Don Andres Velaz de Medrano.jpg Don Andres Velaz de Medrano.jpg
Native name
عبد الرحمن
Born
Prince Abd Al-Rahman ibn Al-Hakam II Madinat Al-Zahra, Cordoba
🏡 Residence
Palace of Velaz de Medrano, Iguzquiza
Other names
Goshawk of Medrano
💼 Occupation
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Andrés Vélaz de Medrano (b. 10th century - d. 11th century) was the progenitor of the House of Medrano. Medrano is the surname of a noble family in Spain, lineally descended from Andres, a Moorish Prince.[1] Prince Andres Velaz de Medrano was first known by his Arabic name, Abd Al-Rahman ibn Al-Hakam II. He was raised as the heir apparent of the Umayyad Caliphate in Madinat Al-Zahra. He entered Navarre in the year 979 and in this same year Andres Velaz de Medrano and Caliph Hisham II would face an unsuccessful assassination attempt orchestrated by Ziyad ibn Allah and his followers. He settled in the lordship of Iguzquiza, Navarre and served under King Sancho Garces II of Pamplona. Andres Velaz de Medrano distinguished himself by converting to Christianity and becoming Lord of Iguzquiza, preserving his lineage and leaving a long line of descendants after the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031.
Historians still debate if the origins of Medrano are Moorish, Gothic or Navarrese, however it is likely that it is all three. Medrano's father Caliph Al-Hakam II was the son of Abd Al-Rahman III. By way of his father Al Hakam II, Andres was connected by blood to the high nobility of the Goths. The paternal grandmother of Abd Al-Rahman III was also a Christian, the royal princess Onneca Fortúnez, daughter of the captive king Fortún Garcés of Pamplona. Onneca’s great-grandfather was Inigo Arista, from the Banu Qasi. It is clear that some of the news that has come intertwined with the legend of the Moorish Prince Medrano is possible. In this way, Al-Hakam's first-born son Prince Andres Velaz de Medrano would maternally descend from the Banu Qasi (Goths) in Navarre and paternally through the Banu Umayya (Moors) from the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba. Toledano himself places the origin of the the Banu Qasi in the Gothic nobility.
The Subh of Cordoba (940 –999 AD, wife of Al-Hakam II) comes from the Gascony area.[2] Gascony was taken from the Visigoths by the Franks after the Battle of Vouillé (507), the region was overrun from 561 by the Basques, or Vascones; in 602 the Frankish kings recognized Vasconia, or Gascony, as a duchy under the national leader Genialis. By 612, the Gothic king Sisebut seems to have conquered the territory. In the latter half of the 7th century, the Gascon duke Loup (Lupus) extended his power over adjacent areas, and by the latter half of the 10th century his successors controlled all of Gascony as well as Bordeaux, Bazadais, and Agenais (now Agen), which clearly contributed to the marriage between the Navarrese Subh of Cordoba, and Caliph Al-Hakam II.
Prince Andres Velaz de Medrano was the grandson of Abd Al-Rahman III. Don Francisco Mosquera de Barnuevo mentions Abd Al-Rahman III in his book while explaining the origins of Medrano:
"“Some want, say and refer, that (not finding strength for this reference) there is mention, in the year 921, of King Don Garces, when King Dōn Garcia the Shaker reigned in Navarra, and in León Ordoño the fegundo, Abderramen King of Cordoba made a mighty entrance through the Kingdom of Navarra, with such fury that he turned everything to fire and blood. That came with this bidding until Muez, which according to Garibay, is a village of the municipality of Estella, in the valley of Guesala, Don Garcia (challenging with strength to beg King Don Ordono) to help him, gave way to the Battle of Valdejunquera, so famous, near the place called Salinas.”
The battle of Valdejunquera is the most important battle of the reconquest in Navarre, where Sancho Garcés I of the Kingdom of Pamplona and Ordoño II of León fought against the most powerful Abd Al-Rahman III, Emir and later Caliph of Cordoba, with their respective armies. After concluding the war, Mosquera goes forward in time, he writes:
“In the army of King Abderramán came a great Prince, lord of vassals, a person of great value in arms, who was fond of the Christian Religion, and in particular very devoted to the Virgin Maria Nuestra Señora, whose Rosary he prayed every day, even before he was baptized. King Abderramen sent him with part of the army to cut down the region of Iguzquita (which is a town in the Valley of Santesteban); It was finally determined, and abandoning his people, he passed to King Don Garcia, who gave him the welcome that his person deserved, and had him baptized, naming him Don Andrés Velaz de Medrano."[3]
Ivory pyxis made for the princess Subh in 964 with Prince Abd Al-Rahman’s name, Caliphal period, made in Madinat Al-Zahra. Museo Arqueologico Nacional, Madrida. The birth of Prince Andres Velaz de Medrano was celebrated not only in poetry but also in visual art. The Arabic inscription lining the lid of the Ivory Pyxis reads as follows, “The blessing of Allah upon the Imam, the servant of Allah, al-Hakam II al-Mustansir billah, Commander of the Faithful. This is what he ordered to be made for the noble lady, the mother of Abd al-Rahman under the direction of Durri as-Saghir in the year 353 [964 AD]”
Shield of Medrano, Iguzquiza (Hawk of Quraysh, Umayyad Symbolism)
"Battered by time and by men, a large part of this noble and ancient estate of the Vélaz de Medrano family still stands, whose illustrious surname is legendarily derived from a Moorish Prince who, at the head of a powerful army, entered Navarre in the year 979, who is supposed to be secretly devoted to the Blessed Virgin, and as such pursued by the devil, who, taking the human figure, was in the capacity of a steward in his service, to assassinate him on a propitious occasion; and they say that this great lord, being in Igúzquiza accompanied by his devilish servant, was praying the Hail Mary, when suddenly a goshawk came, bringing a ribbon written with the angelic salutation hanging from its beak, and landing on the hand of this Prince, the Apostle St. Andres was seen immediately entering the enclosure, who exhorted and baptized him, fleeing the feigned Mayordomo with great roars and frightful earthquakes. The knight took the name of Andres, after the Apostle who regenerated him to grace, and the name Vélaz or Belaz, which in the Basque language means goshawk, after the one who placed it on his hand, and the Ave Maria in his beak, ornamenting the shield with the blades of San Andrés. As a Christian, he became a leader of them, which the Caliph of Cordoba had great sentiment, and as he was very powerful among the Moors, having great riches, which he then lost, without the King of Navarre, whom he served, giving him much, the king asked: “Medra or no?”Answering him: “no Medra no,” giving him for this reason the surname de Medrano."– Don Pedro Emiliano Zorilla (Estella. Febrero de 1923.)[4]
Mr. Francisco Mosquera Barnuevo, a famous Andalusian historian, wrote about the origin of the Medrano lineage, he said, "that Abd al-Rahman, from Cordoba, was a great fan of the Christian faith and that trying to destroy Navarre, his people in-subordinated him and then he went to the service of King Don Garcés, who had him baptized and called him Don Andrés Velaz. The king asked his followers many times about him, saying "medra or no?" To which they answered "no", to which the Moor having news of it took the surname El Medrano." Mr. Francisco Mosquera, who belongs to Barnuevo, one of the twelve noble and ancient lineages of the city of Soria, says thus, "The Medrano family is incorporated and belongs to this lineage, whose nobility is so notorious that there is no house in Spain that more be. They are natives of Navarre…"
The Palace is accessed through a rebuilt 16th century semicircular arch with marked voussoirs. This door opens onto the parade ground, one of whose corners is occupied by the ashlar palace and cushioned ashlar at the base. In the southeast angle rises the cubic tower, also rebuilt in the 16th century, on a base of ashlar and the rest of brick. It has arrow slits and is covered in the upper area by machicolations to harass the enemy. The rear part is the oldest and there is a square-shaped tower built in ashlar and increased in brick, with the wall opened by loopholes and a lowered arch. (Atlas of the Historical-Cultural Heritage)
One of the remaining towers at the Palace of Velaz de Medrano, Iguzquiza
On page 40-41:
"Of the antiquity of this one, located in the valley of Santesteban de la Solana, judicial district of Estella, Igúzquiza, when Don Ferran Velaz de Medrano married Doña Elvira de Goñi, it was already described as ancient; and this adjective is corroborated by the fact that Don Ferran Velaz de Medrano himself rebuilt it, and it was famous for its wonderful festivities celebrated in it by his Lord, his children and grandchildren, to which he and his children and grandchildren, were often attended by the Navarrese Kings and Queens themselves.
This ancient building, reconstructed in the 16th century, conserves the large parade ground that once held soldiers, with its low embrasured walls flanking its entrance, the high quadrangular tower in its southeast corner, remade in the 16th century, to the southeast. Judging by its design, and in the northeast corner there is another stone tower, of smaller proportion, of smaller elevation at the present time, covered and conserved between both the North side of the remains of the Palace-Castle consisting of large stables, dismantled rooms and other outbuildings, as well as a small oratory, with a dark oil painting, a large kitchen with a carved stone fireplace, a spiral staircase and thick walls.
This is the stately mansion of the famous Vélaz de Medrano family, rich men of Navarre who were also the keepers of the illustrious castle of Monjardín, whose portentous cross is said to have been picked up by one of those keepers when he appeared to one of his shepherds. They were lords of Learza, and later Marquises of Espinal; some of them having intervened in deeds with King Carlos II of Navarre, and others, finally, being warden of the castle of Maya, Don Jaime Vélaz de Medrano, and fighting inside it with his son Don Luis Vélaz de Medrano, they fought in its defense like lions.
"Not without some cruelty; that the Count (of Miranda) was very rigid against the natives, being Navarrese", says Don Francisco de Eguía y Beaumont in his History of Estella, handwritten, of the year 1644. The current palace owned today (according to our reports) by Mr. Marqués de Vesolla, is the same one that in the 16th century was rebuilt by the most honorable Navarrese knight Don Ferrán Velaz de Medrano, on the same site his forefathers had built the original building centuries earlier. On both sides of the main door, there are still the two defensive cannons similar to those still present in the native houses of Loyola and Xavier.
Two of its defensive towers are still standing, less mutilated than its companion, as also, there are evident signs of additions made with a view to establish barns, warehouses and homes for settlers, but the periphery reveals the magnitude, proportions and form of what was once the sumptuous dwelling of the Medrano’s, often honored by the presence of the sovereign Monarchs of the Kingdoms, in honor of whom, splendid feasts were celebrated there.
The parochial church of Igúzquiza that shows the invocation of the apostle San Andrés and shows estimable Romanesque filiation and the chrysmon or Constantine's labarum housed in its presbytery several military trophies, flags, weapons, mittens, helmet and spurs, probably donated by some of the Medranos when returning of indeterminate warlike company, trophies that can only be attributable to that origin, for no existing memory of another personage in the locality that has occupied height or martial condition so significant as the Belaz de Medrano."[5]
Pyxis of Al-Mughira (Left to right) Heir Apparent Prince Abd Al-Rahman (Don Andres Velaz de Medrano), Court Musician, and Heir Presumptive Hisham II
The Pyxis of Al-Mughira is meant to warn Al-Hakam's brother Al-Mughira not to interfere in the succession of his heir and son Prince Abd Al-Rahman (Don Andres Velaz de Medrano). Principal features of this princely iconography are the lion throne, the cup or bottle, and a flowering branch held by the ruler, which all appear in this scene. Ettinghausen and Grabar interpreted this scene as a representation of Prince Abd Al-Rahman himself with a goblet or perfume bottle in his hand. Ettinghausen and Grabar interpreted this scene as a representation of Prince Abd Al-Rahman himself with a goblet or perfume bottle in his hand. Furthermore, this seems to be not an informal scene but an official dynasty portrait executed according to the strictest iconographic norms of royal representation. Prince Abd Al-Rahman is the progenitor of the Medrano lineage, now known by his christian name: Don Andres Velaz de Medrano.
The rise of al-Mansur and the fall of the Umayyad dynasty[edit]
The curious conversion of Don Andres Velaz de Medrano, at this time known as Prince Abd Al-Rahman, can be understood by the rise of his guardian al-Mansur to power from the lower levels of the bureaucracy to the dictatorship of al-Andalus. With the support of Subh and al-Mushafi, he was appointed on 23 February 967 as administrator and guardian of the heir apparent Abd al-Rahman and seven months later as director of the mint. These positions earned him the hostility of the political faction backing al- Mughira and he probably soon realized that his fate was linked to the succession of one of the caliph's sons. Historians, who present the future al-Mansur as a master of political strategy, have described this in detail. His solid education in law, literature, and rhetoric together with his charming personality and good looks helped him to pursue step by step an ambitious program to gain personal power that seems to have been defined at an early date.
al-Mansur’s appointment as director of the mint in 967, attested by the presence of his name on coins, could also have provided him with influence over other court workshops of Madinat al-Zahra, including the one in which the pyxis of Al-Mughira was designed several months later. Paralleling these maneuvers behind the scenes at court, al-Mansur continued to deploy the arts to gain political support outside. He commissioned a new expansion of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (987). If we assume that the idea of the pyxis was formed in the Machiavellian mind of al-Mansur, its manufacture in 968 can be explained by the appointment of al-Mansur as the guardian of the heir Prince Abd Al-Rahman and to the direction of the mint in or around that year.
The trio of Subh, al-Mushafi, and al-Mansur fulfilled the menace promised to al-Mughira in the gift of the pyxis. When al-Hakam died in 976, al-Mushafi sent al-Mansur to al-Mughira's house, where he was assassinated by the vizier. The historian al-Maqqari re-counts two different versions of these events as transmitted by his two sources, Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Bassam, but both agree that al-Mansur, with his sophisticated schemes to seize power, played a leading role in the succession of the heir presumptive Hisham II. When the eleven-year-old Hisham became caliph, he appointed al-Mushafi as hajib and Ibn Amir (Al-Mansur) as vizier, and they were de facto the rulers of al-Andalus.
First al-Mansur, in order to seize the post of hajib, accused al- Mushafi of malfeasance and had him imprisoned in 978, where he was eventually killed. Hisham II, who was obliged to delegate the power formally to the new prime minister, was confined to the palace of Madinat al-Zahra and the centre of the government passed to Madinat al-Zahira. Subh seems to have realized too late the extent of al-Mansur's unbounded ambition and became the victim of the vizier's tactics of turning Hisham against her. A pyxis in the Victoria and Albert Museum made in 969-70 (dated A.H. 359) for Ziyad ibn Allah, the prefect of police under al-Hakam II, probably belongs to this last genre of Ivory Pyxies. Ziyad was indeed a rather ambitious character. Ziyad was also involved in the courtly intrigues over the succession to the throne, and belonged to the faction led by al-Mushafi and al-Mansur that decided to execute al-Mughira.
In 979, after al-Mushafi's death, and with the purpose of eliminating the uncontrolled power of al-Mansur in the Caliphate, some of the friends of the late Al-Mushafi joined the remaining members of the party who had plotted to put al-Mughira on the throne and tried to assassinate Hisham II and Prince Abd Al-Rahman and replace them with another grandson of Abd al-Rahman III, Abd al-Rahman ibn Ubaid Allah.
"the Vélaz de Medrano family still stands, whose illustrious surname is legendarily derived from a Moorish Prince who, at the head of a powerful army, entered Navarre in the year 979, who is supposed to be secretly devoted to the Blessed Virgin, and as such pursued by the devil, who, taking the human figure, was in the capacity of a steward in his service, to assassinate him on a propitious occasion.[6]
Ziyad was involved in the preparations for this coup and helped the conspirators, but when he heard that the assassins failed to kill Caliph Hisham II and Prince Abd Al-Rahman had failed, he ran to the palace pretending ignorance of the rebellion. To allay suspicion he eagerly demanded the severest penalty for the rebels. The leaders of the conspiracy were crucified, suffering the torture al-Mughira would have undergone several years earlier, if he had attempted a similar action againt Prince Abd Al-Rahman and Hisham II. Another Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, the second successor of Al-Mansur tried to usurp the Caliphate of Córdoba from Hisham II. Hisham II faced further incursions from Al-Mansur in 989, 991 and 992, the last of which resulted in a second submission at Córdoba, and the next year he sent his son Gonzalo on an embassy to the Caliphate to consolidate the rapprochement.
The heir apparent is one whose right to inherit is indefeasible as long as he or she outlives the property holder. In the majority of European hereditary monarchies, the eldest child of the sovereign is heir apparent to the crown. The heir presumptive is one whose right may be defeated by the birth of a nearer heir.[7] Al-Hakam’s youngest son Hisham II was 11 years old at the time and was a nominal ruler under Almanzor. He succeeded Al-Hakam II. Al-Ḥakam II took an oath of allegiance to his youngest son as heir presumptive to the caliphate, an act that took place on the 1st of Jumāda II of 365 AH (= 5 February 975) in the Alcazar of Cordoba.[8] Hisham II was still heir presumptive on the 5th of February 975, a title only reserved for a younger brother of an older living heir apparent, Prince Abd Al-Rahman.
A book published by Prado-Vilar, Francisco (1997) called "Circular visions of fertility and punishment: caliphal ivory caskets from al-Andalus" erroneously suggests Prince Abd Al-Rahman died in 970, “Meager references to Abd al-Rahman in the sources mention his birth and premature death…” says Francisco Prado-Vilar, roughly citing Ibn Idhari, but more than 90% of Ibn Idhari’s work is completely lost. According to É. Lévi-Provençal, the phrase Ḥubb al-walad, as found in al-Maqqari's Nafḥ al-ṭayyib, is a reference to al-Hakam's "preference for boys". However, several historians render it as "paternal love", referring instead to him choosing his young son as a successor: "Ibn Hayyan, who does not hesitate to condemn al-Hakam's actions regarding his succession, accusing him of having been overly carried away by love for the son (kāna mimman istahwā-hu ḥubb al-walad wa-afraṭa fī-hī) and thus ruling out any adult as heir, either one of his brothers or another member of the Umayyad lineage who could have performed the imamate "without favoritism" (bi-lā muḥābā)."[9]
Ibn Bessam, copying Ibn Hayyan, says, "Among other virtues Al-hakam possessed that of paternal love in such a degree that it blinded his prudence and induced him to appoint a son of his, who was then a child, to be his successor, in preference to any of his brothers or nephews, all men of mature age, well versed in the management of affairs and in the command of the armies, capable of making their mandates obeyed, and of maintaining themselves in power.”[10] Prince Abd Al-Rahman ibn Al-Hakam II (Don Andres Velaz de Medrano) was well versed in the management of affairs and in the command of the armies, capable of making his mandates obeyed, and of maintaining himself in power and highly respected amongst the Moors; an excellent hereditary candidate to the Umayyad Caliphate. Brothers and their descendants sometimes quarreled over their allocations, or even became estranged. While agnatic primogeniture became a common way of keeping the family's wealth intact and reducing familial disputes, it did so at the expense of other sons and their descendants.
Prince Abd Al-Rahman (Don Andres Velaz de Medrano) was the son of Al-Hakam II, also known as Abū al-ʿĀṣ al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh al-Hakam b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (أَبُو الْعَاصٍ الْمُسْتَنْصِرِ بِاللهِ الْحَكْمِ بْن عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ; January 13, 915 – October 16, 976), the Caliph of Córdoba. He was the second Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd-al-Rahman III and Murjan. He ruled from 961 to 976. Don Andres Velaz de Medrano's mother was the Subh of Cordoba, a Basque woman from Navarre. Her origin has alternatively been identified as Basque from the Gascony region. Don Andres Velaz de Medrano is a member of the Umayyad dynasty and heir apparent to his grandfathers newly established Caliphate of Cordoba. The first Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, romanized: al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Prophet Muhammad(ﷺ). The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: ٱلْأُمَوِيُّون, al-ʾUmawīyūn, or بَنُو أُمَيَّة, Banū ʾUmayyah, "Sons of Umayyah"). Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), the third of the Rashidun caliphs, was also a member of the clan.
The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Greater Syria, who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Fitna in 661. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in the Second Fitna, and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. Greater Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, with Damascus serving as their capital. Their rivals, the Abbasids, overthrew their Empire in 750 AD. Some Umayyads in Syria continued to resist the takeover. The Umayyad princes Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani, al-Abbas ibn Muhammad, and Hashim ibn Yazid launched revolts in Syria and the Islamic–Byzantine frontier around late 750, but they were defeated.
Don Andres Velaz de Medrano is the 9th direct descendant of Abd al-Rahman I; founder of the Umayyad dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba). Abd al-Rahman I was a member of the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus, and his establishment of a government in Iberia represented a break with the Abbasids, who had overthrown the Umayyads in Damascus in 750. Don Andres Velaz de Medrano's paternal grandfather was Abd Al-Rahman III (born on Jan. 7, 891 AD), father of Al-Hakam II. Abd Al-Rahman III became the first Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba. He based his claim to the caliphate on his Umayyad ancestors who had held undisputed control of the Caliphate until the Abbasids overthrew them.
Paternal Ancestry of Don Andres Velaz de Medrano[edit]
Tutored by the patriarch of the lineage, a lineage comprised the head of the lineage, his wife, children, sons-in-law/daughters-in-law etc. then logically most of them would not have the same surname, but every one of those surnames would be part of the same trunk lineage. The trunk lineage of the House of Medrano is the Umayyad Dynasty:
His father Al-Hakam II ibn Abd al-Rahman III, (born January 13, 915 – October 16, 976), was the son of Abd al-Rahman III and Caliph of Córdoba. He was the second Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd-al-Rahman III and Murjan. He ruled from 961 to 976. He had two sons, the first was Prince Abd Al-Rahman and the second was Prince Hisham II. The Fatimids were defeated in Morocco in 974 while Al-Hakam II was able to maintain the supremacy of the caliphate over the Christian states of Navarre, Castile and León.
Abd al-Rahman III ibn Muhammad was the son of Muhammad II ibn Abdullah and Umayyad Emir of Córdoba from 912 to 929 after his grandfather Abdullah, at which point he founded the Caliphate of Córdoba, serving as its first official Caliph until his death. 'Abd al-Raḥmān won the laqab (sobriquet) al-Nasir li-Dīn Allāh – Defender of God's Faith – in his early 20s when he supported the Maghrawa in North Africa against Fatimid expansion and rose to the Caliphate.
Muhammad II ibn Abdullah was the son of Abdullah. Muhammad’s son was Abd Al-Rahman III. Muhammad never became Emir and instead Abdullah nominated his grandson Abd Al-Rahman III.
The tradition (the version of Ibn Ishaq) holds that, "Muhammad was the son of 'Abdullah, son of 'Abdu'I-Muttalib (whose name was Shayba), son of Hashim (whose name was 'Amr), son of 'Abd Manaf, (whose name was al-Mughira). Prophet Muhammad and Prince Abd Al-Rahman ibn Al-hakam II share a common ancestor; 'Abd Manaf.
The Scholars who wrote about Andres Velaz de Medrano[edit]
The work of Don Pedro Emiliano Zorrilla and Julio Altadill in the book "Las casas señoriales de Olloqui y Belaz de Medrano" was published by The Red List of Hispania Nostra. The Red List of Hispania Nostra is a tool for social participation created with the aim of publicizing, raising awareness and acting on the heritage elements of the Spanish territory that are at risk of disappearing. Hispania Nostra launched the Red List in 2007 with the aim of offering society a channel for participation in the defense, conservation and improvement of its cultural and natural heritage and making visible all those assets at risk of disappearance, destruction or essential alteration of their values. Any person or association can request the inclusion of a property on the Red List , by completing the form that appears on their website if they consider that the integrity of said property is threatened. From there, the Hispania Nostra Scientific Committee analyzes the complaints and requests as much additional information as it deems necessary from the competent administrations, the property, other institutions, the Hispania Nostra area delegates , etc. Once all the information has been reviewed, the Scientific Committee decides the inclusion in the Red Listwhen there is a certain risk of loss of the property's values, and if it is considered that this risk does not exist, its inclusion is rejected. The Red List of Hispania Nostra wants to be, therefore, the common project of a society that values its History and that is fully committed to the conservation of its heritage as a physical witness of it, of a society that considers education as the best guarantee for its conservation and enrichment as an essential part of our selves, of our roots, of who we are as a society and, above all, as people. You can read more about the Red List of Hispania Nostra on their official page.
Pedro Pineda (c. 1700-1762), English cervantist, grammarian and lexicographer of the first half of the 18th century. Of Sephardic origin, he lived in London devoted to teaching the Spanish language and declared in the prologue to his edition of The Ten Books of Fortuna de Amor by Antonio de Lofraso that he had been responsible for refining the text for the famous luxurious edition of Don Quixote in Spanish from London, 1738, considered the first modern edition, and accompanied by the first biography, of the illustrated Spanish Gregorio Mayáns y Siscar. He also edited the also Cervantine exemplary novels, several pastoral novels and the literary Republic of Diego de Saavedra Fajardo.
As in the New Dictionary and in other works there were offensive definitions for the Catholic Church, in the manner of another subjective lexicographer, Samuel Johnson , an edict in Mallorca (1756) prohibited the Dictionary and its Easy and Short Method... in Spain. Similar merits gathers his short and compendious art to learn to speak, read and write the Spanish language, 1726, the first serious attempt to bring the Spanish language closer to the English and of a certain philological interest.
General Julio Altadill y Torrontera de Sancho San Román[edit]
Julio Altadill y Torrontera de Sancho San Román (1858-1935), a Spanish soldier and historian born in Toledo, was a prominent figure in the promotion of Navarre's culture and art. He authored "Las casas señoriales de Olloqui y Belaz de Medrano," focusing on Don Andres Velaz de Medrano and his descendants. Altadill was a member of the Hispanic-American Academy of Sciences and Arts, vice-president of the Historical and Artistic Monuments Commission of Navarra, and secretary of the Second Congress of Basque Studies in 1920. He conducted extensive historical studies of Navarre through conferences and articles.
After studying at the San Miguel Seminary in Pamplona and completing his education at the University of Madrid and the Madrid Military Quartermaster Academy, Altadill served as an assistant professor at the latter. He contributed significantly to the development of the Fort of San Cristóbal on Mount Ezcaba near Pamplona and held various administrative positions in the military, including Secretary of the Intendancy of the Sixth Military Region.
Altadill participated in military operations in Cuba and Africa, receiving several decorations for his service. In 1910, he collaborated in designing the coat of arms and flag of Navarre. His early research efforts earned him recognition as an academician at the San Fernando Academy of History and Fine Arts at the age of twenty-four.
Pedro Emiliano Zorrilla (1872-1957), a lawyer and historian from Estella, was known for his extensive research on the Medrano family and Navarre's cultural heritage. Alongside Julio Altadill, he authored "Las casas señoriales de Olloqui y Belaz de Medrano," focusing on Prince Don Andrés Velaz de Medrano. Zorrilla served in various cultural commissions and received recognition for his studies on Estella's historical and artistic heritage. He played a role in establishing Estella's first museum in 1910, paving the way for the Institution Prince of Viana's work in preserving Navarre's cultural legacy.
Francisco Mosquera de Barnuevo. Son of Don Diego de Barnuevo Mosquera and, therefore, a descendant of this lineage from Soria, he was born in Granada and was a resident of Seville. Graduated in Jurisprudence, he participated in the military campaigns of Carlos V and was a knight of the Orders of Calatrava and Santiago. Mosquera stylistically perfected and expanded the research of the Riojan scholar Martel, to whom the sons of Dalgo Barnuevo from the land of Soria had commissioned its compilation, lending him their archives and even those of other lineages. //...// Mosquera also wrote a Discourse on the lineages of Soria (printed in 1598) and other works on non-Soria subjects.
↑"Medrano, the Sir-Name of a Noble Family in Spain, lineally descended from a Moorish Prince who was converted and baptized 800 years ago." (Source: A New Dictionary, Spanish and English and English and Spanish, Containing the Etymology, the Proper and Metaphorical Signification of Words, Terms of Arts and Sciences, Names of Men, Families, Places, and of the Principal Plants in Spain and the West-Indies. Together wih the Arabic and Moorish Words Now Commonly received in the Spanish Tongue, and an Explanation of the difficult Words, Proverbs and Phrases, in Don Quixote, and the other most celebrated writers in the language by Peter Penida, Author of the Spanish Grammar and teacher of Spanish Lanuage in London / EN LONDRES: / Por F. GYLES, T. WOODWARD, T. COX, J. CLARKE, A. MILLAR, y P. VAILLANT. / MDCCXL. published by por F. Gyles, 1740 by Peter Pineda)
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