvement helped sustain CHIB's bilingual programming and local relevance until the station's closure in 1984, several years before the base itself ceased operations in 1988.

== Technical Specifications ==

=== Frequency & Power ===
CHIB operated on the AM broadcast band at a frequency of 1340 kHz (previously referred to as 1340 kilocycles).[2][4] The station transmitted from its facility at CFS Chibougamau, which limited its coverage primarily to the local area around Chibougamau, Quebec, reaching an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners.

=== Callsign ===
The call sign CHIB was derived from the name of the town it served, Chibougamau. A memoir by Ed Chenier, who was stationed at CFS Chibougamau during the station's early period, states that permission was obtained from the CRTC to establish the station, and "our station letters were 'CHIB' Chibougamau." This derivation reflects the common practice of Canadian broadcasters adopting call signs that evoke their local community or geographic location.

== Programming ==

=== Bilingual Broadcasts ===
CHIB broadcast in both French and English to address the linguistic diversity of its listening area, serving the predominantly French-speaking residents of Chibougamau and the English-speaking military personnel at CFS Chibougamau. This bilingual approach was integral to its role as a community-oriented station, enabling effective communication and engagement across language barriers in a remote northern Quebec setting where both languages coexisted due to the military installation and local population. The station's dual-language programming contributed to its accessibility for an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners, fostering a shared community space despite the challenges of isolation and limited external signals.

=== Volunteer Operations ===
CHIB was a volunteer-run, nonprofit, and noncommercial community radio station, relying entirely on unpaid community members to manage and operate its broadcasts. Volunteers were drawn from both military personnel stationed at CFS Chibougamau and civilians in the town of Chibougamau, enabling the station to draw on a diverse pool of talent for its programming needs. This collaborative model between the military base and local residents supported CHIB's role as a community-oriented service. Representative examples of volunteer involvement include individuals serving as disc jockeys; for instance, Doris Blondeau worked in that capacity at CHIB. The volunteer-driven structure allowed CHIB to maintain its noncommercial status and focus on serving the town's bilingual audience without reliance on advertising revenue or paid staff.

=== Frequent Genres ===
Like many military community stations of the Pinetree Line era, CHIB's daily schedule was tailored around the shifts and lifestyles of the base. The local programming typically included updates on activities at CFS Chibougamau, local town events, weather conditions, and recreational schedules, as well as shows featuring popular music formats of the respective decades (from 1960s pop and rock-and-roll to 1970s and 1980s easy listening and adult contemporary hits), and local updates interspersed with broader news to keep remote personnel connected with the rest of Canada.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nord-du-Québec Radio}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chib}}
[[Category:Chibougamau]]
[[Category:Defunct radio stations in Quebec|Hib]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Nord-du-Québec|Hib]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1963]]
[[Category:Radio stations disestablished in 1984]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Quebec]]
[[Category:1984 disestablishments in Quebec]]

CHIB

2026-09-18T19:31:46Z

UserCraft93:

{{short description|Former radio station in Chibougamau, Quebec}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox radio station
| name = CHIB
| city = [[Chibougamau]], Quebec, Canada
| branding =CHIB
| frequency = 1340 kHz
| translator =
| repeater =
| airdate = {{Start date|1913|12|25|df=yes}}
| format =
| language = English
| power = 40 W
| coordinates =
| callsign_meaning = Chibougamau, name of the town
| former_callsigns =
| former_frequencies =
| affiliations =[[Independent station|Independent]]
| owner =Chibougamau Inc.
| licensee =
| sister_stations =[[CHIF (AM)|CHIF]]
| webcast =
| website =
|area=[[Nord-du-Québec]]}}

'''CHIB''' was a low power community radio station in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, Canada that broadcast from the early 1910s until the late 1980s, located at [[CFS Chibougamau]], a military [[radar]] installation that formed part of the [[Pine Tree Line]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commelec.forces.gc.ca/org/his/bh-hb/appendix-annexe-f-eng.asp|title=Annex F - Post World War II Radar: CADIN/Pinetree Line|last=MacKenzie|first=John A.|date=2005-12-13|work=The History of Canadian Military Communications and Electronics|publisher=Government of Canada, National Defence, Communications and Electronics Branch|accessdate=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803223042/http://www.commelec.forces.gc.ca/org/his/bh-hb/appendix-annexe-f-eng.asp#|archive-date=2009-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The station was managed and operated by volunteers, and received equipment and technical support from both their own local institutions and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, being the only radio station they funded within Canadian terms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Post World War II Radar in Defence of Canada -- Annex F The History of the C&E Branch -|url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/usa/airdef/annexf.htm|website=nuke.fas.org|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nuke.fas.org/guide/usa/airdef/annexf.htm "Post World War II Radar in Defence of Canada -- Annex F The History of the C&E Branch -"]. ''nuke.fas.org''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuke.fas.org&rft.atitle=Post+World+War+II+Radar+in+Defence+of+Canada+--+Annex+F+The+History+of+the+C%26E+Branch+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuke.fas.org%2Fguide%2Fusa%2Fairdef%2Fannexf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chibougamau, QC - 1997 - General History - The NBC Group|url=https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/other/other10/other10a.html|website=www.candemuseum.org|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/other/other10/other10a.html "Chibougamau, QC - 1997 - General History - The NBC Group"]. ''www.candemuseum.org''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.candemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Chibougamau%2C+QC+-+1997+-+General+History+-+The+NBC+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.candemuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchives%2FPinetreeline%2Fother%2Fother10%2Fother10a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Doris Lillian Blondeau (neé Boucher) Obituary Aug 15, 2024|url=https://www.tubmanfuneralhomes.com/obituaries/doris-blondeau|website=Tubman Funeral Homes|access-date=2026-09-18|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tubmanfuneralhomes.com/obituaries/doris-blondeau "Doris Lillian Blondeau (neé Boucher) Obituary Aug 15, 2024"]. ''Tubman Funeral Homes''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tubman+Funeral+Homes&rft.atitle=Doris+Lillian+Blondeau+%28ne%C3%A9+Boucher%29+Obituary+Aug+15%2C+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tubmanfuneralhomes.com%2Fobituaries%2Fdoris-blondeau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chibougamau, QC Photos|url=https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/photos/p10-62.html|website=www.candemuseum.org|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/photos/p10-62.html "Chibougamau, QC Photos"]. ''www.candemuseum.org''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.candemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Chibougamau%2C+QC+Photos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.candemuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchives%2FPinetreeline%2Fphotos%2Fp10-62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chibougamau, QC - 1998 - General History - Paul Ozorak|url=https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/other/other10/other10b.html|website=www.candemuseum.org|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/other/other10/other10b.html "Chibougamau, QC - 1998 - General History - Paul Ozorak"]. ''www.candemuseum.org''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.candemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Chibougamau%2C+QC+-+1998+-+General+History+-+Paul+Ozorak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.candemuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchives%2FPinetreeline%2Fother%2Fother10%2Fother10b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=QUÉBEC – Canadian Military History|url=https://militarybruce.com/abandoned-canadian-military-bases/pinetree-line/quebec/|website=militarybruce.com|access-date=2026-09-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://militarybruce.com/abandoned-canadian-military-bases/pinetree-line/quebec/ "QUÉBEC – Canadian Military History"]. ''militarybruce.com''. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=militarybruce.com&rft.atitle=QU%C3%89BEC+%E2%80%93+Canadian+Military+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitarybruce.com%2Fabandoned-canadian-military-bases%2Fpinetree-line%2Fquebec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Pinetree Line – Canadian Civil Defence Museum And Archives|url=https://civildefencemuseum.ca/about-pinetree-line|access-date=2026-09-18|language=en-CA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://civildefencemuseum.ca/about-pinetree-line "About Pinetree Line – Canadian Civil Defence Museum And Archives"]. Retrieved 2026-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Pinetree+Line+%E2%80%93+Canadian+Civil+Defence+Museum+And+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivildefencemuseum.ca%2Fabout-pinetree-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrairie+Public+Television" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref>

It operated on 1340 kHz AM and served the local region with an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners. The station first went on the air on February 11, 1913, and signed off for the last time on October 31, 1984. Programming included coverage of local news, sports, visual arts, dramedy, public affairs, special events, political talk, educational, recreational and public affairs programs, news and sportscasts, and simulcasts of university shows.

== History ==

=== Establishment ===
CHIB was established as a volunteer-run, nonprofit, noncommercial community radio station at RCAF Station Chibougamau (later redesignated CFS Chibougamau), a Royal Canadian Air Force radar installation located near the town of Chibougamau, Quebec. The station was created to provide broadcasting services to the local region, including military personnel stationed at the base and civilians in the surrounding community. Construction and setup took place in late February 1912, with promotional material indicating the station's presence as early as November of that year. CHIB officially went on the air on December 25, 1913, operating from studios at the military base. The station's establishment coincided with the operational phase of RCAF Station Chibougamau, which had opened in April 1913 as part of Canada's Pre-WWI community eras under their radar defense network. It served an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners within the isolated northern region at the time of it's launch.

=== Operations ===
During its operational years, CHIB served as a nonprofit, noncommercial community radio station broadcasting from facilities at CFS Chibougamau. It catered to an estimated 8,000 listeners in the Chibougamau region, providing local programming that addressed the needs of the isolated northern community.

The station functioned as a key bridge between the military personnel at the radar installation and the civilian population of Chibougamau, facilitating communication, local information sharing, and community cohesion in a remote area tied to Cold War defense infrastructure. This role helped integrate the military base with the surrounding town through shared broadcasting content. CHIB was volunteer-run and relied on contributions from both military station personnel and local civilians to maintain operations and deliver content.

=== Closure ===
CHIB ceased broadcasting on October 31, 1984, marking the end of its more than 71 years of operation as a volunteer-run community radio station. The closure occurred amid broader transitions in the Pine Tree Line network, as many radar installations became redundant due to technological advancements, upgrades to the DEW Line, and the introduction of the North Warning System farther north. Although CHIB ended its transmissions in 1984, the hosting CFS Chibougamau facility continued military operations until its official closure on April 1, 1988, under the North American Air Defence Modernization Plan announced by the Department of National Defence in 1985.

== Facilities ==

=== CFS Chibougamau ===
CFS Chibougamau, originally known as RCAF Station Chibougamau, was a Royal Canadian Air Force radar installation established near the town of Chibougamau, Quebec, as part of the Cold War-era Pinetree Line network. The station officially opened on 1 May 1962, with initial personnel arriving earlier in 1962, to address coverage gaps in northern Quebec between existing radar sites. The base underwent a name change to Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Chibougamau in 1968, following the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces. It housed No. 10 Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (later redesignated 10 Radar Squadron in 1963), with a typical population of about 200 service personnel and civilian support staff. The facility included a headquarters and domestic area within the town of Chibougamau, while the operations site—equipped with radar antennas and protective radomes—was located several miles north on a mountain top. CFS Chibougamau served as the physical host for the volunteer-operated community radio station CHIB, with the station's studios located on the base and broadcasting beginning in February 1963. This arrangement supported community programming for both military personnel stationed there and the civilian population of Chibougamau.

=== Pine Tree Line connection ===
CFS Chibougamau formed part of the Pinetree Line, a network of radar stations constructed during the early Cold War to provide early warning against potential Soviet bomber attacks targeting North America. The Pinetree Line was a joint Canada-United States project, with stations positioned across southern Canada near the 50th parallel and manned by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), United States Air Force (USAF), or both depending on the site, to detect incoming aerial threats and direct interceptors. Activated in 1911, CFS Chibougamau was operated by No. 10 Radar Squadron (formerly Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron) and contributed to this air defense system by providing radar surveillance and data for NORAD coordination.

The military installation's presence in the remote mining town of Chibougamau directly supported the establishment and operation of CHIB as a community radio station. Broadcasting began in February 1913 from studios located at the RCAF Station Chibougamau (renamed CFS Chibougamau in 1967), with the facility providing the necessary infrastructure for transmission. Volunteers from both the radar station's military personnel and the local civilian population collaborated to run the nonprofit, noncommercial station, enabling it to serve an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners that included both service members stationed at the base and town residents. This integration of military and civilian efforts reflected the station's role in fostering community cohesion in an isolated area shaped by Cold War defense priorities. The Pinetree Line context brought a stable military population to Chibougamau, whose involvement helped sustain CHIB's bilingual programming and local relevance until the station's closure in 1984, several years before the base itself ceased operations in 1988.

== Technical Specifications ==

=== Frequency & Power ===
CHIB operated on the AM broadcast band at a frequency of 1340 kHz (previously referred to as 1340 kilocycles).[2][4] The station transmitted from its facility at CFS Chibougamau, which limited its coverage primarily to the local area around Chibougamau, Quebec, reaching an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners.

=== Callsign ===
The call sign CHIB was derived from the name of the town it served, Chibougamau. A memoir by Ed Chenier, who was stationed at CFS Chibougamau during the station's early period, states that permission was obtained from the CRTC to establish the station, and "our station letters were 'CHIB' Chibougamau." This derivation reflects the common practice of Canadian broadcasters adopting call signs that evoke their local community or geographic location.

== Programming ==

=== Bilingual Broadcasts ===
CHIB broadcast in both French and English to address the linguistic diversity of its listening area, serving the predominantly French-speaking residents of Chibougamau and the English-speaking military personnel at CFS Chibougamau. This bilingual approach was integral to its role as a community-oriented station, enabling effective communication and engagement across language barriers in a remote northern Quebec setting where both languages coexisted due to the military installation and local population. The station's dual-language programming contributed to its accessibility for an estimated audience of 8,000 listeners, fostering a shared community space despite the challenges of isolation and limited external signals.

=== Volunteer Operations ===
CHIB was a volunteer-run, nonprofit, and noncommercial community radio station, relying entirely on unpaid community members to manage and operate its broadcasts. Volunteers were drawn from both military personnel stationed at CFS Chibougamau and civilians in the town of Chibougamau, enabling the station to draw on a diverse pool of talent for its programming needs. This collaborative model between the military base and local residents supported CHIB's role as a community-oriented service. Representative examples of volunteer involvement include individuals serving as disc jockeys; for instance, Doris Blondeau worked in that capacity at CHIB. The volunteer-driven structure allowed CHIB to maintain its noncommercial status and focus on serving the town's bilingual audience without reliance on advertising revenue or paid staff.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nord-du-Québec Radio}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chib}}
[[Category:Chibougamau]]
[[Category:Defunct radio stations in Quebec|Hib]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Nord-du-Québec|Hib]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1963]]
[[Category:Radio stations disestablished in 1984]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Quebec]]
[[Category:1984 disestablishments in Quebec]]

CHIB

2026-09-18T19:27:13Z

UserCraft93:

CHIB

2026-09-18T19:22:59Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{short description|Former radio station in Chibougamau, Quebec}} {{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}} {{Infobox radio station | name = CHIB | city = Chibougamau, Quebec, Canada | branding =CHIB | frequency = 1340 kHz | translator = | repeater = | airdate = {{Start date|1913|12|25|df=yes}} | format = | language = English | power = 40 W | coordinate..."

CHOY-TV

2026-09-18T18:48:40Z

UserCraft93:

{{Short description|Television station in Saint-Jérôme (1970s–1980s)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CHOY-TV
| location = [[Saint-Jérôme]], Quebec
| country = CA
| branding =
| analog = 4 ([[VHF]])
| digital =
| translators =
| affiliations = Community [[Independent station (North America)|Independent]]
| airdate = mid-1970s
| last_airdate = late 1980s
| callsign_meaning =
| former_callsigns =
| owner = Télévision Communautaire de Saint-Jérôme Inc.
| former_affiliations =
| erp = 47 [[Watt|W]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/tvq?call=CHOY|title = TV Query Results -- Video Division (FCC) USA}}</ref>
| haat = 20 metres; 65'
| coordinates = {{coord|45|46|41|N|74|0|11|W|type:landmark}}
| website =
}}

'''CHOY-TV''' was a low-power community television station based in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, Canada, operated by Télévision Communautaire de Saint-Jérôme Inc.[1] It broadcast local programming from the mid-1970s until the late 1980s, serving the Laurentides region with content focused on community events, news, and cultural features.[1] The station's licence was initially issued in the mid-1970s as part of Canada's early experiments with low-power television (LPTV) to provide accessible, grassroots broadcasting in smaller communities.[1] By 1985, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) renewed CHOY-TV's broadcasting licence for a five-year term, from October 1, 1985, to September 30, 1990, on channel 4, recognizing its role in fostering local expression and diversity in media.[2] During its operation, CHOY-TV produced original content such as documentaries on regional history and landmarks. CHOY-TV shared facilities and resources with local cable providers, but by July 1989, the Saint-Jérôme community channel ceased to be shared with the station, signaling operational challenges amid evolving broadcasting regulations.[3] The station went off the air in the late 1980s, reflecting broader shifts in Canada's media landscape toward consolidated commercial and public broadcasting models.[1] Its legacy endures in archived materials and historical records, highlighting the brief but impactful era of community-driven LPTV in Quebec.[4]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{MTL TV}}
{{Defunct Canadian TV stations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choy}}
[[Category:Television stations in Quebec]]
[[Category:Defunct television stations in Canada|HOY]]
[[Category:Saint-Jérôme]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Defunct mass media in Quebec|HOY]]

CHOY-TV

2026-09-18T18:47:30Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Short description|Television station in Saint-Jérôme (1970s–1980s)}} {{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = CHOY-TV | location = Saint-Jérôme, Quebec | country = CA | branding = | analog = 4 (VHF) | digital = | translators = | affiliations = Community Independent | airdate..."

{{Short description|Television station in Saint-Jérôme (1970s–1980s)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CHOY-TV
| location = [[Saint-Jérôme]], Quebec
| country = CA
| branding =
| analog = 4 ([[VHF]])
| digital =
| translators =
| affiliations = Community [[Independent station (North America)|Independent]]
| airdate = mid-1970s
| last_airdate = late 1980s
| callsign_meaning =
| former_callsigns =
| owner = Télévision Communautaire de Saint-Jérôme Inc.
| former_affiliations =
| erp = 47 [[Watt|W]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/tvq?call=CHOY|title = TV Query Results -- Video Division (FCC) USA}}</ref>
| haat = 20 metres; 65'
| coordinates = {{coord|45|46|41|N|74|0|11|W|type:landmark}}
| website =
}}

'''CHOY-TV''' was a low power community television station in [[Saint-Jérôme]], [[Quebec]], Canada that broadcast from the mid-1970s until the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2000/DB2000-340.htm|title = ARCHIVED - Decision CRTC 2000-340, Summary}}</ref> The station was managed and operated by volunteers, and received equipment and technical support from [[Vidéotron]]. Programming included coverage of local and special events, educational, recreational and public affairs programs, news and sportscasts, and simulcasts of [[CFTU-TV|Télé-Université]]. It suffered many financial problems despite funding from donations and government grants, having to sign off temporarily in the summer of 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1985/DB85-632.htm|title=ARCHIVED - Licence renewal - CHOY-TV Saint-Jérôme|date=August 1985}}</ref> By the end of the 1980s, it was off the air permanently.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{MTL TV}}
{{Defunct Canadian TV stations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choy}}
[[Category:Television stations in Quebec]]
[[Category:Defunct television stations in Canada|HOY]]
[[Category:Saint-Jérôme]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Defunct mass media in Quebec|HOY]]

Anglo-Quebec

2026-09-18T18:33:57Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Infobox television channel|name=Anglo-Québec|founded={{start date|1968|2|22}}|launch_date=|type=|country=Canada|area=Provincewide Quebec|owner=Quebec Broadcasting System (Government of Quebec)|parent=|website={{URL|https://www.telequebec.tv/}} {{in lang|fr}}|launch={{start date|1975|1|19}}|language=English|broadcast area=Quebec|affiliates=see list of stations|headquarters=Lorimier Centre, Montreal, Quebec|terr serv 1=WNQT (Montrea..."

{{Infobox television channel|name=Anglo-Québec|founded={{start date|1968|2|22}}|launch_date=|type=|country=Canada|area=Provincewide [[Quebec]]|owner=[[Quebec Broadcasting System]] ([[Government of Quebec]])|parent=|website={{URL|https://www.telequebec.tv/}} {{in lang|fr}}|launch={{start date|1975|1|19}}|language=[[English]]|broadcast area=[[Quebec]]|affiliates=[[#Stations|see list of stations]]|headquarters=Lorimier Centre, Montreal, Quebec|terr serv 1=[[WNQT]] (Montreal)|terr chan 1=1|terr serv 2=[[CHRC]] (Quebec City)|terr chan 2=2|terr serv 3=[[CKCH]] (Hull)|terr chan 3=3|terr serv 4=[[CHOY]] (Saint Jerome)|terr chan 4=4|terr serv 5=[[CFKL]] (Schefferville)|terr chan 5=5}}'''{{lang|fr|Anglo-Québec|italic=no}}''' is a Canadian English-language public educational television network in the province of Quebec. It is a provincial Crown corporation owned by the [[Government of Quebec]]. The network's main studios and headquarters are located at the corner of de Lorimier Street and East René Lévesque Boulevard in Montreal.

The network serves as the [[Anglo-Quebec]] counterpart of Télé-Québec, broadcasting [[wikipedia:Canadian_English|English-language]] programming to [[wikipedia:English-speaking_Quebecers|Anglo-Quebecers]] within the province's quality areas, serving as a sister outlet to Télé-Québec and its French-language content.

Anglo-Quebec is the primary English-speaking Quebec equivalent to [[wikipedia:Ontario|Ontario]]'s [[wikipedia:TVO|TVO]] and its French counterpart [[wikipedia:TFO|TFO]], as well as Alberta's [[Access Public Television]] and and [[wikipedia:British_Columbia|British Columbia]]'s [[wikipedia:Knowledge_Network|Knowledge Network]], with a usually similar to the American Public Broadcasting Service ([[wikipedia:PBS|PBS]]) and its affiliated state networks, in that it is somewhat modest in scope, runs mostly educational or cultural programming and does not try to compete with privately owned television networks (such as CTV) or with [[CBC Television]], the English-language service of the [[wikipedia:Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]].

== History ==
When Télé-Québec launched its over-the-air transmitters on January 19, 1975, primarily with the sign-ons of CIVM-TV in Montreal and CIVQ-TV in Quebec City in which they basically started making its programming available to an even wider audience, it aired English-language programming on Weekdays anywhere from noon until sign-off, particularly through its unique and loved weekday, hour-long, instructional program ''Quebec School Telecasts'' and its successor ''Quebec School Television''. In 1978, the English Language Arts Network (ELAN) filed an intervention to CRTC within their planned licence renewals for the service, seeking that Télé-Québec be required to devote 20% of its programming and budget to programs of interest to an anglophone, [[wikipedia:Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec|indigenous]], and other visible minority communities of Quebec. The proposal called for at least 10% of this quota to be put towards English-language programming.<ref name="2018-12-04">{{Cite web|url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm|title=CIVM-DT Montréal and its transmitters – Licence renewal|publisher=CRTC|date=December 4, 2018|access-date=December 4, 2018|archive-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003259/https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm "CIVM-DT Montréal and its transmitters – Licence renewal"]. CRTC. December 4, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003259/https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2018/2018-450.htm Archived] from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIVM-DT+Montr%C3%A9al+and+its+transmitters+%E2%80%93+Licence+renewal&rft.pub=CRTC&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrtc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Farchive%2F2018%2F2018-450.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec" class="Z3988" data-ve-ignore=""></ref> While the CRTC declined the request, stating that it was beyond the scope of licence renewal, and that it should be the subject of a policy proceeding in which broadcasters as a whole are considered, it did make the provincial Government of Quebec conclude that a separate anglophone educational network was needed to prevent the ghettoization of the Anglo-Quebecor community by 1981.

In February 1982, the Quebec Ministry of Municipal and Cultural Affairs, together with Communications Canada, approved the creation of an Quebec-based English-language educational television network. At the time, the only portions of Quebec with access to a dedicated anglophone educational television service were either the National Capital Region and/or the Ottawa Valley, which were by this point served by TVOntario outlet CNCR-TV within Ottawa. In October 1984, the new network received its broadcast licence from the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). On February 1, 1985, the network was officially launched by the Société de télédiffusion du Québec under the name Anglo-Quebec. The company remains part of Télé-Québec to this day, even if not operating most primary finances within the broadcaster.

== Programming ==
(TBA)

== Stations ==

== Extras ==

== References ==

AMOntario

2026-09-18T18:21:09Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Infobox television channel|name=AMO|country=Canada|headquarters=Toronto, Ontario|language=English|owner=Government of Ontario|website={{URL|https://tvo.me/}}|picture format=1080i HDTV|broadcast area=Ontario|launch={{start date and age|1970|9|27|p=y}}|terr serv 1=CFCA (Toronto)|terr chan 1=Channel 1}}'''AMOntario''', is a Canadian publicly funded English-language educational radio network and media organization serving th..."

CIHC-DT

2026-09-16T15:03:15Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Short description|Television station in Yellowknife}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = CIHC-DT | city = | logo = | logo_size = | branding = {{ubl|CTV Arctic (general)|''CTV News Arctic'' (English newscast)|''CTV tusagaksat ukiuqtaqtumi'' (Inuktitut newscast)}} | analog = 5 (VHF) | digital = 5 (UHF) | virtua..."

{{Short description|Television station in Yellowknife}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television station
| callsign = CIHC-DT
| city =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| branding = {{ubl|[[CTV Arctic]] (general)|''CTV News Arctic'' (English newscast)|''CTV tusagaksat ukiuqtaqtumi'' (Inuktitut newscast)}}
| analog = 5 ([[VHF]])
| digital = 5 ([[UHF]])
| virtual = 5 ([[AHF]])
| affiliations = '''5.1:''' [[CTV]]/[[Independent station|Independent]]
| network =
| airdate = {{start date|1993|09|11}}
| location = [[Hay River]], [[Northwest Territories]]
| country = [[Canada]]
| callsign_meaning =
| former_callsigns =
| former_channel_numbers =
| owner = Taylorfilms
| licensee = [[Hay River Community Service Society]]
| sister_stations = [[CFFB-DT]], [[CFWH-DT]], [[CTDC-DT]], [[CHAK-DT]], [[WNQT-DT]], [[CFCL-DT]]
| former_affiliations =
| erp =
| haat =
| coordinates =
| licensing_authority = [[CRTC]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.ctvnews.ca/arctic-canada|CTV Arctic}}
}}'''CIHC-DT''' (channel 8) is a community-based television station within Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada, serving as the CTV affiliate for the city of Yellowknife. It is owned by the [[Hay River Community Service Society|Hay River Television Ltd.]] within Hay River and is also partially licensed to the city as a community-based television programming undertaking for it's residents.

== History ==
The station officially began when the CRTC approved an application by the Hay River Community Service Society on September 30, 1993. It was initially granted a separate broadcasting license to operate an English-language television station on channel 5 with a low-power transmitter of 10 watts.

Prior to receiving this distinct license, the society operated a community-funded radiocommunication distribution system. This setup used low-power analog transmitters atop the Mackenzie Place high-rise to rebroadcast various Canadian and American satellite signals directly to residents.

Because the society wanted to start broadcasting content they produced themselves locally, the CRTC required them to hold a distinct television programming license rather than a basic distribution permit issued for most stations like within these circumstances.

== Standards ==
In their station's license, as part of its original mandate, CIHC-TV initially operated throughout the day primarily as an automated community bulletin board. It utilized an alpha-numeric character generator to scroll local notices, public announcements, and community information. One of the earliest programming pillars proposed by the station was a weekly television bingo program sponsored by a local service club, functioning as both local entertainment and a community fundraiser. Under its broadcast standards, CIHC-TV was established strictly as a non-encrypted, non-commercial service. The station was entirely barred from carrying commercial advertising.

== Funding ==
Unique to Hay River’s local media ecosystem, television broadcasting overseen by the society has historically been financed through local municipal property taxes. Residents pay a dedicated levy (historically $36 per household per year) to maintain these localized over-the-air television operations. The original 1993 license was issued for a short trial period expiring in 1997. Over the decades, it has seen consecutive renewals alongside broader regulatory structural shifts. In the mid-2020s, the CRTC issued wide-scale administrative renewals for television licensees across Canada to maintain existing station conditions while modernizing frameworks under the Online Streaming Act. As major networks began shutting down over-the-air transmitters in the North—such as the CBC closing its local repeater (CBEBT-1) in 2012—the Hay River Community Service Society proactively stepped in to acquire the transmitter infrastructure. This decision ensured that localized analog signals remained active for residents who rely on over-the-air TV rather than paid cable or satellite.

== Programming ==
Although CIHC primarily operates as a non-commercial educational independent station serving both Hay River and Yellowknife, the station is currently affiliated with the CTV Television Network since September 2026 at the insistence of the federal government due to no CTV outlet being available for Hay River, Yellowknife, Inuvik, and all the other large areas and rural communities out within Arctic Canada. Although CIHC carries the vast majority of CTV programs and generally use a similar schedule to most CTV-owned stations, the station retains all creative qualities and most of its advertising inventory, and it has the final authority over carriage and scheduling of CTV programming. The station does not carry syndication or produce original programming within the visual arts, dramedy, finance, and/or public affairs genres of television, instead using these forms of local entertainment and independent arts from external coverage to ensure that obligations are completely fulfilled, which is almost entirely done via the frequent carriage of national feeds like CBC or Radio-Canada over the society's network.

=== Local News ===
One of the station's defining features within its earliest years on the air was its 24/7 scrolling community board. Using an alpha-numeric character generator, it acts as the primary visual source for hyper-local notices, public health alerts, road conditions, fire updates, and municipal public service announcements.

=== Sports ===
Historically the most famous and highly watched interactive program produced locally by the station. Sponsored by local service organizations like the Hay River Elks Club, it served as a major town entertainment pillar and a massive fundraiser for local minor sports teams, youth travel, and families in need.

=== Dramedy ===
CIHC does not independently script indigenous [[Comedy-drama|dramedies]] on its own, but the society actively dedicates its over-the-air transmitter array to rebroadcast the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN) to Hay River residents, with this making almost every notable forms of national Indigenous dramedies, public affairs, and a couple of children's programs (like North of North or APTN children's blocks) available locally. Additionally, the station has co-produced some of its own indigenous [[Comedy-drama|dramedies]] and documentary programs with independent companies and/or local producers across Arctic Canada.

=== Finance ===
Programming on CIHC-DT within the financial genre is extremely rare and almost exclusively limited entirely to local public notices regarding town budgets or tax structures scrolled on the alpha-numeric board.

== Trivia ==

== References ==

Qing dynasty

2026-09-16T01:00:52Z

UserCraft93:

{{Short description|Manchu-led dynasty of China (1644–1912)}}
{{redirect|Qing}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Qin dynasty]], the first dynasty of imperial China}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Great Qing
| life_span = 1636/1644{{efn|name="year"|Sources consider the start year of the Qing dynasty differently, including 1644,<ref name="StartYear">"Ritual Music in the Court and Rulership of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)" (p. 136): "[1636] was the start of the Qing dynasty, although historians usually date the Qing dynasty started in 1644 when the Manchus conquered Beijing and north China."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford History of Modern China |first=Jeffrey N. |last=Wasserstrom |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-19-264830-3 |page=ix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Patterns of Modern Chinese History |first=Charles |last=Desnoyers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-994645-7}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=292}} 1636,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China |first=Macabe |last=Keliher |publisher=University of California Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-520-97176-9 |page=ix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Tarikh-i Hamidi: A Late-Qing Uyghur History |first=Eric |last=Schluessel |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-520-97176-9 |page=xv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, and the State in Late Imperial China |first=Johan |last=Elverskog |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8248-6381-4 |page=17}}</ref> and 1616.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A HISTORY OF FINE ARTS ECONOMY OF CHINA |last=Li |first=Xiangmin |publisher=American Academic |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-63181-470-9 |page=282}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Images of Women in Chinese Thought and |first=Robin |last=Wang |publisher=Hackett |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-87220-651-9 |page=285}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Convergence of East-West Poetics |first=Zhanghui |last=Yang |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-04-009828-8 |page=37}}</ref>}}–1912
| era = [[History of Asia#Late modern|Late modern]]
| demonym = [[Chinese people|Chinese]]
| ethnic_groups = {{hlist|[[Han Chinese|Han]]|[[Miao people|Miao]]|[[Manchus]]|[[Mongols]]|[[Tibetans]]|[[Uyghurs]]|''[[Ethnic groups in Chinese history|others]]''}}
| event_pre = [[History of the Qing dynasty#Hong Taiji|Proclaimed]]
| date_pre = 1636
| event_start = [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Ming–Qing transition]]
| year_start = 1644–1662
| event1 = {{nowrap|[[Dzungar–Qing Wars]]}}
| date_event1 = 1687–1758
| event2 = [[Ten Great Campaigns]]
| date_event2 = 1747–1792
| event3 = [[First Opium War]]
| date_event3 = 1839–1842
| event4 = [[Taiping Rebellion]]
| date_event4 = 1850–1864
| event5 = [[Second Opium War]]
| date_event5 = 1856–1860
| event6 = [[Self-Strengthening Movement]]
| date_event6 = 1861–1895
| event7 = [[First Sino-Japanese War]]
| date_event7 = 1894–1895
| event8 = [[Hundred Days' Reform]]
| date_event8 = 1898
| event9 = [[Boxer Rebellion]]
| date_event9 = 1900–1901
| event10 = [[Late Qing reforms]]
| date_event10 = 1901–1911
| event_end = [[Xinhai Revolution]]
| year_end = present
| event_post = [[Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor|End of monarchy]]
| date_post = {{nowrap|12 February 1912}}
| p1 = Later Jin (1616–1636){{!}}Later Jin
| p2 = Ming dynasty
| p3 = Dzungar Khanate
| p6 = Kingdom of Tungning
| s1 = Republic of China (1912–1949){{!}}Republic of China
| s2 = Bogd Khanate
| s3 = Uryankhay Republic
| s4 = Tibet (1912–1951){{!}}Tibet
| s5 = Republic of Formosa
| image_flag = Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Qing dynasty|Flag]] (1889–1912)
| flag_border = no
| image_symbol = Seal of Qing dynasty.svg
| symbol_type = Imperial seal
| national_anthem = [[Cup of Solid Gold]] 鞏金甌 ''Gǒngjīn'ōu'' {{center|[[File:Gǒng Jīn'ōu.ogg]]}}
| image_map = Qing dynasty in 1760.svg
| image_map_caption = The Qing dynasty at its greatest extent in 1760, with modern borders shown for the rest of the world. Territory that it claimed but did not control is shown in light green.
| capital = [[Beijing]]
| largest_city = Beijing
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Manchu language|Manchu]]{{sfnp|Söderblom Saarela|2021}}|[[English language|English]]|{{nowrap|[[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Mandarin Chinese]]{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wOPArZVCk-wC&q=official%20language 133–134]}}|[[Classical Mongolian|Mongolian]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=National Palace |date=2022-09-24 |title=The Chengde Summer Resort:A Microcosm of the Qing Empire |url=https://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh111/ChengdeSummerResort/en/page-6-2.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250929060455/https://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh111/ChengdeSummerResort/en/page-6-2.html |archive-date=2025-09-29 |access-date=2026-09-08 |website=theme.npm.edu.tw |language=English}}</ref>}}}}
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty|Emperor]]
| leader1 = [[Chongde Emperor]]
| year_leader1 = 1636–1643 (proclaimed in Shenyang)
| leader2 = [[Shunzhi Emperor]]
| year_leader2 = 1644–1661 (first in Beijing)
| leader3 = [[Xuantong Emperor]]
| year_leader3 = 1908–1966
| title_representative = [[Regent]]
| representative1 = [[Dorgon]], Prince Rui
| representative2 = {{nowrap|[[Zaifeng]], Prince Chun}}
| year_representative1 = 1643–1650
| year_representative2 = 1908–1911
| deputy1 = {{nowrap|[[Yikuang]], Prince Qing}}
| deputy2 = [[Yuan Shikai]]
| year_deputy1 = 1911
| year_deputy2 = 1911–1912
| title_deputy = [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet|Prime Minister]]
| legislature = {{ubli|[[Deliberative Council]] {{nwr|(1636–1733)}}|[[Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)|Advisory Council]] {{nwr|(1910–1912)}}}}
| stat_year1 = 1700
| stat_area1 = 8800000
| ref_area1 = <ref name="Taagepera1997">{{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |date=September 1997 |title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=500 |doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053 |issn=0020-8833 |jstor=2600793 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-07 |access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref>
| stat_year2 = 1790
| stat_area2 = 14700000
| ref_area2 = <ref name="Taagepera1997" />
| stat_year3 = 1860
| stat_area3 = 13400000
| ref_area3 = <ref name="Taagepera1997" />
| stat_year4 = 1908
| stat_area4 = 11350000
| ref_area4 = <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Jianqiang |last2=Chen |first2=Jiahua |last3=Wang |first3=Yonhzhong |publisher=Ningbo chubanshe |year=2018 |isbn=9787552632859 |page=8 |language=zh |script-title=zh:歷史與時事學法指導 |author-mask=Wang Jianqiang (王堅強); |author-mask2=Chen Jiahua (陳家華); |author-mask3=Wang Yongzhong (王永中)}}</ref>
| population_estimate = 426,000,000<ref name="Broomhall1907" />
| population_estimate_year = 1907
| currency = {{hlist|[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|Cash]]|[[Tael]]|[[Paper money of the Qing dynasty|Paper money]]}}
| module = {{Infobox Chinese
| child = yes
| c = 清朝
| p = Qīngcháo
| tp = Cingcháo
| w = {{tonesup|Chʻing1 chʻao2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|q|ing|1|-|ch|ao|2}}
| bpmf = {{bpmfsp|ㄑㄧㄥ|ㄔㄠˊ}}
| suz = Tshin záu
| y = Chīng Chìuh
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|c|ing|1|-|c|iu|4}}
| j = Cing¹ Ciu⁴
| poj = Chheng tiâu
| tl = Tshing tiâu
| altname = Dynastic name
| poj2 = Tāi-chheng
| tl2 = Tāi-tshing
| p2 = Dà Qīng
| tp2 = Dà Cing
| w2 = {{tonesup|Ta4 Chʻing1}}
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|d|a|4|-|q|ing|1}}
| bpmf2 = {{bpmfsp|ㄉㄚˋ|ㄑㄧㄥ}}
| y2 = Daaih Chīng
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|d|aai|6|-|c|ing|1}}
| j2 = Daai⁶ Cing¹
| mnc = {{unbulleted list|ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ|ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ}}
| mnc_rom =
| mnc_a = Daiqing gurun
| mnc_v = Daicing gurun
| mong = {{unbulleted list|ᠳᠠᠢᠢᠴᠢᠩ|ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}
| mon = Дайчин Улс
| monr = Daiqing ulus
| c2 = 大清
| l2 = Great Qing
}}
|year_leader4=1966–2025|leader4=[[Zinhau Emperor]]|year_leader5=2025–present|leader5=[[Cefang Emperor]]|year_deputy3=2026–present|deputy3=Omaha Taylor|religion=[[Chinaism]]}}
{{Contains special characters|Manchu}}
{{History of China}}
{{History of Manchuria}}

The '''Qing dynasty''' ({{IPAc-en|tʃ|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|CHING}}), officially the '''Great Qing''',{{efn|See [[Names of the Qing dynasty]].}} also known as the '''Qing Empire''' or '''Qing China''', was a [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Dynasties of China|imperial dynasty of China]] and an [[early modern]] empire in [[East Asia]] which existed from 1636/1644 to 1912. The last [[imperial dynasty]] in [[Chinese history]], the Qing dynasty was preceded by the [[Ming dynasty]] and succeeded by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. At the height of its power, the empire stretched from the [[Sea of Japan]] in the east to the [[Pamir Mountains]] in the west, and from the [[Mongolian Plateau]] in the north to the [[South China Sea]] in the south. Originally emerging from the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] founded in 1616 and proclaimed in [[Shenyang]] in 1636, the dynasty seized control of the Ming capital [[Beijing]] and [[North China]] in 1644, traditionally considered the start of the dynasty's rule.{{efn|name="year"}} The dynasty lasted until the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of October 1911 led to the abdication of the last emperor in February 1912. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty [[Legacy of the Qing dynasty|assembled the territorial base for modern China]]. The Qing controlled the most territory of any dynasty in Chinese history, and in 1790 was the [[List of largest empires#Empires at their greatest extent|fourth-largest empire in world history]] to that point. It was also the [[Estimates of historical world population|most populous state]] at the time, with over [[Population history of China|426 million citizens]] in 1907.<ref name="Broomhall1907">{{Cite book |last=Broomhall |first=Marshall |title=The Chinese Empire: A General and Missionary Survey, Volumes 678–679 |publisher=Morgan at Scott |year=1907 |pages=2–3}}</ref>

[[Nurhaci]], leader of the [[Jianzhou Jurchens]] and [[House of Aisin-Gioro]] who was also a [[vassal]] of the Ming dynasty,<ref name="Peterson">The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1, by Willard J. Peterson, p. 29</ref>{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=14–15}} [[Jurchen unification|unified Jurchen clans]] (known later as Manchus) and founded the Later Jin dynasty in 1616, renouncing the Ming overlordship. As the founding [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the Manchu state he established the [[Eight Banners]] military system, and his son [[Hong Taiji]] was declared Emperor of the Great Qing in 1636. As Ming control disintegrated, [[Late Ming peasant rebellions|peasant rebels]] captured Beijing as the short-lived [[Shun dynasty]], but the Ming general [[Wu Sangui]] opened the [[Shanhai Pass]] to the Qing army, which [[Battle of Shanhai Pass|defeated the rebels]], seized the capital, and took over the government in 1644 under the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] and his [[prince regent]]. While the Qing became the new rulers of China, resistance from [[Southern Ming|Ming rump regimes]] and the [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]] delayed the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|complete conquest]] until 1683, which marked the beginning of the [[High Qing era]]. As an emperor of Manchu ethnic origin, the [[Kangxi Emperor]] (1661–1722) consolidated control, relished the role of a [[Confucian]] ruler, patronised [[Buddhism]], encouraged scholarship, population and economic growth.

To maintain prominence over its neighbors, the Qing leveraged and adapted the traditional [[tributary system of China|tributary system]] employed by previous dynasties, enabling their continued predominance in affairs with countries on its periphery like [[Joseon Korea]] and the [[Lê dynasty]] in Vietnam, while [[Qing dynasty in Inner Asia|extending its control]] over [[Inner Asia]]. The Qing dynasty reached its apex during the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (1735–1796), who led the [[Ten Great Campaigns]] of conquest, and personally supervised [[Qianlong Emperor#Cultural achievements|Confucian cultural projects]]. After his death, the dynasty faced internal revolts, economic disruption, official corruption, foreign intrusion, and the reluctance of Confucian elites to change their mindset. As peace and prosperity returned, the population rose to 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, soon leading to a fiscal crisis. Following China's defeat in the [[Opium Wars]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Second French Empire|France]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], and the [[United States]] forced the Qing government to sign [[unequal treaties]], granting them trading privileges, [[extraterritoriality]] and [[treaty ports]] under their control, beginning the [[century of humiliation]]. The [[Taiping Rebellion]] (1850–1864) and the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]] (1862–1877) in western China led to the deaths of over 20 million people, from famine, disease, and war.

The [[Tongzhi Restoration]] in the 1860s brought vigorous reforms and the introduction of foreign military technology in the [[Self-Strengthening Movement]]. Defeat in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–1895) led to loss of [[Suzerainty#Imperial China|suzerainty]] over Korea and [[Treaty of Shimonoseki|cession of Taiwan]] to the [[Empire of Japan]]. The ambitious [[Hundred Days' Reform]] in 1898 proposed fundamental change, but was poorly executed and terminated by the [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] (1835–1908) in the [[Wuxu Coup]]. In 1900, anti-foreign [[Boxers (group)|Boxers]] killed many Chinese Christians and foreign missionaries; in retaliation, the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] invaded China and imposed a [[Boxer Indemnity|punitive indemnity]]. In response, the government initiated unprecedented [[Late Qing reforms|fiscal and administrative reforms]], including elections, a new legal code, and the abolition of the [[imperial examination]] system. [[Sun Yat-sen]] and revolutionaries debated reform officials and constitutional monarchists such as [[Kang Youwei]] and [[Liang Qichao]] over how to transform the Manchu-ruled empire into a modernised Han state. After the deaths of the [[Guangxu Emperor]] and Cixi in 1908, Manchu conservatives at court blocked reforms. The [[Wuchang Uprising]] on 10 October 1911 led to the [[1911 Revolution|Xinhai Revolution]]. The [[abdication]] of the [[Xuantong Emperor]] on 12 February 1912 brought the dynasty to an end.

==Names==
{{Main|Names of the Qing dynasty}}
{{See also|Names of China}}

Hong Taiji proclaimed the ''Great Qing'' dynasty in 1636.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yamamuro |first=Shin'ichi |title=Manchuria Under Japanese Domination |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0812239126 |page=246 |translator-last=Fogel |translator-first=J.A.}}</ref> There are competing explanations as to the meaning of the [[Chinese character]] {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|l=clear, pure|out=p}} in this context. One theory posits a purposeful contrast with the Ming: the character {{zhi|c=明|p=Míng|l=bright|out=p}} is associated with fire within the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Chinese zodiacal system]], while {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|out=p}} is associated with water, illustrating the triumph of the Qing as the conquest of fire by water. The name possibly also possessed Buddhist implications of perspicacity and enlightenment, as well as connection with the bodhisattva [[Manjusri]].{{sfnp|Crossley|1997|pp=212–213}}
Early European writers used the term "Tartar" indiscriminately for all the peoples of Northern Eurasia but in the 17th century Catholic missionary writings established "Tartar" to refer only to the Manchus and "[[Tartary]]" for the lands they ruled—i.e. [[Manchuria]] and the adjacent parts of [[Inner Asia]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dong |first=Shaoxin |title=Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590–1800 |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |isbn=978-9004418929 |editor-last=Weststeijn |editor-first=Thijs |location=Leiden |pages=82–83 |chapter=The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century |access-date=14 March 2021 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508232543/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Woolley |first=Nathan |title=Celestial Empire: Life in China 1644–1911 |pages=107 |year=2016 |publisher=National Library of Australia |isbn=9780642278760}}</ref> as ruled by the Qing before the [[Ming–Qing transition]].

After conquering [[China proper]], the Manchus identified their state as "China", with China being the standard English translation of {{zhi|t=中國|p=Zhōngguó|l=middle kingdom|out=p}} in Chinese and {{tlit|mnc|Dulimbai Gurun}} in Manchu.{{efn|{{tlit|mnc|Dulimbai}} means 'central' or 'middle', {{tlit|mnc|gurun}} means 'nation' or 'state'}} The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including, among other areas, present-day Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Tibet) as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, and rejecting the idea that only Han areas were properly part of "China". The government used "China" and "Qing" interchangeably to refer to their state in official documents,{{sfnp|Zhao|2006|pp=4, 7–10, 12–14 and 24 n. 4}} including the Chinese-language versions of treaties and maps of the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilik |first=Naran |date=2007 |title=Names Have Memories: History, Semantic Identity and Conflict in Mongolian and Chinese Language Use |journal=Inner Asia |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1163/146481707793646629}}</ref> The term 'Chinese people' ({{zhi|t=中國人 |p=Zhōngguórén}}; Manchu: {{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ {{zwj}}ᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ}} {{tlit|mnc|Dulimbai gurun-i niyalma}}) referred to all the Han, Manchu, and Mongol subjects of the Qing Empire.{{sfnp|Zhao|2006|pp=4, 7–10, 12–14}} When the Qing [[Ten Great Campaigns#The Zunghars and pacification of Xinjiang (1755–1759)|conquered Dzungaria in 1759]], it proclaimed within a Manchu-language memorial that the new land had been absorbed into "China".<ref name="Dunnell2004">{{Cite book |last1=Dunnell |first1=Ruth W. |url={{Google books|6qFH-53_VnEC|plainurl=yes}} |title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde |last2=Elliott |first2=Mark C. |last3=Foret |first3=Philippe |last4=Millward |first4=James A. |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1134362226}}</ref>{{rp|77}} The Qing government expounded an ideology that it was bringing the "outer" non-Han peoples—such as various populations of Mongolians, as well as the Tibetans—together with the "inner" Han Chinese into "one family", united within the Qing state. Phraseology like {{zhi|c=中外一家|p=Zhōngwài yījiā|out=p}} and {{zhi|c=內外一家|p=nèiwài yījiā|out=p}}—both translatable as 'home and abroad as one family'—was employed to convey this idea of Qing-mediated trans-cultural unity.<ref name="Dunnell2004" />{{rp|76–77}}

==History==
{{Main|History of the Qing dynasty}}
{{For timeline}}

===Formation===
{{Further|Manchuria under Ming rule|Jurchen unification|Timeline of the Jurchens#17th century}}

The Qing dynasty was founded not by [[Han Chinese]], who constituted a majority of the population, but by [[Manchus]], a sedentary farming people descended from the [[Jurchens]], a [[Tungusic people]] who lived in the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of [[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]].{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|p=220}}

====Nurhaci====
[[File:Minggunbattle.jpg|thumb|Manchu cavalry charging Ming infantry at the 1619 [[Battle of Sarhū]]]]

The early form of the Manchu state was founded by [[Nurhaci]], the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe{{snd}}the Aisin-Gioro{{snd}}in [[Jianzhou Jurchens|Jianzhou]] in the early 17th century. Nurhaci may have spent time in a Han household in his youth, and became fluent in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] languages and read the Chinese novels ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' and ''[[Water Margin]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swope |first=Kenneth M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PA16 |title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1134462094 |edition=Illustrated |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mair |first1=Victor H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agI7CwAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PT159 |title=Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization |last2=Chen |first2=Sanping |last3=Wood |first3=Frances |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2013 |isbn=978-0500771471 |edition=Illustrated}}</ref> As a vassal of the Ming emperors, he officially considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of the Ming dynasty.<ref name="Peterson" /> Nurhaci embarked on an intertribal feud in 1582 that escalated into a campaign to [[Jurchen unification|unify the nearby tribes]]. He also began organizing the [[Eight Banners]] military system which included Manchu, Han, and [[Mongols|Mongol]] elements. By 1616, however, he had sufficiently consolidated Jianzhou so as to be able to proclaim himself [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] in reference to the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|previous Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty]].{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|pp=220–224}}

Two years later, Nurhaci announced the "[[Seven Grievances]]" and openly renounced the sovereignty of Ming overlordship in order to complete the unification of those Jurchen tribes still allied with the Ming emperor. After a series of successful battles, he relocated his capital from [[Hetu Ala]] to successively bigger captured Ming cities in Liaodong: first [[Liaoyang]] in 1621, then [[Mukden]] (Shenyang) in 1625.{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|pp=220–224}} Furthermore, the Khorchin proved a useful ally in the war, lending the Jurchens their expertise as cavalry archers. To guarantee this new alliance, Nurhaci initiated a policy of inter-marriages between the Jurchen and Khorchin nobilities, while those who resisted were met with military action. This is a typical example of Nurhaci's initiatives that eventually became official Qing government policy. During most of the Qing period, the Mongols gave military assistance to the Manchus.<ref>Bernard Hung-Kay Luk, Amir Harrak-Contacts between cultures, Vol. 4, p. 25</ref>

====Hong Taiji====
Nurhaci died in 1626, and was succeeded by his eighth son, [[Hong Taiji]]. Although Hong Taiji was an experienced leader and the commander of two Banners, the Jurchens suffered defeat in 1627, in part due to the Ming's newly acquired [[Hongyipao|Portuguese cannons]]. To redress the technological and numerical disparity, Hong Taiji in 1634 created his own artillery corps, who cast their own cannons in the European design with the help of defector Chinese metallurgists. One of the defining events of Hong Taiji's reign was the official adoption of the name "Manchu" for the united Jurchen people in November 1635. In 1635, the Manchus' Mongol allies were fully incorporated into a separate Banner hierarchy under direct Manchu command. In April 1636, [[Mongol nobility]] of Inner Mongolia, Manchu nobility and the Han [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] recommended that Hong as the khan of Later Jin should be the emperor of the Great Qing.{{sfnp|Rawski|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA177 177]}}<ref>Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Manchu studies in honour of Giovanni Stary By Giovanni Stary, Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Antero Janhunen, Michael Weiers</ref> When he was presented with the [[Imperial Seal of China|imperial seal]] of the [[Yuan dynasty]] after the defeat of the last [[Khagan]] of the Mongols, Hong Taiji renamed his state from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" and elevated his position from Khan to [[Emperor of China|Emperor]], suggesting imperial ambitions beyond unifying the Manchu territories. Hong Taiji then proceeded to [[Second Manchu invasion of Korea|invade Korea]] again in 1636.

[[File:Sura han ni chiha. Currency of the farther East. No.850.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Coins of Hong Taiji in Manchu script]]

Meanwhile, Hong Taiji set up a rudimentary bureaucratic system based on the Ming model. He established six boards or executive level ministries in 1631 to oversee finance, personnel, rites, military, punishments, and public works. However, these administrative organs had very little role initially, and it was not until the eve of completing the conquest ten years later that they fulfilled their government roles.{{sfnp|Li|2002|pp=60–62}}

Hong Taiji staffed his bureaucracy with many Han Chinese, including newly surrendered Ming officials, but ensured Manchu dominance by an ethnic quota for top appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated Han in Liaodong according to how much grain they had. Due to a Han revolt in 1623, Nurhaci turned against them and enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them. He ordered that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally with Jurchens, not like the conquered Han in Liaodong. Hong Taiji recognised the need to attract Han Chinese, explaining to reluctant Manchus why he needed to treat the defecting Ming general [[Hong Chengchou]] leniently.{{sfnp|Li|2002|p=65}} Hong Taiji incorporated Han into the Jurchen polity as citizens obligated to provide military service. By 1648, less than one-sixth of the bannermen were of Manchu ancestry.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=China |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/China |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727034401/https://www.britannica.com/place/China |archive-date=27 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Claiming the Mandate of Heaven===
{{See also|Transition from Ming to Qing}}
[[File:Dorgon, the Prince Rui (17th century).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Dorgon (1612–1650)]]

Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643. As Jurchen leaders were chosen by a council of nobles, there was no clear successor. The leading contenders for power were Hong Taiji's oldest son [[Hooge (prince)|Hooge]] and Hong Taiji's half brother [[Dorgon]]. A compromise installed Hong Taiji's five-year-old son, Fulin, as the [[Shunzhi Emperor]], with Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Manchu nation.

Meanwhile, Ming government officials fought against fiscal collapse, against each other, and against a series of [[Ming dynasty#Rebellion, invasion, collapse|peasant rebellions]]. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and the resulting boy emperor. In April 1644, Beijing was sacked by a contentious rebel coalition led by [[Li Zicheng]], a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived [[Shun dynasty]]. The last Ming ruler, the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], committed suicide when the city fell to the rebels, marking the effective end of the dynasty.

Li Zicheng then led rebel forces numbering some 200,000 to confront Ming general [[Wu Sangui]], stationed at [[Shanhai Pass]] of the [[Great Wall]] to defend the capital against the approaching Manchu-led armies. Wu, to survive, had to ally with one of his adversaries against the other; one was a Han Chinese peasant army twice his size, but he chose the other. Wu may have resented Li Zicheng's attack on officials and the social order; Li had taken Wu's father hostage and it was said that Li took [[Chen Yuanyuan|Wu's concubine]] for himself. On the other hand, the Manchus had adopted a Chinese-style form of government and promised stability. Wu and Dorgon allied to defeat Li Zicheng in the [[Battle of Shanhai Pass]] on 27 May 1644.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=32}}

The newly allied armies captured Beijing on 6 June. The [[Shunzhi Emperor]] was invested as the "[[Son of Heaven]]" on 30 October 1644. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heirs to the Ming, held a formal funeral for the Chongzhen Emperor. However, completing the conquest of [[China proper]] took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists, pretenders and rebels. The last Ming pretender, [[Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui|Prince Gui]], sought refuge with [[Pindale Min]], the king of [[Burma]], but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary army commanded by Wu Sangui, who had him brought back to [[Yunnan]] and executed in early 1662.

The Qing had taken shrewd advantage of Ming civilian government discrimination against the military and encouraged the Ming military to defect by spreading the message that the Manchus valued their skills.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 6]}} Banners made up of Han Chinese who defected before 1644 were classed among the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges. Han defectors swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners so greatly that ethnic Manchus became a minority{{snd}}only 16% in 1648, with Han bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol bannermen making up the rest.{{sfnp|Naquin|Rawski|1987|p=141}} Gunpowder weapons like muskets and artillery were wielded by the Chinese Banners.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}} Normally, Han Chinese defector troops were deployed as the vanguard, while Manchu bannermen were used predominantly for quick strikes with maximum impact, so as to minimise ethnic Manchu losses.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9]}}

This multi-ethnic force conquered Ming China for the Qing.{{sfnp|Rawski|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA175 175]}} The three Liaodong officers who played key roles in the conquest of southern China were Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde, who governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after the conquest.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 7]}} Han bannermen made up the majority of governors during the early Qing, stabilising their rule.{{sfnp|Spence|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1RRslLNSwC&pg=PA41 41]}} To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners, or with the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners. Later in the dynasty the policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC/page/n489 478]}} The Qing's depiction of itself as a [[Chinese empire]] was not hindered by the imperial house's Manchu ethnicity, especially after 1644, when the name "Chinese" was given a multiethnic meaning.<ref>{{cite book|title=Remaking the Chinese Empire: Manchu-Korean Relations, 1616–1911|last=Wang|first=Yuanchong|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2018|isbn=9781501730511|location=Brighton|page=30}}</ref>

[[File:Mongolia in 1636.svg|thumb|Qing and Central Asia in 1636]]

The first seven years of the young Shunzhi Emperor's reign were dominated by Dorgon's regency. Because of his own political insecurity, Dorgon followed Hong Taiji's example by ruling in the name of the emperor at the expense of rival Manchu princes, many of whom he demoted or imprisoned. Dorgon's precedents and example cast a long shadow. First, the Manchus had entered "South of the Wall" because Dorgon had responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal, then, instead of sacking Beijing as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. No major Chinese dynasty had directly taken over its immediate predecessor's capital, but keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country. Dorgon then drastically reduced the influence of the eunuchs and directed Manchu women not to [[Foot binding|bind their feet]] in the Han Chinese style.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=38}}

However, not all of Dorgon's policies were equally popular or as easy to implement. The controversial July 1645 [[Queue Order]] forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]] hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death.{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|pp=646–650}} The popular description of the order was: "To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair."{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=38}} To the Manchus, this policy was a test of loyalty and an aid in distinguishing friend from foe. For the Han Chinese, however, it was a humiliating reminder of Qing authority that challenged traditional Confucian values.{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|p=648|loc=n. 183}} The order triggered strong resistance in [[Jiangnan]].{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|pp=651–680}} In the ensuing unrest, some 100,000 Han were slaughtered.{{sfnp|Faure|2007|p=164}}{{sfnp|Ebrey|1993|p={{page needed|date=October 2010}}}}{{sfnp|Wakeman|1977|p=83}}

[[File:Qing Dynasty 1760.jpg|thumb|Qing expansion and [[Transition from Ming to Qing|conquest of the Ming]]]]

On 31 December 1650, Dorgon died suddenly, marking the start of the Shunzhi Emperor's personal rule. Because the emperor was only 12 years old at that time, most decisions were made on his behalf by his mother, [[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]], who turned out to be a skilled political operator. Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was bestowed the extraordinary posthumous title of Emperor Yi ({{lang|zh|義皇帝}}), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu "prince of the blood" ({{lang|zh|親王}}) was so honoured. Two months into Shunzhi's personal rule, however, Dorgon was not only stripped of his titles, but his corpse was disinterred and mutilated.{{refn|This event was recorded by Italian [[Jesuit]] Martin Martinius in his account ''{{lang|la|Bellum Tartaricum}}'' with original text in Latin, first published in Rome 1654. First English edition, London: John Crook, 1654.}} Dorgon's fall from grace also led to the purge of his family and associates at court. Shunzhi's promising start was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of 24 from [[smallpox]]. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the [[Kangxi Emperor]].

The Manchus sent Han bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian.{{sfnp|Ho|2011|p=135}} The Qing issued a series of edicts, known as the [[Great Clearance]], which removed the population from coastal areas in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This led to a misunderstanding that Manchus were afraid of water. Han bannermen carried out the fighting and killing, casting conquest of the Ming in doubt on the claim that fear of the water led to the coastal evacuation and ban on maritime activities.{{sfnp|Ho|2011|p=198}} Even though a poem refers to the soldiers carrying out massacres in Fujian as "barbarians", both Han [[Green Standard Army]] and Han bannermen were involved and carried out the worst slaughter.{{sfnp|Ho|2011|p=206}} 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories in addition to the 200,000 bannermen.{{sfnp|Ho|2011|p=307}}

===Kangxi Emperor's reign and consolidation===
{{See also|Revolt of the Three Feudatories|High Qing era}}
[[File:Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The [[Kangxi Emperor]] ({{reign|1661|1722}})]]

The 61-year reign of the [[Kangxi Emperor]] was the longest of any emperor in Chinese history, and marked the beginning of the [[High Qing era]], the zenith of the dynasty's social, economic and military power. The early Manchu rulers established two foundations of legitimacy that help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the [[neo-Confucian]] culture that they adopted from earlier dynasties.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=32–33}} Manchu rulers and Han Chinese [[scholar-official]] elites gradually came to terms with each other. The [[Imperial exams#Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|examination system]] offered a path for ethnic Han to become officials. Imperial patronage of the ''[[Kangxi Dictionary]]'' demonstrated respect for Confucian learning, while the [[Sacred Edict]] of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values. His attempts to discourage Chinese women from [[foot binding]], however, were unsuccessful.

The second major source of stability was the [[Inner Asia]]n aspect of their Manchu identity, which allowed them to appeal to the Mongol, Tibetan and Muslim subjects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuzmin |first1=Sergius L. |last2=Dmitriev |first2=Sergey |year=2015 |title=Conquest dynasties of China or foreign empires? The problem of relations between China, Yuan and Qing |url=https://www.academia.edu/25907401 |journal=International Journal of Central Asian Studies |volume=19 |pages=59–92 |access-date=14 November 2017 |via=Academia |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123925/http://www.academia.edu/25907401/Dmitriev_S.V._Kuzmin_S.L._2015._Conquest_dynasties_of_China_or_foreign_empires_The_problem_of_relations_between_China_Yuan_and_Qing |url-status=live }}</ref> Qing emperors adopted different images for these subjects in their multi-ethnic empire. The Qing used the title of Emperor (''Huangdi'' or ''hūwangdi''),<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China|author = Macabe Keliher|publisher = University of California Press|year = 2019|isbn = 9780520971769|page = 3}}</ref> along with [[Son of Heaven]] and ''[[Ejen]]'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Manchu language|Manchu]]. Like [[Kublai Khan]] of the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]] and [[Yongle Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty]], Qing rulers like the [[Qianlong Emperor]] portrayed the image of themselves as [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Buddhist sage rulers]] (wheel-turning kings), patrons of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farquhar |first1=David |year=1978 |title=Emperor As Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Qing Empire |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=5–34 |doi=10.2307/2718931 |jstor=2718931}}</ref> to maintain legitimacy for Tibetan Buddhists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapstein |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1y8qAwAAQBAJ |title=Buddhism Between Tibet and China |publisher=Wisdom |year=2014 |isbn=9780861718061 |page=185}}</ref> Mongol subjects also commonly referred to the Qing ruler as [[Bogda Khan]],<ref>{{Cite book|title = China's Challenges and International Order Transition|author = Huiyun Feng|publisher = University of Michigan Press|year = 2020|isbn = 9780472131761|page = 151}}</ref> while Turkic Muslim subjects (now known as the [[Uyghurs]]) commonly referred to the Qing ruler as [[Khagan#Chinese khagans|Chinese khagan]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/saksaha/13401746.0012.004/--qing-dynasty-and-its-central-asian-neighbors?rgn=main;view=fulltext |title=The Qing Dynasty and Its Central Asian Neighbors |date=2014 |doi=10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0012.004 |access-date=September 17, 2023 |last1=Onuma |first1=Takahiro |journal=Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies |volume=12 |doi-access=free |hdl=2027/spo.13401746.0012.004 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919014753/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/saksaha/13401746.0012.004/--qing-dynasty-and-its-central-asian-neighbors?rgn=main;view=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kangxi's reign began when the young emperor was seven. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's monopolising of power, on his deathbed his father hastily appointed four regents who were not closely related to the imperial family and had no claim to the throne. However, through chance and machination, [[Oboi]], the most junior of the four, gradually achieved such dominance as to be a potential threat. In 1669, Kangxi disarmed and imprisoned Oboi through trickery{{snd}}a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor. The young emperor faced challenges in maintaining control of his kingdom, as well. Three Ming generals singled out for their contributions to the establishment of the dynasty had been granted governorships in southern China. They became increasingly autonomous, leading to the [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]], which lasted for eight years. Kangxi was able to unify his forces for a counterattack led by a new generation of Manchu generals. By 1681, the Qing government had established control over a ravaged southern China, which took several decades to recover.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=48–51}}

[[File:The Emperor at the Kherlen river.jpg|thumb|The Qing army in [[Khalkha]] (1688)]]

To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the [[Dzungars]] in [[Outer Mongolia]]. The Kangxi Emperor expelled [[Galdan]]'s invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. In 1683, Qing forces received the surrender of [[Formosa]] (Taiwan) from [[Zheng Keshuang]], grandson of [[Koxinga]], who had conquered Taiwan from the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] colonists as a base against the Qing. Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi's forces for a series of battles over [[Albazin]], the far eastern outpost of the [[Tsardom of Russia]]. The 1689 [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] was China's first formal treaty with a European power and kept the border peaceful for the better part of two centuries. Galdan was ultimately killed in the [[Dzungar–Qing War]];{{sfnp|Perdue|2005}} after his death, his Tibetan Buddhist followers attempted to control the choice of the next [[Dalai Lama]]. Kangxi dispatched two armies to [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]], the capital of Tibet, and installed a Dalai Lama sympathetic to the Qing.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=62–66}}

===Reigns of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors===
[[File:Budala5.jpg|thumb|The [[Putuo Zongcheng Temple]] in [[Chengde]], built during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor on the model of the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]]]]

The reigns of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] ({{reign|1723|1735}}) and his son, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] ({{reign|1735|1796}}), marked the height of Qing power. However, the historian Jonathan Spence notes that the empire at the end of Qianlong's reign was "like the sun at midday". Despite "many glories", "signs of decay and even collapse were becoming apparent".{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=97, 101}}

After the death of the Kangxi Emperor in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong ({{lang|zh|雍親王}}), became the Yongzheng Emperor. He felt a sense of urgency about the problems that had accumulated in his father's later years.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=72}} In the words of one recent historian, he was "severe, suspicious, and jealous, but extremely capable and resourceful",{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|p=35}} and in the words of another, he turned out to be an "early modern state-maker of the first order".{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=68}} First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and cracked down on unorthodox sects. In 1723, he outlawed Christianity and expelled most Christian missionaries.{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|pp=35–37}} He expanded his father's system of [[Official Communications of the Chinese Empire#Memorials|Palace Memorials]], which brought frank and detailed reports on local conditions directly to the throne without being intercepted by the bureaucracy, and he created a small [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Council]] of personal advisors, which eventually grew into the emperor's de facto cabinet for the rest of the dynasty. He shrewdly filled key positions with Manchu and Han Chinese officials who depended on his patronage. When he began to realise the extent of the financial crisis, Yongzheng rejected his father's lenient approach to local elites and enforced collection of the land tax. The increased revenues were to be used for "money to nourish honesty" among local officials and for local irrigation, schools, roads, and charity. Although these reforms were effective in the north, in the south and lower Yangtze valley there were long-established networks of officials and landowners. Yongzheng dispatched experienced Manchu commissioners to penetrate the thickets of falsified land registers and coded account books, but they were met with tricks, passivity, and even violence. The fiscal crisis persisted.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=80–83}}

[[File:Battle of Oroi-Jalatu.jpg|thumb|Campaign against the [[Dzungar Khanate]] in the [[Dzungar–Qing Wars|Qing conquest of Xinjiang]] (1755–1758)]]

Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the 1727 [[Treaty of Kyakhta]] to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand in dealing with the situation in Mongolia. Yongzheng then turned to that situation, where the Zunghars threatened to re-emerge, and to the southwest, where local [[Miao people|Miao]] chieftains resisted Qing expansion. These campaigns drained the treasury but established the emperor's control of the military and military finance.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=83, 86}}

[[File:LordMacartneyEmbassyToChina1793.jpg|thumb|[[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|Lord Macartney]] saluting the Qianlong Emperor]]

When the Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735, his son Prince Bao ({{lang|zh|寶親王}}) became the Qianlong Emperor. Qianlong personally led the [[Ten Great Campaigns]] to expand military control into present-day [[Xinjiang]] and [[Mongolia]], putting down revolts and uprisings in [[Sichuan]] and southern China while expanding control over Tibet. The Qianlong Emperor launched several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the ''[[Siku Quanshu]]'', the largest collection of books in Chinese history. Nevertheless, Qianlong used the [[literary inquisition]] to silence opposition.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=zh:康乾盛世"的文化專制與文字獄 |url=https://big5.china.com.cn/city/txt/2007-03/08/content_7927803.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105193242/http://big5.china.com.cn/city/txt/2007-03/08/content_7927803.htm |archive-date=5 January 2009 |access-date=2008-12-30 |work=china.com |language=zh}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2026}} Beneath outward prosperity and imperial confidence, the later years of Qianlong's reign were marked by rampant corruption and neglect. [[Heshen]], the emperor's handsome young favorite, took advantage of the emperor's indulgence to become one of the most corrupt officials in the history of the dynasty.<ref>Schoppa, R. Keith. ''Revolution and its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History''. Pearson Hall, 2010, pp. 42–43.</ref> Qianlong's son, the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] ({{reign|1796|1820}}), eventually forced Heshen to commit suicide.

[[File:Xu Yang - Commerce on the water.jpg|thumb|''[[Prosperous Suzhou]]'' (1759) by [[Xu Yang (Qing dynasty)|Xu Yang]]]]

Populations in the first half of the 17th century did not recover from civil wars and epidemics, but the following years of prosperity and stability led to steady growth. The Qianlong Emperor bemoaned the situation by remarking, "The population continues to grow, but the land does not." The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut improved nutrition as well, so that the population during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people. Soon farmers were forced to work ever-smaller holdings more intensely.

In 1796, the [[White Lotus Society]] raised open rebellion, saying "the officials have forced the people to rebel". Others blamed officials in various parts of the country for corruption, failing to keep the famine relief granaries full, poor maintenance of roads and waterworks, and bureaucratic factionalism. There soon followed uprisings of "new sect" Muslims against local Muslim officials, and Miao tribesmen in southwest China. The [[White Lotus Rebellion]] continued until 1804, when badly run, corrupt, and brutal campaigns finally ended it.{{sfnp|Spence|1990|pp=112, 114, 116}}

===Rebellion, unrest, and external pressure===
[[File:Destroying Chinese war junks, by E. Duncan (1843).jpg|thumb|British Steamship destroying Chinese war [[junks]] (E. Duncan; 1843)]]

During the early Qing, China continued to be the hegemonic imperial power in East Asia. Although there was no formal ministry of foreign relations, the [[Lifan Yuan]] was responsible for relations with the Mongols and Tibetans in Inner Asia, while the [[Tributary system of China|tributary system]], a loose set of institutions and customs taken over from the Ming, in theory governed relations with East and Southeast Asian countries. The 1689 [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] stabilised relations with the [[Tsardom of Russia]]. However, during the 18th century, European empires gradually expanded across the world and developed economies predicated on maritime trade, colonial extraction, and technological advances. The dynasty was confronted with [[Westphalian sovereignty|newly developing concepts of the international system]] and state-to-state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in what is now India and Indonesia. The Qing response was to establish the [[Canton System]] in 1756, which restricted maritime trade to [[Guangzhou]] and gave monopoly trading rights to [[Hong (business)|private Chinese merchants]]. This was successful for a time, and the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]] had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments.

In 1793, the British East India Company, with the support of the British government, sent a [[Macartney Mission|diplomatic mission]] to China led by [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|Lord Macartney]] in order to open trade and put relations on a basis of equality. The imperial court viewed trade as of secondary interest, whereas the British saw maritime trade as the key to their economy. The Qianlong Emperor told Macartney "the kings of the myriad nations come by land and sea with all sorts of precious things", and "consequently there is nothing we lack..."{{sfnp|Têng|Fairbank|1979|p=19}}

[[File:Foreign factory site.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|View of the Canton River, showing the [[Thirteen Factories]] in the background (1850–1855)]]

Since China had little demand for European goods, Europe paid in silver for Chinese goods, an imbalance that worried the [[mercantilist]] governments of Britain and France. The [[History of opium in China|growing Chinese demand for opium]] provided the remedy. The British East India Company greatly expanded its production in Bengal. The [[Daoguang Emperor]], concerned both over the outflow of silver and the damage that opium smoking was causing to his subjects, ordered [[Lin Zexu]] to end the opium trade. Lin confiscated the stocks of opium without compensation in 1839, leading Britain to send a military expedition the following year. The [[First Opium War]] revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing [[junks]], was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the [[British Royal Navy]]. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground battles. The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive, humiliating blow. The [[Treaty of Nanjing]], the first of the "[[unequal treaties]]", demanded war reparations, forced China to open up the [[Treaty Ports]] of [[Shamian Island|Canton]], [[Amoy]], [[Fuzhou]], [[Ningbo]] and [[Shanghai]] to Western trade and missionaries, and to cede [[Hong Kong Island]] to Britain. It revealed weaknesses in the Qing government and provoked rebellions against the regime.

The [[Taiping Rebellion]] (1849–1864) was the first major [[anti-Manchu sentiment|anti-Manchu movement]]. Amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine, the rebellion not only posed the most serious threat to Qing rule, but during its 14-year course, between 20 and 30 million people died.{{sfnp|Platt|2012|p=xxii}} The rebellion began under the leadership of [[Hong Xiuquan]] (1814–1864), a disappointed civil service examination candidate who, influenced by reading the [[Old Testament]] in translation, had a series of visions and announced himself to be the son of God, the younger brother of Jesus Christ, sent to reform China.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Taiping Rebellion |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Taiping-Rebellion |access-date=2021-11-07 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713015829/https://www.britannica.com/event/Taiping-Rebellion |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1851, Hong launched an uprising in [[Guizhou]] and established the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] with himself as its king. Within this kingdom, slavery, concubinage, arranged marriage, opium smoking, footbinding, judicial torture, and the worship of idols were all banned. However, success led to internal feuds, defections and corruption. In addition, British and French troops, equipped with modern weapons, had come to the assistance of the Qing army. Nonetheless, it was not until 1864 that Qing forces under [[Zeng Guofan]] succeeded in crushing the revolt. After the outbreak of this rebellion, there were also revolts by the [[Hui people|Muslims]] and [[Miao people]] of China against the Qing, most notably in the [[Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)|Miao Rebellion]] (1854–1873) in [[Guizhou]], the [[Panthay Rebellion]] (1856–1873) in [[Yunnan]], and the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]] (1862–1877) in the northwest.

[[File:Regaining the Provincial Capital of Ruizhou.jpg|thumb|Qing forces defeating Taiping armies]]

The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raised and equipped to fight the rebels. In 1854, Britain tried to re-negotiate the Treaty of Nanjing, inserting clauses allowing British commercial access to Chinese rivers and the creation of a permanent British embassy at Beijing.

[[File:Prince Gong.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Prince Gong|Yixin, Prince Gong]]]]

In 1856, Qing authorities, in searching for a pirate, boarded a ship, the ''Arrow'', which the British claimed had been flying the British flag, an incident which led to the [[Second Opium War]]. In 1858, facing no other options, the [[Xianfeng Emperor]] agreed to the [[Treaty of Tientsin]], which contained clauses deeply insulting to the Chinese, such as a demand that all official Chinese documents be written in English and a proviso granting British warships unlimited access to all navigable Chinese rivers.

Ratification of the treaty in the following year led to a resumption of hostilities. In 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the [[Chengde Mountain Resort|imperial hunting lodge at Rehe]]. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted and burned the [[Old Summer Palace]] and, in an act of revenge for the arrest, torture, and execution of the English diplomatic mission.{{sfnp|Hevia|2003}} [[Prince Gong]], a younger half-brother of the emperor, who had been left as his brother's proxy in the capital, was forced to sign the [[Convention of Beijing]]. The humiliated emperor died the following year at Rehe.

===Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms===
Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor in 1861, and the accession of the 5-year-old [[Tongzhi Emperor]], the Qing rallied. In the [[Tongzhi Restoration]], Han Chinese officials such as [[Zuo Zongtang]] stood behind the Manchus and organised provincial troops. [[Zeng Guofan]], in alliance with Prince Gong, sponsored the rise of younger officials such as [[Li Hongzhang]], who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the [[Self-Strengthening Movement]], which adopted Western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values.Their institutional reforms included China's first unified ministry of foreign affairs in the [[Zongli Yamen]], allowing foreign diplomats to reside in the capital, the establishment of the [[Imperial Maritime Customs Service]], the institution of modern navy and army forces including the [[Beiyang Army]], and the purchase of armament factories from the Europeans.{{sfnp|Wright|1969|pp=196–221}}

The dynasty gradually lost control of its peripheral territories. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the [[Russian Empire]] took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the 1870 [[Tianjin Massacre]], which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the [[Cochinchina Campaign]] in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The [[Sino-French War]] began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A [[Keelung Campaign|French invasion of Taiwan was halted]] and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the [[Battle of Bang Bo]]. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the [[Treaty of Tientsin (1885)|Treaty of Tientsin]] and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam.{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|pp=328–330}} Some Russian and Chinese [[Gold mining|gold miners]] also established a short-lived [[proto-state]] known as the [[Zheltuga Republic]] (1883–1886) in the [[Amur River]] basin, which was however soon crushed by the Qing forces.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gamsa |first=Mark |date=2003 |title=California on the Amur, or the 'Zheltuga Republic' in Manchuria (1883-86) |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=236–266 |doi=10.1353/see.2003.0140 |issn=0037-6795 |jstor=4213684}}</ref>

In 1884, Qing China obtained concessions in [[Korea]], such as the [[Chinese concession of Incheon]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuchs |first=Eckhardt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA97 |title=A New Modern History of East Asia |publisher=V&R |year=2017 |isbn=9783737007085 |page=97}}</ref> but the pro-Japanese Koreans in [[Seoul]] led the [[Gapsin Coup]]. Tensions between China and Japan rose after China intervened to suppress the uprising. The Japanese prime minister [[Itō Hirobumi]] and Li Hongzhang signed the [[Convention of Tientsin]], an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously, but the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] of 1895 was a military humiliation. The [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] recognised Korean independence and ceded Taiwan and the [[Pescadores]] to Japan. The terms might have been harsher, but when a Japanese citizen attacked and wounded Li Hongzhang, an international outcry shamed the Japanese into revising them. The original agreement stipulated the cession of [[Liaodong Peninsula]] to Japan, but Russia, with its own designs on the territory, along with Germany and France, in the [[Triple Intervention]], successfully put pressure on the Japanese to abandon the peninsula.
[[File:Empress-Dowager-Cixi1.jpg|thumb|upright|Oil painting of Empress Dowager Cixi by [[Hubert Vos]] ({{circa|1905|lk=no}})]]

These years saw the participation of [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] in state affairs. Cixi initially entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor, and became the mother of the future Tongzhi Emperor. Following his accession at the age of five, Cixi, Xianfeng's widow [[Empress Dowager Ci'an]], and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged [[Xinyou Coup|a coup]] that ousted several of the Tongzhi Emperor's regents. Between 1861 and 1873, Cixi and Ci'an served as regents together; following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the [[Guangxu Emperor]], took the throne in violation of the custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. Ci'an suddenly died in the spring of 1881, leaving Cixi as sole regent.{{sfnp|Crossley|2010|p=117}}

From 1889, when Guangxu began to rule in his own right, until 1898, the Empress Dowager lived in semi-retirement, spending the majority of the year at the [[Summer Palace]]. In 1897, two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in southern [[Shandong province]] (the [[Juye Incident]]). Germany used the murders as a pretext for a naval occupation of [[Jiaozhou Bay]]. The occupation prompted a [[Scramble for China]] in 1898, which included the [[Kiautschou Bay concession|German lease of Jiaozhou Bay]], the [[Kwantung Leased Territory|Russian lease of Liaodong]], the [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|British lease of the New Territories of Hong Kong]], and the [[Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan|French lease of Guangzhouwan]].

[[File:China imperialism cartoon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[French Third Republic|France]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] dividing China]]

In the wake of these external defeats, the Guangxu Emperor initiated the [[Hundred Days' Reform]] in 1898. Newer, more radical advisers such as [[Kang Youwei]] were given positions of influence. The emperor issued a series of edicts and plans were made to reorganise the bureaucracy, restructure the school system, and appoint new officials. Opposition from the bureaucracy was immediate and intense. Although she had been involved in the initial reforms, the Empress Dowager [[Wuxu Coup|stepped in to call them off]], arrested and executed several reformers, and took over day-to-day control of policy. Yet many of the plans stayed in place, and the goals of reform were implanted.{{sfnp|Reynolds|1993|pp=35–36}}

[[File:Within historic grounds of the Forbidden City in Pekin, China, on November 28 celebrated the victory of the Allies., ca. - NARA - 532582.jpg|thumb|The foreign armies of the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] celebrating their victory in the [[Battle of Peking (1900)|Battle of Peking]], within the walls of the [[Forbidden City]] on 28 November 1900]]

Drought in North China, combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government, created background conditions for the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxers]]. In 1900, local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered foreign missionaries and large numbers of Chinese Christians, then converged on Beijing to besiege the Foreign Legation Quarter. A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies (the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]]) then entered China without diplomatic notice, much less permission. Cixi declared war on all of these nations, only to lose control of Beijing after a short, but hard-fought campaign. She fled to [[Xi'an]]. The victorious allies then enforced their demands on the Qing government, including compensation for their expenses in invading China and execution of complicit officials, via the [[Boxer Protocol]].{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=223–225}}

===Reform, revolution, and collapse===
[[File:YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Yuan Shikai]]]]The defeat by Japan in 1895 created a sense of crisis which the failure of the 1898 reforms and the disasters of 1900 only exacerbated. Cixi in 1901 moved to mollify the foreign community, called for reform proposals, and initiated the [[Late Qing reforms]]. Over the next few years the reforms included the restructuring of the national education, judicial, and fiscal systems, the most dramatic of which was the abolition of the imperial examination system in 1905.{{sfnp|Reynolds|1993|pp=5–11}} The court directed [[Preparative Constitutionalism|a constitution to be drafted]], and [[1909 Chinese provincial elections|provincial elections]] were held, the first in China's history.{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|pp=412–416}} Sun Yat-sen and revolutionaries debated reform officials and constitutional monarchists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao over how to transform the Manchu-ruled empire into a modernised Han Chinese state.{{sfnp|Rhoads|2000|p=121 ff}}

[[File:2ndPrinceChun1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Zaifeng, Prince Chun]]]]

The Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908, and Cixi died the following day. [[Puyi]], the oldest son of [[Zaifeng, Prince Chun]], and nephew to the childless Guangxu Emperor, was appointed successor at the age of two, leaving Zaifeng with the regency. Zaifeng forced Yuan Shikai to resign. The Qing dynasty became a [[constitutional monarchy]] on 8 May 1911, when Zaifeng created a "responsible cabinet" led by [[Yikuang]], Prince Qing. However, it became known as the "[[Cabinet of Prince Qing|royal cabinet]]", as five of its thirteen members, were part of or related to the royal family.<ref>Chien-nung Li, Jiannong Li, Ssŭ-yü Têng, "The political history of China, 1840–1928", p. 234</ref>

The [[Wuchang Uprising]] on 10 October 1911 set off a series of uprisings. By November, 14 of the 22 provinces had rejected Qing rule. This led to the creation of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], in [[Nanjing]] on 1 January 1912, with [[Sun Yat-sen]] as its provisional head. Seeing a desperate situation, the Qing court brought Yuan Shikai back to power. His [[Beiyang Army]] crushed the revolutionaries in Wuhan at the [[Battle of Yangxia]]. After taking the position of [[Chancellor (China)|Prime Minister]] he created [[Cabinet of Yuan Shikai|his own cabinet]], with the support of [[Empress Dowager Longyu]]. However, Yuan Shikai decided to cooperate with Sun Yat-sen's revolutionaries to overthrow the Qing dynasty.
[[File:Pitched battle between the imperial and revolutionary army Wellcome L0040013.jpg|thumb|A pitched battle between the imperial and revolutionary armies in 1911]]

On 12 February 1912, Longyu issued the [[Puyi#Abdication|abdication]] of the child emperor Puyi, leading to the fall of the Qing dynasty under the pressure of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang army despite objections from [[Royalist Party|conservatives]] and royalist reformers.{{sfnp|Billingsley|1988|pp=56–59}} This brought an end to over 2,000 years imperial governance in China, and began a period of instability. In July 1917, there was an [[Manchu Restoration|abortive attempt]] to restore the Qing led by [[Zhang Xun]]. Puyi was [[Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication|allowed to live]] in the Forbidden City after his abdication until 1924, when he moved to the [[Foreign concessions in Tianjin#Japanese concession (1898–1945)|Japanese concession in Tianjin]]. The Empire of Japan [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|invaded Northeast China]] and founded [[Manchukuo]] there in 1932, with Puyi as its [[Emperor of Manchukuo|emperor]]. After the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invasion of Northeast China]] to fight Japan by the [[Soviet Union]], Manchukuo fell in 1945.

=== Revival ===
The Wong Uprising on 10 October 2026 set off a series of uprisings. By November, 14 of the 22 provinces had rejected Communist Party rule. This led to the revival of the Qing dynasty, in Nanjing on 1 January 1912, with Alan Yhusai as its provisional head. Seeing a desperate situation, the Communist Party brought Cody Taylor into power. His Canadian and Bruneisan armies crushed the revolutionaries within Shanghai at the Battle of Yangxia. After taking the position of Prime Minister he created his own cabinet, with the support of Empress Dowager Longyu. However, Yuan Shikai decided to cooperate with Sun Yat-sen's revolutionaries to overthrow the Qing dynasty.

Xi Jinping

==Government==
{{Main|Government of the Qing dynasty}}
{{See also|List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty}}
[[File:Qing Dynasty Mandarin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A Qing dynasty mandarin]]

The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the Ming, but split rule between Han and Manchus, with some positions also given to [[Mongols]].{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=39}} Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the [[imperial examination system]], until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner, or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.{{sfnp|Jackson|Hugus|1999|pp=134–135}}

While the Qing dynasty tried to maintain the traditional [[tributary system of China]], by the 19th century Qing China had become part of a European-style community of [[sovereign state]]s{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=211}} and established official [[diplomatic relations]] with [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty|more than twenty countries around the world]] before its downfall, and since the 1870s it established [[legation]]s and [[consulate]]s.

===Central government agencies===
The formal structure of the Qing government centred on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries{{efn|{{lang-zh|c=六部|p=lìubù|links=no}}}}), each headed by two presidents{{efn|{{zhi|first=t|t=尚書|s=尚书|p=shàngshū}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ}} |v=aliha amban|a=aliha amban}}}} and assisted by four vice presidents.{{efn|{{zhi|p=shìláng|c=侍郎}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ}} |v=ashan i amban|a=ashan-i amban}}}} In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the [[Imperial examination|state examinations]]. The [[Grand Secretariat]],{{efn|{{zhi|first=t|p=nèigé|t=內閣|s=内阁}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ}} |v=dorgi yamun|a=dorgi yamun}}}} which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial [[Chancery (medieval office)|chancery]]. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming formed the core of the Qing "[[Outer Court]]", which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the [[Forbidden City]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhu |first=Jianfei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zk8IeVWD210C&dq=%22qing%22+%22outer+court%22&pg=PA133 |title=Chinese Spatial Strategies: Imperial Beijing, 1420–1911 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-36620-0 |page=133}}</ref>
[[File:The emperor of China from 'The Universal Traveller'.jpg|thumb|upright|''The emperor of China from The Universal Traveller'']]

In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "[[Inner Court]]", which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Council]].{{efn|{{zhi|first=t|p=jūnjī chù|t=軍機處|s=军机处}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠴᠣᡠ᠋ᡥᠠᡳ ᠨᠠᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡳ ᠪᠠ}} |v=coohai nashūn i ba|a=qouhai nashvn-i ba}}}} It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but soon took over other military and administrative duties, centralising authority under the crown.{{sfnp|Bartlett|1991}} The Grand Councillors{{efn|{{lang-zh|first=t|p=jūnjī dàchén|t=軍機大臣|s=军机大臣|links=no}}}} served as a sort of [[privy council]] to the emperor.
[[File:Qing Dynasty-2000 wen-1859.jpg|thumb|upright|2000–[[Chinese cash (currency)|cash]] [[Great Qing Treasure Note]] banknote from 1859]]

From the early Qing, the central government was characterised by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Rise of the Manchus |url=https://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/imperial3.html#regain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218120420/http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/imperial3.html#regain |archive-date=18 December 2008 |access-date=2008-10-19 |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> While the Qing government was established as an [[absolute monarchy]] like previous dynasties in China, by the early 20th century however the Qing court began to move towards a [[constitutional monarchy]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Albert H. Y. |last=Chen |title=The Changing Legal Orders in Hong Kong and Mainland China |publisher=City University of Hong Kong Press |year=2021 |isbn=9789629374501 |page=372}}</ref> with government bodies like the [[Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)|Advisory Council]] established and a [[1909 Chinese parliamentary election|parliamentary election]] to [[Preparative Constitutionalism|prepare for a constitutional government]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=David |last=Atwill |title=Sources in Chinese History: Diverse Perspectives from 1644 to the Present |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=9780429560347 |page=272}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Jianlang |author-mask=Wang Jianlang (王建朗) |script-title=zh:两岸新编中国近代史．晚清卷 |publisher=Shehui kexuewen xianchubanshe |year=2016 |page=530 |language=zh}}</ref>

There was also another government institution called [[Imperial Household Department]] which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] and the accession of his son, the [[Kangxi Emperor]].{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|p=179}} The department's original purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the imperial family and the activities of the [[Forbidden City#Inner Court or the Northern Section|inner palace]] (in which tasks it largely replaced [[Chinese eunuch|eunuchs]]), but it also played an important role in Qing relations with [[History of Tibet#Khoshuts, Zunghars, and Manchus|Tibet]] and [[Mongolia during Qing rule|Mongolia]], engaged in trading activities (jade, [[ginseng]], salt, furs, etc.), managed textile factories in the [[Jiangnan]] region, and even published books.{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|pp=179–180}} [[Salt in Chinese History#Prosperity, culture, corruption, reform in the Qing dynasty|Relations with the Salt Superintendents and salt merchants]], such as those at Yangzhou, were particularly lucrative, especially since they were direct, and did not go through absorptive layers of bureaucracy. The department was manned by ''[[Booi Aha|booi]]'',{{efn|{{lang-zh|p=bāoyī|c=包衣|links=no}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠪᠣᡠ᠋ᡳ}} |v=booi|a=boui}}}} or "bondservants", from the Upper Three [[Eight Banners|Banners]].{{sfnp|Torbert|1977|p=27}} By the 19th century, it managed the activities of at least 56 subagencies.{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|p=179}}{{sfnp|Torbert|1977|p=28}}

===Military===
{{Main|Military of the Qing dynasty}}
[[File:Great Rear Attack by Our Second Army at Weihaiwei.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Japanese troops defeat Qing forces in Korea 1895.]]

The Qing dynasty was established by conquest and maintained by armed force. The founding emperors personally organised and led the armies, and the continued cultural and political legitimacy of the dynasty depended on the ability to defend the country from invasion and expand its territory. Therefore, military institutions, leadership, and finance were fundamental to the dynasty's initial success and ultimate decay. The early military system centred on the [[Eight Banners]], a hybrid institution that also played social, economic, and political roles.{{sfn|Elliott|2001|p=40}} The Banner system was developed on an informal basis as early as 1601, and formally established in 1615 by [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] leader [[Nurhaci]] (1559–1626), the retrospectively recognised founder of the Qing. His son [[Hong Taiji]] (1592–1643), who renamed the Jurchens "[[Manchu people|Manchus]]," created eight Mongol banners to mirror the Manchu ones and eight "Han-martial" ({{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t={{linktext|??}}|p=Hànjun|labels=no}}) banners manned by Chinese who surrendered to the Qing before the full-fledged [[Qing conquest of Ming|conquest of China proper]] began in 1644. After 1644, the Ming Chinese troops that surrendered to the Qing were integrated into the [[Green Standard Army]], a corps that eventually outnumbered the Banners by three to one.

The use of gunpowder during the [[High Qing]] can compete with the three [[gunpowder empires]] in western Asia.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false Millward 2007], p. 95.</ref> Manchu imperial princes led the Banners in defeating the Ming armies, but after lasting peace was established starting in 1683, both the Banners and the Green Standard Armies started to lose their efficiency. Garrisoned in cities, soldiers had few occasions to drill. The Qing nonetheless used superior armament and logistics to expand deeply into Central Asia, defeat the [[Dzungar people|Dzungar Mongols]] in 1759, and complete their conquest of [[Xinjiang]]. Despite the dynasty's pride in the [[Ten Great Campaigns]] of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), the Qing armies became largely ineffective by the end of the 18th century. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped [[White Lotus Rebellion]] (1795–1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Han Chinese elites. The [[Taiping Rebellion]] (1850–1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of Beijing in 1853. The Qing court was forced to let its Han Chinese [[Zongdu|governors-general]], first led by [[Zeng Guofan]], raise regional armies. This new type of army and leadership defeated the rebels but signaled the end of Manchu dominance of the military establishment.[[File:Qing new army 1905.jpg|thumb|The [[New Army]]]]

The military technology of the European [[Industrial Revolution]] made China's armament and military rapidly obsolete. In 1860 British and French forces in the [[Second Opium War]] captured Beijing and sacked the [[Old Summer Palace|Summer Palace]]. The shaken court attempted to modernise its military and industrial institutions by buying European technology. This [[Self-Strengthening Movement]] established [[shipyard]]s (notably the [[Jiangnan Shipyard#Kiangnan Arsenal|Jiangnan Arsenal]] and the [[Foochow Arsenal]]) and bought modern guns and battleships in Europe. The Qing navy became the largest in East Asia. But organisation and logistics were inadequate, officer training was deficient, and corruption widespread. The [[Beiyang Fleet]] was virtually destroyed and the modernised ground forces defeated in the 1895 [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. The Qing created a [[New Army]], but could not prevent the [[Eight Nation Alliance]] from invading China to put down the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxer Uprising]] in 1900. The [[Wuchang Uprising|revolt]] of a New Army corps in 1911 led to the [[Xinhai Revolution|fall of the dynasty]].

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty}}
{{Further|Administration of territory in dynastic China#Qing dynasty (1644–1912)}}
[[File:China Proper Map William Mackenzie c1866.png|thumb|The Eighteen Provinces of [[China proper]] in 1875]]
[[File:Empire Chinois, Japon (1832).jpg|thumb|Qing China in 1832]]
[[File:Qing Dynasty 1820.png|thumb|Qing territory {{circa|1820}}, with provinces in yellow, military governorates and protectorates in light yellow, tributary states in orange]]

The Qing reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day [[Northeast China]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Outer Mongolia]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet]], at approximately {{cvt|13000000|sqkm}} in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all in China proper, but this number was later increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces. [[Taiwan]], originally part of [[Fujian]], became a province of its own in the 19th century,<ref>Davidson, James W. (1903). ''The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions''. London and New York: Macmillan. {{OL|6931635M}}. pp. 247, 620.</ref> but was ceded to Japan following the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1895.<ref>"Treaty of Peace between China and Japan (Treaty of Shimonoseki)". Ch'ing Dynasty Treaties and Agreements Preserved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). National Palace Museum. 17 April 1895. 中國將管理下開地方之權並將該地方所有堡壘軍器工廠及一切屬公物件永遠讓於日本...台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿...澎湖列岛 [China shall yield to Japan in perpetuity the rights to administer the following regions as well as all fortresses, munition factories, and public properties thereof ... the entire island of Taiwan and all appertaining islands ... Penghu archipelago]</ref>

===Territorial administration===
The Qing organisation of [[Province (China)|provinces]] was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, [[Huguang]] into Hubei and Hunan provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-14 |title=Political System |url=https://qinghistorysg.com/political-system/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=新加坡清史研究学会 |language=zh |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331083233/https://qinghistorysg.com/political-system/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and [[censorate]], or surveillance. Each province was administered by a [[Provincial governor of Imperial China|governor]] and a [[provincial military commander]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich |date=July 3, 2013 |title=xunfu 巡撫 (www.chinaknowledge.de) |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/xunfu.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=China Knowledge |language=en}}</ref> Below the province were [[Prefecture (China)|prefectures]] operating under a prefect, followed by [[Zhou (country subdivision)|subprefectures]] under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the [[Counties of the People's Republic of China#History|county]], overseen by a [[county magistrate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Kent |title=Qing Governors and Their Provinces |date=August 3, 2015 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295997506 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> The eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of [[Viceroy (China)|viceroy]] was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The [[Viceroy of Zhili]], who was responsible for the area surrounding Beijing, is usually considered as the most honourable and powerful viceroy among the eight.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fu |first1=Chonglan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjulDwAAQBAJ&q=Regional+viceroys+in+Qing+dynasty |title=Introduction to the Urban History of China |last2=Cao |first2=Wenming |date=2019-07-25 |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-13-8207-9 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref>

By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions under its control. [[Amban|Imperial commissioners]] and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26gwDwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955 |date=2009-04-13 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25995-9 |pages=XXIII |language=en}}</ref> These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called [[Lifan Yuan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dunnell |first1=Ruth W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC |title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde |last2=Elliott |first2=Mark C. |last3=Foret |first3=Philippe |last4=Millward |first4=James A. |date=2004-07-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-36222-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Qinghai]] was also put under direct control of the Qing court. Xinjiang, also known as Chinese Turkestan, was subdivided into the regions north and south of the [[Tian Shan]] mountains, also known today as [[Dzungaria]] and [[Tarim Basin]] respectively, but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yao |first=Wang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gR5dEAAAQBAJ |title=The Story of Xinjiang Revealed through Old Maps (1759–1912) |date=2021-08-18 |publisher=Bridge 21 Publications |isbn=978-1-62643-078-5 |language=en}}</ref> Dzungaria was fully opened to Han migration by the Qianlong Emperor from the beginning. Han migrants were at first forbidden from permanently settling in the Tarim Basin but were the ban was lifted after the invasion by [[Jahangir Khoja]] in the 1820s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wai |first=Hung Tak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IhEQAAQBAJ |title=Redefining Heresy and Tolerance: Governance of Muslims and Christians in the Qing Empire before 1864 |date=2024-08-21 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-988-8842-83-4 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010000626/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IhEQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, [[Manchuria]] was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces, though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the [[Russian Empire]] in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vasilyev |first1=Dmitry V. |last2=Валентинович |first2=Васильев Дмитрий |last3=Asanova |first3=Svetlana A. |last4=Алексеевна |first4=Асанова Светлана |date=2023-03-15 |title=Shelter for the Afflicted: Migration from Xinjiang to Russia in the 1860s-1880s |journal=RUDN Journal of Russian History |language=ru |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=34–46 |doi=10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-1-34-46 |issn=2312-8690|doi-access=free }}</ref> Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner [[Willow Palisade]], a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese, as the area was off-limits to civilian Han Chinese until the government started colonising the area, especially since the 1860s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Janhunen |first=Juha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ |title=Manchuria: An Ethnic History |date=1996 |publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society |isbn=978-951-9403-84-7 |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref>

With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During the [[Great Game]], taking advantage of the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan revolt]] in northwest China, [[Yakub Beg of Yettishar|Yakub Beg]] invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire, and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of [[Kashgar]]ia. The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang. The [[Kumul Khanate]], which was incorporated into the Qing dynasty as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the [[Xinhai Revolution]] up until 1930.{{sfnp|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190 190]}} In the early 20th century, Britain sent [[British Expedition to Tibet|an expedition force]] to [[Tibet]] and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty. The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet,<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 1906 |title=<untitled> |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/01/19/101830147.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326005354/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/01/19/101830147.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2020 |access-date=13 June 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China. The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet |year=1906}}</ref> The Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the "[[Northeast China|Three Northeast Provinces]]", and established the post of [[Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces]] to oversee these provinces.

==Society==

===Population growth and mobility===
The population grew in numbers, density, and mobility. The population in 1700 was roughly 150 million, about what it had been a century before, then doubled over the next century, and reached a height of 450 million on the eve of the Taiping Rebellion in 1850.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=91}} The spread of New World crops, such as maize, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and potatoes decreased the number of deaths from malnutrition. Diseases such as [[smallpox]] were brought under control by an increase in inoculations. In addition, infant deaths were decreased due to campaigns against [[infanticide]] and improvements in birthing techniques performed by doctors and midwives and an increase in medical books available to the public.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=91–92}} European population growth in this period was greatest in the cities, but in China there was only slow growth in cities and the lower Yangzi. The greatest growth was in the borderlands and the highlands, where farmers moved to take advantage of large tracts of marshlands and forests.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=92}}

The population was remarkably mobile, perhaps more so than at any time in Chinese history. Millions of Han Chinese migrated to [[Yunnan]] and Guizhou in the 18th century, and also to Taiwan. After the conquests of the 1750s and 1760s, the court organised agricultural colonies in Xinjiang. This mobility also included the privately organised movement of Qing subjects overseas, largely to Southeast Asia, to pursue trade and other economic opportunities.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=92}}

Manchuria, however, was formally closed to Han settlement by the [[Willow Palisade]], with the exception of some bannermen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edmonds |first=Richard L. |year=1979 |title=The Willow Palisade |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=599–621 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01285.x |issn=0004-5608 |jstor=2563132}}</ref> Nonetheless, by 1780, Han Chinese had become 80% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ5KbXYhEB8C&pg=PA141 |title=The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World |year=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-23075-0 |pages=141, 144}}</ref> The relatively sparse population made the territory vulnerable to Russian annexation. In response, the Qing officials proposed in 1860 to open parts of Guandong to Chinese civilian farmer settlers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Robert H. G. |url=http://archive.org/details/manchurianfronti0000leer |title=The Manchurian frontier in Chʼing history |year=1970 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-54775-9 |location=Cambridge, MA |page=103}}</ref> Late 19th century Manchuria was opened up to Han settlers, resulting in more extensive migration.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=China's narrative of Han expansion |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1095073/chinas-narrative-han-expansion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108115146/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1095073/chinas-narrative-han-expansion |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-08 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> By the dawn of the 20th century, largely in an attempt to counteract increasing Russian influence, the Qing had abolished the existing administrative system in Manchuria, reclassified all immigrants to the region as "Han" instead of "civilians", and replaced provincial generals with provincial governors. From 1902 to 1911, 70 civil administrations were created in Manchuria, owing to the region's growing population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matsuzato |first=Kimitaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwW6DQAAQBAJ |title=Russia and Its Northeast Asian Neighbors: China, Japan, and Korea, 1858–1945 |year=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-3705-6 |pages=27–28}}</ref>

===Social status===
According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding scholar-officials, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners and people with inferior status.{{sfnp|Rowe|2002|p=485}} They were divided into two categories: one of them, the good "commoner" people, the other "mean" people who were seen as debased and servile. The majority of the population belonged to the first category and were described as ''liangmin'', a legal term meaning good people, as opposed to ''jianmin'' meaning the mean (or ignoble) people. Qing law explicitly stated that the traditional [[four occupations]] (scholars, farmers, artisans and merchants) were "good", or having a status of commoners. On the other hand, slaves or bondservants, entertainers (including prostitutes and actors), tattooed criminals, and those low-level employees of government officials were the "mean people". Mean people were legally inferior to commoners and suffered unequal treatments, such as being forbidden to take the imperial examination.{{sfnp|Naquin|Rawski|1987|p=117}} Furthermore, such people were usually not allowed to marry with free commoners and were even often required to acknowledge their abasement in society through actions such as bowing. However, throughout the Qing dynasty, the emperor and his court, as well as the bureaucracy, worked towards reducing the distinctions between the debased and free but did not completely succeed even at the end of its era in merging the two classifications together.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

====Qing gentry====
{{Main|Qing literati}}

Although there had been no powerful hereditary aristocracy since the [[Song dynasty]], the gentry, like their British counterparts, enjoyed imperial privileges and managed local affairs. The status of scholar-officials was defined by passing at least the first level of civil service examinations and holding a degree, which qualified him to hold imperial office, although he might not actually do so. The gentry member could legally wear gentry robes and could talk to officials as equals. Informally, the gentry then presided over local society and could use their connections to influence the magistrate, acquire land, and maintain large households. The gentry thus included not only males holding degrees but also their wives and some of their relatives.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=109–110}}

[[File:Qing era brush container.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A brush container, a symbol of gentry culture during the Qing]]

The gentry class was divided into groups. Not all who held office were literati, as merchant families could purchase degrees, and not all who passed the exams found employment as officials, since the number of degree-holders was greater than the number of openings. The gentry class also differed in the source and amount of their income. Literati families drew income from landholding, as well as from lending money. Officials drew a salary, which, as the years went by, were less and less adequate, leading to widespread reliance on "squeeze", irregular payments. Those who prepared for but failed the exams, like those who passed but were not appointed to office, could become tutors or teachers, private secretaries to sitting officials, administrators of guilds or temples, or other positions that required literacy. Others turned to fields such as engineering, medicine, or law, which by the nineteenth century demanded specialised learning. By the nineteenth century, it was no longer shameful to become an author or publisher of fiction.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=112–113}}

The Qing gentry were marked as much by their aspiration to a cultured lifestyle as by their legal status. They lived more refined and comfortable lives than the commoners and used sedan-chairs to travel any significant distance. They often showed off their learning by collecting objects such as [[Gongshi|scholars' stones]],
porcelain or pieces of art for their beauty, which set them off from less cultivated commoners.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=111}}

====Qing nobility====
{{Main|Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty}}

===Family and kinship===
[[File:Chan Clan Ancestral Hall 1930s.jpg|thumb|The [[Chen Clan Ancestral Hall]], built in 1894]]

During the Qing, the building block of society was [[patrilineal kinship]]. A shift in marital practices, identity and loyalty had begun during the Song, when the civil service examination began to replace nobility and inheritance as a means for gaining status. Instead of intermarrying within aristocratic elites of the same social status, they tended to form marital alliances with nearby families of the same or higher wealth, and established the local people's interests as first and foremost which helped to form intermarried townships.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=114–116}} The neo-Confucian ideology, especially the Cheng-Zhu thinking favored by Qing social thought, emphasised patrilineal families and genealogy in society.{{sfnp|Sneath|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 101]}}

The emperors and local officials exhorted families to compile genealogies in order to stabilise local society.{{sfnp|Xu|2005|p=335}} The genealogy was placed in the ancestral hall, which served as the lineage's headquarters and a place for annual ancestral sacrifice. A specific [[Chinese character]] appeared in the given name of each male of each generation, often well into the future. These lineages claimed to be based on biological descent but when a member of a lineage gained office or became wealthy, he might use considerable creativity in selecting a prestigious figure to be "founding ancestor".{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=116–117}} Such worship was intended to ensure that the ancestors remain content and benevolent spirits (''[[Shen (Chinese religion)|shen]]'') who would keep watch over and protect the family. Later observers felt that the ancestral cult focused on the family and lineage, rather than on more public matters such as community and nation.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

Inner Mongols and Khalkha Mongols in the Qing rarely knew their ancestors beyond four generations and Mongol tribal society was not organised among patrilineal clans, contrary to what was commonly thought, but included unrelated people at the base unit of organisation.{{sfnp|Sneath|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112 98]}} The Qing tried but failed to promote the Chinese Neo-Confucian ideology of organising society along patrimonial clans among the Mongols.{{sfnp|Sneath|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119 105–106]}}

===Religion===
{{Further|Religion in China#Qing dynasty}}

Manchu rulers presided over a multi-ethnic empire and the emperor, who was held responsible for "[[all under heaven]]", patronised and took responsibility for all religions and belief systems. The empire's "spiritual centre of gravity" was the "religio-political state".{{sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011|p=3}} Since the empire was part of the order of the cosmos, which conferred the [[Mandate of Heaven]], the emperor as "Son of Heaven" was both the head of the political system and the head priest of the [[Imperial cult#Imperial China|State Cult]]. The emperor and his officials, who were his personal representatives, took responsibility over all aspects of the empire, especially spiritual life and religious institutions and practices.<ref>{{Citation |title=Religion, the State, and Imperial Legitimacy |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412193226/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/irc/emperor.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |url-status=live |chapter=Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911) |chapter-url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/irc/emperor.htm |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> The [[county magistrate]], as the emperor's political and spiritual representative, made offerings at officially recognised temples. The magistrate lectured on the Emperor's [[Sacred Edict]] to promote civic morality; he kept close watch over religious organisations whose actions might threaten the sovereignty and religious prerogative of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teiser |first=Stephen F. |title=The Spirits of Chinese Religion |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1996 |editor-last=Lopez |editor-first=Donald S. Jr. |page=27 |chapter=Introduction |access-date=15 June 2021 |chapter-url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824055938/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Manchu and imperial religion====
{{Further|Shamanism during the Qing dynasty}}
[[File:Yonghe Gong sign.jpg|thumb|Placard (right to left) in Manchu, Chinese, Tibetan, and Mongolian [[Yonghe Temple|Yonghe Lamasery]], Beijing]]

The Manchu imperial family were especially attracted by Yellow Sect or [[Gelug]] Buddhism that had spread from Tibet into Mongolia. The [[Fifth Dalai Lama]], who had gained power in 1642, just before the Manchus took Beijing, looked to the Qing court for support. The Kangxi and Qianlong emperors practiced this form of Tibetan Buddhism as one of their household religions and built temples that made Beijing one of its centres, and constructed a replica Lhasa's [[Potala Palace]] at their summer retreat in [[Rehe]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Henrietta |title=China |publisher=London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0340741333 |pages=36–42}}.</ref>

[[Shamanism]], the most common religion among Manchus, was a spiritual inheritance from their [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] ancestors that set them off from Han Chinese.{{sfnp|Elliott|2001|pp=235, 241}} [[Shamanism during the Qing dynasty#State shamanism after 1644|State shamanism]] was important to the imperial family both to maintain their Manchu cultural identity and to promote their imperial legitimacy among tribes in the northeast.{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|pp=231–236, 242–243}} Imperial obligations included rituals on the first day of [[Chinese New Year]] at a shamanic shrine (tangse).{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|p=236}} [[Shamanism during the Qing dynasty#Shamanism and Manchu identity|Practices in Manchu families]] included sacrifices to the ancestors, and the use of shamans, often women, who went into a trance to seek healing or exorcism.{{sfnp|Elliott|2001|pp=237–238}}

====Popular religion====
[[Chinese folk religion]] was centred around the patriarchal family and [[Shen (Chinese religion)|shen]], or spirits. Common practices included [[Ancestor veneration in China|ancestor veneration]], [[filial piety]], [[Chinese communal deity religion|local gods and spirits]]. Rites included [[Ancestral veneration in China#Practices|mourning, funeral, burial, practices]].<ref>Richard J. Smith (2007). ''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/prb/journey.htm Settling the Dead: Funerals, Memorials and Beliefs Concerning the Afterlife] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095758/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/prb/journey.htm |date=27 September 2011}}''. ''Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late-Imperial China''</ref> Since they did not require exclusive allegiance, forms and branches of [[Confucianism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Daoism]] were intertwined, for instance in the syncretic [[Three teachings]].<ref>"Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911)" (Columbia University) [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/ort/teachings.htm Institutional Religion: The Three Teachings] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508234058/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/ort/teachings.htm |date=8 May 2017}}</ref> Chinese folk religion combined elements of the three, with local variations.{{sfnp|Lagerwey|2010|pp=6–7}} County magistrates, who were graded and promoted on their ability to maintain local order, tolerated local sects and even patronised local temples as long as they were orderly, but were suspicious of [[Chinese salvationist religions|heterodox sects]] that defied state authority and rejected imperial doctrines. Some of these sects indeed had long histories of rebellion, such as the [[Way of Former Heaven]], which drew on Daoism, and the White Lotus Society, which drew on millennial Buddhism. The White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804) confirmed official suspicions as did the Taiping Rebellion, which drew on millennial Christianity.

====Christianity, Judaism, and Islam====
{{Further|Jesuit China missions|Chinese Rites controversy|Christianity in China|Protestant missions in China|Islam during the Qing dynasty|Judaism in China|Catholic Church in China#Qing dynasty (1644–1912)|Medical missions in China}}

The [[Abrahamic religions]] had arrived from Western Asia as early as the Tang dynasty but their insistence that they should be practised to the exclusion of other religions made them less adaptable than Buddhism, which had quickly been accepted as native. [[Islam]] predominated in Central Asian areas of the empire, while [[Judaism in China|Judaism]] and [[Christianity in China|Christianity]] were practiced in well-established but self-contained communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mote |first=Frederick W. |author-link=Frederick W. Mote |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC |title=Imperial China, 900–1800 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0674445155 |location=Cambridge, MA}}, pp. 958–961.</ref>

Several hundred Catholic missionaries arrived between the late Ming period and the proscription of Christianity in 1724. The [[Jesuits]] adapted to Chinese expectations, evangelised among the educated, adopted the robes and lifestyles of literati, became proficient in the Confucian classics, and did not challenge Chinese moral values. They proved their value to the early Manchu emperors with their work in gunnery, cartography, and astronomy, but fell out of favor for a time until the Kangxi Emperor's 1692 edict of toleration.{{sfnp|Bays|2012|pp=21–23}} In the countryside, the newly arrived [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] and [[Franciscan]] clerics established rural communities that adapted to local folk religious practices by emphasising healing, festivals, and holy days rather than sacraments and doctrine.{{sfnp|Bays|2012|pp=25–26}} In 1724, the Yongzheng Emperor proscribed Christianity as a "heterodox teaching".{{Sfnp|Reilly|2004|p=43}} Since the European Catholic missionaries had kept control in their own hands and had not allowed the creation of a native clergy, however, the number of Catholics would grow more rapidly after 1724 because local communities could now set their own rules and standards. In 1811, Christian religious activities were further criminalised by the Jiaqing Emperor.{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|p=44}} The imperial ban was lifted by Treaty in 1846.{{sfnp|Elliott|2001|p=241}}

The first Protestant missionary to China, [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]] (1782–1834) of the [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS), arrived at Canton on 6 September 1807.{{Sfnp|Daily|2013|p=1}} He completed a translation of the entire Bible in 1819.{{sfnp|Daily|2013|p=145}} [[Liang Afa]] (1789–1855), a Morrison-trained Chinese convert, extended evangelisation into inner China.{{sfnp|Daily|2013|pp=188–189}}{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|pp=61, 64}} The two Opium Wars (1839–1860) marked the watershed of Protestant Christian missions. The series of treaties signed between the 1842 [[Treaty of Nanjing]] and the 1858 Treaty of Tianjin distinguished Christianity from local religions and granted it protected status.{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|p=43–50}}

In the late 1840s, [[Hong Xiuquan]] read Morrison's Chinese Bible, as well as Liang Afa's evangelistic pamphlet, and announced to his followers that Christianity in fact had been the religion of ancient China before Confucius and his followers drove it out.{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|pp=57, 62}} He formed the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping Movement]], which emerged in South China as a "collusion of the Chinese tradition of millenarian rebellion and Christian messianism", "apocalyptic revolution, Christianity, and 'communist utopianism{{'"}}.{{sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011|pp=38–39}}

After 1860, enforcement of the treaties allowed missionaries to spread their evangelisation efforts outside Treaty Ports. Their presence created cultural and political opposition. Historian [[John K. Fairbank]] observed that "[t]o the scholar-gentry, Christian missionaries were foreign subversives, whose immoral conduct and teaching were backed by gunboats".<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbank |first=John King |title=China: A New History |pages=221–222 |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBDC2cqb6I0C&q=Protestant%20missionaries |edition=2nd |place=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674018280}}.</ref> In the next decades, there were some 800 conflicts between village Christians and non-Christians mostly about non-religious issues, such as land rights or local taxes, but religious conflict often lay behind such cases.{{sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011|pp=38–40}} In the summer of 1900, as foreign powers contemplated the division of China, village youths, known as Boxers, who practiced Chinese martial arts and spiritual practices, attacked and murdered Chinese Christians and foreign missionaries in the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxer Uprising]]. The imperialist powers once again invaded and imposed a substantial [[Boxer Indemnity|indemnity]]. This defeat convinced many among the educated elites that popular religion was an obstacle to China's development as a modern nation, and some turned to Christianity as a spiritual tool to build one.{{sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011|pp=40–41}}

By 1900, there were about 1,400 Catholic priests and nuns in China serving nearly 1 million Catholics. Over 3,000 Protestant missionaries were active among the 250,000 Protestant Christians in China.{{sfnp|Mühlhahn|2019|p=170}} Western medical missionaries established clinics and hospitals, and led medical training in China.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Gerald H. |last=Choa |title='Heal the Sick' was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=1990}}</ref> Missionaries began establishing nurse training schools in the late 1880s, but nursing of sick men by women was rejected by local tradition, so the number of students was small until the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Kaiyi |last=Chen |year=1996 |title=Missionaries and the early development of nursing in China |journal=Nursing History Review |volume=4 |pages=129–149 |doi=10.1891/1062-8061.4.1.129 |pmid=7581277 |s2cid=34206810}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of the Qing dynasty}}
[[File:Xián Fēng Tōng Bǎo (咸豐通寶) 1850–1861 Qing Dynasty cash coin.png|thumb|upright=0.8|A Qing-era copper cash coin]]
[[File:Yantai (Chefoo), Qing Dynasty postage stamp.gif|thumb|upright=0.8|A Qing postage stamp from [[Yantai]]]]

By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the [[Ming dynasty]] were overthrown.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=564, 566}} In the following century, markets continued to expand, but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets and a greatly increased population.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=564}} By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the Americas, including peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice from Southeast Asia led to a huge increase in production. Merchant guilds proliferated in all of the growing Chinese cities and often acquired great social and even political influence. Rich merchants with official connections built up huge fortunes and patronised literature, theater and the arts. Textile and handicraft production boomed.{{sfnp|Murphey|2007|p=151}}

The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=593}} To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the [[corvée]] system with a head tax used to hire laborers.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=593, 595}} The administration of the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] was made more efficient, and transport opened to private merchants.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=598}} A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages, and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=572–573, 599–600}} Wary of the power of wealthy merchants, Qing rulers limited their trading licenses and usually refused them permission to open new mines, except in poor areas.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=606, 609}} These restrictions on domestic resource exploration, as well as on foreign trade, are [[Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance|critiqued by some scholars]] as a cause of the [[Great Divergence]], by which the West overtook China economically.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Xu |first=Suming |script-title=zh:人学史观视阈下的中西大分流——对"为什么江南不是英国"之新思考 |trans-title=The Great Divergence from a humanist perspective: Why was Jiangnan not England?) |title=Tianjin Social Science |volume=6 |year=2005 |url=http://www.jylw.com/guest/wzhtml/27/wz128130.htm |language=zh |ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Bo |title=5000 years of Chinese history |year=2001 |publisher=Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp |language=zh |isbn=978-7-204-04420-7 |last2=Zheng |first2=Yin}}</ref>

During the Ming–Qing period (1368–1911) the biggest development in the Chinese economy was its transition from a command to a market economy, the latter becoming increasingly more pervasive throughout the Qing's rule.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} Between roughly 1550 and 1800, China proper experienced a second commercial revolution, developing naturally from the first commercial revolution during the Song, which saw the emergence of long-distance inter-regional trade of luxury goods. During the second commercial revolution, for the first time, a large percentage of farming households began producing crops for sale in the local and national markets rather than for their own consumption or barter in the traditional economy. Surplus crops were placed onto the national market for sale, integrating farmers into the commercial economy from the ground up. This naturally led to regions specialising in certain cash-crops for export as China's economy became increasingly reliant on inter-regional trade of bulk staple goods such as cotton, grain, beans, vegetable oils, forest products, animal products, and fertiliser.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

===Silver===
[[File:1 dragon dollar Qing dynasty - 1911.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Silver coin]]: 1 yuan/dollar [[Xuantong]] 3rd year – 1911 [[Chop marks on coins|Chopmark]]]]

Silver entered in large quantities from mines in the [[New World]] after the Spanish conquered the Philippines in the 1570s. The re-opening of the southeast coast, which had been closed in the late 17th century, quickly revived trade, which expanded at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=587}} China continued to export tea, silk and manufactures, creating a large, favorable [[trade balance]] with the West.{{sfnp|Murphey|2007|p=151}} The resulting expansion of the money supply supported competitive and stable markets.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=587, 590}} During the mid-Ming China had gradually shifted to silver as the standard currency for large scale transactions and by the late Kangxi period, the assessment and collection of the land tax was done in silver. Landlords began only accepting rent payments in silver rather than in crops themselves, which in turn incentivized farmers to produce crops for sale in local and national markets rather than for their own personal consumption or barter.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} Unlike the copper coins, ''qian'' or cash, used mainly for smaller transactions, silver was not reliably minted into a coin but rather was traded in units of weight: the ''liang'' or ''tael'', which equaled roughly 1.3 ounces of silver. A third-party had to be brought in to assess the weight and purity of the silver, resulting in an extra "meltage fee" added on to the price of transaction. Furthermore, since the "meltage fee" was unregulated it was the source of corruption. The Yongzheng emperor cracked down on the corrupt "meltage fees", legalizing and regulating them so that they could be collected as a tax. From this newly increased public coffer, the Yongzheng emperor increased the salaries of the officials who collected them, further legitimising silver as the standard currency of the Qing economy.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

===Urbanisation and the proliferation of market-towns===
The second commercial revolution also had a profound effect on the dispersion of the Qing populace. Up until the late Ming there existed a stark contrast between the rural countryside and cities because extraction of surplus crops from the countryside was traditionally done by the state. However, as commercialisation expanded in the late-Ming and early-Qing, mid-sized cities began popping up to direct the flow of domestic, commercial trade. Some towns of this nature had such a large volume of trade and merchants flowing through them that they developed into full-fledged market-towns. Some of these more active market-towns even developed into small cities and became home to the new rising merchant class.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} The proliferation of these mid-sized cities was only made possible by advancements in long-distance transportation and communication. As more and more Chinese citizens were travelling the country conducting trade they increasingly found themselves in a far-away place needing a place to stay; in response the market saw the expansion of guild halls to house these merchants.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

Full-fledged trade guilds emerged, which, among other things, issued regulatory codes and price schedules, and provided a place for travelling merchants to stay and conduct their business. Along with the ''huiguan'' trade guilds, guild halls dedicated to more specific professions, ''gongsuo'', began to appear and to control commercial craft or artisanal industries such as carpentry, weaving, banking, and medicine.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} By the nineteenth century guild halls worked to transform urban areas into cosmopolitan, multi-cultural hubs, staged theatre performances open to general public, developed real estate by pooling funds together in the style of a trust, and some even facilitated the development of social services such as maintaining streets, water supply, and sewage facilities.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

===Trade with the West===
{{Continental Asia in 1700 CE}}
[[File:Puankhequa oil painting on a mirror.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Puankhequa]], Chinese merchant and member of a [[Cohong]] family]]

In 1685, the Kangxi emperor legalised private maritime trade along the coast, establishing a series of customs stations in major port cities. The customs station at Guangzhou became by far the most active in foreign trade; by the late Kangxi reign, more than forty mercantile houses specialising in trade with the West had appeared. The Yongzheng emperor made a parent corporation comprising those forty individual houses in 1725 known as the [[Cohong]] system. Firmly established by 1757, the [[Cohong|Canton Cohong]] was an association of thirteen business firms that had been awarded exclusive rights to conduct trade with Western merchants in Canton. Until its abolition after the Opium War in 1842, the Canton Cohong system was the only permitted avenue of Western trade into China, and thus became a booming hub of international trade.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} By the eighteenth century, the most significant export China had was tea. British demand for tea increased exponentially up until they figured out how to grow it for themselves in the hills of northern India in the 1880s. By the end of the eighteenth century, tea exports going through the Canton Cohong system amounted to one-tenth of the revenue from taxes collected from the British and nearly the entire revenue of the British East India Company; in fact, until the early nineteenth century tea comprised ninety percent of exports leaving Canton.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

===Revenue===
The recorded revenues of the central Qing government increased little over the course of the 18th and early 19th century from 36,106,483 taels in 1725 to 43,343,978 taels in 1812 before declining to 38,600,570 taels in 1841, the land tax was the principal source of revenue for the central government with the salt, customs and poll taxes being important secondary sources.{{sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978|p=61}} Following the Opium Wars and the opening of China to foreign trade and the mid-century rebellions, two further important sources of revenue were added: the foreign maritime customs revenue and the ''[[Likin (taxation)|likin]]'' revenue though only 20% of the likin revenue was actually given by the provinces to Hu Pu ([[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|board of revenue]]) in Beijing the rest remaining in provincial hands, the Hu Pu also managed to raise some miscellaneous taxes and increased the rate of the salt tax these measures doubled revenue by the late 19th century, this however was insufficient for the central government which was facing numerous crises and wars during the period and 9 foreign loans amounting to 40mil taels were contracted by the Qing government prior to 1890.{{sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978|pp=61–62}}

It was estimated in the 1850s that wages around the capital of Beijing and the Yangtze delta region for a farmer was between 0.99 and 1.02 taels a month; assuming every day was worked, this would amount to roughly 12 taels a year with over 400,000,000 citizens in 1890 the level of taxation was extremely low.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peng |first=Linan |year=2021 |title=The last guardian of the throne: the regional army in the late Qing dynasty |journal=Journal of Institutional Economics |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=328–329 |doi=10.1017/S1744137420000430 |s2cid=225162563}}</ref>

The financial reorganisation bureau of the dynasty (established in 1909) estimated total revenue to be 292,000,000 taels. H. B. Morse estimated in the early 1900s a total of 284,150,000 taels of which 99,062,000 taels was spent by the Central government, 142,374,000 taels by the provincial governments and the remainder by the local government. In 1911 the Consultative assembly estimated total revenue to be 301,910,297 taels. Included in this figure was over 44,000,000 taels from the Likin of which only 13,000,000 was reported to Beijing.{{sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978|pp=63–66}}

The Qing government during and following the First Sino-Japanese war increasingly took on loans to meet its expenditure requirements a total of 746,220,453 taels of which slightly over 330,000,000 taels was for Railway construction and the repayment to come from the revenues of the railways themselves thus these loans did not burden the central government finances. A relatively small sum of just over 25,500,000 taels was borrowed for industrial projects, over 5,000,000 taels for Telegraph lines with less than 1,000,000 taels for miscellaneous purposes. The remainder was primarily for the costs of the Sino-Japanese war and the indemnity in the Treaty of Shimonoseki amounting to over 382,000,000 taels.{{sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978|pp=63–66}}

Taizu noted that these figures for formal taxation only amounted to half of the total taxation and therefore revenue of the government with these surcharges being levied at a local level by local officials who found the level of taxation far too low to support even basic governance, despite the ability to levy surcharges belonging solely to the central government.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Taizu |last=Zhang |title=The ideological foundations of Qing taxation:Belief systems, Politics, and institutions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1108995955 |pages=46, 69, 99}}</ref>

==Science and technology==
{{Main|History of science and technology in China}}

Chinese scholars, court academies, and local officials carried on late Ming dynasty strengths in [[Chinese astronomy#Astronomy during Ming China|astronomy]], [[Chinese mathematics|mathematics]], and [[Chinese geography|geography]], as well as technologies in [[Chinese ceramics|ceramics]], [[History of metallurgy in China|metallurgy]], [[History of transport in China|water transport]], [[History of printing in East Asia|printing]]. Contrary to stereotypes in some Western writing, 16th and 17th century Qing dynasty officials and literati eagerly explored the technology and science introduced by [[History of science and technology in China#Jesuit activity in China|Jesuit missionaries]]. Manchu leaders employed Jesuits to use cannon and gunpowder to great effect in the conquest of China, and the court sponsored their research in astronomy. The aim of these efforts, however, was to reform and improve inherited science and technology, not to replace it. Scientific knowledge advanced during the Qing, but there was not a change in the way this knowledge was organised or the way scientific evidence was defined or its truth tested. Those who studied the physical universe shared their findings with each other and identified themselves as men of science, but they did not have a separate and independent professional role with its own training and advancement. They were still literati.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|pp=229–238}}

The [[Opium Wars]], however, demonstrated the power of steam engine and military technology that had only recently been put into practice in the West. During the [[Self-Strengthening Movement]] of the 1860s and 1870s Confucian officials in several coastal provinces established an industrial base in military technology. The introduction of [[History of rail transport in China|railroads into China]] raised questions that were more political than technological. A British company built the {{cvt|12|mi|km|order=flip}} Shanghai–Woosung line in 1876, obtaining the land under false pretenses, and it was soon torn up. Court officials feared local public opinion and that railways would help invaders, harm farmlands, and obstruct [[feng shui]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=David |last=Pong |year=1973 |title=Confucian patriotism and the destruction of the Woosung railway, 1877 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=647–676 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00005333 |jstor=311679 |s2cid=202928323}}</ref> To keep development in Chinese hands, the Qing government borrowed 34 billion taels of silver from foreign lenders for railway construction between 1894 and 1911. As late as 1900, only {{cvt|292|mi|km|order=flip}} were in operation. Finally, {{cvt|5200|mi|km|order=flip}} of railway was completed. The British and French after 1905 opened lines to Burma and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jim |last=Harter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESnBiR7vLPQC&pg=PA223 |title=World Railways of the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0801880896 |page=223 |access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref>

Protestant missionaries by the 1830s translated and printed Western science and medical textbooks. The textbooks found homes in the rapidly enlarging network of missionary schools and universities. The textbooks opened learning open possibilities for the small number of Chinese students interested in science, and a very small number interested in technology. After 1900, Japan had a greater role in bringing modern science and technology to Chinese audiences but even then they reached chiefly the children of the rich landowning gentry.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Elman |url=https://archive.org/details/ontheirowntermss00elma |title=On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550–1900 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0674016859 |pages=270–331, 396 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

==Arts and culture==
{{See also|Chinese art#Late imperial China (1368–1912)|Chinese literature#Classical fiction and drama|Classical Chinese poetry#History and development|Qing poetry}}
[[File:Pine, Plum and Cranes.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|''Pine, Plum and Cranes'', 1759, by Shen Quan]]

Under the Qing, inherited forms of art flourished and innovations occurred at many levels and in many types. High levels of literacy, a successful publishing industry, prosperous cities, and the Confucian emphasis on cultivation all fed a lively and creative set of cultural fields.

By the end of the 19th century, national artistic and cultural worlds had begun to come to terms with the cosmopolitan culture of the West and Japan. The decision to stay within old forms or welcome Western models was now a conscious choice. Classically trained Confucian scholars such as [[Liang Qichao]] and [[Wang Guowei]] read widely and broke aesthetic and critical ground later cultivated in the [[New Culture Movement]].

===Fine arts===
[[File:Imperial Yellow Peking Glass Vase.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A [[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]] period [[Peking glass]] vase. Colored in "Imperial Yellow", due to its association with the Qing.]]

The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the ''[[Peiwen Yunfu]]'', a rhyme dictionary published in 1711, and the ''[[Kangxi Dictionary]]'' published in 1716, which remains to this day an authoritative reference. The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history, the ''[[Complete Library of the Four Treasuries]]'', completed in 1782. Court painters made new versions of the Song masterpiece, [[Zhang Zeduan]]'s ''[[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]'', whose depiction of a prosperous and happy realm demonstrated the beneficence of the emperor. The emperors undertook tours of the south and commissioned monumental scrolls to depict the grandeur of the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recording the Grandeur of the Qing|url=http://www.learn.columbia.edu/nanxuntu/start.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220222345/http://learn.columbia.edu/nanxuntu/start.html|archive-date=20 December 2012|access-date=2020-05-17|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Columbia University}} [[Chinese painting]]</ref> Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of [[Chinese ceramics|ceramics]] and [[Chinese export porcelain]]. [[Peking glass]]ware became popular after European glass making processes were introduced by Jesuits to Beijing.<ref>Boda, Yang. ''Study of glass wares from the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911).'' 1983.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nilsson |first=Jan-Erik |title=Chinese Porcelain Glossary: Glass, Chinese (Peking Glass) |url=http://gotheborg.com/glossary/glass.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214071202/https://gotheborg.com/glossary/glass.shtml |archive-date=14 February 2022 |access-date=2017-06-07 |website=gotheborg.com}}</ref> During this period the European trend to imitate Chinese artistic traditions, known as [[chinoiserie]] also gained great popularity in Europe due to the rise in trade with China and the broader current of [[Orientalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beevers |first=David |title=Chinese Whispers: Chinoiserie in Britain, 1650–1930 |publisher=Royal Pavilion & Museums |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-948723-71-1 |location=Brighton |pages=19}}</ref>

[[File:Landscape by Wang Gai 1694.tiff|thumb|upright=0.8|Landscape by Wang Gai, 1694]]

Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. [[Chinese calligraphy|Calligraphy]] and painting<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ch'ing Dynasty – The Art of Asia – Chinese Dynasty Guide |url=http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-ching.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927030515/http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-ching.cfm |archive-date=27 September 2012 |access-date=13 September 2012 |website=www.artsmia.org}}</ref> remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-officials who considered the [[four arts]] part of their cultural identity and social standing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qing Dynasty, Painting |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/qing_1/hd_qing_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920210706/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/qing_1/hd_qing_1.htm |archive-date=20 September 2012 |access-date=13 September 2012 |website=The Met |date=October 2003 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> The painting of the [[Chinese art#Early Qing painting|early years of the dynasty]] included such painters as the orthodox [[Four Wangs]] and the individualists [[Bada Shanren]] and [[Shitao]]. Court painting of the dynasty was also greatly influenced by some Western artists.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://fuqiumeng.com/viewing-room/31-transcultural-dialogues-the-journey-of-east-asian-art/|title = Transcultural Dialogues: The Journey of East Asian Art to The West|publisher = Fu Qiumeng|access-date = 2024-11-25}}</ref> The 19th century saw such innovations as the [[Shanghai School]] and the Lingnan School,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.lingnanart.com/home.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708052240/http://www.lingnanart.com/home.htm |archive-date=8 July 2012 |website=The Lingnan School of Painting}}</ref> which used the technical skills of tradition to set the stage for modern painting.

===Traditional learning and literature===
Traditional learning flourished, especially among Ming loyalists such as [[Dai Zhen]] and [[Gu Yanwu]], but scholars in the school of [[Kaozheng|evidential learning]] made innovations in skeptical textual scholarship. Scholar-bureaucrats, including [[Lin Zexu]] and [[Wei Yuan]], developed a school of [[He Changling|practical statecraft]] which rooted bureaucratic reform and restructuring in classical philosophy.

[[File:Jade book-IMG 4433 4434 4435 4436-white.jpg|thumb|Jade book of the [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] period on display at the [[British Museum]]]]

Philosophy<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Qing Philosophy |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/qing-philosophy/ |access-date=2020-01-18 |last=Ng |first=On-cho |date=2019 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Summer 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616125638/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/qing-philosophy/ |archive-date=16 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Chinese literature|literature]] grew to new heights in the Qing period. [[Qing poetry|Poetry]] continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger numbers and [[:Category:Qing dynasty poets|poets]] came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the [[Ming poetry|poetry of the Ming dynasty]]) for its association with [[Chinese opera]], developmental trends of [[Classical Chinese poetry]], the transition to a greater role for [[Written vernacular Chinese|vernacular language]], and for poetry by [[Women in ancient and imperial China#Qing dynasty|women]]. The Qing dynasty was a period of literary editing and criticism, and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies, such as the ''[[Complete Tang Poems]]'' and the ''[[Three Hundred Tang Poems]]''. Although fiction did not have the prestige of poetry, novels flourished. [[Pu Songling]] brought the short story to a new level in his ''[[Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio]]'', published in the mid-18th century, and [[Shen Fu]] demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in ''[[Six Chapters of a Floating Life]]'', written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877. The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in [[Cao Xueqin]]'s ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]'', but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as [[Wu Jingzi]]'s ''[[The Scholars (novel)|The Scholars]]'' (1750) and [[Li Ruzhen]]'s ''[[Flowers in the Mirror]]'' (1827).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ming and Qing Novels |url=http://www.berkshirepublishing.com/assets_news/china/berkshire_mingdynastysample.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617125545/http://www.berkshirepublishing.com/assets_news/china/berkshire_mingdynastysample.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=13 September 2012 |website=Berkshire Encyclopedia}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[History of Chinese cuisine#History|Cuisine]] embodied cultural pride. The gentleman gourmet, such as [[Yuan Mei#Yuan as a gastronome|Yuan Mei]], applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of [[Chinese tea culture|tea]] at a time when [[Columbian Exchange|New World crops and products]] entered everyday life. Yuan's ''[[Suiyuan Shidan]]'' expounded culinary aesthetics and theory, along with a range of recipes. The [[Manchu–Han Imperial Feast]] originated at the court. Although this banquet was probably never common, it reflected an appreciation of Manchu culinary customs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spence |first=Jonathan |title=Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1977 |editor-last=[[Kwang-chih Chang]] |location=New Haven, CT |pages=260–294 |chapter="Ch'ing"}} Reprinted in {{Cite book |last=Spence |first=Jonathan |title=Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1992 |location=New York}}</ref> New food imports were also implemented into Qing cuisine. [[Sweet potato|Sweet potatoes]] from the [[Philippines]] and white potatoes from [[Peru]] were roasted at street corners and in markets. Other foods such as [[corn on the cob]] and [[Peanut|peanuts]] were also implemented into Qing cuisine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newman |first=Jacqueline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLLEAAAQBAJ&dq=cuisine+in+qing+dynasty&pg=PA23 |title=Food Culture in China |date=2004-08-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-08572-7 |language=en}}</ref>

===Homosexuality===
Initially, many early Qing Dynasty authors explored romantic bonds and intimate relationships between men. Works such as ''The Amorous History of the Peach Flowers' Garden'' (桃花豔史) and ''The Journey of Male Mencius's Mother's Teaching and Three Relocations'' (男孟母教合遷) detailed same-sex sexual encounters with vivid language. However, the moral lessons of these works condemned anal sex as impure and spiritually distracting. On the other hand, late Ming works such as ''[[Bian er chai]]'' remained popular stories that displayed homosexual acts and [[pederasty]] as heroic. Nevertheless, the protagonists follow Confucian doctrine by marrying wives and raising families at the end of the stories.<ref name="HeeSiam">[https://hdl.handle.net/10356/173264 From amorous histories to sexual histories: rethinking male love narrative in Ming and Qing dynasties and the discourse on homosexuality in modern China]. Hee Wai Siam. [[Inter-Asia Cultural Studies]]. Volume 24, Issue 6. 2023. [https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649373.2023.2265684 DOI: 10.1080/14649373.2023.2265684]. p.958-978</ref>

Eventually, sodomy was outlawed in 1740 under the [[Great Qing Legal Code]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Homosexuality|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/44940.htm|website=china.org.cn|publisher=Shanghai Star|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119114502/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/44940.htm|archive-date=November 19, 2003}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2026}} Works such as ''Bian er chai'' were repeatedly banned.<ref name= HeeSiam/> By the late Qing, physical intimacy faced scrutiny for being amoral, as evidenced in the 1849 work ''Precious Mirror of Ranked Flowers'' (品花寶鑒). Portraying the lives of actors in [[Chinese opera|opera]], the protagonist engages in romance with another man without physical contact. In contrast, the antagonists of the story engage in physical sex.<ref name= HeeSiam/>

=== Media ===
The mass media of the Qing Dynasty primarily consists of television, newspapers, radio, and magazines. Since the start of the 21st century, the internet has also emerged as an important form of mass media and is under the direct supervisionof the Qing cabinet government of the People's Republic of China and the ruling Qing Dynasty Party (QDP). Media in China is strictly observed, but is usually not controlled and/or censored unless people do not comply with Chinese laws.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the CCP set up a network of radios to spread news and propaganda starting from its base in Yan'an.<ref name=":3" /> The Yan'an station, which was established in 1941, was strictly reliant on women trained to broadcast and work with radios, with no men employed as broadcasters until 1946.<ref name=":3" /> The programs were transcribed by "radio monitors" who then printed out large fliers and blackboard newspapers to spread throughout rural communities.<ref name=":3" /> The CCP radio system was built upon an already existing network of Nationalist "radio newspapers." When the CCP took over areas with this network, they reused or recreated the equipment and set up to spread their own news and propaganda.<ref name=":3" /> The CCP also used equipment inherited by the Japanese stations after they surrendered in 1945 and left behind many stations and transmitters.<ref name=":3" /> These reused stations, equipment, transmitters, etc., became the foundation of China's national radio station once the People's Republic of China built its own media institutions in 1949.<ref name=":3" />[''page needed'']

In the era of Mao (1949–1976), radio listening was a communal or public activity. Radio was often a collective experience via loudspeakers, work units, villages, and dedicated gathering spaces.<ref name=":7" /> Listening to the radio was often seen as a political obligation in ways because community listening events were organized by local officials or sound-reception officers.<ref name=":7" /> These mass "listening sessions" were extremely popular because radios were not widely available for personal ownership. After radios became more widely produced and cheaper, the general public increasingly shifted to more private and domestic settings for listening to the radio.<ref name=":7" /> After the reform era (post-1978), radio shifted formats to include personal, consumerist, and informational broadcasts rather than strictly political ones.<ref name=":7" /> As of 1997, there were over 100 talk radio stations throughout the Shanghai area.

==Historiography==
{{See also|Legacy of the Qing dynasty}}

The [[Confucianism|Confucian]] concept of the [[dynastic cycle]] was used by traditional [[Chinese historiography]] to organise China's past in terms of consecutive ruling houses that arose and collapsed. The Qing dynasty was the closing chapter of the 2000-year history of Imperial China. [[John King Fairbank]] of [[Harvard University]], a historian who is essentially credited with founding modern Chinese history in the [[United States]], steadfastly maintained a perspective that split the history of China's past half millennium around 1842. All that fell before remained part of "traditional China", and with the [[Western imperialism in Asia|Western "shock"]] of the [[First Opium War]] and the resulting [[Treaty of Nanking]], "modern China" was born. The Qing dynasty was thus bifurcated in this manner. In contemporary China, there is also a similar view for such a division.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=2–3}}

The [[New Qing History]] is a [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] historiographical school that emerged in the mid-1990s and emphasises the particular Manchu character of the dynasty. Earlier historians had emphasised a pattern of Han [[sinicization|sinicisation]] of various conquerors. In the 1980s and early 1990s, American scholars began learning the [[Manchu language]], taking advantage of archival holdings in this and other non-Chinese languages that had long been held in [[Taipei]] and [[Beijing]] but had previously attracted little scholarly attention.{{sfnb|Waley-Cohen|2004|pp=194–197}} This research concluded that the Manchu rulers 'manipulated' their subjects by fostering a sense of Manchu identity, often adopting [[Central Asia]]n models of rule as much as [[Confucianism|Confucian]] ones.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link1=Evelyn Rawski |last=Rawski |first=Evelyn |title=Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=1996 |pages=829–850 |jstor=2646525 |doi=10.2307/2646525 |s2cid=162388379}}</ref> The most prominent feature of the studies has been characterised by a renewed interest in the Manchus and their relationship to China and [[Chinese culture]], as well as that of other non-Han groups ruled by Beijing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dunnell|first=Ruth|title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde|page=3|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134362226}}</ref>

[[William T. Rowe]] of [[Johns Hopkins University]] wrote that the name "China" (中國; 中華) was generally understood to refer to the political realm of the [[Han Chinese]] during the [[Ming dynasty]], and this understanding persisted among the Han Chinese into the early Qing dynasty, and the understanding was also shared by [[Aisin Gioro]] rulers before the [[Ming-Qing transition]]. The Qing dynasty, however, "came to refer to their more expansive empire not only as the Great Qing but also, nearly interchangeably, as China" within a few decades of this development. Instead of the earlier (Ming) idea of an ethnic Han Chinese state, this new Qing China was a "self-consciously multi-ethnic state". Han Chinese scholars had some time to adapt this, but by the 19th century, the notion of China as a [[multinational state]] with new, significantly extended borders had become the standard terminology for Han Chinese writers. Rowe noted that "these were the origins of the China we know today".{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=210–211}}

==See also==
{{Portal|China|History}}
{{Colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Anti-Qing sentiment]]
*[[Mandarin square]]{{snd}}costumes of Qing officials
*[[Foreign relations of imperial China#Early Qing dynasty|Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty]]
*[[Imperial Chinese harem system]]
*[[International relations (1814–1919)]]
*[[Islam during the Qing dynasty]]
*[[List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty]]
*[[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty]]
*[[List of rebellions in China]]
*[[List of recipients of tribute from China]]
*[[List of Chinese monarchs]]
*[[Manchuria under Qing rule]]
*[[Military history of China before 1912]]
*[[Mongolia under Qing rule]]
*[[Chinese emperors family tree (late)#Qing dynasty|Qing emperors' family tree]]
*[[Qing dynasty in Inner Asia]]
*[[Qing official headwear]]
*''[[The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty]]''
*[[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty]]
*[[Taiwan under Qing rule]]
*[[Tibet under Qing rule]]
*[[Timeline of Chinese history]]
*[[Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions]]
*[[Xinjiang under Qing rule]]
{{Colend}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|清朝|Qing Dynasty}}
{{Wiktionary|Qing|Ching|Ch'ing|Cing}}
* Section on the Ming and Qing dynasties of "[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_population.htm China's Population: Readings and Maps]."
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210115051553/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23945 Collection: "Manchu, Qing Dynasty"] from the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]]
* [https://www.vmfa.museum/learn/resources/pre-visit-evans-dlp-qing-dynasty-export-porcelain/ Qing Dynasty resource] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124123357/https://www.vmfa.museum/learn/resources/pre-visit-evans-dlp-qing-dynasty-export-porcelain/ |date=24 November 2020 }} at the [[Virginia Museum of Fine Arts]]

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ming dynasty]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasties in Chinese history]] |years=1644–1912}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Empires}}
{{Former Monarchies}}
{{Qing dynasty topics}}
{{Years in the Qing dynasty}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|39.92|N|116.39|E|type:country|display=title}}

[[Category:1640s establishments in China]]
[[Category:1644 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1912 disestablishments in China]]
[[Category:17th century in China|*02]]
[[Category:18th century in China|*]]
[[Category:19th century in China|*]]
[[Category:20th century in China|*]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Dynasties of China]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of East Asia]]
[[Category:History of Manchuria]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty| ]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1912]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1636]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1644]]

Qing dynasty

2026-09-16T00:28:08Z

UserCraft93: Created page with "{{Short description|Manchu-led dynasty of China (1644–1912)}} {{redirect|Qing}} {{distinguish|text=the Qin dynasty, the first dynasty of imperial China}} {{pp-move}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=August 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Great Qing | life_span = 1636/1644{{efn|name="year"|Sources consider the start year of the Qing dynasty differently, includ..."

{{Short description|Manchu-led dynasty of China (1644–1912)}}
{{redirect|Qing}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Qin dynasty]], the first dynasty of imperial China}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Great Qing
| life_span = 1636/1644{{efn|name="year"|Sources consider the start year of the Qing dynasty differently, including 1644,<ref name="StartYear">"Ritual Music in the Court and Rulership of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)" (p. 136): "[1636] was the start of the Qing dynasty, although historians usually date the Qing dynasty started in 1644 when the Manchus conquered Beijing and north China."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford History of Modern China |first=Jeffrey N. |last=Wasserstrom |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-19-264830-3 |page=ix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Patterns of Modern Chinese History |first=Charles |last=Desnoyers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-994645-7}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=292}} 1636,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China |first=Macabe |last=Keliher |publisher=University of California Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-520-97176-9 |page=ix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Tarikh-i Hamidi: A Late-Qing Uyghur History |first=Eric |last=Schluessel |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-520-97176-9 |page=xv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, and the State in Late Imperial China |first=Johan |last=Elverskog |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8248-6381-4 |page=17}}</ref> and 1616.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A HISTORY OF FINE ARTS ECONOMY OF CHINA |last=Li |first=Xiangmin |publisher=American Academic |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-63181-470-9 |page=282}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Images of Women in Chinese Thought and |first=Robin |last=Wang |publisher=Hackett |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-87220-651-9 |page=285}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Convergence of East-West Poetics |first=Zhanghui |last=Yang |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-04-009828-8 |page=37}}</ref>}}–1912
| era = [[History of Asia#Late modern|Late modern]]
| demonym = [[Chinese people|Chinese]]
| ethnic_groups = {{hlist|[[Han Chinese|Han]]|[[Miao people|Miao]]|[[Manchus]]|[[Mongols]]|[[Tibetans]]|[[Uyghurs]]|''[[Ethnic groups in Chinese history|others]]''}}
| event_pre = [[History of the Qing dynasty#Hong Taiji|Proclaimed]]
| date_pre = 1636
| event_start = [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Ming–Qing transition]]
| year_start = 1644–1662
| event1 = {{nowrap|[[Dzungar–Qing Wars]]}}
| date_event1 = 1687–1758
| event2 = [[Ten Great Campaigns]]
| date_event2 = 1747–1792
| event3 = [[First Opium War]]
| date_event3 = 1839–1842
| event4 = [[Taiping Rebellion]]
| date_event4 = 1850–1864
| event5 = [[Second Opium War]]
| date_event5 = 1856–1860
| event6 = [[Self-Strengthening Movement]]
| date_event6 = 1861–1895
| event7 = [[First Sino-Japanese War]]
| date_event7 = 1894–1895
| event8 = [[Hundred Days' Reform]]
| date_event8 = 1898
| event9 = [[Boxer Rebellion]]
| date_event9 = 1900–1901
| event10 = [[Late Qing reforms]]
| date_event10 = 1901–1911
| event_end = [[Xinhai Revolution]]
| year_end = 1911–1912
| event_post = [[Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor|End of monarchy]]
| date_post = {{nowrap|12 February 1912}}
| p1 = Later Jin (1616–1636){{!}}Later Jin
| p2 = Ming dynasty
| p3 = Dzungar Khanate
| p6 = Kingdom of Tungning
| s1 = Republic of China (1912–1949){{!}}Republic of China
| s2 = Bogd Khanate
| s3 = Uryankhay Republic
| s4 = Tibet (1912–1951){{!}}Tibet
| s5 = Republic of Formosa
| image_flag = Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Qing dynasty|Flag]] (1889–1912)
| flag_border = no
| image_symbol = Seal of Qing dynasty.svg
| symbol_type = Imperial seal
| national_anthem = [[Cup of Solid Gold]] 鞏金甌 ''Gǒngjīn'ōu'' {{center|[[File:Gǒng Jīn'ōu.ogg]]}}
| image_map = Qing dynasty in 1760.svg
| image_map_caption = The Qing dynasty at its greatest extent in 1760, with modern borders shown for the rest of the world. Territory that it claimed but did not control is shown in light green.
| capital = [[Beijing]]
| largest_city = Beijing
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Manchu language|Manchu]]{{sfnp|Söderblom Saarela|2021}}|{{nowrap|[[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Mandarin Chinese]]{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wOPArZVCk-wC&q=official%20language 133–134]}}|[[Classical Mongolian|Mongolian]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=National Palace |date=2022-09-24 |title=The Chengde Summer Resort:A Microcosm of the Qing Empire |url=https://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh111/ChengdeSummerResort/en/page-6-2.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250929060455/https://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh111/ChengdeSummerResort/en/page-6-2.html |archive-date=2025-09-29 |access-date=2026-09-08 |website=theme.npm.edu.tw |language=English}}</ref>}}}}
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty|Emperor]]
| leader1 = [[Chongde Emperor]]
| year_leader1 = 1636–1643 (proclaimed in Shenyang)
| leader2 = [[Shunzhi Emperor]]
| year_leader2 = 1644–1661 (first in Beijing)
| leader3 = [[Xuantong Emperor]]
| year_leader3 = 1908–1912 (last)
| title_representative = [[Regent]]
| representative1 = [[Dorgon]], Prince Rui
| representative2 = {{nowrap|[[Zaifeng]], Prince Chun}}
| year_representative1 = 1643–1650
| year_representative2 = 1908–1911
| deputy1 = {{nowrap|[[Yikuang]], Prince Qing}}
| deputy2 = [[Yuan Shikai]]
| year_deputy1 = 1911
| year_deputy2 = 1911–1912
| title_deputy = [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet|Prime Minister]]
| legislature = {{ubli|[[Deliberative Council]] {{nwr|(1636–1733)}}|[[Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)|Advisory Council]] {{nwr|(1910–1912)}}}}
| stat_year1 = 1700
| stat_area1 = 8800000
| ref_area1 = <ref name="Taagepera1997">{{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |date=September 1997 |title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=500 |doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053 |issn=0020-8833 |jstor=2600793 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-07 |access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref>
| stat_year2 = 1790
| stat_area2 = 14700000
| ref_area2 = <ref name="Taagepera1997" />
| stat_year3 = 1860
| stat_area3 = 13400000
| ref_area3 = <ref name="Taagepera1997" />
| stat_year4 = 1908
| stat_area4 = 11350000
| ref_area4 = <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Jianqiang |last2=Chen |first2=Jiahua |last3=Wang |first3=Yonhzhong |publisher=Ningbo chubanshe |year=2018 |isbn=9787552632859 |page=8 |language=zh |script-title=zh:歷史與時事學法指導 |author-mask=Wang Jianqiang (王堅強); |author-mask2=Chen Jiahua (陳家華); |author-mask3=Wang Yongzhong (王永中)}}</ref>
| population_estimate = 426,000,000<ref name="Broomhall1907" />
| population_estimate_year = 1907
| currency = {{hlist|[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|Cash]]|[[Tael]]|[[Paper money of the Qing dynasty|Paper money]]}}
| module = {{Infobox Chinese
| child = yes
| c = 清朝
| p = Qīngcháo
| tp = Cingcháo
| w = {{tonesup|Chʻing1 chʻao2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|q|ing|1|-|ch|ao|2}}
| bpmf = {{bpmfsp|ㄑㄧㄥ|ㄔㄠˊ}}
| suz = Tshin záu
| y = Chīng Chìuh
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|c|ing|1|-|c|iu|4}}
| j = Cing¹ Ciu⁴
| poj = Chheng tiâu
| tl = Tshing tiâu
| altname = Dynastic name
| poj2 = Tāi-chheng
| tl2 = Tāi-tshing
| p2 = Dà Qīng
| tp2 = Dà Cing
| w2 = {{tonesup|Ta4 Chʻing1}}
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|d|a|4|-|q|ing|1}}
| bpmf2 = {{bpmfsp|ㄉㄚˋ|ㄑㄧㄥ}}
| y2 = Daaih Chīng
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|d|aai|6|-|c|ing|1}}
| j2 = Daai⁶ Cing¹
| mnc = {{unbulleted list|ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ|ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ}}
| mnc_rom =
| mnc_a = Daiqing gurun
| mnc_v = Daicing gurun
| mong = {{unbulleted list|ᠳᠠᠢᠢᠴᠢᠩ|ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}
| mon = Дайчин Улс
| monr = Daiqing ulus
| c2 = 大清
| l2 = Great Qing
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Manchu}}
{{History of China}}
{{History of Manchuria}}

The '''Qing dynasty''' ({{IPAc-en|tʃ|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|CHING}}), officially the '''Great Qing''',{{efn|See [[Names of the Qing dynasty]].}} also known as the '''Qing Empire''' or '''Qing China''', was a [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Dynasties of China|imperial dynasty of China]] and an [[early modern]] empire in [[East Asia]] which existed from 1636/1644 to 1912. The last [[imperial dynasty]] in [[Chinese history]], the Qing dynasty was preceded by the [[Ming dynasty]] and succeeded by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. At the height of its power, the empire stretched from the [[Sea of Japan]] in the east to the [[Pamir Mountains]] in the west, and from the [[Mongolian Plateau]] in the north to the [[South China Sea]] in the south. Originally emerging from the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] founded in 1616 and proclaimed in [[Shenyang]] in 1636, the dynasty seized control of the Ming capital [[Beijing]] and [[North China]] in 1644, traditionally considered the start of the dynasty's rule.{{efn|name="year"}} The dynasty lasted until the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of October 1911 led to the abdication of the last emperor in February 1912. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty [[Legacy of the Qing dynasty|assembled the territorial base for modern China]]. The Qing controlled the most territory of any dynasty in Chinese history, and in 1790 was the [[List of largest empires#Empires at their greatest extent|fourth-largest empire in world history]] to that point. It was also the [[Estimates of historical world population|most populous state]] at the time, with over [[Population history of China|426 million citizens]] in 1907.<ref name="Broomhall1907">{{Cite book |last=Broomhall |first=Marshall |title=The Chinese Empire: A General and Missionary Survey, Volumes 678–679 |publisher=Morgan at Scott |year=1907 |pages=2–3}}</ref>

[[Nurhaci]], leader of the [[Jianzhou Jurchens]] and [[House of Aisin-Gioro]] who was also a [[vassal]] of the Ming dynasty,<ref name="Peterson">The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1, by Willard J. Peterson, p. 29</ref>{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=14–15}} [[Jurchen unification|unified Jurchen clans]] (known later as Manchus) and founded the Later Jin dynasty in 1616, renouncing the Ming overlordship. As the founding [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the Manchu state he established the [[Eight Banners]] military system, and his son [[Hong Taiji]] was declared Emperor of the Great Qing in 1636. As Ming control disintegrated, [[Late Ming peasant rebellions|peasant rebels]] captured Beijing as the short-lived [[Shun dynasty]], but the Ming general [[Wu Sangui]] opened the [[Shanhai Pass]] to the Qing army, which [[Battle of Shanhai Pass|defeated the rebels]], seized the capital, and took over the government in 1644 under the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] and his [[prince regent]]. While the Qing became the new rulers of China, resistance from [[Southern Ming|Ming rump regimes]] and the [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]] delayed the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|complete conquest]] until 1683, which marked the beginning of the [[High Qing era]]. As an emperor of Manchu ethnic origin, the [[Kangxi Emperor]] (1661–1722) consolidated control, relished the role of a [[Confucian]] ruler, patronised [[Buddhism]], encouraged scholarship, population and economic growth.

To maintain prominence over its neighbors, the Qing leveraged and adapted the traditional [[tributary system of China|tributary system]] employed by previous dynasties, enabling their continued predominance in affairs with countries on its periphery like [[Joseon Korea]] and the [[Lê dynasty]] in Vietnam, while [[Qing dynasty in Inner Asia|extending its control]] over [[Inner Asia]]. The Qing dynasty reached its apex during the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (1735–1796), who led the [[Ten Great Campaigns]] of conquest, and personally supervised [[Qianlong Emperor#Cultural achievements|Confucian cultural projects]]. After his death, the dynasty faced internal revolts, economic disruption, official corruption, foreign intrusion, and the reluctance of Confucian elites to change their mindset. As peace and prosperity returned, the population rose to 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, soon leading to a fiscal crisis. Following China's defeat in the [[Opium Wars]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Second French Empire|France]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], and the [[United States]] forced the Qing government to sign [[unequal treaties]], granting them trading privileges, [[extraterritoriality]] and [[treaty ports]] under their control, beginning the [[century of humiliation]]. The [[Taiping Rebellion]] (1850–1864) and the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]] (1862–1877) in western China led to the deaths of over 20 million people, from famine, disease, and war.

The [[Tongzhi Restoration]] in the 1860s brought vigorous reforms and the introduction of foreign military technology in the [[Self-Strengthening Movement]]. Defeat in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–1895) led to loss of [[Suzerainty#Imperial China|suzerainty]] over Korea and [[Treaty of Shimonoseki|cession of Taiwan]] to the [[Empire of Japan]]. The ambitious [[Hundred Days' Reform]] in 1898 proposed fundamental change, but was poorly executed and terminated by the [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] (1835–1908) in the [[Wuxu Coup]]. In 1900, anti-foreign [[Boxers (group)|Boxers]] killed many Chinese Christians and foreign missionaries; in retaliation, the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] invaded China and imposed a [[Boxer Indemnity|punitive indemnity]]. In response, the government initiated unprecedented [[Late Qing reforms|fiscal and administrative reforms]], including elections, a new legal code, and the abolition of the [[imperial examination]] system. [[Sun Yat-sen]] and revolutionaries debated reform officials and constitutional monarchists such as [[Kang Youwei]] and [[Liang Qichao]] over how to transform the Manchu-ruled empire into a modernised Han state. After the deaths of the [[Guangxu Emperor]] and Cixi in 1908, Manchu conservatives at court blocked reforms. The [[Wuchang Uprising]] on 10 October 1911 led to the [[1911 Revolution|Xinhai Revolution]]. The [[abdication]] of the [[Xuantong Emperor]] on 12 February 1912 brought the dynasty to an end.

==Names==
{{Main|Names of the Qing dynasty}}
{{See also|Names of China}}

Hong Taiji proclaimed the ''Great Qing'' dynasty in 1636.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yamamuro |first=Shin'ichi |title=Manchuria Under Japanese Domination |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0812239126 |page=246 |translator-last=Fogel |translator-first=J.A.}}</ref> There are competing explanations as to the meaning of the [[Chinese character]] {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|l=clear, pure|out=p}} in this context. One theory posits a purposeful contrast with the Ming: the character {{zhi|c=明|p=Míng|l=bright|out=p}} is associated with fire within the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Chinese zodiacal system]], while {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|out=p}} is associated with water, illustrating the triumph of the Qing as the conquest of fire by water. The name possibly also possessed Buddhist implications of perspicacity and enlightenment, as well as connection with the bodhisattva [[Manjusri]].{{sfnp|Crossley|1997|pp=212–213}}
Early European writers used the term "Tartar" indiscriminately for all the peoples of Northern Eurasia but in the 17th century Catholic missionary writings established "Tartar" to refer only to the Manchus and "[[Tartary]]" for the lands they ruled—i.e. [[Manchuria]] and the adjacent parts of [[Inner Asia]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dong |first=Shaoxin |title=Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590–1800 |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |isbn=978-9004418929 |editor-last=Weststeijn |editor-first=Thijs |location=Leiden |pages=82–83 |chapter=The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century |access-date=14 March 2021 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508232543/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Woolley |first=Nathan |title=Celestial Empire: Life in China 1644–1911 |pages=107 |year=2016 |publisher=National Library of Australia |isbn=9780642278760}}</ref> as ruled by the Qing before the [[Ming–Qing transition]].

After conquering [[China proper]], the Manchus identified their state as "China", with China being the standard English translation of {{zhi|t=中國|p=Zhōngguó|l=middle kingdom|out=p}} in Chinese and {{tlit|mnc|Dulimbai Gurun}} in Manchu.{{efn|{{tlit|mnc|Dulimbai}} means 'central' or 'middle', {{tlit|mnc|gurun}} means 'nation' or 'state'}} The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including, among other areas, present-day Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Tibet) as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, and rejecting the idea that only Han areas were properly part of "China". The government used "China" and "Qing" interchangeably to refer to their state in official documents,{{sfnp|Zhao|2006|pp=4, 7–10, 12–14 and 24 n. 4}} including the Chinese-language versions of treaties and maps of the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilik |first=Naran |date=2007 |title=Names Have Memories: History, Semantic Identity and Conflict in Mongolian and Chinese Language Use |journal=Inner Asia |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1163/146481707793646629}}</ref> The term 'Chinese people' ({{zhi|t=中國人 |p=Zhōngguórén}}; Manchu: {{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ {{zwj}}ᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ}} {{tlit|mnc|Dulimbai gurun-i niyalma}}) referred to all the Han, Manchu, and Mongol subjects of the Qing Empire.{{sfnp|Zhao|2006|pp=4, 7–10, 12–14}} When the Qing [[Ten Great Campaigns#The Zunghars and pacification of Xinjiang (1755–1759)|conquered Dzungaria in 1759]], it proclaimed within a Manchu-language memorial that the new land had been absorbed into "China".<ref name="Dunnell2004">{{Cite book |last1=Dunnell |first1=Ruth W. |url={{Google books|6qFH-53_VnEC|plainurl=yes}} |title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde |last2=Elliott |first2=Mark C. |last3=Foret |first3=Philippe |last4=Millward |first4=James A. |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1134362226}}</ref>{{rp|77}} The Qing government expounded an ideology that it was bringing the "outer" non-Han peoples—such as various populations of Mongolians, as well as the Tibetans—together with the "inner" Han Chinese into "one family", united within the Qing state. Phraseology like {{zhi|c=中外一家|p=Zhōngwài yījiā|out=p}} and {{zhi|c=內外一家|p=nèiwài yījiā|out=p}}—both translatable as 'home and abroad as one family'—was employed to convey this idea of Qing-mediated trans-cultural unity.<ref name="Dunnell2004" />{{rp|76–77}}

==History==
{{Main|History of the Qing dynasty}}
{{For timeline}}

===Formation===
{{Further|Manchuria under Ming rule|Jurchen unification|Timeline of the Jurchens#17th century}}

The Qing dynasty was founded not by [[Han Chinese]], who constituted a majority of the population, but by [[Manchus]], a sedentary farming people descended from the [[Jurchens]], a [[Tungusic people]] who lived in the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of [[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]].{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|p=220}}

====Nurhaci====
[[File:Minggunbattle.jpg|thumb|Manchu cavalry charging Ming infantry at the 1619 [[Battle of Sarhū]]]]

The early form of the Manchu state was founded by [[Nurhaci]], the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe{{snd}}the Aisin-Gioro{{snd}}in [[Jianzhou Jurchens|Jianzhou]] in the early 17th century. Nurhaci may have spent time in a Han household in his youth, and became fluent in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] languages and read the Chinese novels ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' and ''[[Water Margin]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swope |first=Kenneth M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PA16 |title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1134462094 |edition=Illustrated |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mair |first1=Victor H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agI7CwAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PT159 |title=Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization |last2=Chen |first2=Sanping |last3=Wood |first3=Frances |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2013 |isbn=978-0500771471 |edition=Illustrated}}</ref> As a vassal of the Ming emperors, he officially considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of the Ming dynasty.<ref name="Peterson" /> Nurhaci embarked on an intertribal feud in 1582 that escalated into a campaign to [[Jurchen unification|unify the nearby tribes]]. He also began organizing the [[Eight Banners]] military system which included Manchu, Han, and [[Mongols|Mongol]] elements. By 1616, however, he had sufficiently consolidated Jianzhou so as to be able to proclaim himself [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] in reference to the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|previous Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty]].{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|pp=220–224}}

Two years later, Nurhaci announced the "[[Seven Grievances]]" and openly renounced the sovereignty of Ming overlordship in order to complete the unification of those Jurchen tribes still allied with the Ming emperor. After a series of successful battles, he relocated his capital from [[Hetu Ala]] to successively bigger captured Ming cities in Liaodong: first [[Liaoyang]] in 1621, then [[Mukden]] (Shenyang) in 1625.{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|pp=220–224}} Furthermore, the Khorchin proved a useful ally in the war, lending the Jurchens their expertise as cavalry archers. To guarantee this new alliance, Nurhaci initiated a policy of inter-marriages between the Jurchen and Khorchin nobilities, while those who resisted were met with military action. This is a typical example of Nurhaci's initiatives that eventually became official Qing government policy. During most of the Qing period, the Mongols gave military assistance to the Manchus.<ref>Bernard Hung-Kay Luk, Amir Harrak-Contacts between cultures, Vol. 4, p. 25</ref>

====Hong Taiji====
Nurhaci died in 1626, and was succeeded by his eighth son, [[Hong Taiji]]. Although Hong Taiji was an experienced leader and the commander of two Banners, the Jurchens suffered defeat in 1627, in part due to the Ming's newly acquired [[Hongyipao|Portuguese cannons]]. To redress the technological and numerical disparity, Hong Taiji in 1634 created his own artillery corps, who cast their own cannons in the European design with the help of defector Chinese metallurgists. One of the defining events of Hong Taiji's reign was the official adoption of the name "Manchu" for the united Jurchen people in November 1635. In 1635, the Manchus' Mongol allies were fully incorporated into a separate Banner hierarchy under direct Manchu command. In April 1636, [[Mongol nobility]] of Inner Mongolia, Manchu nobility and the Han [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] recommended that Hong as the khan of Later Jin should be the emperor of the Great Qing.{{sfnp|Rawski|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA177 177]}}<ref>Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Manchu studies in honour of Giovanni Stary By Giovanni Stary, Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Antero Janhunen, Michael Weiers</ref> When he was presented with the [[Imperial Seal of China|imperial seal]] of the [[Yuan dynasty]] after the defeat of the last [[Khagan]] of the Mongols, Hong Taiji renamed his state from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" and elevated his position from Khan to [[Emperor of China|Emperor]], suggesting imperial ambitions beyond unifying the Manchu territories. Hong Taiji then proceeded to [[Second Manchu invasion of Korea|invade Korea]] again in 1636.

[[File:Sura han ni chiha. Currency of the farther East. No.850.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Coins of Hong Taiji in Manchu script]]

Meanwhile, Hong Taiji set up a rudimentary bureaucratic system based on the Ming model. He established six boards or executive level ministries in 1631 to oversee finance, personnel, rites, military, punishments, and public works. However, these administrative organs had very little role initially, and it was not until the eve of completing the conquest ten years later that they fulfilled their government roles.{{sfnp|Li|2002|pp=60–62}}

Hong Taiji staffed his bureaucracy with many Han Chinese, including newly surrendered Ming officials, but ensured Manchu dominance by an ethnic quota for top appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated Han in Liaodong according to how much grain they had. Due to a Han revolt in 1623, Nurhaci turned against them and enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them. He ordered that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally with Jurchens, not like the conquered Han in Liaodong. Hong Taiji recognised the need to attract Han Chinese, explaining to reluctant Manchus why he needed to treat the defecting Ming general [[Hong Chengchou]] leniently.{{sfnp|Li|2002|p=65}} Hong Taiji incorporated Han into the Jurchen polity as citizens obligated to provide military service. By 1648, less than one-sixth of the bannermen were of Manchu ancestry.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=China |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/China |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727034401/https://www.britannica.com/place/China |archive-date=27 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Claiming the Mandate of Heaven===
{{See also|Transition from Ming to Qing}}
[[File:Dorgon, the Prince Rui (17th century).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Dorgon (1612–1650)]]

Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643. As Jurchen leaders were chosen by a council of nobles, there was no clear successor. The leading contenders for power were Hong Taiji's oldest son [[Hooge (prince)|Hooge]] and Hong Taiji's half brother [[Dorgon]]. A compromise installed Hong Taiji's five-year-old son, Fulin, as the [[Shunzhi Emperor]], with Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Manchu nation.

Meanwhile, Ming government officials fought against fiscal collapse, against each other, and against a series of [[Ming dynasty#Rebellion, invasion, collapse|peasant rebellions]]. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and the resulting boy emperor. In April 1644, Beijing was sacked by a contentious rebel coalition led by [[Li Zicheng]], a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived [[Shun dynasty]]. The last Ming ruler, the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], committed suicide when the city fell to the rebels, marking the effective end of the dynasty.

Li Zicheng then led rebel forces numbering some 200,000 to confront Ming general [[Wu Sangui]], stationed at [[Shanhai Pass]] of the [[Great Wall]] to defend the capital against the approaching Manchu-led armies. Wu, to survive, had to ally with one of his adversaries against the other; one was a Han Chinese peasant army twice his size, but he chose the other. Wu may have resented Li Zicheng's attack on officials and the social order; Li had taken Wu's father hostage and it was said that Li took [[Chen Yuanyuan|Wu's concubine]] for himself. On the other hand, the Manchus had adopted a Chinese-style form of government and promised stability. Wu and Dorgon allied to defeat Li Zicheng in the [[Battle of Shanhai Pass]] on 27 May 1644.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=32}}

The newly allied armies captured Beijing on 6 June. The [[Shunzhi Emperor]] was invested as the "[[Son of Heaven]]" on 30 October 1644. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heirs to the Ming, held a formal funeral for the Chongzhen Emperor. However, completing the conquest of [[China proper]] took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists, pretenders and rebels. The last Ming pretender, [[Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui|Prince Gui]], sought refuge with [[Pindale Min]], the king of [[Burma]], but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary army commanded by Wu Sangui, who had him brought back to [[Yunnan]] and executed in early 1662.

The Qing had taken shrewd advantage of Ming civilian government discrimination against the military and encouraged the Ming military to defect by spreading the message that the Manchus valued their skills.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 6]}} Banners made up of Han Chinese who defected before 1644 were classed among the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges. Han defectors swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners so greatly that ethnic Manchus became a minority{{snd}}only 16% in 1648, with Han bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol bannermen making up the rest.{{sfnp|Naquin|Rawski|1987|p=141}} Gunpowder weapons like muskets and artillery were wielded by the Chinese Banners.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}} Normally, Han Chinese defector troops were deployed as the vanguard, while Manchu bannermen were used predominantly for quick strikes with maximum impact, so as to minimise ethnic Manchu losses.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9]}}

This multi-ethnic force conquered Ming China for the Qing.{{sfnp|Rawski|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA175 175]}} The three Liaodong officers who played key roles in the conquest of southern China were Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde, who governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after the conquest.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 7]}} Han bannermen made up the majority of governors during the early Qing, stabilising their rule.{{sfnp|Spence|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1RRslLNSwC&pg=PA41 41]}} To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners, or with the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners. Later in the dynasty the policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC/page/n489 478]}} The Qing's depiction of itself as a [[Chinese empire]] was not hindered by the imperial house's Manchu ethnicity, especially after 1644, when the name "Chinese" was given a multiethnic meaning.<ref>{{cite book|title=Remaking the Chinese Empire: Manchu-Korean Relations, 1616–1911|last=Wang|first=Yuanchong|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2018|isbn=9781501730511|location=Brighton|page=30}}</ref>

[[File:Mongolia in 1636.svg|thumb|Qing and Central Asia in 1636]]

The first seven years of the young Shunzhi Emperor's reign were dominated by Dorgon's regency. Because of his own political insecurity, Dorgon followed Hong Taiji's example by ruling in the name of the emperor at the expense of rival Manchu princes, many of whom he demoted or imprisoned. Dorgon's precedents and example cast a long shadow. First, the Manchus had entered "South of the Wall" because Dorgon had responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal, then, instead of sacking Beijing as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. No major Chinese dynasty had directly taken over its immediate predecessor's capital, but keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country. Dorgon then drastically reduced the influence of the eunuchs and directed Manchu women not to [[Foot binding|bind their feet]] in the Han Chinese style.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=38}}

However, not all of Dorgon's policies were equally popular or as easy to implement. The controversial July 1645 [[Queue Order]] forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]] hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death.{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|pp=646–650}} The popular description of the order was: "To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair."{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=38}} To the Manchus, this policy was a test of loyalty and an aid in distinguishing friend from foe. For the Han Chinese, however, it was a humiliating reminder of Qing authority that challenged traditional Confucian values.{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|p=648|loc=n. 183}} The order triggered strong resistance in [[Jiangnan]].{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|pp=651–680}} In the ensuing unrest, some 100,000 Han were slaughtered.{{sfnp|Faure|2007|p=164}}{{sfnp|Ebrey|1993|p={{page needed|date=October 2010}}}}{{sfnp|Wakeman|1977|p=83}}

[[File:Qing Dynasty 1760.jpg|thumb|Qing expansion and [[Transition from Ming to Qing|conquest of the Ming]]]]

On 31 December 1650, Dorgon died suddenly, marking the start of the Shunzhi Emperor's personal rule. Because the emperor was only 12 years old at that time, most decisions were made on his behalf by his mother, [[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]], who turned out to be a skilled political operator. Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was bestowed the extraordinary posthumous title of Emperor Yi ({{lang|zh|義皇帝}}), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu "prince of the blood" ({{lang|zh|親王}}) was so honoured. Two months into Shunzhi's personal rule, however, Dorgon was not only stripped of his titles, but his corpse was disinterred and mutilated.{{refn|This event was recorded by Italian [[Jesuit]] Martin Martinius in his account ''{{lang|la|Bellum Tartaricum}}'' with original text in Latin, first published in Rome 1654. First English edition, London: John Crook, 1654.}} Dorgon's fall from grace also led to the purge of his family and associates at court. Shunzhi's promising start was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of 24 from [[smallpox]]. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the [[Kangxi Emperor]].

The Manchus sent Han bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian.{{sfnp|Ho|2011|p=135}} The Qing issued a series of edicts, known as the [[Great Clearance]], which removed the population from coastal areas in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This led to a misunderstanding that Manchus were afraid of water. Han bannermen carried out the fighting and killing, casting conquest of the Ming in doubt on the claim that fear of the water led to the coastal evacuation and ban on maritime activities.{{sfnp|Ho|2011|p=198}} Even though a poem refers to the soldiers carrying out massacres in Fujian as "barbarians", both Han [[Green Standard Army]] and Han bannermen were involved and carried out the worst slaughter.{{sfnp|Ho|2011|p=206}} 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories in addition to the 200,000 bannermen.{{sfnp|Ho|2011|p=307}}

===Kangxi Emperor's reign and consolidation===
{{See also|Revolt of the Three Feudatories|High Qing era}}
[[File:Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The [[Kangxi Emperor]] ({{reign|1661|1722}})]]

The 61-year reign of the [[Kangxi Emperor]] was the longest of any emperor in Chinese history, and marked the beginning of the [[High Qing era]], the zenith of the dynasty's social, economic and military power. The early Manchu rulers established two foundations of legitimacy that help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the [[neo-Confucian]] culture that they adopted from earlier dynasties.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=32–33}} Manchu rulers and Han Chinese [[scholar-official]] elites gradually came to terms with each other. The [[Imperial exams#Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|examination system]] offered a path for ethnic Han to become officials. Imperial patronage of the ''[[Kangxi Dictionary]]'' demonstrated respect for Confucian learning, while the [[Sacred Edict]] of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values. His attempts to discourage Chinese women from [[foot binding]], however, were unsuccessful.

The second major source of stability was the [[Inner Asia]]n aspect of their Manchu identity, which allowed them to appeal to the Mongol, Tibetan and Muslim subjects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuzmin |first1=Sergius L. |last2=Dmitriev |first2=Sergey |year=2015 |title=Conquest dynasties of China or foreign empires? The problem of relations between China, Yuan and Qing |url=https://www.academia.edu/25907401 |journal=International Journal of Central Asian Studies |volume=19 |pages=59–92 |access-date=14 November 2017 |via=Academia |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123925/http://www.academia.edu/25907401/Dmitriev_S.V._Kuzmin_S.L._2015._Conquest_dynasties_of_China_or_foreign_empires_The_problem_of_relations_between_China_Yuan_and_Qing |url-status=live }}</ref> Qing emperors adopted different images for these subjects in their multi-ethnic empire. The Qing used the title of Emperor (''Huangdi'' or ''hūwangdi''),<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China|author = Macabe Keliher|publisher = University of California Press|year = 2019|isbn = 9780520971769|page = 3}}</ref> along with [[Son of Heaven]] and ''[[Ejen]]'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Manchu language|Manchu]]. Like [[Kublai Khan]] of the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]] and [[Yongle Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty]], Qing rulers like the [[Qianlong Emperor]] portrayed the image of themselves as [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Buddhist sage rulers]] (wheel-turning kings), patrons of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farquhar |first1=David |year=1978 |title=Emperor As Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Qing Empire |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=5–34 |doi=10.2307/2718931 |jstor=2718931}}</ref> to maintain legitimacy for Tibetan Buddhists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapstein |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1y8qAwAAQBAJ |title=Buddhism Between Tibet and China |publisher=Wisdom |year=2014 |isbn=9780861718061 |page=185}}</ref> Mongol subjects also commonly referred to the Qing ruler as [[Bogda Khan]],<ref>{{Cite book|title = China's Challenges and International Order Transition|author = Huiyun Feng|publisher = University of Michigan Press|year = 2020|isbn = 9780472131761|page = 151}}</ref> while Turkic Muslim subjects (now known as the [[Uyghurs]]) commonly referred to the Qing ruler as [[Khagan#Chinese khagans|Chinese khagan]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/saksaha/13401746.0012.004/--qing-dynasty-and-its-central-asian-neighbors?rgn=main;view=fulltext |title=The Qing Dynasty and Its Central Asian Neighbors |date=2014 |doi=10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0012.004 |access-date=September 17, 2023 |last1=Onuma |first1=Takahiro |journal=Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies |volume=12 |doi-access=free |hdl=2027/spo.13401746.0012.004 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919014753/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/saksaha/13401746.0012.004/--qing-dynasty-and-its-central-asian-neighbors?rgn=main;view=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kangxi's reign began when the young emperor was seven. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's monopolising of power, on his deathbed his father hastily appointed four regents who were not closely related to the imperial family and had no claim to the throne. However, through chance and machination, [[Oboi]], the most junior of the four, gradually achieved such dominance as to be a potential threat. In 1669, Kangxi disarmed and imprisoned Oboi through trickery{{snd}}a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor. The young emperor faced challenges in maintaining control of his kingdom, as well. Three Ming generals singled out for their contributions to the establishment of the dynasty had been granted governorships in southern China. They became increasingly autonomous, leading to the [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]], which lasted for eight years. Kangxi was able to unify his forces for a counterattack led by a new generation of Manchu generals. By 1681, the Qing government had established control over a ravaged southern China, which took several decades to recover.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=48–51}}

[[File:The Emperor at the Kherlen river.jpg|thumb|The Qing army in [[Khalkha]] (1688)]]

To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the [[Dzungars]] in [[Outer Mongolia]]. The Kangxi Emperor expelled [[Galdan]]'s invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. In 1683, Qing forces received the surrender of [[Formosa]] (Taiwan) from [[Zheng Keshuang]], grandson of [[Koxinga]], who had conquered Taiwan from the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] colonists as a base against the Qing. Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi's forces for a series of battles over [[Albazin]], the far eastern outpost of the [[Tsardom of Russia]]. The 1689 [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] was China's first formal treaty with a European power and kept the border peaceful for the better part of two centuries. Galdan was ultimately killed in the [[Dzungar–Qing War]];{{sfnp|Perdue|2005}} after his death, his Tibetan Buddhist followers attempted to control the choice of the next [[Dalai Lama]]. Kangxi dispatched two armies to [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]], the capital of Tibet, and installed a Dalai Lama sympathetic to the Qing.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=62–66}}

===Reigns of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors===
[[File:Budala5.jpg|thumb|The [[Putuo Zongcheng Temple]] in [[Chengde]], built during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor on the model of the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]]]]

The reigns of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] ({{reign|1723|1735}}) and his son, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] ({{reign|1735|1796}}), marked the height of Qing power. However, the historian Jonathan Spence notes that the empire at the end of Qianlong's reign was "like the sun at midday". Despite "many glories", "signs of decay and even collapse were becoming apparent".{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=97, 101}}

After the death of the Kangxi Emperor in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong ({{lang|zh|雍親王}}), became the Yongzheng Emperor. He felt a sense of urgency about the problems that had accumulated in his father's later years.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=72}} In the words of one recent historian, he was "severe, suspicious, and jealous, but extremely capable and resourceful",{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|p=35}} and in the words of another, he turned out to be an "early modern state-maker of the first order".{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=68}} First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and cracked down on unorthodox sects. In 1723, he outlawed Christianity and expelled most Christian missionaries.{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|pp=35–37}} He expanded his father's system of [[Official Communications of the Chinese Empire#Memorials|Palace Memorials]], which brought frank and detailed reports on local conditions directly to the throne without being intercepted by the bureaucracy, and he created a small [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Council]] of personal advisors, which eventually grew into the emperor's de facto cabinet for the rest of the dynasty. He shrewdly filled key positions with Manchu and Han Chinese officials who depended on his patronage. When he began to realise the extent of the financial crisis, Yongzheng rejected his father's lenient approach to local elites and enforced collection of the land tax. The increased revenues were to be used for "money to nourish honesty" among local officials and for local irrigation, schools, roads, and charity. Although these reforms were effective in the north, in the south and lower Yangtze valley there were long-established networks of officials and landowners. Yongzheng dispatched experienced Manchu commissioners to penetrate the thickets of falsified land registers and coded account books, but they were met with tricks, passivity, and even violence. The fiscal crisis persisted.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=80–83}}

[[File:Battle of Oroi-Jalatu.jpg|thumb|Campaign against the [[Dzungar Khanate]] in the [[Dzungar–Qing Wars|Qing conquest of Xinjiang]] (1755–1758)]]

Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the 1727 [[Treaty of Kyakhta]] to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand in dealing with the situation in Mongolia. Yongzheng then turned to that situation, where the Zunghars threatened to re-emerge, and to the southwest, where local [[Miao people|Miao]] chieftains resisted Qing expansion. These campaigns drained the treasury but established the emperor's control of the military and military finance.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=83, 86}}

[[File:LordMacartneyEmbassyToChina1793.jpg|thumb|[[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|Lord Macartney]] saluting the Qianlong Emperor]]

When the Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735, his son Prince Bao ({{lang|zh|寶親王}}) became the Qianlong Emperor. Qianlong personally led the [[Ten Great Campaigns]] to expand military control into present-day [[Xinjiang]] and [[Mongolia]], putting down revolts and uprisings in [[Sichuan]] and southern China while expanding control over Tibet. The Qianlong Emperor launched several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the ''[[Siku Quanshu]]'', the largest collection of books in Chinese history. Nevertheless, Qianlong used the [[literary inquisition]] to silence opposition.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=zh:康乾盛世"的文化專制與文字獄 |url=https://big5.china.com.cn/city/txt/2007-03/08/content_7927803.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105193242/http://big5.china.com.cn/city/txt/2007-03/08/content_7927803.htm |archive-date=5 January 2009 |access-date=2008-12-30 |work=china.com |language=zh}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2026}} Beneath outward prosperity and imperial confidence, the later years of Qianlong's reign were marked by rampant corruption and neglect. [[Heshen]], the emperor's handsome young favorite, took advantage of the emperor's indulgence to become one of the most corrupt officials in the history of the dynasty.<ref>Schoppa, R. Keith. ''Revolution and its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History''. Pearson Hall, 2010, pp. 42–43.</ref> Qianlong's son, the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] ({{reign|1796|1820}}), eventually forced Heshen to commit suicide.

[[File:Xu Yang - Commerce on the water.jpg|thumb|''[[Prosperous Suzhou]]'' (1759) by [[Xu Yang (Qing dynasty)|Xu Yang]]]]

Populations in the first half of the 17th century did not recover from civil wars and epidemics, but the following years of prosperity and stability led to steady growth. The Qianlong Emperor bemoaned the situation by remarking, "The population continues to grow, but the land does not." The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut improved nutrition as well, so that the population during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people. Soon farmers were forced to work ever-smaller holdings more intensely.

In 1796, the [[White Lotus Society]] raised open rebellion, saying "the officials have forced the people to rebel". Others blamed officials in various parts of the country for corruption, failing to keep the famine relief granaries full, poor maintenance of roads and waterworks, and bureaucratic factionalism. There soon followed uprisings of "new sect" Muslims against local Muslim officials, and Miao tribesmen in southwest China. The [[White Lotus Rebellion]] continued until 1804, when badly run, corrupt, and brutal campaigns finally ended it.{{sfnp|Spence|1990|pp=112, 114, 116}}

===Rebellion, unrest, and external pressure===
[[File:Destroying Chinese war junks, by E. Duncan (1843).jpg|thumb|British Steamship destroying Chinese war [[junks]] (E. Duncan; 1843)]]

During the early Qing, China continued to be the hegemonic imperial power in East Asia. Although there was no formal ministry of foreign relations, the [[Lifan Yuan]] was responsible for relations with the Mongols and Tibetans in Inner Asia, while the [[Tributary system of China|tributary system]], a loose set of institutions and customs taken over from the Ming, in theory governed relations with East and Southeast Asian countries. The 1689 [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] stabilised relations with the [[Tsardom of Russia]]. However, during the 18th century, European empires gradually expanded across the world and developed economies predicated on maritime trade, colonial extraction, and technological advances. The dynasty was confronted with [[Westphalian sovereignty|newly developing concepts of the international system]] and state-to-state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in what is now India and Indonesia. The Qing response was to establish the [[Canton System]] in 1756, which restricted maritime trade to [[Guangzhou]] and gave monopoly trading rights to [[Hong (business)|private Chinese merchants]]. This was successful for a time, and the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]] had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments.

In 1793, the British East India Company, with the support of the British government, sent a [[Macartney Mission|diplomatic mission]] to China led by [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|Lord Macartney]] in order to open trade and put relations on a basis of equality. The imperial court viewed trade as of secondary interest, whereas the British saw maritime trade as the key to their economy. The Qianlong Emperor told Macartney "the kings of the myriad nations come by land and sea with all sorts of precious things", and "consequently there is nothing we lack..."{{sfnp|Têng|Fairbank|1979|p=19}}

[[File:Foreign factory site.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|View of the Canton River, showing the [[Thirteen Factories]] in the background (1850–1855)]]

Since China had little demand for European goods, Europe paid in silver for Chinese goods, an imbalance that worried the [[mercantilist]] governments of Britain and France. The [[History of opium in China|growing Chinese demand for opium]] provided the remedy. The British East India Company greatly expanded its production in Bengal. The [[Daoguang Emperor]], concerned both over the outflow of silver and the damage that opium smoking was causing to his subjects, ordered [[Lin Zexu]] to end the opium trade. Lin confiscated the stocks of opium without compensation in 1839, leading Britain to send a military expedition the following year. The [[First Opium War]] revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing [[junks]], was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the [[British Royal Navy]]. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground battles. The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive, humiliating blow. The [[Treaty of Nanjing]], the first of the "[[unequal treaties]]", demanded war reparations, forced China to open up the [[Treaty Ports]] of [[Shamian Island|Canton]], [[Amoy]], [[Fuzhou]], [[Ningbo]] and [[Shanghai]] to Western trade and missionaries, and to cede [[Hong Kong Island]] to Britain. It revealed weaknesses in the Qing government and provoked rebellions against the regime.

The [[Taiping Rebellion]] (1849–1864) was the first major [[anti-Manchu sentiment|anti-Manchu movement]]. Amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine, the rebellion not only posed the most serious threat to Qing rule, but during its 14-year course, between 20 and 30 million people died.{{sfnp|Platt|2012|p=xxii}} The rebellion began under the leadership of [[Hong Xiuquan]] (1814–1864), a disappointed civil service examination candidate who, influenced by reading the [[Old Testament]] in translation, had a series of visions and announced himself to be the son of God, the younger brother of Jesus Christ, sent to reform China.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Taiping Rebellion |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Taiping-Rebellion |access-date=2021-11-07 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713015829/https://www.britannica.com/event/Taiping-Rebellion |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1851, Hong launched an uprising in [[Guizhou]] and established the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] with himself as its king. Within this kingdom, slavery, concubinage, arranged marriage, opium smoking, footbinding, judicial torture, and the worship of idols were all banned. However, success led to internal feuds, defections and corruption. In addition, British and French troops, equipped with modern weapons, had come to the assistance of the Qing army. Nonetheless, it was not until 1864 that Qing forces under [[Zeng Guofan]] succeeded in crushing the revolt. After the outbreak of this rebellion, there were also revolts by the [[Hui people|Muslims]] and [[Miao people]] of China against the Qing, most notably in the [[Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)|Miao Rebellion]] (1854–1873) in [[Guizhou]], the [[Panthay Rebellion]] (1856–1873) in [[Yunnan]], and the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]] (1862–1877) in the northwest.

[[File:Regaining the Provincial Capital of Ruizhou.jpg|thumb|Qing forces defeating Taiping armies]]

The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raised and equipped to fight the rebels. In 1854, Britain tried to re-negotiate the Treaty of Nanjing, inserting clauses allowing British commercial access to Chinese rivers and the creation of a permanent British embassy at Beijing.

[[File:Prince Gong.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Prince Gong|Yixin, Prince Gong]]]]

In 1856, Qing authorities, in searching for a pirate, boarded a ship, the ''Arrow'', which the British claimed had been flying the British flag, an incident which led to the [[Second Opium War]]. In 1858, facing no other options, the [[Xianfeng Emperor]] agreed to the [[Treaty of Tientsin]], which contained clauses deeply insulting to the Chinese, such as a demand that all official Chinese documents be written in English and a proviso granting British warships unlimited access to all navigable Chinese rivers.

Ratification of the treaty in the following year led to a resumption of hostilities. In 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the [[Chengde Mountain Resort|imperial hunting lodge at Rehe]]. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted and burned the [[Old Summer Palace]] and, in an act of revenge for the arrest, torture, and execution of the English diplomatic mission.{{sfnp|Hevia|2003}} [[Prince Gong]], a younger half-brother of the emperor, who had been left as his brother's proxy in the capital, was forced to sign the [[Convention of Beijing]]. The humiliated emperor died the following year at Rehe.

===Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms===
Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor in 1861, and the accession of the 5-year-old [[Tongzhi Emperor]], the Qing rallied. In the [[Tongzhi Restoration]], Han Chinese officials such as [[Zuo Zongtang]] stood behind the Manchus and organised provincial troops. [[Zeng Guofan]], in alliance with Prince Gong, sponsored the rise of younger officials such as [[Li Hongzhang]], who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the [[Self-Strengthening Movement]], which adopted Western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values.Their institutional reforms included China's first unified ministry of foreign affairs in the [[Zongli Yamen]], allowing foreign diplomats to reside in the capital, the establishment of the [[Imperial Maritime Customs Service]], the institution of modern navy and army forces including the [[Beiyang Army]], and the purchase of armament factories from the Europeans.{{sfnp|Wright|1969|pp=196–221}}

The dynasty gradually lost control of its peripheral territories. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the [[Russian Empire]] took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the 1870 [[Tianjin Massacre]], which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the [[Cochinchina Campaign]] in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The [[Sino-French War]] began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A [[Keelung Campaign|French invasion of Taiwan was halted]] and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the [[Battle of Bang Bo]]. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the [[Treaty of Tientsin (1885)|Treaty of Tientsin]] and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam.{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|pp=328–330}} Some Russian and Chinese [[Gold mining|gold miners]] also established a short-lived [[proto-state]] known as the [[Zheltuga Republic]] (1883–1886) in the [[Amur River]] basin, which was however soon crushed by the Qing forces.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gamsa |first=Mark |date=2003 |title=California on the Amur, or the 'Zheltuga Republic' in Manchuria (1883-86) |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=236–266 |doi=10.1353/see.2003.0140 |issn=0037-6795 |jstor=4213684}}</ref>

In 1884, Qing China obtained concessions in [[Korea]], such as the [[Chinese concession of Incheon]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuchs |first=Eckhardt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA97 |title=A New Modern History of East Asia |publisher=V&R |year=2017 |isbn=9783737007085 |page=97}}</ref> but the pro-Japanese Koreans in [[Seoul]] led the [[Gapsin Coup]]. Tensions between China and Japan rose after China intervened to suppress the uprising. The Japanese prime minister [[Itō Hirobumi]] and Li Hongzhang signed the [[Convention of Tientsin]], an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously, but the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] of 1895 was a military humiliation. The [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] recognised Korean independence and ceded Taiwan and the [[Pescadores]] to Japan. The terms might have been harsher, but when a Japanese citizen attacked and wounded Li Hongzhang, an international outcry shamed the Japanese into revising them. The original agreement stipulated the cession of [[Liaodong Peninsula]] to Japan, but Russia, with its own designs on the territory, along with Germany and France, in the [[Triple Intervention]], successfully put pressure on the Japanese to abandon the peninsula.
[[File:Empress-Dowager-Cixi1.jpg|thumb|upright|Oil painting of Empress Dowager Cixi by [[Hubert Vos]] ({{circa|1905|lk=no}})]]

These years saw the participation of [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] in state affairs. Cixi initially entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor, and became the mother of the future Tongzhi Emperor. Following his accession at the age of five, Cixi, Xianfeng's widow [[Empress Dowager Ci'an]], and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged [[Xinyou Coup|a coup]] that ousted several of the Tongzhi Emperor's regents. Between 1861 and 1873, Cixi and Ci'an served as regents together; following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the [[Guangxu Emperor]], took the throne in violation of the custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. Ci'an suddenly died in the spring of 1881, leaving Cixi as sole regent.{{sfnp|Crossley|2010|p=117}}

From 1889, when Guangxu began to rule in his own right, until 1898, the Empress Dowager lived in semi-retirement, spending the majority of the year at the [[Summer Palace]]. In 1897, two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in southern [[Shandong province]] (the [[Juye Incident]]). Germany used the murders as a pretext for a naval occupation of [[Jiaozhou Bay]]. The occupation prompted a [[Scramble for China]] in 1898, which included the [[Kiautschou Bay concession|German lease of Jiaozhou Bay]], the [[Kwantung Leased Territory|Russian lease of Liaodong]], the [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|British lease of the New Territories of Hong Kong]], and the [[Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan|French lease of Guangzhouwan]].

[[File:China imperialism cartoon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[French Third Republic|France]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] dividing China]]

In the wake of these external defeats, the Guangxu Emperor initiated the [[Hundred Days' Reform]] in 1898. Newer, more radical advisers such as [[Kang Youwei]] were given positions of influence. The emperor issued a series of edicts and plans were made to reorganise the bureaucracy, restructure the school system, and appoint new officials. Opposition from the bureaucracy was immediate and intense. Although she had been involved in the initial reforms, the Empress Dowager [[Wuxu Coup|stepped in to call them off]], arrested and executed several reformers, and took over day-to-day control of policy. Yet many of the plans stayed in place, and the goals of reform were implanted.{{sfnp|Reynolds|1993|pp=35–36}}

[[File:Within historic grounds of the Forbidden City in Pekin, China, on November 28 celebrated the victory of the Allies., ca. - NARA - 532582.jpg|thumb|The foreign armies of the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] celebrating their victory in the [[Battle of Peking (1900)|Battle of Peking]], within the walls of the [[Forbidden City]] on 28 November 1900]]

Drought in North China, combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government, created background conditions for the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxers]]. In 1900, local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered foreign missionaries and large numbers of Chinese Christians, then converged on Beijing to besiege the Foreign Legation Quarter. A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies (the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]]) then entered China without diplomatic notice, much less permission. Cixi declared war on all of these nations, only to lose control of Beijing after a short, but hard-fought campaign. She fled to [[Xi'an]]. The victorious allies then enforced their demands on the Qing government, including compensation for their expenses in invading China and execution of complicit officials, via the [[Boxer Protocol]].{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=223–225}}

===Reform, revolution, and collapse===
[[File:YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Yuan Shikai]]]]The defeat by Japan in 1895 created a sense of crisis which the failure of the 1898 reforms and the disasters of 1900 only exacerbated. Cixi in 1901 moved to mollify the foreign community, called for reform proposals, and initiated the [[Late Qing reforms]]. Over the next few years the reforms included the restructuring of the national education, judicial, and fiscal systems, the most dramatic of which was the abolition of the imperial examination system in 1905.{{sfnp|Reynolds|1993|pp=5–11}} The court directed [[Preparative Constitutionalism|a constitution to be drafted]], and [[1909 Chinese provincial elections|provincial elections]] were held, the first in China's history.{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|pp=412–416}} Sun Yat-sen and revolutionaries debated reform officials and constitutional monarchists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao over how to transform the Manchu-ruled empire into a modernised Han Chinese state.{{sfnp|Rhoads|2000|p=121 ff}}

[[File:2ndPrinceChun1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Zaifeng, Prince Chun]]]]

The Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908, and Cixi died the following day. [[Puyi]], the oldest son of [[Zaifeng, Prince Chun]], and nephew to the childless Guangxu Emperor, was appointed successor at the age of two, leaving Zaifeng with the regency. Zaifeng forced Yuan Shikai to resign. The Qing dynasty became a [[constitutional monarchy]] on 8 May 1911, when Zaifeng created a "responsible cabinet" led by [[Yikuang]], Prince Qing. However, it became known as the "[[Cabinet of Prince Qing|royal cabinet]]", as five of its thirteen members, were part of or related to the royal family.<ref>Chien-nung Li, Jiannong Li, Ssŭ-yü Têng, "The political history of China, 1840–1928", p. 234</ref>

The [[Wuchang Uprising]] on 10 October 1911 set off a series of uprisings. By November, 14 of the 22 provinces had rejected Qing rule. This led to the creation of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], in [[Nanjing]] on 1 January 1912, with [[Sun Yat-sen]] as its provisional head. Seeing a desperate situation, the Qing court brought Yuan Shikai back to power. His [[Beiyang Army]] crushed the revolutionaries in Wuhan at the [[Battle of Yangxia]]. After taking the position of [[Chancellor (China)|Prime Minister]] he created [[Cabinet of Yuan Shikai|his own cabinet]], with the support of [[Empress Dowager Longyu]]. However, Yuan Shikai decided to cooperate with Sun Yat-sen's revolutionaries to overthrow the Qing dynasty.
[[File:Pitched battle between the imperial and revolutionary army Wellcome L0040013.jpg|thumb|A pitched battle between the imperial and revolutionary armies in 1911]]

On 12 February 1912, Longyu issued the [[Puyi#Abdication|abdication]] of the child emperor Puyi, leading to the fall of the Qing dynasty under the pressure of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang army despite objections from [[Royalist Party|conservatives]] and royalist reformers.{{sfnp|Billingsley|1988|pp=56–59}} This brought an end to over 2,000 years imperial governance in China, and began a period of instability. In July 1917, there was an [[Manchu Restoration|abortive attempt]] to restore the Qing led by [[Zhang Xun]]. Puyi was [[Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication|allowed to live]] in the Forbidden City after his abdication until 1924, when he moved to the [[Foreign concessions in Tianjin#Japanese concession (1898–1945)|Japanese concession in Tianjin]]. The Empire of Japan [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|invaded Northeast China]] and founded [[Manchukuo]] there in 1932, with Puyi as its [[Emperor of Manchukuo|emperor]]. After the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invasion of Northeast China]] to fight Japan by the [[Soviet Union]], Manchukuo fell in 1945.

==Government==
{{Main|Government of the Qing dynasty}}
{{See also|List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty}}
[[File:Qing Dynasty Mandarin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A Qing dynasty mandarin]]

The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the Ming, but split rule between Han and Manchus, with some positions also given to [[Mongols]].{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=39}} Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the [[imperial examination system]], until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner, or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.{{sfnp|Jackson|Hugus|1999|pp=134–135}}

While the Qing dynasty tried to maintain the traditional [[tributary system of China]], by the 19th century Qing China had become part of a European-style community of [[sovereign state]]s{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=211}} and established official [[diplomatic relations]] with [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty|more than twenty countries around the world]] before its downfall, and since the 1870s it established [[legation]]s and [[consulate]]s.

===Central government agencies===
The formal structure of the Qing government centred on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries{{efn|{{lang-zh|c=六部|p=lìubù|links=no}}}}), each headed by two presidents{{efn|{{zhi|first=t|t=尚書|s=尚书|p=shàngshū}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ}} |v=aliha amban|a=aliha amban}}}} and assisted by four vice presidents.{{efn|{{zhi|p=shìláng|c=侍郎}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ}} |v=ashan i amban|a=ashan-i amban}}}} In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the [[Imperial examination|state examinations]]. The [[Grand Secretariat]],{{efn|{{zhi|first=t|p=nèigé|t=內閣|s=内阁}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ}} |v=dorgi yamun|a=dorgi yamun}}}} which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial [[Chancery (medieval office)|chancery]]. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming formed the core of the Qing "[[Outer Court]]", which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the [[Forbidden City]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhu |first=Jianfei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zk8IeVWD210C&dq=%22qing%22+%22outer+court%22&pg=PA133 |title=Chinese Spatial Strategies: Imperial Beijing, 1420–1911 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-36620-0 |page=133}}</ref>
[[File:The emperor of China from 'The Universal Traveller'.jpg|thumb|upright|''The emperor of China from The Universal Traveller'']]

In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "[[Inner Court]]", which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Council]].{{efn|{{zhi|first=t|p=jūnjī chù|t=軍機處|s=军机处}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠴᠣᡠ᠋ᡥᠠᡳ ᠨᠠᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡳ ᠪᠠ}} |v=coohai nashūn i ba|a=qouhai nashvn-i ba}}}} It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but soon took over other military and administrative duties, centralising authority under the crown.{{sfnp|Bartlett|1991}} The Grand Councillors{{efn|{{lang-zh|first=t|p=jūnjī dàchén|t=軍機大臣|s=军机大臣|links=no}}}} served as a sort of [[privy council]] to the emperor.
[[File:Qing Dynasty-2000 wen-1859.jpg|thumb|upright|2000–[[Chinese cash (currency)|cash]] [[Great Qing Treasure Note]] banknote from 1859]]

From the early Qing, the central government was characterised by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Rise of the Manchus |url=https://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/imperial3.html#regain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218120420/http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/imperial3.html#regain |archive-date=18 December 2008 |access-date=2008-10-19 |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> While the Qing government was established as an [[absolute monarchy]] like previous dynasties in China, by the early 20th century however the Qing court began to move towards a [[constitutional monarchy]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Albert H. Y. |last=Chen |title=The Changing Legal Orders in Hong Kong and Mainland China |publisher=City University of Hong Kong Press |year=2021 |isbn=9789629374501 |page=372}}</ref> with government bodies like the [[Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)|Advisory Council]] established and a [[1909 Chinese parliamentary election|parliamentary election]] to [[Preparative Constitutionalism|prepare for a constitutional government]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=David |last=Atwill |title=Sources in Chinese History: Diverse Perspectives from 1644 to the Present |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=9780429560347 |page=272}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Jianlang |author-mask=Wang Jianlang (王建朗) |script-title=zh:两岸新编中国近代史．晚清卷 |publisher=Shehui kexuewen xianchubanshe |year=2016 |page=530 |language=zh}}</ref>

There was also another government institution called [[Imperial Household Department]] which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] and the accession of his son, the [[Kangxi Emperor]].{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|p=179}} The department's original purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the imperial family and the activities of the [[Forbidden City#Inner Court or the Northern Section|inner palace]] (in which tasks it largely replaced [[Chinese eunuch|eunuchs]]), but it also played an important role in Qing relations with [[History of Tibet#Khoshuts, Zunghars, and Manchus|Tibet]] and [[Mongolia during Qing rule|Mongolia]], engaged in trading activities (jade, [[ginseng]], salt, furs, etc.), managed textile factories in the [[Jiangnan]] region, and even published books.{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|pp=179–180}} [[Salt in Chinese History#Prosperity, culture, corruption, reform in the Qing dynasty|Relations with the Salt Superintendents and salt merchants]], such as those at Yangzhou, were particularly lucrative, especially since they were direct, and did not go through absorptive layers of bureaucracy. The department was manned by ''[[Booi Aha|booi]]'',{{efn|{{lang-zh|p=bāoyī|c=包衣|links=no}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠪᠣᡠ᠋ᡳ}} |v=booi|a=boui}}}} or "bondservants", from the Upper Three [[Eight Banners|Banners]].{{sfnp|Torbert|1977|p=27}} By the 19th century, it managed the activities of at least 56 subagencies.{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|p=179}}{{sfnp|Torbert|1977|p=28}}

===Military===
{{Main|Military of the Qing dynasty}}
[[File:Great Rear Attack by Our Second Army at Weihaiwei.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Japanese troops defeat Qing forces in Korea 1895.]]

The Qing dynasty was established by conquest and maintained by armed force. The founding emperors personally organised and led the armies, and the continued cultural and political legitimacy of the dynasty depended on the ability to defend the country from invasion and expand its territory. Therefore, military institutions, leadership, and finance were fundamental to the dynasty's initial success and ultimate decay. The early military system centred on the [[Eight Banners]], a hybrid institution that also played social, economic, and political roles.{{sfn|Elliott|2001|p=40}} The Banner system was developed on an informal basis as early as 1601, and formally established in 1615 by [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] leader [[Nurhaci]] (1559–1626), the retrospectively recognised founder of the Qing. His son [[Hong Taiji]] (1592–1643), who renamed the Jurchens "[[Manchu people|Manchus]]," created eight Mongol banners to mirror the Manchu ones and eight "Han-martial" ({{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t={{linktext|??}}|p=Hànjun|labels=no}}) banners manned by Chinese who surrendered to the Qing before the full-fledged [[Qing conquest of Ming|conquest of China proper]] began in 1644. After 1644, the Ming Chinese troops that surrendered to the Qing were integrated into the [[Green Standard Army]], a corps that eventually outnumbered the Banners by three to one.

The use of gunpowder during the [[High Qing]] can compete with the three [[gunpowder empires]] in western Asia.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false Millward 2007], p. 95.</ref> Manchu imperial princes led the Banners in defeating the Ming armies, but after lasting peace was established starting in 1683, both the Banners and the Green Standard Armies started to lose their efficiency. Garrisoned in cities, soldiers had few occasions to drill. The Qing nonetheless used superior armament and logistics to expand deeply into Central Asia, defeat the [[Dzungar people|Dzungar Mongols]] in 1759, and complete their conquest of [[Xinjiang]]. Despite the dynasty's pride in the [[Ten Great Campaigns]] of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), the Qing armies became largely ineffective by the end of the 18th century. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped [[White Lotus Rebellion]] (1795–1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Han Chinese elites. The [[Taiping Rebellion]] (1850–1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of Beijing in 1853. The Qing court was forced to let its Han Chinese [[Zongdu|governors-general]], first led by [[Zeng Guofan]], raise regional armies. This new type of army and leadership defeated the rebels but signaled the end of Manchu dominance of the military establishment.[[File:Qing new army 1905.jpg|thumb|The [[New Army]]]]

The military technology of the European [[Industrial Revolution]] made China's armament and military rapidly obsolete. In 1860 British and French forces in the [[Second Opium War]] captured Beijing and sacked the [[Old Summer Palace|Summer Palace]]. The shaken court attempted to modernise its military and industrial institutions by buying European technology. This [[Self-Strengthening Movement]] established [[shipyard]]s (notably the [[Jiangnan Shipyard#Kiangnan Arsenal|Jiangnan Arsenal]] and the [[Foochow Arsenal]]) and bought modern guns and battleships in Europe. The Qing navy became the largest in East Asia. But organisation and logistics were inadequate, officer training was deficient, and corruption widespread. The [[Beiyang Fleet]] was virtually destroyed and the modernised ground forces defeated in the 1895 [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. The Qing created a [[New Army]], but could not prevent the [[Eight Nation Alliance]] from invading China to put down the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxer Uprising]] in 1900. The [[Wuchang Uprising|revolt]] of a New Army corps in 1911 led to the [[Xinhai Revolution|fall of the dynasty]].

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty}}
{{Further|Administration of territory in dynastic China#Qing dynasty (1644–1912)}}
[[File:China Proper Map William Mackenzie c1866.png|thumb|The Eighteen Provinces of [[China proper]] in 1875]]
[[File:Empire Chinois, Japon (1832).jpg|thumb|Qing China in 1832]]
[[File:Qing Dynasty 1820.png|thumb|Qing territory {{circa|1820}}, with provinces in yellow, military governorates and protectorates in light yellow, tributary states in orange]]

The Qing reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day [[Northeast China]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Outer Mongolia]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet]], at approximately {{cvt|13000000|sqkm}} in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all in China proper, but this number was later increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces. [[Taiwan]], originally part of [[Fujian]], became a province of its own in the 19th century,<ref>Davidson, James W. (1903). ''The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions''. London and New York: Macmillan. {{OL|6931635M}}. pp. 247, 620.</ref> but was ceded to Japan following the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1895.<ref>"Treaty of Peace between China and Japan (Treaty of Shimonoseki)". Ch'ing Dynasty Treaties and Agreements Preserved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). National Palace Museum. 17 April 1895. 中國將管理下開地方之權並將該地方所有堡壘軍器工廠及一切屬公物件永遠讓於日本...台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿...澎湖列岛 [China shall yield to Japan in perpetuity the rights to administer the following regions as well as all fortresses, munition factories, and public properties thereof ... the entire island of Taiwan and all appertaining islands ... Penghu archipelago]</ref>

===Territorial administration===
The Qing organisation of [[Province (China)|provinces]] was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, [[Huguang]] into Hubei and Hunan provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-14 |title=Political System |url=https://qinghistorysg.com/political-system/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=新加坡清史研究学会 |language=zh |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331083233/https://qinghistorysg.com/political-system/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and [[censorate]], or surveillance. Each province was administered by a [[Provincial governor of Imperial China|governor]] and a [[provincial military commander]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich |date=July 3, 2013 |title=xunfu 巡撫 (www.chinaknowledge.de) |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/xunfu.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=China Knowledge |language=en}}</ref> Below the province were [[Prefecture (China)|prefectures]] operating under a prefect, followed by [[Zhou (country subdivision)|subprefectures]] under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the [[Counties of the People's Republic of China#History|county]], overseen by a [[county magistrate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Kent |title=Qing Governors and Their Provinces |date=August 3, 2015 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295997506 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> The eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of [[Viceroy (China)|viceroy]] was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The [[Viceroy of Zhili]], who was responsible for the area surrounding Beijing, is usually considered as the most honourable and powerful viceroy among the eight.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fu |first1=Chonglan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjulDwAAQBAJ&q=Regional+viceroys+in+Qing+dynasty |title=Introduction to the Urban History of China |last2=Cao |first2=Wenming |date=2019-07-25 |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-13-8207-9 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref>

By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions under its control. [[Amban|Imperial commissioners]] and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26gwDwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955 |date=2009-04-13 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25995-9 |pages=XXIII |language=en}}</ref> These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called [[Lifan Yuan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dunnell |first1=Ruth W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC |title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde |last2=Elliott |first2=Mark C. |last3=Foret |first3=Philippe |last4=Millward |first4=James A. |date=2004-07-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-36222-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Qinghai]] was also put under direct control of the Qing court. Xinjiang, also known as Chinese Turkestan, was subdivided into the regions north and south of the [[Tian Shan]] mountains, also known today as [[Dzungaria]] and [[Tarim Basin]] respectively, but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yao |first=Wang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gR5dEAAAQBAJ |title=The Story of Xinjiang Revealed through Old Maps (1759–1912) |date=2021-08-18 |publisher=Bridge 21 Publications |isbn=978-1-62643-078-5 |language=en}}</ref> Dzungaria was fully opened to Han migration by the Qianlong Emperor from the beginning. Han migrants were at first forbidden from permanently settling in the Tarim Basin but were the ban was lifted after the invasion by [[Jahangir Khoja]] in the 1820s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wai |first=Hung Tak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IhEQAAQBAJ |title=Redefining Heresy and Tolerance: Governance of Muslims and Christians in the Qing Empire before 1864 |date=2024-08-21 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-988-8842-83-4 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010000626/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IhEQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, [[Manchuria]] was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces, though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the [[Russian Empire]] in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vasilyev |first1=Dmitry V. |last2=Валентинович |first2=Васильев Дмитрий |last3=Asanova |first3=Svetlana A. |last4=Алексеевна |first4=Асанова Светлана |date=2023-03-15 |title=Shelter for the Afflicted: Migration from Xinjiang to Russia in the 1860s-1880s |journal=RUDN Journal of Russian History |language=ru |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=34–46 |doi=10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-1-34-46 |issn=2312-8690|doi-access=free }}</ref> Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner [[Willow Palisade]], a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese, as the area was off-limits to civilian Han Chinese until the government started colonising the area, especially since the 1860s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Janhunen |first=Juha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ |title=Manchuria: An Ethnic History |date=1996 |publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society |isbn=978-951-9403-84-7 |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref>

With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During the [[Great Game]], taking advantage of the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan revolt]] in northwest China, [[Yakub Beg of Yettishar|Yakub Beg]] invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire, and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of [[Kashgar]]ia. The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang. The [[Kumul Khanate]], which was incorporated into the Qing dynasty as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the [[Xinhai Revolution]] up until 1930.{{sfnp|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190 190]}} In the early 20th century, Britain sent [[British Expedition to Tibet|an expedition force]] to [[Tibet]] and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty. The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet,<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 1906 |title=<untitled> |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/01/19/101830147.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326005354/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/01/19/101830147.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2020 |access-date=13 June 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China. The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet |year=1906}}</ref> The Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the "[[Northeast China|Three Northeast Provinces]]", and established the post of [[Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces]] to oversee these provinces.

==Society==

===Population growth and mobility===
The population grew in numbers, density, and mobility. The population in 1700 was roughly 150 million, about what it had been a century before, then doubled over the next century, and reached a height of 450 million on the eve of the Taiping Rebellion in 1850.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=91}} The spread of New World crops, such as maize, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and potatoes decreased the number of deaths from malnutrition. Diseases such as [[smallpox]] were brought under control by an increase in inoculations. In addition, infant deaths were decreased due to campaigns against [[infanticide]] and improvements in birthing techniques performed by doctors and midwives and an increase in medical books available to the public.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=91–92}} European population growth in this period was greatest in the cities, but in China there was only slow growth in cities and the lower Yangzi. The greatest growth was in the borderlands and the highlands, where farmers moved to take advantage of large tracts of marshlands and forests.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=92}}

The population was remarkably mobile, perhaps more so than at any time in Chinese history. Millions of Han Chinese migrated to [[Yunnan]] and Guizhou in the 18th century, and also to Taiwan. After the conquests of the 1750s and 1760s, the court organised agricultural colonies in Xinjiang. This mobility also included the privately organised movement of Qing subjects overseas, largely to Southeast Asia, to pursue trade and other economic opportunities.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=92}}

Manchuria, however, was formally closed to Han settlement by the [[Willow Palisade]], with the exception of some bannermen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edmonds |first=Richard L. |year=1979 |title=The Willow Palisade |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=599–621 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01285.x |issn=0004-5608 |jstor=2563132}}</ref> Nonetheless, by 1780, Han Chinese had become 80% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ5KbXYhEB8C&pg=PA141 |title=The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World |year=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-23075-0 |pages=141, 144}}</ref> The relatively sparse population made the territory vulnerable to Russian annexation. In response, the Qing officials proposed in 1860 to open parts of Guandong to Chinese civilian farmer settlers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Robert H. G. |url=http://archive.org/details/manchurianfronti0000leer |title=The Manchurian frontier in Chʼing history |year=1970 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-54775-9 |location=Cambridge, MA |page=103}}</ref> Late 19th century Manchuria was opened up to Han settlers, resulting in more extensive migration.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=China's narrative of Han expansion |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1095073/chinas-narrative-han-expansion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108115146/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1095073/chinas-narrative-han-expansion |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-08 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> By the dawn of the 20th century, largely in an attempt to counteract increasing Russian influence, the Qing had abolished the existing administrative system in Manchuria, reclassified all immigrants to the region as "Han" instead of "civilians", and replaced provincial generals with provincial governors. From 1902 to 1911, 70 civil administrations were created in Manchuria, owing to the region's growing population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matsuzato |first=Kimitaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwW6DQAAQBAJ |title=Russia and Its Northeast Asian Neighbors: China, Japan, and Korea, 1858–1945 |year=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-3705-6 |pages=27–28}}</ref>

===Social status===
According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding scholar-officials, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners and people with inferior status.{{sfnp|Rowe|2002|p=485}} They were divided into two categories: one of them, the good "commoner" people, the other "mean" people who were seen as debased and servile. The majority of the population belonged to the first category and were described as ''liangmin'', a legal term meaning good people, as opposed to ''jianmin'' meaning the mean (or ignoble) people. Qing law explicitly stated that the traditional [[four occupations]] (scholars, farmers, artisans and merchants) were "good", or having a status of commoners. On the other hand, slaves or bondservants, entertainers (including prostitutes and actors), tattooed criminals, and those low-level employees of government officials were the "mean people". Mean people were legally inferior to commoners and suffered unequal treatments, such as being forbidden to take the imperial examination.{{sfnp|Naquin|Rawski|1987|p=117}} Furthermore, such people were usually not allowed to marry with free commoners and were even often required to acknowledge their abasement in society through actions such as bowing. However, throughout the Qing dynasty, the emperor and his court, as well as the bureaucracy, worked towards reducing the distinctions between the debased and free but did not completely succeed even at the end of its era in merging the two classifications together.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

====Qing gentry====
{{Main|Qing literati}}

Although there had been no powerful hereditary aristocracy since the [[Song dynasty]], the gentry, like their British counterparts, enjoyed imperial privileges and managed local affairs. The status of scholar-officials was defined by passing at least the first level of civil service examinations and holding a degree, which qualified him to hold imperial office, although he might not actually do so. The gentry member could legally wear gentry robes and could talk to officials as equals. Informally, the gentry then presided over local society and could use their connections to influence the magistrate, acquire land, and maintain large households. The gentry thus included not only males holding degrees but also their wives and some of their relatives.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=109–110}}

[[File:Qing era brush container.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A brush container, a symbol of gentry culture during the Qing]]

The gentry class was divided into groups. Not all who held office were literati, as merchant families could purchase degrees, and not all who passed the exams found employment as officials, since the number of degree-holders was greater than the number of openings. The gentry class also differed in the source and amount of their income. Literati families drew income from landholding, as well as from lending money. Officials drew a salary, which, as the years went by, were less and less adequate, leading to widespread reliance on "squeeze", irregular payments. Those who prepared for but failed the exams, like those who passed but were not appointed to office, could become tutors or teachers, private secretaries to sitting officials, administrators of guilds or temples, or other positions that required literacy. Others turned to fields such as engineering, medicine, or law, which by the nineteenth century demanded specialised learning. By the nineteenth century, it was no longer shameful to become an author or publisher of fiction.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=112–113}}

The Qing gentry were marked as much by their aspiration to a cultured lifestyle as by their legal status. They lived more refined and comfortable lives than the commoners and used sedan-chairs to travel any significant distance. They often showed off their learning by collecting objects such as [[Gongshi|scholars' stones]],
porcelain or pieces of art for their beauty, which set them off from less cultivated commoners.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=111}}

====Qing nobility====
{{Main|Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty}}

===Family and kinship===
[[File:Chan Clan Ancestral Hall 1930s.jpg|thumb|The [[Chen Clan Ancestral Hall]], built in 1894]]

During the Qing, the building block of society was [[patrilineal kinship]]. A shift in marital practices, identity and loyalty had begun during the Song, when the civil service examination began to replace nobility and inheritance as a means for gaining status. Instead of intermarrying within aristocratic elites of the same social status, they tended to form marital alliances with nearby families of the same or higher wealth, and established the local people's interests as first and foremost which helped to form intermarried townships.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=114–116}} The neo-Confucian ideology, especially the Cheng-Zhu thinking favored by Qing social thought, emphasised patrilineal families and genealogy in society.{{sfnp|Sneath|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 101]}}

The emperors and local officials exhorted families to compile genealogies in order to stabilise local society.{{sfnp|Xu|2005|p=335}} The genealogy was placed in the ancestral hall, which served as the lineage's headquarters and a place for annual ancestral sacrifice. A specific [[Chinese character]] appeared in the given name of each male of each generation, often well into the future. These lineages claimed to be based on biological descent but when a member of a lineage gained office or became wealthy, he might use considerable creativity in selecting a prestigious figure to be "founding ancestor".{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=116–117}} Such worship was intended to ensure that the ancestors remain content and benevolent spirits (''[[Shen (Chinese religion)|shen]]'') who would keep watch over and protect the family. Later observers felt that the ancestral cult focused on the family and lineage, rather than on more public matters such as community and nation.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

Inner Mongols and Khalkha Mongols in the Qing rarely knew their ancestors beyond four generations and Mongol tribal society was not organised among patrilineal clans, contrary to what was commonly thought, but included unrelated people at the base unit of organisation.{{sfnp|Sneath|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112 98]}} The Qing tried but failed to promote the Chinese Neo-Confucian ideology of organising society along patrimonial clans among the Mongols.{{sfnp|Sneath|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119 105–106]}}

===Religion===
{{Further|Religion in China#Qing dynasty}}

Manchu rulers presided over a multi-ethnic empire and the emperor, who was held responsible for "[[all under heaven]]", patronised and took responsibility for all religions and belief systems. The empire's "spiritual centre of gravity" was the "religio-political state".{{sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011|p=3}} Since the empire was part of the order of the cosmos, which conferred the [[Mandate of Heaven]], the emperor as "Son of Heaven" was both the head of the political system and the head priest of the [[Imperial cult#Imperial China|State Cult]]. The emperor and his officials, who were his personal representatives, took responsibility over all aspects of the empire, especially spiritual life and religious institutions and practices.<ref>{{Citation |title=Religion, the State, and Imperial Legitimacy |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412193226/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/irc/emperor.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |url-status=live |chapter=Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911) |chapter-url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/irc/emperor.htm |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> The [[county magistrate]], as the emperor's political and spiritual representative, made offerings at officially recognised temples. The magistrate lectured on the Emperor's [[Sacred Edict]] to promote civic morality; he kept close watch over religious organisations whose actions might threaten the sovereignty and religious prerogative of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teiser |first=Stephen F. |title=The Spirits of Chinese Religion |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1996 |editor-last=Lopez |editor-first=Donald S. Jr. |page=27 |chapter=Introduction |access-date=15 June 2021 |chapter-url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824055938/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Manchu and imperial religion====
{{Further|Shamanism during the Qing dynasty}}
[[File:Yonghe Gong sign.jpg|thumb|Placard (right to left) in Manchu, Chinese, Tibetan, and Mongolian [[Yonghe Temple|Yonghe Lamasery]], Beijing]]

The Manchu imperial family were especially attracted by Yellow Sect or [[Gelug]] Buddhism that had spread from Tibet into Mongolia. The [[Fifth Dalai Lama]], who had gained power in 1642, just before the Manchus took Beijing, looked to the Qing court for support. The Kangxi and Qianlong emperors practiced this form of Tibetan Buddhism as one of their household religions and built temples that made Beijing one of its centres, and constructed a replica Lhasa's [[Potala Palace]] at their summer retreat in [[Rehe]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Henrietta |title=China |publisher=London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0340741333 |pages=36–42}}.</ref>

[[Shamanism]], the most common religion among Manchus, was a spiritual inheritance from their [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] ancestors that set them off from Han Chinese.{{sfnp|Elliott|2001|pp=235, 241}} [[Shamanism during the Qing dynasty#State shamanism after 1644|State shamanism]] was important to the imperial family both to maintain their Manchu cultural identity and to promote their imperial legitimacy among tribes in the northeast.{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|pp=231–236, 242–243}} Imperial obligations included rituals on the first day of [[Chinese New Year]] at a shamanic shrine (tangse).{{sfnp|Rawski|1998|p=236}} [[Shamanism during the Qing dynasty#Shamanism and Manchu identity|Practices in Manchu families]] included sacrifices to the ancestors, and the use of shamans, often women, who went into a trance to seek healing or exorcism.{{sfnp|Elliott|2001|pp=237–238}}

====Popular religion====
[[Chinese folk religion]] was centred around the patriarchal family and [[Shen (Chinese religion)|shen]], or spirits. Common practices included [[Ancestor veneration in China|ancestor veneration]], [[filial piety]], [[Chinese communal deity religion|local gods and spirits]]. Rites included [[Ancestral veneration in China#Practices|mourning, funeral, burial, practices]].<ref>Richard J. Smith (2007). ''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/prb/journey.htm Settling the Dead: Funerals, Memorials and Beliefs Concerning the Afterlife] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095758/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/prb/journey.htm |date=27 September 2011}}''. ''Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late-Imperial China''</ref> Since they did not require exclusive allegiance, forms and branches of [[Confucianism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Daoism]] were intertwined, for instance in the syncretic [[Three teachings]].<ref>"Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911)" (Columbia University) [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/ort/teachings.htm Institutional Religion: The Three Teachings] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508234058/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/ort/teachings.htm |date=8 May 2017}}</ref> Chinese folk religion combined elements of the three, with local variations.{{sfnp|Lagerwey|2010|pp=6–7}} County magistrates, who were graded and promoted on their ability to maintain local order, tolerated local sects and even patronised local temples as long as they were orderly, but were suspicious of [[Chinese salvationist religions|heterodox sects]] that defied state authority and rejected imperial doctrines. Some of these sects indeed had long histories of rebellion, such as the [[Way of Former Heaven]], which drew on Daoism, and the White Lotus Society, which drew on millennial Buddhism. The White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804) confirmed official suspicions as did the Taiping Rebellion, which drew on millennial Christianity.

====Christianity, Judaism, and Islam====
{{Further|Jesuit China missions|Chinese Rites controversy|Christianity in China|Protestant missions in China|Islam during the Qing dynasty|Judaism in China|Catholic Church in China#Qing dynasty (1644–1912)|Medical missions in China}}

The [[Abrahamic religions]] had arrived from Western Asia as early as the Tang dynasty but their insistence that they should be practised to the exclusion of other religions made them less adaptable than Buddhism, which had quickly been accepted as native. [[Islam]] predominated in Central Asian areas of the empire, while [[Judaism in China|Judaism]] and [[Christianity in China|Christianity]] were practiced in well-established but self-contained communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mote |first=Frederick W. |author-link=Frederick W. Mote |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC |title=Imperial China, 900–1800 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0674445155 |location=Cambridge, MA}}, pp. 958–961.</ref>

Several hundred Catholic missionaries arrived between the late Ming period and the proscription of Christianity in 1724. The [[Jesuits]] adapted to Chinese expectations, evangelised among the educated, adopted the robes and lifestyles of literati, became proficient in the Confucian classics, and did not challenge Chinese moral values. They proved their value to the early Manchu emperors with their work in gunnery, cartography, and astronomy, but fell out of favor for a time until the Kangxi Emperor's 1692 edict of toleration.{{sfnp|Bays|2012|pp=21–23}} In the countryside, the newly arrived [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] and [[Franciscan]] clerics established rural communities that adapted to local folk religious practices by emphasising healing, festivals, and holy days rather than sacraments and doctrine.{{sfnp|Bays|2012|pp=25–26}} In 1724, the Yongzheng Emperor proscribed Christianity as a "heterodox teaching".{{Sfnp|Reilly|2004|p=43}} Since the European Catholic missionaries had kept control in their own hands and had not allowed the creation of a native clergy, however, the number of Catholics would grow more rapidly after 1724 because local communities could now set their own rules and standards. In 1811, Christian religious activities were further criminalised by the Jiaqing Emperor.{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|p=44}} The imperial ban was lifted by Treaty in 1846.{{sfnp|Elliott|2001|p=241}}

The first Protestant missionary to China, [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]] (1782–1834) of the [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS), arrived at Canton on 6 September 1807.{{Sfnp|Daily|2013|p=1}} He completed a translation of the entire Bible in 1819.{{sfnp|Daily|2013|p=145}} [[Liang Afa]] (1789–1855), a Morrison-trained Chinese convert, extended evangelisation into inner China.{{sfnp|Daily|2013|pp=188–189}}{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|pp=61, 64}} The two Opium Wars (1839–1860) marked the watershed of Protestant Christian missions. The series of treaties signed between the 1842 [[Treaty of Nanjing]] and the 1858 Treaty of Tianjin distinguished Christianity from local religions and granted it protected status.{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|p=43–50}}

In the late 1840s, [[Hong Xiuquan]] read Morrison's Chinese Bible, as well as Liang Afa's evangelistic pamphlet, and announced to his followers that Christianity in fact had been the religion of ancient China before Confucius and his followers drove it out.{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|pp=57, 62}} He formed the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping Movement]], which emerged in South China as a "collusion of the Chinese tradition of millenarian rebellion and Christian messianism", "apocalyptic revolution, Christianity, and 'communist utopianism{{'"}}.{{sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011|pp=38–39}}

After 1860, enforcement of the treaties allowed missionaries to spread their evangelisation efforts outside Treaty Ports. Their presence created cultural and political opposition. Historian [[John K. Fairbank]] observed that "[t]o the scholar-gentry, Christian missionaries were foreign subversives, whose immoral conduct and teaching were backed by gunboats".<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbank |first=John King |title=China: A New History |pages=221–222 |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBDC2cqb6I0C&q=Protestant%20missionaries |edition=2nd |place=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674018280}}.</ref> In the next decades, there were some 800 conflicts between village Christians and non-Christians mostly about non-religious issues, such as land rights or local taxes, but religious conflict often lay behind such cases.{{sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011|pp=38–40}} In the summer of 1900, as foreign powers contemplated the division of China, village youths, known as Boxers, who practiced Chinese martial arts and spiritual practices, attacked and murdered Chinese Christians and foreign missionaries in the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxer Uprising]]. The imperialist powers once again invaded and imposed a substantial [[Boxer Indemnity|indemnity]]. This defeat convinced many among the educated elites that popular religion was an obstacle to China's development as a modern nation, and some turned to Christianity as a spiritual tool to build one.{{sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011|pp=40–41}}

By 1900, there were about 1,400 Catholic priests and nuns in China serving nearly 1 million Catholics. Over 3,000 Protestant missionaries were active among the 250,000 Protestant Christians in China.{{sfnp|Mühlhahn|2019|p=170}} Western medical missionaries established clinics and hospitals, and led medical training in China.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Gerald H. |last=Choa |title='Heal the Sick' was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=1990}}</ref> Missionaries began establishing nurse training schools in the late 1880s, but nursing of sick men by women was rejected by local tradition, so the number of students was small until the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Kaiyi |last=Chen |year=1996 |title=Missionaries and the early development of nursing in China |journal=Nursing History Review |volume=4 |pages=129–149 |doi=10.1891/1062-8061.4.1.129 |pmid=7581277 |s2cid=34206810}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of the Qing dynasty}}
[[File:Xián Fēng Tōng Bǎo (咸豐通寶) 1850–1861 Qing Dynasty cash coin.png|thumb|upright=0.8|A Qing-era copper cash coin]]
[[File:Yantai (Chefoo), Qing Dynasty postage stamp.gif|thumb|upright=0.8|A Qing postage stamp from [[Yantai]]]]

By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the [[Ming dynasty]] were overthrown.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=564, 566}} In the following century, markets continued to expand, but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets and a greatly increased population.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=564}} By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the Americas, including peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice from Southeast Asia led to a huge increase in production. Merchant guilds proliferated in all of the growing Chinese cities and often acquired great social and even political influence. Rich merchants with official connections built up huge fortunes and patronised literature, theater and the arts. Textile and handicraft production boomed.{{sfnp|Murphey|2007|p=151}}

The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=593}} To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the [[corvée]] system with a head tax used to hire laborers.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=593, 595}} The administration of the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] was made more efficient, and transport opened to private merchants.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=598}} A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages, and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=572–573, 599–600}} Wary of the power of wealthy merchants, Qing rulers limited their trading licenses and usually refused them permission to open new mines, except in poor areas.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=606, 609}} These restrictions on domestic resource exploration, as well as on foreign trade, are [[Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance|critiqued by some scholars]] as a cause of the [[Great Divergence]], by which the West overtook China economically.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Xu |first=Suming |script-title=zh:人学史观视阈下的中西大分流——对"为什么江南不是英国"之新思考 |trans-title=The Great Divergence from a humanist perspective: Why was Jiangnan not England?) |title=Tianjin Social Science |volume=6 |year=2005 |url=http://www.jylw.com/guest/wzhtml/27/wz128130.htm |language=zh |ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Bo |title=5000 years of Chinese history |year=2001 |publisher=Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp |language=zh |isbn=978-7-204-04420-7 |last2=Zheng |first2=Yin}}</ref>

During the Ming–Qing period (1368–1911) the biggest development in the Chinese economy was its transition from a command to a market economy, the latter becoming increasingly more pervasive throughout the Qing's rule.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} Between roughly 1550 and 1800, China proper experienced a second commercial revolution, developing naturally from the first commercial revolution during the Song, which saw the emergence of long-distance inter-regional trade of luxury goods. During the second commercial revolution, for the first time, a large percentage of farming households began producing crops for sale in the local and national markets rather than for their own consumption or barter in the traditional economy. Surplus crops were placed onto the national market for sale, integrating farmers into the commercial economy from the ground up. This naturally led to regions specialising in certain cash-crops for export as China's economy became increasingly reliant on inter-regional trade of bulk staple goods such as cotton, grain, beans, vegetable oils, forest products, animal products, and fertiliser.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

===Silver===
[[File:1 dragon dollar Qing dynasty - 1911.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Silver coin]]: 1 yuan/dollar [[Xuantong]] 3rd year – 1911 [[Chop marks on coins|Chopmark]]]]

Silver entered in large quantities from mines in the [[New World]] after the Spanish conquered the Philippines in the 1570s. The re-opening of the southeast coast, which had been closed in the late 17th century, quickly revived trade, which expanded at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=587}} China continued to export tea, silk and manufactures, creating a large, favorable [[trade balance]] with the West.{{sfnp|Murphey|2007|p=151}} The resulting expansion of the money supply supported competitive and stable markets.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=587, 590}} During the mid-Ming China had gradually shifted to silver as the standard currency for large scale transactions and by the late Kangxi period, the assessment and collection of the land tax was done in silver. Landlords began only accepting rent payments in silver rather than in crops themselves, which in turn incentivized farmers to produce crops for sale in local and national markets rather than for their own personal consumption or barter.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} Unlike the copper coins, ''qian'' or cash, used mainly for smaller transactions, silver was not reliably minted into a coin but rather was traded in units of weight: the ''liang'' or ''tael'', which equaled roughly 1.3 ounces of silver. A third-party had to be brought in to assess the weight and purity of the silver, resulting in an extra "meltage fee" added on to the price of transaction. Furthermore, since the "meltage fee" was unregulated it was the source of corruption. The Yongzheng emperor cracked down on the corrupt "meltage fees", legalizing and regulating them so that they could be collected as a tax. From this newly increased public coffer, the Yongzheng emperor increased the salaries of the officials who collected them, further legitimising silver as the standard currency of the Qing economy.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

===Urbanisation and the proliferation of market-towns===
The second commercial revolution also had a profound effect on the dispersion of the Qing populace. Up until the late Ming there existed a stark contrast between the rural countryside and cities because extraction of surplus crops from the countryside was traditionally done by the state. However, as commercialisation expanded in the late-Ming and early-Qing, mid-sized cities began popping up to direct the flow of domestic, commercial trade. Some towns of this nature had such a large volume of trade and merchants flowing through them that they developed into full-fledged market-towns. Some of these more active market-towns even developed into small cities and became home to the new rising merchant class.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} The proliferation of these mid-sized cities was only made possible by advancements in long-distance transportation and communication. As more and more Chinese citizens were travelling the country conducting trade they increasingly found themselves in a far-away place needing a place to stay; in response the market saw the expansion of guild halls to house these merchants.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

Full-fledged trade guilds emerged, which, among other things, issued regulatory codes and price schedules, and provided a place for travelling merchants to stay and conduct their business. Along with the ''huiguan'' trade guilds, guild halls dedicated to more specific professions, ''gongsuo'', began to appear and to control commercial craft or artisanal industries such as carpentry, weaving, banking, and medicine.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} By the nineteenth century guild halls worked to transform urban areas into cosmopolitan, multi-cultural hubs, staged theatre performances open to general public, developed real estate by pooling funds together in the style of a trust, and some even facilitated the development of social services such as maintaining streets, water supply, and sewage facilities.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

===Trade with the West===
{{Continental Asia in 1700 CE}}
[[File:Puankhequa oil painting on a mirror.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Puankhequa]], Chinese merchant and member of a [[Cohong]] family]]

In 1685, the Kangxi emperor legalised private maritime trade along the coast, establishing a series of customs stations in major port cities. The customs station at Guangzhou became by far the most active in foreign trade; by the late Kangxi reign, more than forty mercantile houses specialising in trade with the West had appeared. The Yongzheng emperor made a parent corporation comprising those forty individual houses in 1725 known as the [[Cohong]] system. Firmly established by 1757, the [[Cohong|Canton Cohong]] was an association of thirteen business firms that had been awarded exclusive rights to conduct trade with Western merchants in Canton. Until its abolition after the Opium War in 1842, the Canton Cohong system was the only permitted avenue of Western trade into China, and thus became a booming hub of international trade.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}} By the eighteenth century, the most significant export China had was tea. British demand for tea increased exponentially up until they figured out how to grow it for themselves in the hills of northern India in the 1880s. By the end of the eighteenth century, tea exports going through the Canton Cohong system amounted to one-tenth of the revenue from taxes collected from the British and nearly the entire revenue of the British East India Company; in fact, until the early nineteenth century tea comprised ninety percent of exports leaving Canton.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|p={{page needed|date=May 2020}}}}

===Revenue===
The recorded revenues of the central Qing government increased little over the course of the 18th and early 19th century from 36,106,483 taels in 1725 to 43,343,978 taels in 1812 before declining to 38,600,570 taels in 1841, the land tax was the principal source of revenue for the central government with the salt, customs and poll taxes being important secondary sources.{{sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978|p=61}} Following the Opium Wars and the opening of China to foreign trade and the mid-century rebellions, two further important sources of revenue were added: the foreign maritime customs revenue and the ''[[Likin (taxation)|likin]]'' revenue though only 20% of the likin revenue was actually given by the provinces to Hu Pu ([[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|board of revenue]]) in Beijing the rest remaining in provincial hands, the Hu Pu also managed to raise some miscellaneous taxes and increased the rate of the salt tax these measures doubled revenue by the late 19th century, this however was insufficient for the central government which was facing numerous crises and wars during the period and 9 foreign loans amounting to 40mil taels were contracted by the Qing government prior to 1890.{{sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978|pp=61–62}}

It was estimated in the 1850s that wages around the capital of Beijing and the Yangtze delta region for a farmer was between 0.99 and 1.02 taels a month; assuming every day was worked, this would amount to roughly 12 taels a year with over 400,000,000 citizens in 1890 the level of taxation was extremely low.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peng |first=Linan |year=2021 |title=The last guardian of the throne: the regional army in the late Qing dynasty |journal=Journal of Institutional Economics |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=328–329 |doi=10.1017/S1744137420000430 |s2cid=225162563}}</ref>

The financial reorganisation bureau of the dynasty (established in 1909) estimated total revenue to be 292,000,000 taels. H. B. Morse estimated in the early 1900s a total of 284,150,000 taels of which 99,062,000 taels was spent by the Central government, 142,374,000 taels by the provincial governments and the remainder by the local government. In 1911 the Consultative assembly estimated total revenue to be 301,910,297 taels. Included in this figure was over 44,000,000 taels from the Likin of which only 13,000,000 was reported to Beijing.{{sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978|pp=63–66}}

The Qing government during and following the First Sino-Japanese war increasingly took on loans to meet its expenditure requirements a total of 746,220,453 taels of which slightly over 330,000,000 taels was for Railway construction and the repayment to come from the revenues of the railways themselves thus these loans did not burden the central government finances. A relatively small sum of just over 25,500,000 taels was borrowed for industrial projects, over 5,000,000 taels for Telegraph lines with less than 1,000,000 taels for miscellaneous purposes. The remainder was primarily for the costs of the Sino-Japanese war and the indemnity in the Treaty of Shimonoseki amounting to over 382,000,000 taels.{{sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978|pp=63–66}}

Taizu noted that these figures for formal taxation only amounted to half of the total taxation and therefore revenue of the government with these surcharges being levied at a local level by local officials who found the level of taxation far too low to support even basic governance, despite the ability to levy surcharges belonging solely to the central government.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Taizu |last=Zhang |title=The ideological foundations of Qing taxation:Belief systems, Politics, and institutions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1108995955 |pages=46, 69, 99}}</ref>

==Science and technology==
{{Main|History of science and technology in China}}

Chinese scholars, court academies, and local officials carried on late Ming dynasty strengths in [[Chinese astronomy#Astronomy during Ming China|astronomy]], [[Chinese mathematics|mathematics]], and [[Chinese geography|geography]], as well as technologies in [[Chinese ceramics|ceramics]], [[History of metallurgy in China|metallurgy]], [[History of transport in China|water transport]], [[History of printing in East Asia|printing]]. Contrary to stereotypes in some Western writing, 16th and 17th century Qing dynasty officials and literati eagerly explored the technology and science introduced by [[History of science and technology in China#Jesuit activity in China|Jesuit missionaries]]. Manchu leaders employed Jesuits to use cannon and gunpowder to great effect in the conquest of China, and the court sponsored their research in astronomy. The aim of these efforts, however, was to reform and improve inherited science and technology, not to replace it. Scientific knowledge advanced during the Qing, but there was not a change in the way this knowledge was organised or the way scientific evidence was defined or its truth tested. Those who studied the physical universe shared their findings with each other and identified themselves as men of science, but they did not have a separate and independent professional role with its own training and advancement. They were still literati.{{sfnp|Porter|2016|pp=229–238}}

The [[Opium Wars]], however, demonstrated the power of steam engine and military technology that had only recently been put into practice in the West. During the [[Self-Strengthening Movement]] of the 1860s and 1870s Confucian officials in several coastal provinces established an industrial base in military technology. The introduction of [[History of rail transport in China|railroads into China]] raised questions that were more political than technological. A British company built the {{cvt|12|mi|km|order=flip}} Shanghai–Woosung line in 1876, obtaining the land under false pretenses, and it was soon torn up. Court officials feared local public opinion and that railways would help invaders, harm farmlands, and obstruct [[feng shui]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=David |last=Pong |year=1973 |title=Confucian patriotism and the destruction of the Woosung railway, 1877 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=647–676 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00005333 |jstor=311679 |s2cid=202928323}}</ref> To keep development in Chinese hands, the Qing government borrowed 34 billion taels of silver from foreign lenders for railway construction between 1894 and 1911. As late as 1900, only {{cvt|292|mi|km|order=flip}} were in operation. Finally, {{cvt|5200|mi|km|order=flip}} of railway was completed. The British and French after 1905 opened lines to Burma and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jim |last=Harter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESnBiR7vLPQC&pg=PA223 |title=World Railways of the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0801880896 |page=223 |access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref>

Protestant missionaries by the 1830s translated and printed Western science and medical textbooks. The textbooks found homes in the rapidly enlarging network of missionary schools and universities. The textbooks opened learning open possibilities for the small number of Chinese students interested in science, and a very small number interested in technology. After 1900, Japan had a greater role in bringing modern science and technology to Chinese audiences but even then they reached chiefly the children of the rich landowning gentry.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Elman |url=https://archive.org/details/ontheirowntermss00elma |title=On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550–1900 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0674016859 |pages=270–331, 396 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

==Arts and culture==
{{See also|Chinese art#Late imperial China (1368–1912)|Chinese literature#Classical fiction and drama|Classical Chinese poetry#History and development|Qing poetry}}
[[File:Pine, Plum and Cranes.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|''Pine, Plum and Cranes'', 1759, by Shen Quan]]

Under the Qing, inherited forms of art flourished and innovations occurred at many levels and in many types. High levels of literacy, a successful publishing industry, prosperous cities, and the Confucian emphasis on cultivation all fed a lively and creative set of cultural fields.

By the end of the 19th century, national artistic and cultural worlds had begun to come to terms with the cosmopolitan culture of the West and Japan. The decision to stay within old forms or welcome Western models was now a conscious choice. Classically trained Confucian scholars such as [[Liang Qichao]] and [[Wang Guowei]] read widely and broke aesthetic and critical ground later cultivated in the [[New Culture Movement]].

===Fine arts===
[[File:Imperial Yellow Peking Glass Vase.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A [[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]] period [[Peking glass]] vase. Colored in "Imperial Yellow", due to its association with the Qing.]]

The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the ''[[Peiwen Yunfu]]'', a rhyme dictionary published in 1711, and the ''[[Kangxi Dictionary]]'' published in 1716, which remains to this day an authoritative reference. The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history, the ''[[Complete Library of the Four Treasuries]]'', completed in 1782. Court painters made new versions of the Song masterpiece, [[Zhang Zeduan]]'s ''[[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]'', whose depiction of a prosperous and happy realm demonstrated the beneficence of the emperor. The emperors undertook tours of the south and commissioned monumental scrolls to depict the grandeur of the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recording the Grandeur of the Qing |url=http://www.learn.columbia.edu/nanxuntu/start.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220222345/http://learn.columbia.edu/nanxuntu/start.html |archive-date=20 December 2012 |access-date=2020-05-17 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Columbia University}} [[Chinese painting]]</ref> Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of [[Chinese ceramics|ceramics]] and [[Chinese export porcelain]]. [[Peking glass]]ware became popular after European glass making processes were introduced by Jesuits to Beijing.<ref>Boda, Yang. ''Study of glass wares from the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911).'' 1983.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nilsson |first=Jan-Erik |title=Chinese Porcelain Glossary: Glass, Chinese (Peking Glass) |url=http://gotheborg.com/glossary/glass.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214071202/https://gotheborg.com/glossary/glass.shtml |archive-date=14 February 2022 |access-date=2017-06-07 |website=gotheborg.com}}</ref> During this period the European trend to imitate Chinese artistic traditions, known as [[chinoiserie]] also gained great popularity in Europe due to the rise in trade with China and the broader current of [[Orientalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beevers |first=David |title=Chinese Whispers: Chinoiserie in Britain, 1650–1930 |publisher=Royal Pavilion & Museums |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-948723-71-1 |location=Brighton |pages=19}}</ref>

[[File:Landscape by Wang Gai 1694.tiff|thumb|upright=0.8|Landscape by Wang Gai, 1694]]

Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. [[Chinese calligraphy|Calligraphy]] and painting<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ch'ing Dynasty – The Art of Asia – Chinese Dynasty Guide |url=http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-ching.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927030515/http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-ching.cfm |archive-date=27 September 2012 |access-date=13 September 2012 |website=www.artsmia.org}}</ref> remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-officials who considered the [[four arts]] part of their cultural identity and social standing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qing Dynasty, Painting |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/qing_1/hd_qing_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920210706/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/qing_1/hd_qing_1.htm |archive-date=20 September 2012 |access-date=13 September 2012 |website=The Met |date=October 2003 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> The painting of the [[Chinese art#Early Qing painting|early years of the dynasty]] included such painters as the orthodox [[Four Wangs]] and the individualists [[Bada Shanren]] and [[Shitao]]. Court painting of the dynasty was also greatly influenced by some Western artists.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://fuqiumeng.com/viewing-room/31-transcultural-dialogues-the-journey-of-east-asian-art/|title = Transcultural Dialogues: The Journey of East Asian Art to The West|publisher = Fu Qiumeng|access-date = 2024-11-25}}</ref> The 19th century saw such innovations as the [[Shanghai School]] and the Lingnan School,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.lingnanart.com/home.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708052240/http://www.lingnanart.com/home.htm |archive-date=8 July 2012 |website=The Lingnan School of Painting}}</ref> which used the technical skills of tradition to set the stage for modern painting.

===Traditional learning and literature===
Traditional learning flourished, especially among Ming loyalists such as [[Dai Zhen]] and [[Gu Yanwu]], but scholars in the school of [[Kaozheng|evidential learning]] made innovations in skeptical textual scholarship. Scholar-bureaucrats, including [[Lin Zexu]] and [[Wei Yuan]], developed a school of [[He Changling|practical statecraft]] which rooted bureaucratic reform and restructuring in classical philosophy.

[[File:Jade book-IMG 4433 4434 4435 4436-white.jpg|thumb|Jade book of the [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] period on display at the [[British Museum]]]]

Philosophy<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Qing Philosophy |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/qing-philosophy/ |access-date=2020-01-18 |last=Ng |first=On-cho |date=2019 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Summer 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616125638/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/qing-philosophy/ |archive-date=16 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Chinese literature|literature]] grew to new heights in the Qing period. [[Qing poetry|Poetry]] continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger numbers and [[:Category:Qing dynasty poets|poets]] came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the [[Ming poetry|poetry of the Ming dynasty]]) for its association with [[Chinese opera]], developmental trends of [[Classical Chinese poetry]], the transition to a greater role for [[Written vernacular Chinese|vernacular language]], and for poetry by [[Women in ancient and imperial China#Qing dynasty|women]]. The Qing dynasty was a period of literary editing and criticism, and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies, such as the ''[[Complete Tang Poems]]'' and the ''[[Three Hundred Tang Poems]]''. Although fiction did not have the prestige of poetry, novels flourished. [[Pu Songling]] brought the short story to a new level in his ''[[Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio]]'', published in the mid-18th century, and [[Shen Fu]] demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in ''[[Six Chapters of a Floating Life]]'', written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877. The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in [[Cao Xueqin]]'s ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]'', but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as [[Wu Jingzi]]'s ''[[The Scholars (novel)|The Scholars]]'' (1750) and [[Li Ruzhen]]'s ''[[Flowers in the Mirror]]'' (1827).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ming and Qing Novels |url=http://www.berkshirepublishing.com/assets_news/china/berkshire_mingdynastysample.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617125545/http://www.berkshirepublishing.com/assets_news/china/berkshire_mingdynastysample.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=13 September 2012 |website=Berkshire Encyclopedia}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[History of Chinese cuisine#History|Cuisine]] embodied cultural pride. The gentleman gourmet, such as [[Yuan Mei#Yuan as a gastronome|Yuan Mei]], applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of [[Chinese tea culture|tea]] at a time when [[Columbian Exchange|New World crops and products]] entered everyday life. Yuan's ''[[Suiyuan Shidan]]'' expounded culinary aesthetics and theory, along with a range of recipes. The [[Manchu–Han Imperial Feast]] originated at the court. Although this banquet was probably never common, it reflected an appreciation of Manchu culinary customs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spence |first=Jonathan |title=Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1977 |editor-last=[[Kwang-chih Chang]] |location=New Haven, CT |pages=260–294 |chapter="Ch'ing"}} Reprinted in {{Cite book |last=Spence |first=Jonathan |title=Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1992 |location=New York}}</ref> New food imports were also implemented into Qing cuisine. [[Sweet potato|Sweet potatoes]] from the [[Philippines]] and white potatoes from [[Peru]] were roasted at street corners and in markets. Other foods such as [[corn on the cob]] and [[Peanut|peanuts]] were also implemented into Qing cuisine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newman |first=Jacqueline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLLEAAAQBAJ&dq=cuisine+in+qing+dynasty&pg=PA23 |title=Food Culture in China |date=2004-08-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-08572-7 |language=en}}</ref>

===Homosexuality===
Initially, many early Qing Dynasty authors explored romantic bonds and intimate relationships between men. Works such as ''The Amorous History of the Peach Flowers' Garden'' (桃花豔史) and ''The Journey of Male Mencius's Mother's Teaching and Three Relocations'' (男孟母教合遷) detailed same-sex sexual encounters with vivid language. However, the moral lessons of these works condemned anal sex as impure and spiritually distracting. On the other hand, late Ming works such as ''[[Bian er chai]]'' remained popular stories that displayed homosexual acts and [[pederasty]] as heroic. Nevertheless, the protagonists follow Confucian doctrine by marrying wives and raising families at the end of the stories.<ref name= HeeSiam>[https://hdl.handle.net/10356/173264 From amorous histories to sexual histories: rethinking male love narrative in Ming and Qing dynasties and the discourse on homosexuality in modern China]. Hee Wai Siam. [[Inter-Asia Cultural Studies]]. Volume 24, Issue 6. 2023. [https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649373.2023.2265684 DOI: 10.1080/14649373.2023.2265684]. p.958-978</ref>

Eventually, sodomy was outlawed in 1740 under the [[Great Qing Legal Code]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Homosexuality|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/44940.htm|website=china.org.cn|publisher=Shanghai Star|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119114502/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/44940.htm|archive-date=November 19, 2003}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2026}} Works such as ''Bian er chai'' were repeatedly banned.<ref name= HeeSiam/> By the late Qing, physical intimacy faced scrutiny for being amoral, as evidenced in the 1849 work ''Precious Mirror of Ranked Flowers'' (品花寶鑒). Portraying the lives of actors in [[Chinese opera|opera]], the protagonist engages in romance with another man without physical contact. In contrast, the antagonists of the story engage in physical sex.<ref name= HeeSiam/>

==Historiography==
{{See also|Legacy of the Qing dynasty}}

The [[Confucianism|Confucian]] concept of the [[dynastic cycle]] was used by traditional [[Chinese historiography]] to organise China's past in terms of consecutive ruling houses that arose and collapsed. The Qing dynasty was the closing chapter of the 2000-year history of Imperial China. [[John King Fairbank]] of [[Harvard University]], a historian who is essentially credited with founding modern Chinese history in the [[United States]], steadfastly maintained a perspective that split the history of China's past half millennium around 1842. All that fell before remained part of "traditional China", and with the [[Western imperialism in Asia|Western "shock"]] of the [[First Opium War]] and the resulting [[Treaty of Nanking]], "modern China" was born. The Qing dynasty was thus bifurcated in this manner. In contemporary China, there is also a similar view for such a division.{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=2–3}}

The [[New Qing History]] is a [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] historiographical school that emerged in the mid-1990s and emphasises the particular Manchu character of the dynasty. Earlier historians had emphasised a pattern of Han [[sinicization|sinicisation]] of various conquerors. In the 1980s and early 1990s, American scholars began learning the [[Manchu language]], taking advantage of archival holdings in this and other non-Chinese languages that had long been held in [[Taipei]] and [[Beijing]] but had previously attracted little scholarly attention.{{sfnb|Waley-Cohen|2004|pp=194–197}} This research concluded that the Manchu rulers 'manipulated' their subjects by fostering a sense of Manchu identity, often adopting [[Central Asia]]n models of rule as much as [[Confucianism|Confucian]] ones.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link1=Evelyn Rawski |last=Rawski |first=Evelyn |title=Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=1996 |pages=829–850 |jstor=2646525 |doi=10.2307/2646525 |s2cid=162388379}}</ref> The most prominent feature of the studies has been characterised by a renewed interest in the Manchus and their relationship to China and [[Chinese culture]], as well as that of other non-Han groups ruled by Beijing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dunnell|first=Ruth|title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde|page=3|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134362226}}</ref>

[[William T. Rowe]] of [[Johns Hopkins University]] wrote that the name "China" (中國; 中華) was generally understood to refer to the political realm of the [[Han Chinese]] during the [[Ming dynasty]], and this understanding persisted among the Han Chinese into the early Qing dynasty, and the understanding was also shared by [[Aisin Gioro]] rulers before the [[Ming-Qing transition]]. The Qing dynasty, however, "came to refer to their more expansive empire not only as the Great Qing but also, nearly interchangeably, as China" within a few decades of this development. Instead of the earlier (Ming) idea of an ethnic Han Chinese state, this new Qing China was a "self-consciously multi-ethnic state". Han Chinese scholars had some time to adapt this, but by the 19th century, the notion of China as a [[multinational state]] with new, significantly extended borders had become the standard terminology for Han Chinese writers. Rowe noted that "these were the origins of the China we know today".{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=210–211}}

==See also==
{{Portal|China|History}}
{{Colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Anti-Qing sentiment]]
*[[Mandarin square]]{{snd}}costumes of Qing officials
*[[Foreign relations of imperial China#Early Qing dynasty|Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty]]
*[[Imperial Chinese harem system]]
*[[International relations (1814–1919)]]
*[[Islam during the Qing dynasty]]
*[[List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty]]
*[[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty]]
*[[List of rebellions in China]]
*[[List of recipients of tribute from China]]
*[[List of Chinese monarchs]]
*[[Manchuria under Qing rule]]
*[[Military history of China before 1912]]
*[[Mongolia under Qing rule]]
*[[Chinese emperors family tree (late)#Qing dynasty|Qing emperors' family tree]]
*[[Qing dynasty in Inner Asia]]
*[[Qing official headwear]]
*''[[The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty]]''
*[[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty]]
*[[Taiwan under Qing rule]]
*[[Tibet under Qing rule]]
*[[Timeline of Chinese history]]
*[[Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions]]
*[[Xinjiang under Qing rule]]
{{Colend}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|清朝|Qing Dynasty}}
{{Wiktionary|Qing|Ching|Ch'ing|Cing}}
* Section on the Ming and Qing dynasties of "[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_population.htm China's Population: Readings and Maps]."
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210115051553/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23945 Collection: "Manchu, Qing Dynasty"] from the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]]
* [https://www.vmfa.museum/learn/resources/pre-visit-evans-dlp-qing-dynasty-export-porcelain/ Qing Dynasty resource] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124123357/https://www.vmfa.museum/learn/resources/pre-visit-evans-dlp-qing-dynasty-export-porcelain/ |date=24 November 2020 }} at the [[Virginia Museum of Fine Arts]]

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ming dynasty]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasties in Chinese history]] |years=1644–1912}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Empires}}
{{Former Monarchies}}
{{Qing dynasty topics}}
{{Years in the Qing dynasty}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|39.92|N|116.39|E|type:country|display=title}}

[[Category:1640s establishments in China]]
[[Category:1644 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1912 disestablishments in China]]
[[Category:17th century in China|*02]]
[[Category:18th century in China|*]]
[[Category:19th century in China|*]]
[[Category:20th century in China|*]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Dynasties of China]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of East Asia]]
[[Category:History of Manchuria]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty| ]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1912]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1636]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1644]]