View source for A Manufacturing Language

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{{AFC comment|1=The only independent source seems to be the encyclopedia article. This article will need greater independent coverage to show notability. [[User:StudiesWorld|StudiesWorld]] ([[User talk:StudiesWorld|talk]]) 20:19, 22 June 2019 (UTC)}}

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{{short description|general-purpose programming language}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = AML
| paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]])
| designer = Russell H. Taylor
| first release = 1978
| implementations = AML, AML/2, AML/E, AML/V, AML/X
| year = {{start date and age|1978}}
| influenced_by = [[ALGOL 68]], [[SAIL (programming language)|SAIL]], AL<ref>Taylor, R. H. [https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~rht/Early%20Reasearch.html "Russell H. Taylor - Early Research"], faculty web page at [[Johns Hopkins University]]. Retrieved on 6 July 2019.</ref><ref>Taylor, R. H. [https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~rht/RHT%20Papers/1976/A%20Synthesis%20of%20Manipulator%20Control%20Programs%20From%20Task-Level%20Specifications%20by%20Dr.%20Taylor.pdf "A Synthesis of Manipulator Control Programs From Task-Level Specifications"], [[Stanford University|Stanford]] A.I. Laboratory (sponsored by [[DARPA|Advanced Research Projects Agency]], [[United States Department of Defense|Dept. of Defense]], [[National Science Foundation]]), Memo AIM-282, July, 1976.</ref>
}}

'''A Manufacturing Language (AML)''' is a [[Robot software|robot programming language]] created by [[IBM]], for its [[RS 1]] robot and other robots in its Robot Manufacturing System product line.<ref>IBM. [https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/robotics/robotics_1.html "IBM robotics: tools for advanced manufacturing"], IBM Archives, London, 27 October 2005. Retrieved on 11 June 2019.</ref><ref>[[Thomas J. Watson Research Center|IBM Watson Research Center]].  [https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group_subpage.php?id=1569 "Artificial Intelligence (subdiscipline)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719225145/https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group_subpage.php?id=1569 |date=2019-07-19 }}, section IBM RS 1 Robotic system (1980s), updated on 9 November 2017. Retrieved on 11 June 2019.</ref>
These systems were developed in the 1970s and 80s, and used in factory automation by customers such as [[Plessey]] and [[Northern Telecom]].<ref>Richard C. Dorf, Shimon Y. Nof, editors.  [https://archive.org/details/InternationalEncyclopediaOfRobotics "International Encyclopedia of Robotics: Applications and Automation"], Vol. 1., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988, pp. 216, 219.</ref>  They are no longer listed as available from IBM, but robots and parts can occasionally be found in used condition on auction sites, and are refurbished by hobbyists.<ref>sliptonic. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0eaka0LFlQ "IBM 7575 Scara robot working at last"], [[Youtube]], 9 April 2018.  Retrieved on 11 June 2019.</ref>

AML/2, AML/E, AML/V, and AML/X are versions and derivatives of AML.<ref>R.H. Taylor, P.D. Summers, J.M. Meyer. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/027836498200100302 "AML: A Manufacturing Language"], The International Journal of Robotics Research, 1(3), 19–41, 1 September 1982.  Retrieved on 11 June 2019.</ref>

AML programs can call subroutines written in AML, C, or FORTRAN.  Programs are coded off-line, and can be tested with an off-line simulator.  Prior to execution on the robot, they are uploaded to RAM residing in the robot's control unit.<ref>Korein, J. U., Maier, G. E., et al. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-configurable-system-for-automation-programming-Korein-Maier/a19e0950414654434f2168f25e8d09ed0134ab45 "A configurable system for automation programming and control"], in IEEE Conf. on Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, April, 1986.  pp. 1871-1877.</ref>

[[File:Burgemeester_Van_Thijn_opent_computerexpositite_EXHIBIT_voor_jongeren_burgemees,_Bestanddeelnr_933-2886.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Two [[IBM 7535]] [[SCARA]] industrial robots bracketing the Mayor of Amsterdam, [[Burgomaster|Burgemeester]] [[Ed van Thijn]], at a 1985 computer exhibition in the Netherlands.]]

== Source Code Example ==

The following example shows code for a peg-in-hole program.<ref>[[Tomas Lozano-Perez|Lozano-Pérez, Tomás]]. [https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a127233.pdf "Robot Programming"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707021909/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a127233.pdf |date=2019-07-07 }}, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|A.I. Laboratory]] (for the Advanced Research Projects Agency, [[Office of Naval Research]]), A.I. Memo No. 698, December, 1982, p. 33.</ref>
<pre>
PICKUP: SUBR (PART__DATA. TRIES);
   MOVE(GRIPPER, DIAMETER(PART__DATA)+0.2);
   MOVE(<1,2,3>, XYZ__POSITION(PART__DATA)+<0,0,1>);
   TRY__PICKUP(PART__DATA, TRIES);
   END;

TRY__PICKUP: SUBR(PART__DATA, TRIES);
   IF TRIES LT 1 THEN RETURN(&rsquo;NO PART&rsquo;);
   DMOVE(3,-1.0);
   IF GRASP(DIAMETER(PART__DATA)) = &rsquo;NO PART&rsquo;
      THEN TRY__PICKUP(PART__DATA, TRIES - 1);
   END;

GRASP: SUBR(DIAMETER, F);
   FMONS: NEW APPLY($ MONITOR, PINCH__FORCE(F));
   MOVE(GRIPPER, 0, FMONS);
   RETURN( IF QPOSITION(GRIPPER) LE DIAMETER/2
              THEN &rsquo;NO PART&rsquo;
              ELSE &rsquo;PART&rsquo; );
   END;

INSERT: SUBR(PART__DATA, HOLE);
   FMONS: NEW APPLY($ MONITOR, TIP__FORCE(LANDING__FORCE));
   MOVE(<1,2,3>, HOLE+<O,O,.25>);
   DMOVE(3, -1.0, FMONS);
   IF QMONITOR(FMONS) = 1
      THEN RETURN(&rsquo;NO HOLE&rsquo;);
   MOVE(3, HOLE(3) + PART__LENGTH(PART__DATA));
   END;

PART__IN__HOLE: SUBR(PART__DATA, HOLE);
   (PICKUP PART__DATA 2.);
   (INSERT PART__DATA HOLE);
   END;
</pre>

== External links ==
[https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/robotics/robotics_1.html "IBM robotics: tools for advanced manufacturing"], in the [https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/index.html "Exhibits"] section at [https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ "IBM Archives"].

== References ==
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{{reflist}}

{{IBM}}
{{Programming languages}}

[[:Category:Robot programming languages]]
[[:Category:American inventions]]
[[:Category:High-level programming languages]]
[[:Category:Procedural programming languages]]
[[:Category:Programming languages created in 1978]]
[[:Category:Statically typed programming languages]]

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