View source for JEL classification code

{{Short description|System for classifying economics research}}
{{Economics sidebar}}
Articles in [[List of economics journals|economics journals]] are usually classified according to '''JEL classification codes''', which derive from the ''[[Journal of Economic Literature]]''.  The ''JEL'' is published quarterly by the [[American Economic Association]] (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. The AEA maintains [[EconLit]], a searchable data base of citations for articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and working papers classified by JEL codes for the years from 1969. A recent addition to EconLit is indexing of economics journal articles from 1886 to 1968<ref>[http://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/index.php EconLit – American Economic Association].</ref> parallel to the print series ''Index of Economic Articles''.<ref>Works cited in the ''Index of Economic Articles'' are classified by author and subject. Coverage includes v. 1-7 for 1886–1965 and v. 8-36 for each year thereafter to 1996 (per Baylor University Libraries, "International Business Sources", [http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/14779.pdf p. 1]).</ref>

Developed in the context of the [[Journal of Economic Literature]], the JEL classification system became a standard method of classifying economics literature, including journal articles, books, collective volume articles, dissertations, working papers in economics, book reviews from the ''Journal of Economic Literature'', and [[EconLit]].<ref name="AEA-JEL-2017"/>

{| class="wikitable 
|+Structure
! JEL Codes
! General Categories<ref name="AEA-JEL-2017">{{cite web|title=JEL Classification System / EconLit Subject Descriptors|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php?view=jel|website=American Economic Association|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[#JEL: A|A]]
|General Economics and Teaching
|-
|[[#JEL: B|B]] 
| [[History of economic thought|History of Economic Thought]], [[Economic methodology|Economic Methodology]], and [[Heterodox economics|Heterodox Approaches]]
|-
|[[#JEL: C|C]]
|Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
|-
|[[#JEL: D|D]]
|Microeconomics
|-
|[[#JEL: E|E]]
|Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
|-
|[[#JEL: F|F]]
|International Economics
|-
|[[#JEL: G|G]]
|Financial Economics
|-
|[[#JEL: H|H]]
|Public Economics
|-
|[[#JEL: I|I]]
|[[Health economics|Health]], [[Economics of education|Education]], and [[Welfare economics|Welfare]]
|-
|[[#JEL: J|J]]
|[[Labor economics|Labor Economics]] and [[Demographic economics|Demographic Economics]]
|-
|[[#JEL: K|K]]
|Law and Economics
|-
|[[#JEL: L|L]]
|Industrial Organization
|-
|[[#JEL: M|M]]  
|Business Administration and [[Business economics|Business Economics]] • [[Marketing]] • [[Accounting]] • Personnel Economics
|-
|[[#JEL: N|N]]
|Economic History
|-
|[[#JEL: O|O]]
|[[Economic development|Economic Development]], [[Innovation]], [[Technological change|Technological Change]], and [[Economic growth|Growth]]
|-
|[[#JEL: P|P]]
|Economic Systems
|-
|[[#JEL: Q|Q]]
|[[Agricultural economics|Agriculture]] and [[Natural resource economics|Natural Resource Economics]] • [[Environmental economics|Environmental]] and [[Ecological economics|Ecological Economics]]
|-
|[[#JEL: R|R]]   
||Urban, Rural, Regional, [[Urban economics|Real Estate]], and Transportation Economics
|-
|[[#JEL: Y|Y]]
|[[JEL classification codes#Y. Miscellaneous Categories|Miscellaneous Categories]]
|-
|[[#JEL: Z|Z]]
|[[JEL classification codes#Z. Other Special Topics|Other Special Topics]]
|}

JEL codes A through Z denote primary categories (e.g. '''''D''' Microeconomics''). Secondary categories are specified by an additional Arabic numeral (e.g. ''D'''3''' Distribution''), tertiary categories by a following second Arabic numeral (e.g. ''D3'''0''' General''). Articles in economics publications use JEL codes in this manner: ''JEL: B12''.

Each JEL primary category has secondary and tertiary subcategories, for example, under JEL: D – Microeconomics:
:JEL: D1 – Household Behavior and Family Economics
::JEL: D11 – Consumer Economics: Theory<ref>An alphabetic list of category links constructed as corresponding JEL-code (sub)categories and listed below is at [[:Category:Categories which are included in the JEL classification codes]].</ref>
JEL code (sub)categories, including periodic updates, are referenced at [https://web.archive.org/web/20100405035000/http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.php Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification System].  Links to definitions of (sub)categories are at [http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php JEL Classification Codes Guide] with corresponding examples of article titles linked to publication information, such as [[Abstract (summary)|abstracts]].

==Purpose==
Articles in economics journals also list JEL codes (for example [[#JEL: B|JEL: B12]]), facilitating their use across [[search engine]]s. Comprehensive uses of JEL (sub)classifications include:
:• ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2008, v. 8, Appendix IV, pp. 854–69, and for the online version by drilling to the primary, secondary, or tertiary JEL code of interest  [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/advanced_search here] and pressing the Search button below it for article-preview links .
:• [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] Working Papers abstracts by year via [http://www.nber.org/jel/ links]
:• [[Research Papers in Economics]] via [http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/jelsearch.pf links].

==Categories==
===General Economics and Teaching===

A1 [[Economics|General Economics]]
:A10 General
:A11 Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists
:A12 [[:Category:Interdisciplinary subfieldolkgckxghhmfxmgv bs of economics|Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines]]
:A13 [[Socioeconomics|Relation of Economics to Social Values]]
:A14 [[Sociology of Economics]]
:A19 Other

A2 [[Economics education|Economic Education and Teaching of Economics]]
:A20 General
:A21 Pre-college
:A22 Undergraduate
:A23 Graduate
:A29 Other

A3 Collective Works
:A30 General
:A31 Collected Writings of Individuals
:A32 Collective Volumes
:A33 [[Economics handbooks|Handbooks]]
:A39 Other

===History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches===

:B00 General

B1 History of Economic Thought through 1925
:B10 General
:B11 Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
:B12 Classical (includes Adam Smith)
:B13 [[Neoclassical economics|Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)]]
:B14 [[History of socialism|Socialist]] • [[Marxist theory|Marxist]]
:B15 [[Historical school of economics|Historical]] • [[Institutional economics|Institutional]] • [[Evolutionary economics|Evolutionary]]
:B16 [[Mathematical economics#History|Quantitative and Mathematical]]
:B17 International Trade and Finance
:B19 Other

B2 History of Economic Thought since 1925
:B20 General
:B21 [[Microeconomics]]
:B22 [[Macroeconomics]]
:B23 Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
:B24 [[History of socialism|Socialist]] • [[Marxist theory|Marxist]] • [[Piero Sraffa#Major works|Sraffian]]
:B25 [[Historical school of economics|Historical]] • [[Institutional economics|Institutional]] • [[Evolutionary economics|Evolutionary]] • [[Austrian School|Austrian]] • Stockholm School
:B26 Financial Economics
:B27 International Trade and Finance
:B29 Other

B3 History of Economic Thought: Individuals
:B30 General
:B31 Individuals
:B32 Obituaries

B4 [[Economic Methodology]]
:B40 General
:B41 Economic Methodology
:B49 Other

B5 [[Heterodox economics|Current Heterodox Approaches]]
:B50 [[Heterodox economics|General]]
:B51 [[History of socialism|Socialist]] • [[Marxist theory|Marxist]] • [[Piero Sraffa#Major works|Sraffian]]
:B52 [[Historical school of economics|Historical]] • [[Institutional economics|Institutional]] • [[Evolutionary economics|Evolutionary]]
:B53 [[Austrian School|Austrian]]
:B54 [[Feminist economics|Feminist Economics]]
:B55 [[Social Economics]]
:B59 Other

===Mathematical and Quantitative Methods===

:C00 General
:C01 [[Econometrics]]
:C02 [[Mathematical economics|Mathematical Methods]]

C1 Econometric and [[Statistics|Statistical Methods and Methodology]]: General
:C10 General
:C11 Bayesian Analysis: General
:C12 [[Hypothesis testing|Hypothesis Testing]]: General
:C13 [[Estimation theory|Estimation]]: General
:C14 [[Semiparametric model|Semiparametric]] and [[Non-parametric statistics|Nonparametric]] Methods: General
:C15 [[Simulation|Statistical Simulation]] Methods: General
:C18 Methodological Issues: General
:C19 Other

C2 Single Equation Models • Single Variables
:C20 [[Single equation methods (econometrics)|General]]
:C21 [[Cross-sectional analysis|Cross-Sectional Models]] • [[Spatial analysis|Spatial Models]] • [[Effect size|Treatment Effect Models]] • [[Quantile regression|Quantile Regressions]]
:C22 [[Time series|Time-Series Models]] • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes
:C23 [[Panel data|Panel Data Models]] • Spatio-temporal Models
:C24 [[Truncated regression model|Truncated]] and [[Censored regression models|Censored]] Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models
:C25 [[Poisson regression|Discrete Regression]] and [[Discrete choice|Qualitative Choice Models]] • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities
:C26 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
:C29 Other

C3 Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables
:C30 [[Simultaneous equation methods (econometrics)|General]]
:C31 [[Cross-sectional analysis|Cross-Sectional Models]] • [[Spatial analysis|Spatial Models]] • [[Effect size|Treatment Effect Models]] • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models
:C32 [[Time series|Time-Series Models]] • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models
:C33 [[Panel data|Panel Data Models]] • Spatio-temporal Models
:C34 [[Truncated regression model|Truncated]] and [[Censored regression models|Censored Models]] • Switching Regression Models
:C35 [[Poisson regression|Discrete Regression]] and [[Discrete choice|Qualitative Choice Models]] • [[Poisson regression|Discrete Regressors]] • Proportions
:C36 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
:C38 Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models
:C39 Other

C4 Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
:C40 General
:C41 [[Survival analysis|Duration Analysis]] • Optimal Timing Strategies
:C43 [[Index (economics)|Index Numbers]] and [[Aggregation problem|Aggregation]]
:C44 [[Operations research|Operations Research]] • [[Decision theory|Statistical Decision Theory]]
:C45 [[Artificial neural networks|Neural Networks and Related Topics]]
:C46 [[Probability distribution|Specific Distributions]] • Specific Statistics
:C49 Other

C5 Econometric Modeling
:C50 [[Econometric models|General]]
:C51 [[Statistical model|Model Construction and Estimation]]
:C52 [[Model selection|Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection]]
:C53 [[Economic forecasting|Forecasting and Prediction Methods]] • [[Simulation#Economics simulation|Simulation Methods]]
:C54 Quantitative Policy Modeling
:C55 Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
:C57 Econometrics of Games and Auctions
:C58 Financial Econometrics
:C59 Other

C6 Mathematical Methods • [[Mathematical programming|Programming Models]] • [[Mathematical modeling|Mathematical]] and [[Simulation modeling|Simulation Modeling]]
:C60 [[Mathematical economics|General]]
:C61 [[Optimization (mathematics)|Optimization Techniques]] • [[Operations research|Programming Models]] • [[Dynamical systems|Dynamic Analysis]]
:C62 [[Existence theorem|Existence]] and [[Stability theory|Stability Conditions]] of [[Economic equilibrium|Equilibrium]]
:C63 [[Computational economics|Computational Techniques]] • [[Simulation modeling|Simulation Modeling]]
:C65 Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
:C67 [[Input-output model|Input–Output Models]]
:C68 [[Computable general equilibrium|Computable General Equilibrium Models]]
:C69 Other

C7 Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
:C70 General
:C71 [[Cooperative game theory|Cooperative Games]]
:C72 [[Noncooperative game|Noncooperative Games]]
:C73 [[Stochastic game|Stochastic]] and [[Dynamic game|Dynamic Games]] • [[Evolutionary game theory|Evolutionary Games]] • Repeated Games
:C78 [[Bargaining|Bargaining Theory]] • [[Matching theory (economics)|Matching Theory]]
:C79 Other

C8 Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • [[Computer programs|Computer Programs]]
:C80 [[Economic data|General]]
:C81 [[Survey sampling|Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data]] • Data Access
:C82 [[Official statistics|Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data]] • Data Access
:C83 Survey Methods • Sampling Methods
:C87 [[Econometric software|Econometric Software]]
:C88 [[Computer software|Other Computer Software]]
:C89 Other

C9 Design of Experiments
:C90 [[Experimental economics|General]]
:C91 [[Experimental psychology|Laboratory, Individual Behavior]]
:C92 [[Social psychology|Laboratory, Group Behavior]]
:C93 [[Field experiments|Field Experiments]]
:C99 Other

===Microeconomics===

:D00 [[Microeconomics|General]]
:D01 Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
:D02 Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
:D03 Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles
:D04 Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation

D1 	Household Behavior and Family Economics
:D10 General
:D11 Consumer Economics: Theory
:D12 Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
:D13 Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation 
:D14 Household Saving • Personal Finance
:D15 Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving
:D16 Collaborative Consumption
:D18 Consumer Protection
:D19 Other

D2 Production and Organizations
:D20 General
:D21 Firm Behavior: Theory
:D22 Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
:D23 Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights
:D24 Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity
:D25 Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing
:D29 Other

D3 Distribution
:D30 General
:D31 Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
:D33 Factor Income Distribution
:D39 Other

D4	Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
:D40 General
:D41 Perfect Competition
:D42 Monopoly
:D43 Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
:D44 Auctions
:D45 Rationing • Licensing
:D46 Value Theory
:D47 Market Design
:D49 Other

D5	General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
:D50 General
:D51 Exchange and Production Economies
:D52 Incomplete Markets
:D53 Financial Markets
:D57 Input–Output Tables and Analysis
:D58 Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
:D59 Other

D6 Welfare Economics
:D60 General
:D61 Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis
:D62 Externalities
:D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
:D64 Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers
:D69 Other

D7 Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
:D70 General
:D71 Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations
:D72 Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
:D73 Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption
:D74 Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions
:D78 Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
:D79 Other

D8 Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
:D80 General
:D81 Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
:D82 Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design
:D83 Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness
:D84 Expectations • Speculations
:D85 Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
:D86 Economics of Contract: Theory
:D87 Neuroeconomics
:D89 Other

D9 Micro-Based Behavioral Economics
:D90 General
:D91 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
:D99 Other

===[[Macroeconomics]] and Monetary Economics===

:E00 [[Macroeconomics|General]]
:E01 Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts
:E02 Institutions and the Macroeconomy
:E03 Behavioral Macroeconomics

E1 General Aggregative Models
:E10 General
:E11 Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian
:E12 Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian
:E13 Neoclassical
:E14 Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional
:E16 Social Accounting Matrix
:E17 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
:E19 Other

E2 Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
:E20 General
:E21 Consumption • Saving • Wealth
:E22 Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity
:E23 Production
:E24 Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity
:E25 Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
:E26 Informal Economy • Underground Economy
:E27 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
:E29 Other

E3 Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
:E30 General
:E31 Price Level • Inflation • Deflation
:E32 Business Fluctuations • Cycles
:E37 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
:E39 Other

E4 Money and Interest Rates
:E40 [[Monetary economics|General]]
:E41 Demand for Money
:E42 Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems
:E43 Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
:E44 Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
:E47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
:E49 Other

E5 Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
:E50 General
:E51 Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers
:E52 Monetary Policy
:E58 Central Banks and Their Policies
:E59 Other

E6 Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
:E60 General
:E61 Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination
:E62 Fiscal Policy
:E63 Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy
:E64 Incomes Policy • Price Policy
:E65 Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
:E66 General Outlook and Conditions
:E69 Other

===International Economics===

:F00 [[International economics|General]]
:F01 Global Outlook
:F02 International Economic Order and Integration

F1 Trade
:F10 General
:F11 Neoclassical Models of Trade
:F12 Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation
:F13 Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations
:F14 Empirical Studies of Trade
:F15 Economic Integration
:F16 Trade and Labor Market Interactions
:F17 Trade Forecasting and Simulation
:F18 Trade and Environment
:F19 Other

F2 International Factor Movements and International Business
:F20 General
:F21 International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements
:F22 International Migration
:F23 Multinational Firms • International Business
:F24 Remittances
:F29 Other

F3 International Finance
:F30 General
:F31 Foreign Exchange
:F32 Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements
:F33 International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
:F34 International Lending and Debt Problems
:F35 Foreign Aid
:F36 Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
:F37 International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
:F38 International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls
:F39 Other

F4 Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
:F40 General
:F41 Open Economy Macroeconomics
:F42 International Policy Coordination and Transmission
:F43 Economic Growth of Open Economies
:F44 International Business Cycles
:F45 Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
:F47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
:F49 Other

F5 International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
:F50 General
:F51 International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions
:F52 National Security • Economic Nationalism
:F53 International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations
:F54 Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism
:F55 International Institutional Arrangements
:F59 Other

F6 Economic Impacts of Globalization
:F60 General
:F61 Microeconomic Impacts
:F62 Macroeconomic Impacts
:F63 Economic Development
:F64 Environment
:F65 Finance
:F66 Labor
:F68 Policy
:F69 Other

===[[Financial Economics]]===

:G00 [[Financial economics|General]]
:G01 Financial Crises
:G02 Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles

G1 General Financial Markets
:G10 General
:G11 Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions
:G12 Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates
:G13 Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing
:G14 Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading
:G15 International Financial Markets
:G17 Financial Forecasting and Simulation
:G18 Government Policy and Regulation
:G19 Other

G2 Financial Institutions and Services
:G20 General
:G21 [[Bank|Banks]] • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages
:G22 Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies
:G23 Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors
:G24 Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies
:G28 Government Policy and Regulation
:G29 Other

G3 Corporate Finance and Governance
:G30 General
:G31 Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity
:G32 Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill
:G33 Bankruptcy • Liquidation
:G34 Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance
:G35 Payout Policy
:G38 Government Policy and Regulation
:G39 Other

===Public Economics===

:H00 [[Public economics|General]]

H1 Structure and Scope of Government
:H10 General
:H11 Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
:H12 Crisis Management
:H13 Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization
:H19 Other

H2 Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
:H20 General
:H21 Efficiency • Optimal Taxation
:H22 Incidence
:H23 Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
:H24 Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
:H25 Business Taxes and Subsidies
:H26 Tax Evasion and Avoidance
:H27 Other Sources of Revenue
:H29 Other

H3 Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
:H30 General
:H31 Household
:H32 Firm
:H39 Other

H4 Publicly Provided Goods
:H40 General
:H41 Public Goods
:H42 Publicly Provided Private Goods
:H43 Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate
:H44 Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
:H49 Other

H5 National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
:H50 General
:H51 Government Expenditures and Health
:H52 Government Expenditures and Education
:H53 Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
:H54 Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
:H55 Social Security and Public Pensions
:H56 National Security and War
:H57 Procurement
:H59 Other

H6 National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
:H60 General
:H61 Budget • Budget Systems
:H62 Deficit • Surplus
:H63 Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt
:H68 Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
:H69 Other

H7 State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations
:H70 General
:H71 State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
:H72 State and Local Budget and Expenditures
:H73 Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
:H74 State and Local Borrowing
:H75 State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions
:H76 State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
:H77 Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession
:H79 Other

H8 Miscellaneous Issues
:H80 General
:H81 Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts
:H82 Governmental Property
:H83 Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits
:H84 Disaster Aid
:H87 International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods
:H89 Other

===Health, Education, and Welfare===

:I00 General

I1 [[Health economics|Health]]
:I10 General
:I11 Analysis of Health Care Markets
:I12 Health Behavior
:I13 Health Insurance, Public and Private
:I14 Health and Inequality
:I15 Health and Economic Development
:I18 Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health
:I19 Other

I2	[[Education economics|Education and Research Institutions]]
:I20 General
:I21 Analysis of Education
:I22 Educational Finance • Financial Aid
:I23 Higher Education • Research Institutions
:I24 Education and Inequality
:I25 Education and Economic Development
:I26 Returns to Education
:I28 Government Policy
:I29 Other

I3 [[Social welfare provision|Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty]]
:I30 General
:I31 General Welfare, Well-Being
:I32 Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
:I38 Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
:I39 Other

===Labor and Demographic Economics===
:J00 General
:J01 [[Labour economics|Labor Economics]]: General
:J08 [[Labour economics|Labor Economics]]: Policies

J1 [[Demographic economics|Demographic Economics]]
:J10 General
:J11 Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
:J12 Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse
:J13 Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth
:J14 Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination
:J15 Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination
:J16 Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination
:J17 Value of Life • Forgone Income
:J18 Public Policy
:J19 Other

J2 Demand and Supply of Labor
:J20 General
:J21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
:J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply
:J23 Labor Demand
:J24 Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity
:J26 Retirement • Retirement Policies
:J28 Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy
:J29 Other

J3 Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
:J30 General
:J31 Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials
:J32 Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions
:J33 Compensation Packages • Payment Methods
:J38 Public Policy
:J39 Other

J4 Particular Labor Markets
:J40 General
:J41 Labor Contracts
:J42 Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets
:J43 Agricultural Labor Markets
:J44 Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing
:J45 Public Sector Labor Markets
:J46 Informal Labor Markets
:J47 Coercive Labor Markets
:J48 Public Policy
:J49 Other

J5 Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
:J50 General
:J51 Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
:J52 Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining
:J53 Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence
:J54 Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership
:J58 Public Policy
:J59 Other

J6 Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
:J60 General
:J61 Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers
:J62 Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
:J63 Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs
:J64 Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
:J65 Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings
:J68 Public Policy
:J69 Other

J7 Labor Discrimination
:J70 General
:J71 Discrimination
:J78 Public Policy
:J79 Other

J8 Labor Standards: National and International
:J80 General
:J81 Working Conditions
:J82 Labor Force Composition
:J83 Workers' Rights
:J88 Public Policy
:J89 Other

===Law and Economics===

:K00 [[Law and economics|General]]

K1 Basic Areas of Law
:K10 General
:K11 [[Property Law]]
:K12 [[Contract Law]]
:K13 Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics
:K14 Criminal Law
:K15 Civil Law • Common Law
:K16 Election Law
:K19 Other

K2 Regulation and Business Law
:K20 General
:K21 Antitrust Law
:K22 Business and Securities Law
:K23 Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
:K24 Cyber Law
:K25 Real Estate Law
:K29 Other

K3 Other Substantive Areas of Law
:K30 General
:K31 Labor Law
:K32 Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
:K33 International Law
:K34 Tax Law
:K35 Personal Bankruptcy Law
:K36 Family and Personal Law
:K37 Immigration Law
:K38 Human Rights Law • Gender Law
:K39 Other

K4 Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
:K40 General
:K41 Litigation Process
:K42 Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
:K49 Other

===[[Industrial Organization]]===

:L00 [[Industrial organization|General]]

L1 Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
:L10 General
:L11 Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms
:L12 Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies
:L13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
:L14 Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks
:L15 Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility
:L16 Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices
:L17 Open Source Products and Markets
:L19 Other

L2 Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
:L20 General
:L21 Business Objectives of the Firm
:L22 Firm Organization and Market Structure
:L23 Organization of Production
:L24 Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing
:L25 Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
:L26 Entrepreneurship
:L29 Other

L3 Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
:L30 General
:L31 Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship
:L32 Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises
:L33 Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out
:L38 Public Policy
:L39 Other

L4 Antitrust Issues and Policies
:L40 General
:L41 Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
:L42 Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts
:L43 Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
:L44 Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
:L49 Other

L5 Regulation and Industrial Policy
:L50 General
:L51 Economics of Regulation
:L52 Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods
:L53 Enterprise Policy
:L59 Other

L6 Industry Studies: Manufacturing
:L60 General
:L61 Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics
:L62 Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment
:L63 Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment
:L64 Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments
:L65 Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics
:L66 Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits
:L67 Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
:L68 Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables
:L69 Other

L7 Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
:L70 General
:L71 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
:L72 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
:L73 Forest Products
:L74 Construction
:L78 Government Policy
:L79 Other

L8 Industry Studies: Services
:L80 General
:L81 Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce
:L82 Entertainment • Media
:L83 Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism
:L84 Personal, Professional, and Business Services
:L85 Real Estate Services
:L86 Information and Internet Services • Computer Software
:L87 Postal and Delivery Services
:L88 Government Policy
:L89 Other

L9 Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
:L90 General
:L91 Transportation: General
:L92 Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
:L93 Air Transportation
:L94 Electric Utilities
:L95 Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities
:L96 Telecommunications
:L97 Utilities: General
:L98 Government Policy
:L99 Other

===Business Administration and Business Economics • [[Marketing]] • [[Accounting]] • Personnel Economics===

:M00 General

M1 [[Business Administration]]
:M10 General
:M11 Production Management
:M12 Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation
:M13 New Firms • Startups
:M14 Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility
:M15 IT Management
:M16 International Business Administration
:M19 Other

M2 [[Business Economics]]
:M20 General
:M21 Business Economics
:M29 Other

M3 Marketing and [[Advertising]]
:M30 General
:M31 [[Marketing]]
:M37 [[Advertising]]
:M38 Government Policy and Regulation
:M39 Other

M4 Accounting and [[Auditing]]
:M40 General
:M41 Accounting
:M42 Auditing
:M48 Government Policy and Regulation
:M49 Other

M5 Personnel Economics
:M50 	[[Personnel economics|General]]
:M51 	Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions
:M52 	Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
:M53 	Training
:M54 	Labor Management
:M55 	Labor Contracting Devices
:M59 	Other

===[[Economic History]]===

:N00 General
:N01 Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods

N1 Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations
:N10 General, International, or Comparative
:N11 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
:N12 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
:N13 Europe: Pre-1913
:N14 Europe: 1913–
:N15 Asia including Middle East
:N16 Latin America • Caribbean
:N17 Africa • Oceania

N2 Financial Markets and Institutions
:N20 General, International, or Comparative
:N21 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
:N22 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
:N23 Europe: Pre-1913
:N24 Europe: 1913–
:N25 Asia including Middle East
:N26 Latin America • Caribbean
:N27 Africa • Oceania

N3 Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
:N30 General, International, or Comparative
:N31 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
:N32 U.S. • Canada: 1913-
:N33 Europe: Pre-1913
:N34 Europe: 1913-
:N35 Asia including Middle East
:N36 Latin America • Caribbean
:N37 Africa • Oceania

N4 Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
:N40 General, International, or Comparative
:N41 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
:N42 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
:N43 Europe: Pre-1913
:N44 Europe: 1913–
:N45 Asia including Middle East
:N46 Latin America • Caribbean
:N47 Africa • Oceania

N5 Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
:N50 General, International, or Comparative
:N51 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
:N52 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
:N53 Europe: Pre-1913
:N54 Europe: 1913–
:N55 Asia including Middle East
:N56 Latin America • Caribbean
:N57 Africa • Oceania

N6	Manufacturing and Construction
:N60 General, International, or Comparative
:N61 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
:N62 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
:N63 Europe: Pre-1913
:N64 Europe: 1913–
:N65 Asia including Middle East
:N66 Latin America • Caribbean
:N67 Africa • Oceania

N7 Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
:N70 General, International, or Comparative
:N71 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
:N72 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
:N73 Europe: Pre-1913
:N74 Europe: 1913–
:N75 Asia including Middle East
:N76 Latin America • Caribbean
:N77 Africa • Oceania

N8	Micro-Business History
:N80 General, International, or Comparative
:N81 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
:N82 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
:N83 Europe: Pre-1913
:N84 Europe: 1913–
:N85 Asia including Middle East
:N86 Latin America • Caribbean
:N87 Africa • Oceania

N9 Regional and Urban History
:N90 General, International, or Comparative
:N91 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
:N92 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
:N93 Europe: Pre-1913
:N94 Europe: 1913–
:N95 Asia including Middle East
:N96 Latin America • Caribbean
:N97 Africa • Oceania

===Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth===

O1 [[Economic Development]]
:O10 General
:O11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
:O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
:O13 Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products
:O14 Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology
:O15 Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration
:O16 Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance
:O17 Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements
:O18 Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure
:O19 International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations

O2 Development Planning and Policy
:O20 General
:O21 Planning Models • Planning Policy
:O22 Project Analysis
:O23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
:O24 Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy
:O25 Industrial Policy
:O29 Other

O3 [[Innovation]] • [[Research and development|Research and Development]] • [[Technological change|Technological Change]] • [[Intellectual property rights|Intellectual Property Rights]]
:O30 General
:O31 Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
:O32 Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
:O33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes
:O34 Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
:O35 Social Innovation
:O38 Government Policy
:O39 Other

O4 [[Economic growth|Economic Growth]] and [[Aggregate productivity|Aggregate Productivity]]
:O40 General
:O41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
:O42 Monetary Growth Models
:O43 Institutions and Growth
:O44 Environment and Growth
:O47 Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence
:O49 Other

O5 Economywide Country Studies
:O50 General
:O51 U.S. • Canada
:O52 Europe
:O53 Asia including Middle East
:O54 Latin America • Caribbean
:O55 Africa
:O56 Oceania
:O57 Comparative Studies of Countries

===[[Economic Systems]]===

:P00 General

P1 Capitalist Systems
:P10 General
:P11 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
:P12 Capitalist Enterprises
:P13 Cooperative Enterprises
:P14 Property Rights
:P16 Political Economy
:P17 Performance and Prospects
:P18 Energy • Environment
:P19 Other

P2 Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
:P20 General
:P21 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
:P22 Prices
:P23 Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population
:P24 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
:P25 Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
:P26 Political Economy • Property Rights
:P27 Performance and Prospects
:P28 Natural Resources • Energy • Environment
:P29 Other

P3 Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
:P30 General
:P31 Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
:P32 Collectives • Communes • Agriculture
:P33 International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
:P34 Financial Economics
:P35 Public Economics
:P36 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
:P37 Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior
:P39 Other

P4 Other Economic Systems
:P40 General
:P41 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
:P42 Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population
:P43 Public Economics • Financial Economics
:P44 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
:P45 International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
:P46 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
:P47 Performance and Prospects
:P48 Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies
:P49 Other

P5 [[Comparative economic systems|Comparative Economic Systems]]
:P50 General
:P51 Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
:P52 Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
:P59 Other

===Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics===

:Q00 General
:Q01 [[Sustainable development|Sustainable Development]]
:Q02 Commodity Markets

Q1 [[Agricultural economics|Agriculture]]
:Q10 General
:Q11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices
:Q12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
:Q13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness
:Q14 Agricultural Finance
:Q15 Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment
:Q16 R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services
:Q17 Agriculture in International Trade
:Q18 Agricultural Policy • Food Policy
:Q19 Other

Q2 [[Natural resource economics|Renewable Resources and Conservation]]
:Q20 General
:Q21 Demand and Supply • Prices
:Q22 Fishery • Aquaculture
:Q23 Forestry
:Q24 Land
:Q25 Water
:Q26 Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
:Q27 Issues in International Trade
:Q28 Government Policy
:Q29 Other

Q3 Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
:Q30 General
:Q31 Demand and Supply • Prices
:Q32 Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
:Q33 Resource Booms
:Q34 Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
:Q35 Hydrocarbon Resources
:Q37 Issues in International Trade
:Q38 Government Policy
:Q39 Other

Q4 Energy
:Q40 General
:Q41 Demand and Supply • Prices
:Q42 Alternative Energy Sources
:Q43 Energy and the Macroeconomy
:Q47 Energy Forecasting
:Q48 Government Policy
:Q49 Other

Q5 [[Environmental economics|Environmental Economics]]
:Q50 General
:Q51 Valuation of Environmental Effects
:Q52 Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects
:Q53 Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling
:Q54 Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming
:Q55 Technological Innovation
:Q56 Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth
:Q57 [[Ecological economics|Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services]] • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology
:Q58 Government Policy
:Q59 Other

===Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics===

:R00 General

R1 [[Regional economics|General Regional Economics]]
:R10 General
:R11 Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
:R12 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
:R13 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
:R14 Land Use Patterns
:R15 Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models
:R19 Other

R2 [[Real estate|Household Analysis]]
:R20 General
:R21 Housing Demand
:R22 Other Demand
:R23 Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics
:R28 Government Policy
:R29 Other

R3 [[Urban economics|Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location]]
:R30 General
:R31 Housing Supply and Markets
:R32 Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis
:R33 Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
:R38 Government Policy
:R39 Other

R4 [[Transportation economics|Transportation Economics]]
:R40 General
:R41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise
:R42 Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning
:R48 Government Pricing and Policy
:R49 Other

R5 Regional Government Analysis
:R50 General
:R51 Finance in [[Urban economics|Urban]] and [[Rural economics|Rural Economies]]
:R52 Land Use and Other Regulations
:R53 Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock
:R58 Regional Development Planning and Policy
:R59 Other

===Miscellaneous Categories===

Y1 Data: Tables and Charts
:Y10 Data: Tables and Charts

Y2 Introductory Material
:Y20 Introductory Material

Y3 Book Reviews (unclassified)
:Y30 Book Reviews (unclassified)

Y4 Dissertations (unclassified)
:Y40 Dissertations (unclassified)

Y5 Further Reading (unclassified)
:Y50 Further Reading (unclassified)

Y6 Excerpts
:Y60 Excerpts

Y7 No Author General Discussions
:Y70 No Author General Discussions

Y8 Related Disciplines
:Y80 Related Disciplines

Y9 Other
:Y90 Other
:Y91 Pictures and Maps
:Y92 Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.

===Other Special Topics===
<!-- This section is linked from [[Economics]] -->

:Z00 General

Z1 [[Cultural economics|Cultural Economics]] • [[Economic sociology|Economic Sociology]] • [[Economic anthropology|Economic Anthropology]]
:Z10 General
:Z11 [[Economics of the arts and literature|Economics of the Arts and Literature]]
:Z12 [[Economics of religion|Religion]]
:Z13 [[Economic sociology|Economic Sociology]] • [[Economic anthropology|Economic Anthropology]] • [[Economics of language|Language]] • [[Social stratification|Social]] and [[Economic stratification|Economic Stratification]] 
:Z18 Public Policy
:Z19 Other

Z2 [[Sport management|Sports Economics]]
:Z20 General
:Z21 Industry Studies
:Z22 Labor Issues
:Z23 Finance
:Z28 Policy
:Z29 Other

Z3	[[Tourism economics|Tourism Economics]]
:Z30 General
:Z31 Industry Studies
:Z32 Tourism and Development
:Z33 Marketing and Finance
:Z38 Policy
:Z39 Other

==References==
<!-- See the user page User:Dmoss/Wikicite for an excellent citation tool! -->
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php Full list of JEL classifications]
* [https://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php JEL Classification Codes Guide], a more detailed explanation of the classification system

[[Category:Library cataloging and classification]]
[[Category:Economics journals]]
[[Category:Economics profession and organizations]]
[[Category:Economics lists]]
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