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{{Short description|Phenomenon in which two or more objects have an effect upon one another.}}
{{Other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}
'''Interaction''' is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way [[Causality|causal effect]]. Closely related terms are [[interactivity]] and [[interconnectivity]], of which the latter deals with the interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple interactions can lead to surprising [[Emergence|emergent]] phenomena. ''Interaction'' has different tailored meanings in various sciences.

== Physics ==
{{main|Force|Fundamental interaction}}

In [[physics]], a fundamental interaction (depending on the nature of the interaction, it might also be called a fundamental force) is a process by which [[elementary particle]]s interact with each other. An interaction is often described as a physical [[quantum field theory|field]], and is mediated by the exchange of [[gauge boson]]s between particles. For example, the interaction of [[electric charge|charged]] particles takes place through the mediation of [[electromagnetic field]]s, whereas [[beta decay]] occurs by means of the [[weak interaction]]. An interaction is fundamental when it cannot be described in terms of other interactions. There are four known fundamental interactions in nature: The [[quantum electrodynamics|electromagnetic]], [[Strong nuclear force|strong]], weak and [[general relativity|gravitational]] interactions. The weak and electromagnetic interactions are unified in [[electroweak interaction|electroweak theory]], which could in turn be unified with the strong force in a [[Grand Unified Theory]] and further with gravity in a [[theory of everything]], but experimental results are yet to prove this.

== Chemistry ==
Interactions between atoms and molecules:
{{Main|Chemical bond|Molecular recognition|Intermolecular force|Noncovalent bonding|van der Waals force|Aromatic interaction|Cation–pi interaction|Hydrophobic effect|Coordination complex|Metallophilic interaction|Electronic correlation}}

{{See also|Interface (chemistry)}}

=== Biochemistry ===

====Molecular biology====
{{Main|List of protein interactions|Interactome}}
In [[molecular biology]], the knowledge on [[gene]]/[[protein]] interaction among themselves and with their [[metabolite]]s is referred to as [[molecular pathway]]s.

==== Medicine and pharmacology ====
{{main|Drug interaction}}
{{See also|Poly drug use#Dangerous interactions}}

In medicine, most medications can be safely used with other medicines, but particular combinations of medicines need to be monitored for interactions, often by the pharmacist. Interactions between medications fall generally into one of two main categories:
# [[pharmacodynamic]]: Involving the actions of the two interacting drugs.
# [[pharmacokinetic]]: Involving the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of one or both of the interacting drugs upon the other.
{{anchor|Additivity}} <!-- Additivity redirects here -->
In terms of efficacy, there can be three types of interactions between medications: additive, synergistic, and antagonistic.
* Additive interaction means the effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effect of the two chemicals taken separately. This is usually due to the two chemicals acting on the body via same or similar mechanism. Examples are [[aspirin]] and [[motrin]], [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] and [[depressant]], [[tranquilizer]] and [[painkiller]].
* [[Synergistic]] interaction means that the effect of two chemicals taken together is greater than the sum of their separate effect at the same doses. An example is [[pesticide]] and [[fertilizer]].
* [[Antagonism (chemistry)|Antagonistic interaction]] means that the effect of two chemicals is actually less than the sum of the effect of the two drugs taken independently of each other. This is because the second chemical increases the excretion of the first, or even directly blocks its toxic actions. Antagonism forms the basis for [[antidote]]s of poisonings.

==Biology and genetics==
{{Main|Biological interaction|Gene–environment interaction|Cell–cell interaction}}
[[Geneticist]]s work with a number of different genetic interaction modes to characterize how the combination of two [[mutation]]s affect (or does not affect) the [[phenotype]]:<ref>{{Cite journal
 | author1 = Becky L. Drees
 | author2 = Vesteinn Thorsson
 | author3 = Gregory W. Carter
 | author4 = Alexander W. Rives
 | author5 = Marisa Z. Raymond
 | author6 = Iliana Avila-Campillo
 | author7 = Paul Shannon
 | author8 = Timothy Galitski
 | title = Derivation of genetic interaction networks from quantitative phenotype data
 | journal = [[Genome Biology]]
 | year = 2005
 | volume = 6
 | pages = R38
 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2005-6-4-r38
 | url = http://genomebiology.com/2005/6/4/R38
 | pmid = 15833125
 | issue = 4
 | pmc = 1088966
 | access-date = 2022-11-30
 | archive-date = 2015-12-26
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151226165205/http://www.genomebiology.com/2005/6/4/R38
 | dead-url = yes
 }}</ref>
noninteractive, synthetic, asynthetic, suppressive, epistatic, conditional, additive, single-nonmonotonic and double-nonmonotonic.
Further characterizations is enhancement interaction and nonadditive interaction. [[Biosemiotic]]ists investigate sign-mediated interactions within and between organisms that underlie syntactic, pragmatic and semantic rules.

The word [[epistasis]] is also used for genetic interaction in some contexts.

== Communications ==
{{main|Interactivity}}

== Sociology ==
{{main|Social interaction}}

In [[sociology]], [[social interaction]] is a dynamic, changing sequence of [[social action]]s between individuals (or groups) who modify their actions and reactions due to the actions by their interaction partner(s). Social interactions can be differentiated into accidental, repeated, regular, and regulated. Social interactions form the basis of [[social relation]]s.

The most common forms of social interaction are exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CK12-Foundation|url=https://flexbooks.ck12.org/user:coachtgj/cbook/episd-sociology/section/4.2/primary/lesson/types-of-social-interaction#:~:text=Social%20interactions%20take%20place%20in,conflict,%20cooperation,%20and%20accommodation.|access-date=2021-04-26|website=flexbooks.ck12.org}}</ref> In addition, there is also [[cultural amalgamation]].

== Statistics ==
{{main|Interaction (statistics)}}

In [[statistics]], an '''interaction''' is a term in a [[statistical model]] in which the effect of two, or more, variables is not simply additive.

== Computers ==
{{main|Human–computer interaction}}
{{See also|Interaction cost|Interactive computation|Interface (computing)}}

== See also ==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
* [[Financial transaction]]
* [[Interaction design]]
* [[Interaction frequency]]
* Interconnectivity
* [[Interface (communication studies)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communication]]
[[Category:Sociological terminology]]
[[Category:Emergence]]
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