View source for European Red-Raspberry

{{Short description|Red raspberry}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Fertődi_kármin_málna.JPG
| image_caption = 
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Rubus idaeus'' |url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18258863/45097315#assessment-information }}</ref> ([[Europe]])
| genus = Rubus
| parent = Rubus subg. Idaeobatus
| species = idaeus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753 not Blanco 1837 nor Vell. 1829 nor Pursh 1814 nor Thunb. 1784
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ThePlantList |id=rjp-310 |taxon=Rubus idaeus |authority=L.}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|''Batidaea idea'' <small>(L.) Nieuwl.</small>
|''Batidaea vulgaris'' <small>Nieuwl.</small>
|''Batidea peramoena'' <small>Greene</small>
|''Rubus acanthocladus'' <small>Borb</small>
|''Rubus buschii'' <small>(Rozanova) Grossh.</small>
|''Rubus chrysocarpus'' <small>Čelak. ex Gyer</small>
|''Rubus euroasiaticus'' <small>Sinkova</small>
|''Rubus fragrans'' <small>Salisb.</small>
|''Rubus frambaesianus'' <small>Lam.</small>
|''Rubus glaber'' <small>Mill. ex Simonk.</small>
|''Rubus greeneanus'' <small>L.H.Bailey</small> 
|''Rubus leesii'' <small>Bab.</small>
|''Rubus obtusifolius'' <small>Willd. </small>
|''Rubus sericeus'' <small>Gilib.</small>
|''Rubus vulgatus'' <small>Rozanova</small>
|''Rubus komarovii'' <small>Nakai</small>
|''Rubus melanolasius'' <small>(Dieck ex Focke) Kom.</small>
|''Rubus sachalinensis'' <small>H.Lév.</small>
|''Rubus sibiricus'' <small>(Kom.) Sinkova</small>
|''Rubus nipponicus'' <small>(Focke) Koidz.</small>
|''Batidea acalyphacea'' <small>Greene </small>
|''Batidea arizonica'' <small>Greene</small>
|''Rubus carolinianus'' <small>Rydb.</small> 
|''Rubus melanolasius'' <small>Dieck</small> 
|''Rubus neglectus'' <small>Peck</small>
|''Rubus strigosus'' <small>Michx.</small>
|''Batidea viburnifolia'' <small>Greene</small>
}}}}

'''Raspberry''', also called '''Red raspberry''' or occasionally '''European Red-Raspberry''' ''(Rubus idaeus)'' to distinguish it from other raspberry species) is a red-fruited species of ''[[Rubus]]'' native to Europe and northern Asia and commonly cultivated in other [[temperate]] regions.<ref name=fe>{{cite web |website=Flora Europaea |url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?GENUS_XREF=Rubus+&SPECIES_XREF=idaeus |title=''Rubus idaeus''}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
A closely related plant in North America, sometimes regarded as the [[Variety (biology)|variety]] ''Rubus idaeus'' var. ''strigosus'', is more commonly treated as a distinct species, ''[[Rubus strigosus]]'' (American red raspberry), as is done here.<ref name=grin2>{{GRIN | ''Rubus idaeus'' var. ''strigosus'' | 32351 | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref> Red-fruited cultivated raspberries, even in North America, are generally ''Rubus idaeus'' or horticultural derivatives of hybrids of ''R. idaeus'' and ''R. strigosus;'' these plants are all addressed in the present article.

==Description==
Plants of ''Rubus idaeus'' are generally [[perennial plant|perennials]], which bear [[biennial plant|biennial]] stems ("canes") from a perennial root system. In its first year, a new, unbranched stem ("[[primocane]]") grows vigorously to its full height of 1.5–2.5 m (5.0–8.3 feet), bearing large [[pinnately compound]] [[leaves]] with five or seven leaflets, but usually no flowers. In its second year (as a "[[floricane]]"), a stem does not grow taller, but produces several side shoots, which bear smaller leaves with three or five leaflets. The [[flower]]s are produced in late spring on short [[raceme]]s on the tips of these side shoots, each flower about 1&nbsp;cm (0.4 inches) diameter with five white [[petal]]s. The [[fruit]] is red, edible, and sweet but tart-flavoured, produced in summer or early autumn; in [[botanical]] terminology, it is not a [[Berry (botany)|berry]] at all, but an [[aggregate fruit]] of numerous [[drupelet]]s around a central core. In raspberries (various species of [[Rubus subg. Idaeobatus|''Rubus'' subgenus ''Idaeobatus'']]), the drupelets separate from the core when picked, leaving a hollow fruit, whereas in [[blackberry|blackberries]] and most other species of ''Rubus,'' the drupelets stay attached to the core.
<ref name=fnwe>{{cite web |website=Flora of NW Europe |url=http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=2609 |title=''Rubus idaeus''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206162141/https://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=2609 |archive-date=6 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=foc>{{eFloras|2|200011446|Rubus idaeus |family=Rosaceae |last1=Lu |first1=Lingdi<!-- surname given first? --> |first2=David E. |last2=Boufford}}</ref><ref name=blamey>{{cite book |last1=Blamey |first1=M. |last2=Grey-Wilson |first2=C. |date=1989 |title=Flora of Britain and Northern Europe |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=0-340-40170-2}}.</ref><ref name=rhs>{{cite book |editor-last=Huxley |editor-first=A. |date=1992 |title=New RHS Dictionary of Gardening |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-47494-5}}.</ref>

Its fruit [[persistence (botany)|persists]] for an average of 12 days, and bears an average of 35.2 seeds per fruit. Wild fruits average 76.3% water, and their [[dry matter|dry weight]] includes 39.6% [[carbohydrate]]s and 2.2% [[lipid]]s.{{sfn|Ehrlén|Eriksson|1991}}

==Biotope==
As a wild plant, ''R. idaeus'' typically grows in forests, forming open stands under a tree canopy, and denser stands in clearings. In the south of its range (southern Europe and central Asia), it occurs only at high altitudes in mountains.<ref name=blamey/> The species name ''idaeus'' refers to its occurrence on [[Mount Ida (Turkey)|Mount Ida]] near [[Troy]] in what is now northwest Turkey, where the ancient Greeks were most familiar with it.<ref name=rhs/>

==Cultivation and uses==
''R. idaeus'' is grown primarily for its fruits, but occasionally for its leaves, roots, or other parts.

===Fruits===
{{Main|Raspberry}}
The fruit of ''R. idaeus'' is an important food crop, though most modern commercial raspberry [[cultivar]]s derive from [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] between ''R. idaeus'' and ''R. strigosus''.<ref name=rhs/> The fruits of wild plants have a sweet taste and are very aromatic.

===Leaves and other parts===
{{Main|Red raspberry leaf}}

Young roots of ''Rubus idaeus'' prevented kidney stone formation in a mouse model of [[hyperoxaluria]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghalayini |first1=IF |last2=Al-Ghazo |first2=MA |last3=Harfeil |first3=MN |year=2011 |title=Prophylaxis and therapeutic effects of raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') on renal stone formation in Balb/c mice |journal=Int Braz J Urol |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |doi=10.1590/S1677-55382011000200013 |pmid=21557843 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [http://www.rdchemicals.com/chemicals.php?mode=details&mol_id=8291 Tiliroside] from raspberry is a potent [[tyrosinase]] inhibitor and might be used as a skin-whitening agent and pigmentation medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=YH |last2=Chen |first2=J |last3=Wei |first3=DZ |last4=Wang |first4=ZT |last5=Tao |first5=XY |year=2009 |title=Tyrosinase inhibitory effect and inhibitory mechanism of tiliroside from raspberry |journal=J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=1154–1160 |doi=10.1080/14756360802694252|pmid=19772488 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Chemistry==
[[Vitamin C]] and phenolics are present in red raspberries. Most notably, the anthocyanins cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-(2(G)-glucosylrutinoside) and [[cyanidin-3-glucoside]], the two ellagitannins [[sanguiin H-6]] and [[lambertianin C]] are present together with trace levels of flavonols, [[ellagic acid]] and [[hydroxycinnamate]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mullen |first1=W. |last2=Stewart |first2=A. J. |last3=Lean |first3=M. E. |last4=Gardner |first4=P. |last5=Duthie |first5=G. G. |last6=Crozier |first6=A. |title=Effect of freezing and storage on the phenolics, ellagitannins, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of red raspberries |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=50 |issue=18 |pages=5197–5201 |year=2002 |pmid=12188629 |doi=10.1021/jf020141f |bibcode=2002JAFC...50.5197M }}</ref>

[[Polyphenol]]ic compounds from raspberry seeds have [[antioxidant effect of polyphenols|antioxidant]] effects [[in vitro]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Godevac |first1=D |last2=Tesević |first2=V |last3=Vajs |first3=V |last4=Milosavljević |first4=S |last5=Stanković |first5=M |year=2009 |title=Antioxidant properties of raspberry seed extracts on micronucleus distribution in peripheral blood lymphocytes |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=2853–2859 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.006|pmid=19748543 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aiyer |first1=HS |last2=Kichambare |first2=S |last3=Gupta |first3=RC |year=2008 |title=Prevention of oxidative DNA damage by bioactive berry components |journal=Nutr Cancer |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=36–42 |doi=10.1080/01635580802398448 |pmid=19003579 |s2cid=205494444 }}</ref> but have no proven antioxidant effect in humans.<ref name="Gross">{{cite web |url=http://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/issues/2009-03/view_features/new-roles-for-polyphenols/ |title=New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part report on Current Regulations & the State of Science |last1=Gross |first1=P |year=2009 |work=Nutraceuticals World |publisher=Rodman Media |access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> [[Raspberry ketone]]s are derived from various fruits and plants, not raspberries, and are marketed as having weight loss benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fic.osu.edu/members/spotlight/the-sweet-taste-of-weight-loss.html/|publisher=Ohio State University Food Innovation Center|access-date=3 Sep 2014|title=The Sweet Taste of Weight Loss|date=2014}}</ref> There is no clinical evidence for this effect in humans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1262-RASPBERRY%20KETONE.aspx?activeIngredientId=1262 |title=Raspberry Ketone |publisher=[[WebMD]]}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Activity on a leaf on a red raspberry bush.jpg|A red raspberry plant in a [[Plant nursery|nursery]] in [[Cranford, New Jersey]].
Raspberries (Rubus idaeus).jpg|Raspberries
Raspberry - halved (Rubus idaeus).jpg|Halved raspberry
Frambuesas-cuajada-miel-brea.JPG|Raspberry [[dessert]] with fresh [[cheese]] and [[honey]]
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Chambord (liqueur)]] – raspberry-based liqueur
* [[List of culinary fruits]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |date=1991 |first1=Johan |last1=Ehrlén |first2=Ove |last2=Eriksson |title=Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants |pages=463–470 |doi=10.1007/BF00318311 |journal=Oecologia |issn=0029-8549 |volume=86 |issue=4|pmid=28313326 |bibcode=1991Oecol..86..463E }}

==External links==
{{cookbook|Raspberry}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Rubus idaeus}}
* {{Commons-inline|Rubus idaeus}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Raspberry |volume=22 |short=x}}
* {{Calflora|Rubus idaeus}}
* {{CalPhotos|Rubus|idaeus}}
* {{PFAF|Rubus idaeus}}
* {{PFAF|Rubus sachalinensis}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q12252383}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rubus|idaeus]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Unitary State symbols of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Europe]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Subshrubs]]