View source for Perth

{{about|the capital of Western Australia|the city in Scotland|Perth, Scotland|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type     = city
| name     = Perth
| state    = WA
| image    = Elizabeth Quay February 2016 (cropped).jpg
| caption  = Perth's skyline viewed from [[Elizabeth Quay]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|57|8|S|115|51|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| force_national_map = yes
| pop      = 2059484 <!--NOTE: UPDATES TO POPULATION NUMBER REQUIRE A RELIABLE SOURCE (usually from Australian Bureau of Statistics)-->
| pop_year = 2018
| pop_footnotes =<ref name=ABSERP18>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|title=3218.0&nbsp;– Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3218.0|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=22 April 2019}} ERP at 30 June 2018.</ref>
| poprank  = 4th
| density  =
| density_footnotes =
| est      = 1829
| area     = 6417.9
| area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~5GPER/$File/BCP_5GPER.zip?OpenElement|title=Greater Perth: Basic Community Profile|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|work=2011 Census Community Profiles|date=28 March 2013|format=xls|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref>
| timezone = [[Australian Western Standard Time|AWST]]
| utc      = +8
| dist1    = 2130
| location1 = [[Adelaide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=adelaide&placetype=0&state=SA+&place1=PERTH&place1long=115.858612&place1lat=-31.951941|title=Great Circle Distance between PERTH and ADELAIDE|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004}}</ref>
| dist2    = 2652
| location2 = [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=113272&placename=darwin&placetype=0&state=NT+&place1=PERTH&place1long=115.858612&place1lat=-31.951941|title=Great Circle Distance between PERTH and DARWIN CITY|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004}}</ref>
| dist3    = 2721
| location3 = [[Melbourne]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=VIC&place1=PERTH&place1long=115.858612&place1lat=-31.951941|title=Great Circle Distance between PERTH and MELBOURNE|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004}}</ref>
| dist4    = 3288
| location4 = [[Sydney]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=106743&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=PERTH&place1long=115.858612&place1lat=-31.951941|title=Great Circle Distance between PERTH and SYDNEY|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004}}</ref>
| stategov = [[Electoral district of Perth|Perth]] (and 41 others)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boundaries.wa.gov.au/2011/Final/QuickLinks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227041615/http://www.boundaries.wa.gov.au/2011/Final/QuickLinks/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 February 2013 |title=2011 Electoral Boundaries |accessdate=20 February 2014 |year=2014 |publisher=State of Western Australia&nbsp;– Office of the Electoral Distribution Commissioners |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| fedgov   = [[Division of Perth|Perth]] (and 10 others)
| maxtemp  = 24.6
| mintemp  = 12.7
| rainfall = 850.0
}}

'''Perth''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɜːr|θ|audio=En-au-Perth.ogg}} {{respell|PURTH}}) is the [[List of Australian capital cities|capital]] and largest city of the [[Australian states and territories|Australian state]] of [[Western Australia]]. It is named after the city of [[Perth, Scotland]] and is the [[List of cities in Australia by population|fourth-most populous city]] in [[Australia]], with a population of 2.06 million living in [[Greater Perth]].<ref name="ABSERP18" /> Perth is part of the [[South West Land Division]] of Western Australia, with the majority of the metropolitan area located on the [[Swan Coastal Plain]], a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the [[Darling Scarp]]. The first areas settled were on the [[Swan River (Western Australia)|Swan River]] at [[Guildford, Western Australia|Guildford]], with the city's [[Perth (suburb)|central business district]] and port ([[Fremantle]]) both later founded downriver.

Perth was founded by [[James Stirling (Royal Navy officer)|Captain James Stirling]] in 1829 as the administrative centre of the [[Swan River Colony]]. It gained city status (currently vested in the smaller [[City of Perth]]) in 1856 and was promoted to the status of a [[Lord Mayor]]ality in 1929.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lord Mayorality|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94380044|accessdate=20 March 2015|work=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]]|date=13 August 1929|page=4}}</ref> The city inherited its name due to the influence of [[George Murray (British Army officer)|Sir George Murray]], then Member of Parliament for [[Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Perthshire]] and [[Secretary of State for War and the Colonies]]. The city's population increased substantially as a result of the [[Western Australian gold rushes]] in the late 19th century. During [[Military history of Australia during World War II|Australia's involvement in World War II]], Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theatre]], and a US Navy [[Consolidated PBY Catalina|Catalina flying boat]] fleet was based at [[Matilda Bay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.uwa.edu.au/information_about/university_archives2/fact_sheet_index/the_catalina_base|title=The Catalina Base|publisher=The University of Western Australia, Archives and Records Management Services|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref> An influx of immigrants after the war, predominantly from Britain, Greece, Italy, and Yugoslavia, led to rapid population growth. This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining [[Boom and bust|boom]]s in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for several large [[Mining in Western Australia|mining operations]] located around the state.

As part of Perth's role as the capital of Western Australia, the state's [[Parliament of Western Australia|Parliament]] and [[Supreme Court of Western Australia|Supreme Court]] are located within the city, as is [[Government House, Perth|Government House]], the residence of the [[Governor of Western Australia]]. Perth came seventh in the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s August 2016 list of the [[world's most liveable cities]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=liveability2016|title=Global Liveability Ranking 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit|accessdate=11 October 2016}}</ref> and was classified by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] in 2010 as a Beta [[world city]].<ref>Perth ranked as a "Beta–" class world city: {{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2010|work=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network|publisher=[[Loughborough University]]|accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> The city hosted the [[1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1962 Commonwealth Games]].

Perth is divided into [[Local government areas of Western Australia|30 local government areas]] and [[List of Perth suburbs|250 suburbs]], stretching from [[Two Rocks, Western Australia|Two Rocks]] in the north to [[Singleton, Western Australia|Singleton]] in the south, and east inland to [[The Lakes, Western Australia|The Lakes]]. Outside of [[Perth CBD|the main CBD]], important urban centres within Perth include Fremantle and [[Joondalup]]. Most of those were originally established as separate settlements and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area. [[Mandurah]], Western Australia's second-largest city, has in recent years formed a [[conurbation]] with Perth along the coast, though for most purposes it is still considered a separate city.<mapframe text="Map of Perth" latitude="-32.104" longitude="115.788" zoom="8" width="277" height="275" align="right">
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== History ==
{{Main|History of Perth, Western Australia}}
[[File:Noongar regions map.svg|thumb|The area of Perth contains the [[Whadjuk|Whadjuk people]], who are one of several groups in south-western Western Australia which make up the [[Noongar|Noongar people]].]]
[[Indigenous Australians]] have inhabited the Perth area for at least 38,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological remains at [[Upper Swan, Western Australia|Upper Swan]]. The Noongar people occupied the southwest corner of Western Australia and lived as [[hunter-gatherer]]s. The [[Perth Wetlands|wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain]] were particularly important to them, both spiritually (featuring in [[Dreamtime|local mythology]]) and as a source of food.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/staff/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific |title= The Pleistocene Pacific |author= Sandra Bowdler |work= Published in 'Human settlement', in D. Denoon (ed) The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. pp. 41–50. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge |publisher= [[University of Western Australia]] |accessdate= 26 February 2008|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080216181223/http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/about/research/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific |archivedate= 16 February 2008}}</ref>

The Noongar people know the area where Perth now stands as '''Boorloo'''. Boorloo formed part of the territory of the [[Mooro]], a Noongar clan, which at the time of British settlement had [[Yellagonga]] as their leader. The Mooro was one of several Noongar Indigenous clans based around the Swan River known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk themselves were one of a larger group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar (meaning "the people" in [[Noongar language|their language]]), also sometimes called the Bibbulmun.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.derbalnara.org.au/nyungar-boodjar|title= Nyungar Boodjar&nbsp;– People's Country|accessdate= 18 July 2015}}</ref> On 19 September 2006, the [[Federal Court of Australia]] brought down a judgment recognising [[Native title in Australia#2006&nbsp;– Noongar|Noongar native title]] over the Perth metropolitan area in the case of ''Bennell v State of Western Australia'' [2006] FCA 1243.<ref name="Bennell">{{cite web |url= http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/federal_ct/2006/1243.html |title= ''Bennell v State of Western Australia'' [2006] FCA 1243 |accessdate= 14 April 2007 |work= Federal Court of Australia Decisions |publisher= [[Australasia Legal Information Institute]]}}</ref> The judgment was overturned on appeal.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nntt.gov.au/News-and-Communications/Newsletters/Native-title-Hot-Spots-archive/Documents/Hot%20Spots%2027/Bodney%20v%20Bennell.pdf |format= PDF |title= Newsletter: Single Noongar appeal—Perth: Bodney v Bennell 2008 |publisher= [[National Native Title Tribunal]] |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140212034834/http://www.nntt.gov.au/News-and-Communications/Newsletters/Native-title-Hot-Spots-archive/Documents/Hot%20Spots%2027/Bodney%20v%20Bennell.pdf |archivedate= 12 February 2014 }}</ref>

=== Early European sightings ===
The first documented sighting of the region was made by the Dutch Captain [[Willem de Vlamingh]] and his crew on 10 January 1697.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600361h.html#ch-12 |title = Early Voyages to Terra Australis, now called Australia |accessdate =26 February 2008 |last = Major |first = Richard Henry |year = 1859 |work=[[Project Gutenberg]] of Australia}}</ref> Subsequent sightings between this date and 1829 were made by other Europeans, but as in the case of the sighting and observations made by Vlamingh, the area was considered to be inhospitable and unsuitable for the agriculture that would be needed to sustain a settlement.<ref name="Appleyard">Appleyard, R. T. and Manford, Toby (1979). ''The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River Western Australia'', University of Western Australia Press. {{ISBN|0-85564-146-0}}</ref>

=== Swan River Colony ===
{{Main|Swan River Colony}}

[[File:The Foundation of Perth 1829.jpg|thumb|''[[The Foundation of Perth 1829]]'' by [[George Pitt Morison]] is a historically accurate reconstruction of the official ceremony by which Perth was founded.]]
Although the [[Colony of New South Wales]] had established a convict-supported settlement at [[King George's Sound]] (later [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]]) on the south coast of Western Australia in 1826 in response to rumours that the area would be annexed by France, Perth was the first full-scale settlement by Europeans in the western third of the continent. The British colony would be officially designated Western Australia in 1832 but was known informally for many years as the Swan River Colony after the area's major watercourse.<ref name=srnsw>{{cite web |url=http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/2517 |title=King George's Sound Settlement |work=State Records |publisher=[[State Records Authority of New South Wales]] |accessdate=4 March 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624194804/http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/2517 |archivedate=24 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 4 June 1829, newly arriving British colonists had their first view of the mainland, and Western Australia's founding has since been recognised by a [[Western Australia Day|public holiday on the first Monday in June]] each year. Captain James Stirling, aboard ''[[Parmelia (barque)|Parmelia]]'', said that Perth was "as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed". On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship, ''Sulphur'', cut down a tree to mark the founding of the town.

It is clear that Stirling had already selected the name ''Perth'' for the capital well before the town was proclaimed, as his proclamation of the colony, read in Fremantle on 18 June 1829, ended "given under my hand and Seal at Perth this 18th Day of June 1829. James Stirling Lieutenant Governor".<ref name="Stirling 1829">{{cite journal |first = James |last = Stirling |authorlink = James Stirling (Australian governor) |title = [[Wikisource:Lieutenant-Governor Stirling's Proclamation of the Colony 18&nbsp;June 1829|Proclamation]] |date = 18 June 1829 |publisher=[[wikisource]]}}</ref> The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Fremantle's diary entry for 12 August, which records that they "named the town Perth according to the wishes of Sir George Murray".<ref name="Cottesloe 1928">{{cite book |last=Fremantle |first=John |authorlink = John Fremantle, 4th Baron Cottesloe |year = 1928 |title = Diary & Letters of Admiral Sir C. H. Fremantle, G.C.B. Relating the Founding of the Colony of Western Australia 1829 |location = London |publisher=Hazell, Watson & Viey}}</ref> Murray was born in Perth, Scotland, and was in 1829 [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] and Member for Perthshire in the [[British House of Commons]]. The town was named after the Scottish Perth,<ref name="Kimberly 1897">{{cite book | author=Kimberly, W. B. | year = 1897 | title = [[Wikisource:History of West Australia|History of West Australia]] | location = Melbourne | publisher=F. W. Niven & Co. | page = 44}}</ref> in Murray's honour.<ref name="Uren 1948">{{cite book |first = Malcolm J. L. |last = Uren |year = 1948 |title = Land Looking West |location = London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref name="Crowley 1960">{{cite book |first = Francis K. |last = Crowley |year = 1960 |title = Australia's Western Third |location = London |publisher=[[Macmillan & Co]]}}</ref><ref name="Statham 1981">{{cite book |first = Pamela |last = Statham |year = 1981 |chapter = Swan River Colony |editor = [[Charles Thomas Stannage|Stannage, Tom]] |title = A New History of Western Australia |location = Nedlands |publisher=University of Western Australia Press |isbn = 0-85564-181-9}}</ref> Beginning in 1831, hostile encounters between the British settlers and the Noongar people&nbsp;– both large-scale land users, with conflicting land value systems&nbsp;– increased considerably as the colony grew. The hostile encounters between the two groups of people resulted in multiple events, including the execution of the Whadjuk elder [[Midgegooroo]], the death of his son [[Yagan]] in 1833, and the [[Pinjarra massacre]] in 1834.
The relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans were strained due to these events. Because of the large number of buildings in and around ''Boorloo'', the local Whadjuk Noongar people were slowly dispossessed of their country. They were forced to camp around prescribed areas, including the swamps and lakes north of the settlement area including [[Hyde Park (Western Australia)|Third Swamp]], known to them as ''Boodjamooling''. Boodjamooling continued to be a main campsite for the remaining Noongar people in the Perth region and was also used by travellers, itinerants, and homeless people. By the gold-rush days of the 1890s, they were joined by miners who were en route to the goldfields.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vincent.wa.gov.au/2/145/1/history.pm |title = Town of Vincent&nbsp;– History |work=Adapted from 'History of the Town of Vincent', from Town of Vincent 2001 Annual Report, p.52 (possibly based on J. Gentili and others) |publisher=[[Town of Vincent]] |accessdate =26 February 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726013622/http://www.vincent.wa.gov.au/2/145/1/history.pm |archivedate=26 July 2008}}</ref>

=== Convict era and gold rushes ===
[[File:Perth Town Hall - Perth.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Perth Town Hall]], like many colonial buildings in Perth, was built using convict labour.]]
In 1850, Western Australia was [[Convict era of Western Australia|opened to convicts]] at the request of farming and business people looking for cheap labour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regionalwa.com.au/WAinfo/PerthHistory.htm |title = :: REGIONAL WA:: Western Australia: History |date = 23 December 2003 |accessdate =26 February 2008 |publisher=Regional Web Australia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411021319/http://www.regionalwa.com.au/WAinfo/PerthHistory.htm|archivedate=11 April 2013}}</ref> [[Queen Victoria]] announced the city status of Perth in 1856.<ref name="historyofCOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofperth.wa.gov.au/documentdb/63.pdf |title = History of the City of Perth |accessdate =26 February 2008 |date = 23 March 2005 |format = PDF |publisher=City of Perth|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228075541/http://www.cityofperth.wa.gov.au/documentdb/63.pdf|archivedate =28 February 2008}}</ref> Despite this proclamation, Perth was still a quiet town, described in 1870 by a Melbourne journalist as:<blockquote>"...a quiet little town of some 3000 inhabitants spread out in straggling allotments down to the water's edge, intermingled with gardens and shrubberies and half rural in its aspect ... The main streets are macadamised, but the outlying ones and most of the footpaths retain their native state from the loose sand&nbsp;— the all pervading element of Western Australia&nbsp;— productive of intense glare or much dust in the summer and dissolving into slush during the rainy season."<ref>'Western Australia. (From the Argyle's Special Correspondent) IV-Perth' (1870, March 18). The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times, p. 3.</ref></blockquote>
With the discovery of gold at [[Kalgoorlie]] and [[Coolgardie]] in the late 19th century, Western Australia experienced a mining boom,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.constitutionalcentre.wa.gov.au/ResearchAndSeminarPapers/LaunchingTheShip/Pages/TheGoldrush.aspx|title=The Goldrush|last=|first=|date=|website=The Constitutional Centre of Western Australia|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> and Perth's population grew from approximately 8,500 in 1881 to 61,000 in 1901.<ref>Abjorensen, Norman; Docherty, James C. ''Historical Dictionary of Australia''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. {{ISBN|9781442245020}}, p. 292.</ref>

=== Federation and beyond ===
[[File:Perth WA c1955 EW Digby-14.jpg|thumb|left|Perth looking across the [[Perth train station]] {{circa|1955}}]]
After a referendum in 1900,<ref name="naaCiP">{{cite web |url=http://www.naa.gov.au/naaresources/Publications/research_guides/guides/perth/chapter04.htm |title = Collections in Perth: 4. Colonial Administration |accessdate =26 February 2008 |date = 23 August 2007 |work=Collections in Perth |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714174908/http://www.naa.gov.au/naaresources/Publications/research_guides/guides/perth/chapter04.htm |archivedate=14 July 2008 }}</ref> Western Australia joined the [[Federation of Australia]] in 1901.<ref name="historyofCOP"/> It was the last of the Australian colonies to agree to join the Federation, and did so only after the other colonies had offered several concessions, including the construction of a transcontinental railway line from [[Port Augusta, South Australia|Port Augusta]] in South Australia to Kalgoorlie to link Perth with the eastern states.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Howell |first1= Peter |title=South Australia and Federation |year=2002 |publisher= Wakefield Press |location=Adelaide |isbn= 1-86254-549-9 |page=288}}</ref>

In 1933, Western Australia [[Western Australian secession referendum, 1933|voted in a referendum]] to leave the [[Australian Federation]], with a majority of two to one in favour of [[Secessionism in Western Australia|secession]]. However, the state general election held at the same time as the referendum had voted out the incumbent "pro-independence" government, replacing it with a government that did not support the independence movement. Respecting the result of the referendum, the new government nonetheless petitioned the Imperial Parliament at Westminster. The [[United Kingdom House of Commons|House of Commons]] established a [[Parliamentary select committees of the United Kingdom|select committee]] to consider the issue but after 18 months of negotiations and lobbying, finally refused to consider the matter, declaring that it could not legally grant secession.<ref name="naaCiP"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://john.curtin.edu.au/mccallum/deputy.html |title = Deputy Premier 2nd Collier Government 1933–1935 |accessdate =26 February 2008 |date = 11 May 2005 |publisher=John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library}}</ref>

In 1962, Perth received global media attention when city residents lit their house lights and streetlights as American astronaut [[John Glenn]] passed overhead while orbiting the earth on [[Friendship 7|Friendship&nbsp;7]]. This led to it being nicknamed the "City of Light".<ref>(1970) ''Perth&nbsp;– a city of light'' Perth, W.A. Brian Williams Productions for the Government of WA, 1970 (Video recording) The social and recreational life of Perth. Begins with a 'mock-up' of the lights of Perth as seen by astronaut John Glenn in February 1962</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gregory |first=Jenny |url=http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/AS10234b.htm |title=Biography&nbsp;– Sir Henry Rudolph (Harry) Howard&nbsp;– Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Adbonline.anu.edu.au |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> The city repeated the act as Glenn passed overhead on the [[Space Shuttle]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/canwehelp/txt/s2160601.htm|title=Moment in Time&nbsp;– Episode 1|author=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=15 February 2008|accessdate=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821085131/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/canwehelp/txt/s2160601.htm|archive-date=21 August 2008|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/1998/11/05/ecnglen05.xml |title=Grandfather Glenn's blast from the past |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] (UK) |date=5 November 1998 |accessdate=14 July 2008 |location=London |first=Charles |last=Moore }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Perth's development and relative prosperity, especially since the mid-1960s,<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/0c312955726b99d4ca256f2a000ffa34!OpenDocument|title=WA Statistical Indicators June 2002
|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=11 July 2002|accessdate=5 October 2008}}</ref> has resulted from its role as the main service centre for the state's resource industries, which extract gold, iron ore, nickel, alumina, diamonds, mineral sands, coal, oil, and natural gas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/pdf/RR0112.pdf|title = Australia's identified mineral resources, 2002|accessdate=26 February 2008|date=31 October 2002|format = PDF|publisher=[[Geoscience Australia]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040331135431/http://www.ga.gov.au/pdf/RR0112.pdf |archivedate=31 March 2004 }}</ref> Whilst most mineral and petroleum production takes place elsewhere in the state, the non-base services provide most of the employment and income to the people of Perth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/dialogue_GPdp3.pdf
|format=PDF|title=Discussion Paper: Greater Perth Economy And Employment|publisher=[[Department for Planning and Infrastructure]]|date=25 August 2003|accessdate=5 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031134821/http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/dialogue_GPdp3.pdf|archivedate=31 October 2008}}</ref>

== Geography ==

=== Central business district ===
{{See also|Perth (suburb)}}
The [[central business district]] of Perth is bounded by the Swan River to the south and east, with [[Kings Park, Western Australia|Kings Park]] on the western end, while the railway reserve formed a northern border.{{according to whom|date=May 2018}} A state and federally funded project named [[Perth City Link]] sunk a section of the railway line, to allow easy pedestrian access between [[Northbridge, Western Australia|Northbridge]] and the CBD. The [[Perth Arena]] is a building in the city link area that has received several architecture awards from various institutions such as the [[Design Institute of Australia]], [[Australian Institute of Architects|the Australian Institute of Architecture]], and [[BlueScope|Colorbond]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pertharena.com.au/About_Us/Venue_Awards.aspx|title=Venue Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=Perth Arena|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120056/http://www.pertharena.com.au/About_Us/Venue_Awards.aspx|archive-date=7 October 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[St Georges Terrace]] is the prominent street of the area with 1.3&nbsp;million&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> of office space in the CBD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=100506 |title = Perth, commercial area information |accessdate =26 February 2008 |publisher=[[Emporis.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219025910/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=100506 |archivedate=19 February 2007}}</ref> [[Hay Street, Perth|Hay Street]] and [[Murray Street, Perth|Murray Street]] have most of the retail and entertainment facilities. The tallest building in the city is [[Central Park (skyscraper)|Central Park]], which is the [[List of tallest buildings in Australia|eighth tallest building in Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/central-park-tower/892|title=Central Park Tower|last=|first=|date=|website=The Skyscraper Centre&nbsp;— The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> The CBD until 2012 was the centre of a mining-induced boom, with several commercial and residential projects being built, including [[Brookfield Place (Perth)|Brookfield Place]], a {{convert|244|m|abbr=on}} office building for Anglo-Australian mining company [[BHP|BHP Billiton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/boom-town-to-ghost-town-perth-cbd-vacancies-hit-25year-high-20170124-gtxzas.html|title=Boom town to ghost town: Perth CBD vacancies hit 25-year high|last=Allan-Petale|first=David|date=25 January 2017|website=WA Today|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>

{{Wide image|Perth_CBD_-_Kings_Park.jpg|1080px|Perth skyline from Kings Park, 2012}}

=== Geology and landforms ===
{{See also|List of islands of Perth, Western Australia}}
[[File:Perth from air.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite image of Perth]]
Perth is set on the Swan River, named for the native [[black swan]]s by Willem de Vlamingh, captain of a Dutch expedition and namer of WA's [[Rottnest Island]] who discovered the birds while exploring the area in 1697.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccentre.wa.gov.au/index.cfm?event=heritageIconsJanuary |title = 175th Anniversary of Western Australia&nbsp;– Heritage Icons: January&nbsp;– The Swan River|accessdate =13 November 2008 |date = 31 December 2004 |publisher=[[Department of the Premier and Cabinet (Western Australia)|Department of the Premier and Cabinet]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206041947/http://www.ccentre.wa.gov.au/index.cfm?event=heritageIconsJanuary |archivedate=6 December 2008}}</ref> Traditionally, this water body had been known by Aboriginal inhabitants as ''Derbarl Yerrigan''.<ref name="det-derbarlyerrigan">{{cite web | url=http://www.det.wa.edu.au/aboriginaleducation/apac/detcms/aboriginal-education/apac/regions/beechboro/history-of-the-swan-district.en?oid=MultiPartArticle-id-9430685 | title=History of the North Metro Region | publisher=Government of Western Australia | work=Department of Education | accessdate=27 August 2013}}</ref> The city centre and most of the suburbs are located on the sandy and relatively flat Swan Coastal Plain, which lies between the Darling Scarp and the Indian Ocean. The soils of this area are quite infertile. The metropolitan area extends along the coast to Two Rocks in the north and Singleton to the south,<ref name="landgate map">{{cite map |publisher=Western Australian Land Information Authority |title=Perth Metropolitan Region: Local Governments and Localities |year=2012 |url=http://www.landgate.wa.gov.au/docvault.nsf/web/PS_FREEMAP/$FILE/Arterial_Roads_LGA_&_Localities.pdf |cartography=Location Knowledge Services, Landgate |format=PDF |accessdate=25 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322113858/http://www.landgate.wa.gov.au/docvault.nsf/web/PS_FREEMAP/%24FILE/Arterial_Roads_LGA_%26_Localities.pdf |archivedate=22 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> a total distance of approximately {{Convert|125|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.abc.net.au/perth/about/|work=720 ABC Perth|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=18 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029113036/http://www.abc.net.au/perth/about/|archivedate=29 October 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> From the coast in the west to [[Mundaring, Western Australia|Mundaring]] in the east is a total distance of approximately {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The Perth metropolitan area covers {{convert|6418|km²|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/>

Much of Perth was built on the Perth Wetlands, a series of freshwater wetlands running from [[Herdsman Lake]] in the west through to [[Claisebrook Cove]] in the east.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://edit.epa.wa.gov.au/EPADocLib/EPA-bulletin_372.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213083252/http://edit.epa.wa.gov.au/EPADocLib/EPA-bulletin_372.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-12-13 |title=The Value of Wetlands |first=Norm |last=Godfrey |date=July 1989 |conference=Planning and Management for Wetland Conservation Conference, 15 June 1988 |volume=372 |publisher=Environmental Protection Authority |location=Perth, Western Australia |pages=4–11 |format=PDF |id= |isbn=0-7309-1911-0 |accessdate=11 October 2013 }}</ref>

To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment called the Darling Scarp. Perth is on generally flat, rolling land&nbsp;– largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep [[bedrock]]. The Perth metropolitan area has two major river systems: the first is made up of the Swan and [[Canning River (Western Australia)|Canning]] Rivers; the second is that of the [[Serpentine River (Western Australia)|Serpentine]] and [[Murray River (Western Australia)|Murray]] Rivers, which discharge into the [[Peel Inlet]] at Mandurah.

=== Climate ===
[[File:Cottesloe Beach, Perth, Western Australia (4431664542).jpg|left|thumb|[[Cottesloe, Western Australia|Cottesloe Beach]]]]
Perth receives moderate though highly seasonal, winter based rainfall. Summers are generally hot and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally being the hottest month of the year. Winters are cool and wet, giving Perth a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csa'').<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tapper|first=Andrew|last2=Tapper|first2=Nigel|title=The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne, Australia|isbn=0-19-553393-3|edition=First|editor=Gray, Kathleen|page=300}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Linacre | first = Edward |author2=Geerts, Bart | title = Climates and Weather Explained | publisher=Routledge | location = London | year = 1997 | page = 379 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&lpg=PA379&pg=PA379#v=onepage&q= | isbn = 0-415-12519-7}}</ref> Perth has an average of 8.8 hours of sunshine per day, which equates to around 3200 hours of annual sunshine, and 138.7 clear days annually, making it the sunniest capital city in Australia.<ref name="PerthAP"/>
[[File:Anigozanthos manglesii.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Kangaroo paw|Kangaroo Paw]] at Kings Park]]
Summers are dry but not completely devoid of rain, with sporadic rainfall in the form of short-lived thunderstorms, [[cold front]]s and on occasions decaying [[tropical cyclone]]s from Western Australia's north-west, which can bring heavy rain. Winters see significant rainfall as [[weather front|frontal systems]] move across the region, interspersed with clear and sunny days. The highest temperature recorded in Perth was {{Convert|46.2|C|F}} on 23 February 1991, although [[Perth Airport]] recorded {{Convert|46.7|C|F}} on the same day.<ref name="PerthAP">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009021_All.shtml | title = Perth Airport climate statistics | accessdate =25 December 2012| publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] }}</ref><ref name="Perthmedia2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/wa/archive/2008.perth.shtml|title=Annual Climate Summary for Perth: Near average rainfall with warmer days for Perth in 2008|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|date=2 January 2009|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref> On most summer afternoons a [[sea breeze]], known locally as the "[[Fremantle Doctor]]", blows from the southwest, providing relief from the hot north-easterly winds. Temperatures often fall below {{convert|30|C|F}} a few hours after the arrival of the wind change.<ref name="hazards">{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/servlet/BigObjFileManager?bigobjid=GA6525|title=Meteorological hazards|publisher=Geoscience Australia|work=Natural hazard risk in Perth, Western Australia&nbsp;– Cities Project Perth Report|first1=Joe|last1=Courtney|first2=Miriam|last2=Middelmann|format=PDF|year=2005|accessdate=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the summer, the 3&nbsp;pm dewpoint averages at around {{convert|12|C|F}}.<ref name="PerthAP"/>

Winters are wet but mild, with most of Perth's annual rainfall being between May and September. The lowest temperature recorded in Perth was {{Convert|-0.7|C|F}} on 17 June 2006.<ref name="Perthmedia2008"/> The lowest temperature within the [[Perth metropolitan area]] was {{convert|-3.4|C|F}} on the same day at [[Jandakot Airport]]. However, temperatures at or below zero are very rare occurrences. It occasionally  gets cold enough for frost to form.<ref name="JandakotAP">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009172_All.shtml | title = Jandakot Airport climate statistics | accessdate =2 September 2015| publisher=Bureau of Meteorology }}</ref> While snow has never been recorded in the Perth CBD, light snowfalls have been reported in outer suburbs of Perth in the Perth Hills around [[Kalamunda]], [[Roleystone]] and [[Mundaring]]. The most recent snowfall was in 1968.

The rainfall pattern has changed in Perth and [[Southwest corner of Western Australia|southwest Western Australia]] since the mid-1970s. A significant reduction in winter rainfall has been observed with a greater number of extreme rainfall events in the summer months,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.wa.gov.au/Tools/Water+Education+Tools/Resources/Downloads_GetFile.aspx?id=931|title=How extreme south-west rainfalls have changed|publisher=Indian Ocean Climate Initiative|year=2000|format=PDF|accessdate=5 August 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723011219/http://www.water.wa.gov.au/Tools/Water+Education+Tools/Resources/Downloads_GetFile.aspx?id=931|archivedate=23 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> such as the slow-moving storms on 8 February 1992 that brought {{convert|120.6|mm|in}} of rain,<ref name="Perthmedia2008"/><ref name="hazards"/> heavy rainfall associated with a [[2016-17 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 15U|tropical low]] on 10 February 2017, which brought {{convert|114.4|mm|in}} of rain,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/IDCJDW6111.latest.shtml |title=Perth, Western Australia February 2017 Daily Weather Observations|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> and the remnants of [[2017–18 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Joyce|ex-Tropical Cyclone Joyce]] on 15 January 2018 with {{convert|96.2|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/201801/html/IDCJDW6111.201801.shtml |title=Perth, Western Australia January 2018 Daily Weather Observations|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=19 January 2018}}.</ref> Perth was also impacted by a [[2010 Western Australian storms|severe thunderstorm]] on 22 March 2010, which brought {{convert|40.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain and large hail and caused significant damage in the metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/newshome/6967134/storm-brings-huge-damage-bill/|title=Storm brings huge damage bill|publisher=The West Australian|first1=Ronan|last1=O'Connell|first2=Lindsay|last2=McPhee|first3=Bethany|last3=Hiatt|date=23 March 2010|accessdate=23 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203140417/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/newshome/6967134/storm-brings-huge-damage-bill/|archive-date=3 December 2011|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The average temperature of the sea ranges from {{Convert|18.9|C|F}} in October to {{Convert|23.4|C|F}} in March.<ref>{{cite web|author=Copyright Global Sea Temperatures&nbsp;— A-Connect Ltd |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/perth.htm |title=Perth Sea Temperature &#124; Australia Water Temperatures |location=31.952240;115.861400 |publisher=Seatemperature.org |date= |accessdate=2017-09-23}}</ref>

<!--spacing, please do not remove-->
{{Weather box
|location = Perth, Western Australia
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 45.8
|Feb record high C = 46.2
|Mar record high C = 42.4
|Apr record high C = 37.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 28.1
|Jul record high C = 26.3
|Aug record high C = 27.8
|Sep record high C = 34.2
|Oct record high C = 37.3
|Nov record high C = 40.3
|Dec record high C = 44.2
|Jan avg record high C  = 40.4
|Feb avg record high C  = 40.1
|Mar avg record high C  = 38.6
|Apr avg record high C  = 33.7
|May avg record high C  = 28.8
|Jun avg record high C  = 24.1
|Jul avg record high C  = 22.7
|Aug avg record high C  = 24.3
|Sep avg record high C  = 27.1
|Oct avg record high C  = 32.9
|Nov avg record high C  = 36.7
|Dec avg record high C  = 39.4
|year avg record high C = 41.8
|Jan high C = 31.2
|Feb high C = 31.6
|Mar high C = 29.6
|Apr high C = 25.9
|May high C = 22.3
|Jun high C = 19.4
|Jul high C = 18.4
|Aug high C = 19.0
|Sep high C = 20.3
|Oct high C = 23.4
|Nov high C = 26.7
|Dec high C = 29.1
|Jan low C = 18.1
|Feb low C = 18.3
|Mar low C = 16.7
|Apr low C = 13.8
|May low C = 10.5
|Jun low C = 8.5
|Jul low C = 7.8
|Aug low C = 8.3
|Sep low C = 9.5
|Oct low C = 11.6
|Nov low C = 14.3
|Dec low C = 16.3
|Jan avg record low C  = 12.7
|Feb avg record low C  = 13.0
|Mar avg record low C  = 10.0
|Apr avg record low C  = 7.6
|May avg record low C  = 4.4
|Jun avg record low C  = 2.3
|Jul avg record low C  = 1.7
|Aug avg record low C  = 2.6
|Sep avg record low C  = 3.6
|Oct avg record low C  = 5.4
|Nov avg record low C  = 8.8
|Dec avg record low C  = 11.0
|year avg record low C = 1.1
|Jan record low C = 8.9
|Feb record low C = 8.7
|Mar record low C = 6.3
|Apr record low C = 4.1
|May record low C = 1.3
|Jun record low C = −0.7
|Jul record low C = 0.0
|Aug record low C = 1.3
|Sep record low C = 1.0
|Oct record low C = 2.2
|Nov record low C = 5.0
|Dec record low C = 7.9
|Jan rain mm = 20.2
|Feb rain mm = 13.1
|Mar rain mm = 19.7
|Apr rain mm = 35.7
|May rain mm = 89.4
|Jun rain mm = 124.5
|Jul rain mm = 145.9
|Aug rain mm = 126.0
|Sep rain mm = 84.8
|Oct rain mm = 38.8
|Nov rain mm = 21.8
|Dec rain mm = 10.9
|year rain mm = 733.2
|Jan precipitation days = 2.9
|Feb precipitation days = 2.2
|Mar precipitation days = 4.5
|Apr precipitation days = 6.8
|May precipitation days = 11.3
|Jun precipitation days = 14.3
|Jul precipitation days = 17.3
|Aug precipitation days = 16.0
|Sep precipitation days = 14.9
|Oct precipitation days = 9.2
|Nov precipitation days = 5.6
|Dec precipitation days = 3.5
|year precipitation days = 108.5
|humidity colour = green
|time day = 15:00
|Jan afthumidity = 39
|Feb afthumidity = 38
|Mar afthumidity = 40
|Apr afthumidity = 46
|May afthumidity = 50
|Jun afthumidity = 56
|Jul afthumidity = 57
|Aug afthumidity = 54
|Sep afthumidity = 53
|Oct afthumidity = 47
|Nov afthumidity = 44
|Dec afthumidity = 41
|year humidity = 47
|Jand sun= 11.5
|Febd sun= 11.0
|Mard sun= 9.6
|Aprd sun= 8.3
|Mayd sun= 6.9
|Jund sun= 5.9
|Juld sun= 6.1
|Augd sun= 7.2
|Sepd sun= 7.7
|Octd sun= 9.6
|Novd sun= 10.6
|Decd sun= 11.5
|yeard sun = 8.8
|source = Bureau of Meteorology<ref name="Perth Climate">{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009225_All.shtml |website=Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly highest temperature |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=009225 |website=Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly lowest temperature |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=009225 |website=Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref><br/>Temperatures: 1993–2018; Extremes: 1897–2018; Rain data: 1993–2018
|date = January 2019
}}
{{#section::Fremantle|weatherbox}}<!-- To edit this weather box you need to edit the weather box in [[Fremantle]]. -->
{{Weather box
|location = Kalamunda
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = yes
|Jan high C = 30.4
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 27.7
|Apr high C = 23.8
|May high C = 19.0
|Jun high C = 16.4
|Jul high C = 15.4
|Aug high C = 16.3
|Sep high C = 18.3
|Oct high C = 20.6
|Nov high C = 24.5
|Dec high C = 28.0
|year high C = 22.6
|Jan low C = 16.2
|Feb low C = 16.3
|Mar low C = 15.3
|Apr low C = 13.4
|May low C = 10.8
|Jun low C = 9.1
|Jul low C = 8.0
|Aug low C = 8.1
|Sep low C = 9.2
|Oct low C = 10.1
|Nov low C = 12.5
|Dec low C = 14.6
|year low C = 12.0
|Jan precipitation mm =11.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 17.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 22.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 55.7
|May precipitation mm = 144.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 216.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 213.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 165.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 102.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 70.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 28.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 19.6
|year precipitation mm = 1065.9
|source = Bureau of Meteorology<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009058.shtml
| publisher = Bureau of Meteorology |title = Climate statistics for Kalamunda |accessdate = 21 June 2011}}</ref>
|date = June 2011
}}
{{Weather box
|location = Jandakot Airport
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes
|Jan record high C = 45.7
|Feb record high C = 46.6
|Mar record high C = 43.0
|Apr record high C = 37.0
|May record high C = 33.4
|Jun record high C = 25.4
|Jul record high C = 25.9
|Aug record high C = 27.0
|Sep record high C = 34.2
|Oct record high C = 37.4
|Nov record high C = 40.0
|Dec record high C = 44.0
|Jan high C = 31.4
|Feb high C = 31.7
|Mar high C = 29.7
|Apr high C = 25.8
|May high C = 22.0
|Jun high C = 19.0
|Jul high C = 17.9
|Aug high C = 18.7
|Sep high C = 22.0
|Oct high C = 22.8
|Nov high C = 26.2
|Dec high C = 29.1
|year high C = 24.5
|Jan low C = 16.8
|Feb low C = 17.1
|Mar low C = 15.4
|Apr low C = 12.4
|May low C = 9.4
|Jun low C = 7.4
|Jul low C = 6.77
|Aug low C = 7.1
|Sep low C = 8.3
|Oct low C = 9.6
|Nov low C = 12.6
|Dec low C = 14.6
|year low C = 11.5
|Jan record low C = 4.7
|Feb record low C = 6.5
|Mar record low C = 1.6
|Apr record low C = 2.3
|May record low C = -0.6
|Jun record low C = -3.4
|Jul record low C = -2.8
|Aug record low C = -1.4
|Sep record low C = -1.3
|Oct record low C = -1.0
|Nov record low C = 0.8
|Dec record low C = 3.2
|Jan rain mm = 18.7
|Feb rain mm = 13.6
|Mar rain mm = 20.4
|Apr rain mm = 36.3
|May rain mm = 90.3
|Jun rain mm = 124.4
|Jul rain mm = 145.6
|Aug rain mm = 123.6
|Sep rain mm = 86.8
|Oct rain mm = 38.7
|Nov rain mm = 22.5
|Dec rain mm = 11.3
|year rain mm = 721.8
|source = Bureau of Meteorology<ref name="JandakotAP"/>
}}

{|style="width:90%;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Perth
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
| style="background:#ffb000; color:#000;"|21.0<br />(69.8)
| style="background:#ffa400; color:#000;"|21.6<br />(70.9)
| style="background:#ffa000; color:#000;"|21.8<br />(71.2)
| style="background:#fa0; color:#000;"|21.3<br />(70.3)
| style="background:#ffae00; color:#000;"|21.1<br />(70.0)
| style="background:#ffbe00; color:#000;"|20.3<br />(68.5)
| style="background:#ffc200; color:#000;"|20.1<br />(68.2)
| style="background:#ffd344; color:#000;"|19.2<br />(66.6)
| style="background:#ffdd6e; color:#000;"|18.7<br />(65.7)
| style="background:#ffd54c; color:#000;"|19.1<br />(66.4)
| style="background:#ffbe00; color:#000;"|20.3<br />(68.5)
| style="background:#ffc200; color:#000;"|20.1<br />(68.2)
| style="background:#ffbc00; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;"|20.4<br />(68.7)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
| style="background:#ff5; color:#000;"|14.0
| style="background:#ff4; color:#000;"|13.0
| style="background:#ff3; color:#000;"|12.0
| style="background:#f7f722; color:#000;"|11.0
| style="background:#f0f011; color:#000;"|10.0
| style="background:#f0f011; color:#000;"|10.0
| style="background:#f0f011; color:#000;"|10.0
| style="background:#f7f722; color:#000;"|11.0
| style="background:#ff3; color:#000;"|12.0
| style="background:#ff4; color:#000;"|13.0
| style="background:#ff5; color:#000;"|14.0
| style="background:#ff5; color:#000;"|14.0
| style="background:#ff3; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;"|12.0
|-
!Average [[ultraviolet index]]
| style="background:#6b49c8; color:#000;"|11+
| style="background:#6b49c8; color:#000;"|11
| style="background:#d8001d; color:#000;"|9
| style="background:#f85900; color:#000;"|6
| style="background:#f7e400; color:#000;"|4
| style="background:#f7e400; color:#000;"|3
| style="background:#f7e400; color:#000;"|3
| style="background:#f7e400; color:#000;"|4
| style="background:#f85900; color:#000;"|6
| style="background:#d8001d; color:#000;"|8
| style="background:#d8001d; color:#000;"|10
| style="background:#6b49c8; color:#000;"|11+
| style="background:#f85900; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;"|7.2
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source #1: METOC (sea temperature),<ref name="Metoc">{{cite web |url=http://www.metoc.gov.au/products/data/aussst.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706223544/http://www.metoc.gov.au/products/data/aussst.php |dead-url=yes |archive-date=6 July 2007 |title=Perth, Australia&nbsp;— Coastal Sea Surface Temperatures |publisher=Metoc |access-date=17 March 2017 }}</ref> [[ARPANSA]] (UV index)<ref name="ARPANSA">{{cite web |url=http://www.arpansa.gov.au/uvindex/models/peruvmodel.htm |title=Perth, Australia&nbsp;— UV index |publisher=ARPANSA |access-date=17 March 2017 }}</ref>
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source #2: Bureau of Meteorology (daylight hours)<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.bom.gov.au/anon/home/waroda2/Perth_Metro_climatic_averages/perth_means.pdf |title=Perth, Australia&nbsp;— Perth Metro Climatic Averages |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=17 March 2017 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|}

=== Isolation ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
Perth is one of the most isolated major cities in the world. The nearest city with a population of more than 100,000 is Adelaide, {{convert|2130|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away. Only [[Honolulu]] (population 374,660), {{convert|3841|km|abbr=on}} from San Francisco, [[Extreme points of Earth#Remoteness|is more isolated]].

Perth is geographically closer to both [[Dili]], East Timor ({{convert|2785|km|abbr=on}}), and [[Jakarta]], Indonesia ({{convert|3002|km|abbr=on}}), than to Sydney ({{convert|3291|km|abbr=on}}), [[Brisbane]] ({{convert|3604|km|abbr=on}}), or [[Canberra]] ({{convert|3106|km|abbr=on}}).

== Demographics ==
<div class="thumb tright">
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0;"
|-
!scope="col"|Historical populations
|-
|align=center|{{Historical populations
|title=Perth Statistical Division
|align = left
|footnote = Source: [http://www.abs.gov.au/ ABS]
|1854 |4001
|1859 |6293
|1870 |8220
|1881 |9955
|1891 |16694
|1901 |67431
|1911 |116181
|1921 |170213
|1933 |230340
|1947 |302968
|1954 |395049
|1961 |475398
|1966 |559298
|1971 |703199
}}
{{Historical populations
|title=Greater Perth Statistical Area
|align = left
|footnote = Source: ABS<ref>{{cite web|title=3218.0 Historical Population Estimates by Australian Statistical Geography Standard, 1971 to 2011|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&32180ds0005_1971-2011.xls&3218.0&Data%20Cubes&0BCC5059CC669DCCCA257A4B0083B937&0&2011&31.07.2012&Latest|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=30 November 2012|format=XLS|date=31 July 2012}}</ref><br/>Note: Greater Perth includes the [[City of Mandurah]] and part of the [[Shire of Murray]], south of Perth.<ref name="landgate map"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Perth|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/5GPER|work=2011 Census QuickStats|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=25 July 2013|date=28 March 2013}}</ref>
|1971 |744600
|1976 |845700
|1981 |941479
|1986 |1075959
|1991 |1226115
|1996 |1344378
|2001 |1452058
|2006 |1590007
|2008 |1687815
|2010 |1785076
}}
|}
</div>
Perth is Australia's fourth-most-populous city, having overtaken Adelaide's population in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2012-13|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/products/AC53A071B4B231A6CA257CAE000ECCE5|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=22 March 2017|date=30 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322203146/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/products/AC53A071B4B231A6CA257CAE000ECCE5|archive-date=22 March 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In June 2018 there were an estimated 2,059,484<ref name="ABSERP18" /> residents in the Greater Perth area, representing an increase of approximately 1.1% from the 2017 estimate of 2,037,902.<ref name="ABSERP18"/>

=== Ethnic groups ===
<div class="thumb tleft" style="margin-bottom:0;"><!--Bottom margin is 0 as it sits directly above a related image-->
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0;"
!colspan=2|Overseas-born populations<ref name="pop-detail">{{Census 2006 AUS | id = 505 | name = Perth (Statistical Division) | accessdate=19 September 2008}}</ref></center>
|-
!scope="col"| Country of birth
!scope="col"| Population<br/>(2016)
|-
|{{flagicon|UK}} United Kingdom ||align=right|201,204
|-
|{{flagicon|NZL}} New Zealand   ||align=right| 61,326
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} India  ||align=right| 46,667
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} South Africa        ||align=right| 35,262
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}} Malaysia||align=right| 28,224
|-
|{{flagicon|PRC}} China        ||align=right| 25,911
|-
|{{flagicon|PHI}} Philippines ||align=right| 24,624
|-
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Italy       ||align=right| 17,461
|-
|{{flagicon|IRL}} Ireland       ||align=right|  15,131
|-
|{{flagicon|VIE}} Vietnam     ||align=right| 15,131
|-
|{{flagicon|SIN}} Singapore      ||align=right|  14,465
|-
|{{flagicon|IDN}} Indonesia   ||align=right| 10,569 
|-
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} Zimbabwe    ||align=right| 9,684 
|-
|{{flagicon|GER}} Germany ||align=right|  8,675
|}
</div>
[[File:Perth CoB dots.png|thumb|left|One dot represents 100 persons born in:<br />United Kingdom (dark blue),<br />China (red),<br />Italy (light green),<br />Malaysia (dark green),<br />South Africa (brown),<br />Singapore (purple) and<br />Vietnam (yellow), based on 2006 Census.]]
In 2006, the largest ancestry groups in the Perth metropolitan areas were: English (534,555 or 28.6%), Australian (479,174 or 25.6%), Irish (115,384 or 6.2%), Scottish (113,846 or 6.1%), Italian (84,331 or 4.5%) and Chinese (53,390 or 2.9%). There were 26,486 Indigenous Australians in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perthphotoboothhire.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Chapter-4.pdf |title=Contents |format=PDF |accessdate=10 July 2015 |quote=• In 2006 the estimated resident Aboriginal population of Western Australia was 77,900 persons, an increase of 18% from the 2001 Census • In 2006 34% of Aboriginal people in Western Australia lived in and around the Perth metropolitan area |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711173515/http://www.perthphotoboothhire.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Chapter-4.pdf |archivedate=11 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Perth's population is notable for the high proportion of British and Irish born residents. At the 2006 Census, 142,424 England-born Perth residents were counted,<ref name="06PerthCensus">{{Census 2006 AUS | id = 505 | name = Perth (Statistical Division) | quick = on | accessdate=28 February 2008}}</ref> narrowly behind Sydney (145,261),<ref name="06SydneyCensus">{{Census 2006 AUS | id = 105 | name = Sydney (Statistical Division) | quick = on | accessdate=28 February 2008}}</ref> despite the fact that Perth had just 35% of the overall population of Sydney.
[[File:Russell Square Perth 9261.jpg|thumb|[[Russell Square, Perth|Russell Square]], Northbridge - the favoured meeting place of the Italian community of "Little Italy"]]
The ethnic make-up of Perth changed in the second part of the 20th century when significant numbers of continental European immigrants arrived in the city. Prior to this, Perth's population had been almost completely [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] in ethnic origin. As Fremantle was the first landfall in Australia for many migrant ships coming from Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, Perth started to experience a diverse influx of people, including [[Italian Australians|Italians]], [[Greek people|Greeks]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[German people|Germans]], [[Croatian people|Croats]], [[Macedonian people|Macedonians]]. The Italian influence in the Perth and Fremantle area has been substantial, evident in places like the "Cappuccino strip" in Fremantle featuring many Italian eateries and shops. In Fremantle, the traditional Italian [[blessing of the fleet]] festival is held every year at the start of the fishing season. In Northbridge every December is the San Nicola (Saint Nicholas) Festival, which involves a pageant followed by a concert, predominantly in Italian. Suburbs surrounding the Fremantle area, such as [[Spearwood, Western Australia|Spearwood]] and [[Hamilton Hill, Western Australia|Hamilton Hill]], also contain high concentrations of Italians, Croatians and Portuguese. Perth also has been home to a small [[Jewish]] community since 1829<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Perth |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/perth |website=Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot}}</ref> &nbsp;– numbering 5,082 in 2006<ref name=pop-detail/>&nbsp;– who have emigrated primarily from Eastern Europe and more recently from South Africa.
[[File:Chinatown Perth.jpg|thumb|[[Chinatown, Perth|Chinatown]] entry on Roe Street]]
Another more recent wave of arrivals includes [[White South Africans|white minority]] from South Africa. South African residents overtook those born in Italy as the fourth largest foreign group in 2001. By 2006, there were 18,825 South Africans residing in Perth, accounting for 1.3% of the city's population.<ref name="06PerthCensus"/> Many [[Afrikaners]] and [[British diaspora in Africa|Anglo-African]]s emigrated to Perth during the 1980s and 1990s, with the phrase "packing for Perth" becoming associated with South Africans who choose to emigrate abroad, sometimes regardless of the destination.<ref>[http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11195/louw2.pdf Packing for Perth: The Growth of a Southern African Diaspora], Eric Louw, Gary Mersham, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2001 303</ref> As a result, the city has been described as "the Australian capital of South Africans in exile".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/?set_id=1&click_id=&art_id=vn20060306104143710C509596 |title = Packing for Perth because of the poo! |accessdate =14 August 2007 |date = 6 March 2006 |last = Yeld |first = John |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |publisher=[[Cape Argus]]}}</ref> The reason for Perth's popularity among [[white South African]]s has often been attributed to the location, the vast amount of land, and the slightly warmer climate compared to other large Australian cities&nbsp;– Perth has a [[Mediterranean climate]] reminiscent of [[Cape Town]].

Since the late 1970s, Southeast Asia has become an increasingly important source of migrants, with communities from [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]], Singapore, Hong Kong, [[Mainland China]], and [[India]] all now well-established. There were 53,390 persons of [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]] descent in Perth in 2006&nbsp;– 2.9% of the city's population.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Census 2006 AUS | id = 505 | name = Perth (Statistical Division) | accessdate=28 May 2008}}</ref> These are supported by the Australian Eurasian Association of Western Australia,<ref>[http://www.aeawa.asn.au/ Australian Eurasian Association of WA Inc.] Official site</ref> which also serves a community of Portuguese-Malacca Eurasian or [[Kristang people|Kristang]] immigrants.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111010102041/http://www.aeawa.asn.au/?page_id=1078 500th Anniversary of Portuguese Landing in Malacca 1511], October 2011, at Australian Eurasian Association of WA Inc. Archived from the [http://www.aeawa.asn.au/?page_id=1078 original] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010102041/http://www.aeawa.asn.au/?page_id=1078 |date=10 October 2011 }} on 10 October 2011.</ref>

The Indian community includes a substantial number of [[Parsi people|Parsees]] who emigrated from [[Bombay]]&nbsp;– Perth being the closest Australian city to India&nbsp;– and the India-born population of the city at the time of the 2006 census was 14,094 or 0.8%.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Perth is also home to the largest population of [[Anglo-Burmese]] in the world; many settled here following the independence of Burma in 1948 with immigration taking off after 1962. The city is now the cultural hub for [[Anglo-Burmese people|Anglo-Burmese]] worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kei|first=Nemoto|date=2014|title=The Anglo-Burmese in the 1940s: To become Burmese or not|url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Nemoto-2014-The_Anglo-Burmese_in_the_1940s.pdf|journal=The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies|volume=32|page=18|via=}}</ref> There is also a substantial [[Anglo-Indian]] population in Perth, who also settled in the city following the independence of India.

=== Religion ===
[[File:StMarysCathedral.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Cathedral, Perth|St Mary's Cathedral]]]]
[[Protestants]], predominantly [[Anglican]] and [[Uniting Church in Australia|Uniting Church]], make up approximately 24% of the population.<ref name="ABS_Perth">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/503021041?opendocument&navpos=95|title=2011 Census QuickStats: Perth City|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/5GPER|title=2011 Census QuickStats: Greater Perth|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> Perth is the seat of the [[Anglican Diocese of Perth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perth.anglican.org/diocese/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917120949/http://www.perth.anglican.org/diocese/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=17 September 2012|title=Diocese of Perth|publisher=Anglican Diocese of Perth|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref> and of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perthcatholic.org.au/about-us/index.cfm?loadref=2|title=Overview|publisher=Archdiocese of Perth|accessdate=2 July 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801155049/http://www.perthcatholic.org.au/about-us/index.cfm?loadref=2|archivedate=1 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Roman Catholics make up about 23% of the population,<ref name="ABS_Perth"/> and Catholicism is the most common single denomination.<ref name="ABS_Perth"/> The [[Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross]] claims over 2,000 members.<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/daupo.html Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross] at Catholic Hierarchy.org</ref>

Perth is also home to 12,000 [[Latter-day Saints]]<ref>{{cite web|title=LDS Church Statistics|url=http://www.ldschurchnewsarchive.com/articles/39938/Facts-and-figures-Perth-Australia-Temple.html|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref> and the [[Perth Australia Temple]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].
[[Buddhism]] and [[Islam]] each claim more than 20,000 adherents.<ref name="ABS_Perth" /> Perth has the third largest [[Jews|Jewish]] population in Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/gen08/the-jewish-population-of-australia-key-findings-from-the-2011-census/|title=The Jewish population of Australia: Key findings from the 2011 Census|date=2014-05-28|website=Gen08: the Australian and New Zealand Jewish Population Study|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref> numbering approximately 20,000,<ref name="ABS_Perth" /> with both Orthodox and Progressive synagogues and a [[Carmel School (Perth)|Jewish Day School]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.carmel.wa.edu.au/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=156|title=The Carmel School 2015 Handbook|p=7|publisher=Carmel School|location=Dianella, Western Australia|accessdate=2 July 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904012509/http://www.carmel.wa.edu.au/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=156|archivedate=4 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Bahá'í]] community in Perth numbers around 1,500.<ref name="ABS_Perth" /> [[Hinduism]] has over 20,000 adherents in Perth;<ref name="ABS_Perth" /> the [[Diwali]] (festival of lights) celebration in 2009 attracted over 20,000 visitors. There are Hindu temples in [[Canning Vale]], [[Anketell]] and a [[Swaminarayan (spiritual tradition)|Swaminarayan]] temple in [[Bennett Springs, Western Australia|Bennett Springs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com.au/maps/search/hindu+temples/@-31.9664213,115.9313298,9z?hl=en-AU|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref> Hinduism is the fastest growing religion in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/CO-61|title=2011 Census reveals Hinduism|last=Statistics|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|website=www.abs.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref>

More than 25% of the 2011 census respondents in Perth had no religion,<ref name="ABS_Perth"/> as against 22% of the national population—an increase of 6.8% since 2001.<ref name="Losing">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features30Nov+2013|title=Main Features&nbsp;— Losing my religion?|last=Statistics|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|website=www.abs.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref> In 1911, the national figure was 0.4%.<ref name="Losing" /> Other countries such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom are reporting similar increases.<ref name="Losing" />

== Governance ==
[[File:Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.jpg|thumb|[[Parliament House, Perth|Parliament House]]]]
[[File:WAGovernmentHouse1crop gobeirne.JPG|thumb|right|Government House]]
Perth houses the Parliament of Western Australia and the Governor of Western Australia. {{As of|2008|alt=As of the 2008 state election}}, 42 of the [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]'s 59 seats and 18 of the [[Western Australian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]'s 36 seats are based in Perth's metropolitan area. Perth is represented by 9 full seats and significant parts of three others in the Federal House of Representatives, with the seats of Canning, Pearce and Brand including some areas outside the metropolitan area.

The metropolitan area is divided into over 30 local government bodies, including the City of Perth which administers Perth's central business district. The state's highest court, the Supreme Court, is located in Perth,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/content/about/default.aspx|title=Jurisdiction|publisher=Supreme Court of WA|date=16 October 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019174724/http://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/content/about/default.aspx |archivedate=19 October 2008}}</ref> along with the [[District Court of Western Australia|District]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.districtcourt.wa.gov.au/A/aboutDistrictCourt.aspx?uid=7689-4890-3639-8152|title=About the District Court
|publisher=District Court of WA|date=16 October 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008}}</ref> and [[Family Court of Western Australia|Family]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.familycourt.wa.gov.au/A/about_the_family_court.aspx?uid=0585-2574-5706-9153|title=About the Family Court|publisher=Family Court of WA|date=16 October 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224123147/http://www.familycourt.wa.gov.au/A/about_the_family_court.aspx?uid=0585-2574-5706-9153|archivedate=24 December 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Courts. The [[Magistrates' Court of Western Australia|Magistrates' Court]] has six metropolitan locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.wa.gov.au/M/magistrates_locations.aspx?uid=0987-0974-4964-6070
|title=Magistrate Court Locations|publisher=Department of Justice|date=16 October 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014044908/http://www.justice.wa.gov.au/M/magistrates_locations.aspx?uid=0987-0974-4964-6070 |archivedate=14 October 2008}}</ref> The Federal Court of Australia and the [[Federal Circuit Court of Australia]] (previously the Federal Magistrates Court)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalcircuitcourt.gov.au/html/introduction.html
|title=Introduction to the Federal Circuit Court of Australia|publisher=Federal Circuit Court of Australia|date=4 July 2014|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref><ref>Federal Circuit Court of Australia Legislation Amendment Act 2012 on 12 April 2013</ref> occupy the Commonwealth Law Courts building on Victoria Avenue,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/contacts/contacts_wa.html|title=WA Registry|publisher=Federal Court of Australia|date=2 August 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206062037/http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/contacts/contacts_wa.html |archivedate=6 December 2008}}</ref> which is also the location for annual Perth sittings of Australia's [[High Court of Australia|High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcourt.gov.au/annual_reports/2007annual.pdf|format=PDF|title=2007 Annual Report|publisher=High Court of Australia|date=18 March 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031134819/http://www.hcourt.gov.au/annual_reports/2007annual.pdf |archivedate=31 October 2008}}</ref>

The [[Perth Metropolitan Region|administrative region of Perth]] includes 30 local governments, with the outer extent being the [[City of Wanneroo]] and the [[City of Swan]] to the north, the [[Shire of Mundaring]], [[City of Kalamunda]] and the [[City of Armadale]] to the east, the [[Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale]] to the southeast and the [[City of Rockingham]] to the southwest, and including the islands of Rottnest Island and [[Garden Island, Western Australia|Garden Island]] off the west coast;<ref name="MLGRP">{{Cite report|author=Metropolitan Local Government Review Panel|date=September 2011|title=Defining What we mean by "Perth Metropolitan Area"|url=http://metroreview.dlg.wa.gov.au/Content/Publications/Default.aspx|accessdate=9 April 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414053059/http://metroreview.dlg.wa.gov.au/Content/Publications/Default.aspx|archivedate=14 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> this also correlates with the [[Metropolitan Region Scheme]].

Perth can also be defined by its wider extent of Greater Perth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Capital City Statistical Areas|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/6b6e07234c98365aca25792d0010d730/$FILE/Greater%20Capital%20City%20Statistical%20Area%20-%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|website=Australian Bureau Statistics|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=2 November 2014|format=PDF|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030212708/http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/6b6e07234c98365aca25792d0010d730/$FILE/Greater%20Capital%20City%20Statistical%20Area%20-%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Census 2011 AUS|id=5GPER|name=Greater Perth (Greater Capital City Statistical Area) |accessdate=2 November 2014|quick=on}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{See also|Economy of Western Australia}}
[[File:Fremantle Harbour looking to Perth 2015.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Fremantle Harbour]]]]
By virtue of its population and role as the administrative centre for business and government, Perth dominates the Western Australian economy, despite the major mining, petroleum, and agricultural export industries being located elsewhere in the state.<ref name="GreaterPerth">{{cite web|url=http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/dialogue_GPdp3.pdf|title=Greater Perth Economy and Employment|publisher=WA Department of Planning and Infrastructure|date=25 August 2003|accessdate=1 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207233658/http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/dialogue_GPdp3.pdf |archivedate=7 February 2009}}</ref> Perth's function as the state's capital city, its economic base and population size have also created development opportunities for many other businesses oriented to local or more diversified markets.
Perth's economy has been changing in favour of the service industries since the 1950s. Although one of the major sets of services it provides is related to the resources industry and, to a lesser extent, agriculture, most people in Perth are not connected to either; they have jobs that provide services to other people in Perth.<ref name="Structure2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.dtf.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/structure_wa_economy_2005.pdf|title=Structure of the WA Economy|publisher=WA Department of Treasury and Finance|date=24 January 2006|accessdate=10 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001203306/http://www.dtf.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/structure_wa_economy_2005.pdf |archivedate=1 October 2008}}</ref>

As a result of Perth's relative geographical isolation, it has never had the necessary conditions to develop significant manufacturing industries other than those serving the immediate needs of its residents, mining, agriculture and some specialised areas, such as, in recent times, niche shipbuilding and maintenance. It was simply cheaper to import all the needed manufactured goods from either the [[Eastern states of Australia|eastern states]] or overseas.
[[File:Perth skyline from KS1, November 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|View of the Perth CBD from the north]]
Industrial employment influenced the economic geography of Perth. After WWII, Perth experienced suburban expansion aided by high levels of car ownership. Workforce decentralisation and transport improvements made it possible for the establishment of small-scale manufacturing in the suburbs. Many firms took advantage of relatively cheap land to build spacious, single-storey plants in suburban locations with plentiful parking, easy access and minimal traffic congestion. "The former close ties of manufacturing with near-central and/or rail-side locations were loosened."<ref name="GreaterPerth"/>

Industrial estates such as [[Kwinana Beach|Kwinana]], [[Welshpool, Western Australia|Welshpool]] and [[Kewdale]] were post-war additions contributing to the growth of manufacturing south of the river. The establishment of the Kwinana industrial area was supported by standardisation of the east-west rail gauge linking Perth with eastern Australia. Since the 1950s the area has been dominated by heavy industry, including an oil refinery, steel-rolling mill with a blast furnace, alumina refinery, power station and a nickel refinery. Another development, also linked with rail standardisation, was in 1968 when the [[Kewdale Freight Terminal]] was developed adjacent to the Welshpool industrial area, replacing the former Perth railway yards.<ref name="GreaterPerth"/>

With significant population growth post-WWII,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/productsbyCatalogue/632CDC28637CF57ECA256F1F0080EBCC?OpenDocument
|title=Australian Historical Population Statistics 2008|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=5 August 2008|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref> employment growth occurred not in manufacturing but in retail and wholesale trade, business services, health, education, community and personal services and in public administration. Increasingly it was these services sectors, concentrated around the Perth metropolitan area, that provided jobs.<ref name="GreaterPerth"/>

== Education ==
{{See also|Education in Western Australia}}
[[File:Perth Modern School, 2015 02.jpg|thumb|[[Perth Modern School]], Perth's first [[State school|public high school]]]]
Education is compulsory in Western Australia between the ages of six and seventeen, corresponding to primary and secondary school.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pre-compulsory and compulsory education period|url=http://det.wa.edu.au/policies/detcms/policy-planning-and-accountability/policies-framework/definitions/pre-compulsory-and-compulsory-education-period.en?oid=com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.GlossaryItem-id-3870002|publisher=Government of Western Australia|accessdate=6 December 2013|author=Department of Education}}</ref> Tertiary education is available through several universities and [[technical and further education]] (TAFE) colleges.

=== Primary and secondary ===
Students may attend either public schools, run by the state government's [[Department of Education (Western Australia)|Department of Education]], or private schools, usually associated with a religion.

The [[Western Australian Certificate of Education]] (WACE) is the credential given to students who have completed Years 11 and 12 of their secondary schooling.<ref>{{cite web|title=WACE requirements and certification|url=http://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/internet/Senior_Secondary/The_WACE/WACE_Requirements|publisher=Government of Western Australia|accessdate=6 December 2013|author=School Curriculum and Standards Authority}}</ref>

In 2012 the minimum requirements for students to receive their WACE changed{{how|date=July 2015}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=WACE Requirements 2012 and Beyond |url=http://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/internet/Senior_Secondary/The_WACE/WACE_Requirements/WACE_Requirements_2012 |publisher=School Curriculum and Standards Authority |accessdate=19 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513011823/http://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/internet/Senior_Secondary/The_WACE/WACE_Requirements/WACE_Requirements_2012 |archivedate=13 May 2013 }}</ref>

=== Tertiary ===
[[File:UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves gobeirne.jpg|thumb|left|[[The University of Western Australia]], located in [[Crawley, Western Australia|Crawley]]]]
Perth is home to four public universities: the University of Western Australia, [[Curtin University]], [[Murdoch University]], and [[Edith Cowan University]]. There is also one private university, the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]].

The University of Western Australia, which was founded in 1911,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwa.edu.au/visitors/about/history |title = Visitors&nbsp;– History of the University |accessdate =14 April 2007 |publisher=University of Western Australia |quote = The University of Western Australia has helped to shape the careers of more than 75,000 graduates since it was established in 1911.}}</ref> is renowned as one of Australia's leading research institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australianuniversities.com.au/rankings/|title=Rankings of Australian Universities 2016-2017 {{!}} AustralianUniversities.com.au|last=Network|first=Australian Education|website=www.australianuniversities.com.au|access-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408030955/http://www.australianuniversities.com.au/rankings/|archive-date=8 April 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The university's monumental neo-classical architecture, most of which is carved from white limestone, is a notable tourist destination in the city. It is the only university in the state to be a member of the [[Group of Eight (Australian universities)|Group of Eight]], as well as the [[Sandstone universities]]. It is also the state's only university to have produced a [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Laureate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/australias-nobel-laureates|title=Australia's Nobel Laureates and the Nobel Prize {{!}} australia.gov.au|last=Cabinet|first=Department of the Prime Minister and|website=www.australia.gov.au|language=English|access-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819205739/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/australias-nobel-laureates|archive-date=19 August 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{ndash}} [[Barry Marshall]] who graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1975 and was awarded a joint Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 2005, together with [[Robin Warren]].
Curtin University (previously known as Western Australian Institute of Technology (1966-1986) and Curtin University of Technology (1986-2010) is Western Australia's largest university by student population.

Murdoch University was founded in 1973 and incorporates Western Australia's only veterinary school and Australia's only [[theology]] programme to be completely integrated into a secular university.

Edith Cowan University was established in 1991 from the existing [[College of Advanced Education|Western Australian College of Advanced Education]] (WACAE) which itself was formed in the 1970s from the existing Teachers Colleges at Claremont, Churchlands, and Mount Lawley. It incorporates the [[Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts]] (WAAPA).

The University of Notre Dame Australia was established in 1990. Notre Dame was established as a [[Catholic university]] with its lead campus in Fremantle and a large campus in Sydney. Its campus is set in the west end of Fremantle, using historic port buildings built in the 1890s, giving Notre Dame a distinct European university atmosphere.

Colleges of TAFE provide trade and vocational training, including certificate- and diploma-level courses. TAFE began as a system of technical colleges and schools under the Education Department, from which they were separated in the 1980s and ultimately formed into regional colleges. Two exist in the Perth metropolitan area: [[North Metropolitan TAFE]] (formerly [[Central Institute of Technology]] and [[West Coast Institute of Training]]); and [[South Metropolitan TAFE]] (formerly [[The Polytechnic of Western Australia|Polytechnic West]] and [[Challenger Institute of Technology]]).

== Media ==
Perth is served by thirty digital [[free-to-air]] television channels:
[[File:ABC Perth, 2016 (02).JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|ABC Perth studios in {{WAcity|East Perth}}, home of [[720 ABC Perth]] radio and [[ABW (TV station)|ABC television]] in Western Australia]]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ABC
* [[ABC HD (Australian TV channel)|ABC HD]] (ABC broadcast in [[High-definition television|HD]])
* [[ABC Comedy|ABC Comedy/KIDS]]
* [[ABC Me]]
* [[ABC News (TV channel)|ABC News]]
* [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]]
* [[SBS HD]] (SBS broadcast in HD)
* [[SBS Viceland]]
* [[SBS Viceland HD]] (SBS Viceland broadcast in HD)
* [[Food Network (Australia)|Food Network]]
* [[National Indigenous Television|NITV]]
* [[TVW|Seven]]
* [[7HD]] (Seven broadcast in HD)
* [[7Two]]
* [[7mate]]
* [[7flix]]
* [[Racing.com]]
* [[STW|Nine]]
* [[9HD]] (Nine broadcast in HD)
* [[9Gem]]
* [[9Go!]]
* [[9Life]]
* [[extra (Australian TV channel)|eXtra]]
* [[NEW (TV station)|Ten]]
* [[Ten HD]] (Ten broadcast in HD)
* [[10 Bold]]
* [[10 Peach]]
* [[TVSN]]
* [[Spree TV]]
* [[West TV]] (Perth's community TV station)
{{div col end}}
ABC, SBS, Seven, Nine and Ten were also broadcast in an analogue format until 16 April 2013, when the analogue transmission was switched off.<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital TV Switchover Australia &nbsp;– Perth and surrounding areas|url=http://www.digitalready.gov.au/what-is-the-switch/digital-tv-switchover-map/perth-and-surrounding-areas|accessdate=18 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205222511/http://www.digitalready.gov.au/what-is-the-switch/digital-tv-switchover-map/perth-and-surrounding-areas|archivedate=5 December 2013}}</ref> Community station [[Access 31]] closed in August 2008. In April 2010 a new community station, West TV, began transmission (in digital format only).

[[Foxtel]] provides a subscription-based satellite and cable television service. Perth has its own local newsreaders on ABC ([[James McHale]]), Seven ([[Rick Ardon]], [[Susannah Carr]]), Nine ([[Michael Thomson (journalist)|Michael Thomson]]) and Ten ([[Narelda Jacobs]]).
[[File:Nine Plaza, Perth - Exterior.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Channel 9 Australia|Channel 9]]'s Perth Studio|left]]
Television shows produced in Perth include local editions of the current affair program ''[[Today Tonight]]'', and other types of programming such as ''[[The Force: Behind the Line|The Force]]''.
An annual [[telethon]] has been broadcast since 1968 to raise funds for charities including [[Princess Margaret Hospital for Children]]. The 24-hour [[Perth Telethon]] claims to be "the most successful fundraising event per capita in the world"<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090708051459/http://telethon.7perth.com.au/view/about-telethon/ About Telethon]", telethon.7perth.com.au. Archived from [http://telethon.7perth.com.au/view/about-telethon/ the original] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010154627/http://telethon.7perth.com.au/view/about-telethon/ |date=10 October 2008 }} on 8 July 2009.</ref> and raised more than A$20&nbsp;million in 2013, with a combined total of over A$153&nbsp;million since 1968.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140214045931/http://www.telethon.7perth.com.au/ Telethon7]", telethon.7perth.com.au. Archived from [http://telethon.7perth.com.au/view/about-telethon/ the original] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010154627/http://telethon.7perth.com.au/view/about-telethon/ |date=10 October 2008 }} on 24 March 2014.</ref>

The main newspapers for Perth are ''[[The West Australian]]'' and ''[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times]]''. Localised free community papers cater for each local government area. There are also many advertising newspapers, such as ''The Quokka''. The local business paper is ''[[Western Australian Business News]]''.

Radio stations are on AM, FM and DAB+ frequencies. ABC stations include [[ABC NewsRadio|ABC News]] (585AM), 720 ABC Perth, [[Radio National]] (810AM), [[ABC Classic FM|Classic FM]] (97.7FM) and [[Triple J]] (99.3FM). The six local commercial stations are [[92.9 (Perth radio station)|92.9]], [[Nova 93.7]], [[Mix 94.5]], [[96fm (Perth radio station)|96fm]], on FM and [[6PR|882 6PR]] and [[6IX|1080 6IX]] on AM. DAB+ has mostly the same as both FM and AM plus national stations from the ABC/SBS, Radar Radio and Novanation, along with local stations My Perth Digital, HotCountry Perth, and [[98five Sonshine FM|98five]] Christian radio. Major community radio stations include [[RTRFM]] (92.1FM), Sonshine FM (98.5FM),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.98five.com/ |title=98five Sonshine FM |publisher=Sonshine FM |accessdate=18 January 2013}}</ref> SportFM (91.3FM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportfm.com.au/ |title=91.3 SportFM Perth |publisher=SportFM 91.3 Perth |accessdate=18 January 2013}}</ref> and Curtin FM (100.1FM).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.curtinfm.com.au/ |title=Curtin FM 100.1 |publisher=Curtin FM |accessdate=18 January 2013}}</ref>

Online news media covering the Perth area include TheWest.com.au backed by ''The West Australian'', Perth Now from the newsroom of The Sunday Times, WAToday from [[Fairfax Media]] and other outlets like TweetPerth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tweetperth.com.au/ |title=TweetPerth |publisher=TweetPerth |accessdate=10 June 2015}}</ref> on social media.

== Culture ==

=== Arts and entertainment ===
{{See also|Music of Perth|List of musical acts from Western Australia|Category:People from Perth, Western Australia |label 3=People from Perth, Western Australia }}
[[File:City of Perth Library, April 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|[[City of Perth Library]]]]
The [[Perth Cultural Centre]] is home to many of the city's major arts, cultural and educational institutions, including the [[Art Gallery of Western Australia]], [[Western Australian Museum]], [[State Library of Western Australia]], [[State Records Office of Western Australia|State Records Office]], and [[Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts]] (PICA).<ref name=pcc>{{cite web|title=Perth Cultural Centre: About|url=http://www.perthculturalcentre.com.au/About/|publisher=Government of Western Australia|accessdate=23 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501081506/http://www.perthculturalcentre.com.au/About/|archivedate=1 May 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> The [[State Theatre Centre of Western Australia]] is also located there,<ref name=pcc /> and is the home of the [[Black Swan State Theatre Company]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Black Swan State Theatre Company|url=http://www.bsstc.com.au/about/|publisher=Black Swan State Theatre Company|accessdate=23 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510174218/http://www.bsstc.com.au/about/|archivedate=10 May 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the [[Perth Theatre Company]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Company History|url=http://www.perththeatre.com.au/about/|work=About|publisher=Perth Theatre Company|accessdate=23 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425120929/http://www.perththeatre.com.au/about/history/|archivedate=25 April 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other performing arts companies based in Perth include the [[West Australian Ballet]], the [[West Australian Opera]] and the [[West Australian Symphony Orchestra]], all of which present regular programmes.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us&nbsp;– Our Story|url=http://www.waballet.com.au/about_us.php|publisher=West Australian Ballet|accessdate=29 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815001841/http://waballet.com.au/about_us.php|archivedate=15 August 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.waopera.asn.au/AboutUs/History.aspx|publisher=West Australian Opera|accessdate=29 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702023528/http://www.waopera.asn.au/AboutUs/History.aspx|archivedate=2 July 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About WASO|url=http://www.waso.com.au/about|publisher=West Australian Symphony Orchestra|accessdate=29 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801062445/http://www.waso.com.au/about|archivedate=1 August 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> The Western Australian Youth Orchestras provide young musicians with performance opportunities in orchestral and other musical ensembles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wayma.asn.au/go/about |title=About |publisher=WA Youth Music Association |accessdate=29 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010459/http://www.wayma.asn.au/go/about |archivedate=29 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>

[[File:Heath Ledger-1.jpg|thumb|left|Perth actor [[Heath Ledger]], namesake of the Heath Ledger Theatre]]
Perth is also home to [[WAAPA]], the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts at Edith Cowan University, from which many actors and broadcasters have launched their careers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Appelo|first=Tim|title=The Hollywood Reporter's List of the 25 Top Drama Schools|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/top-25-drama-schools-319963|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=16 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104011115/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/top-25-drama-schools-319963|archivedate=4 November 2012|deadurl=no|date=4 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to WAAPA|url=http://www.waapa.ecu.edu.au/about/welcome-to-waapa|work=Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts|publisher=Edith Cowan University|accessdate=16 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001035250/http://www.waapa.ecu.edu.au/about/welcome-to-waapa|archivedate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> The city's main performance venues include the Riverside Theatre within the [[Perth Convention Exhibition Centre]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Concerts|url=http://www.pcec.com.au/plan-an-event/events/concerts.aspx|work=Plan an event|publisher=Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre|accessdate=16 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514031457/http://www.pcec.com.au/plan-an-event/events/concerts.aspx|archivedate=14 May 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[Perth Concert Hall (Western Australia)|Perth Concert Hall]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About Perth Concert Hall|url=http://www.perthconcerthall.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=62|publisher=Perth Concert Hall|accessdate=16 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814114125/http://www.perthconcerthall.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=62|archivedate=14 August 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the historic [[His Majesty's Theatre, Western Australia|His Majesty's Theatre]],<ref name="HMT DCA">{{cite web |url=http://www.dca.wa.gov.au/about/properties/property_listing/his_majestys |title=His Majesty's Theatre |accessdate=7 December 2013 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |author=Department of Culture and the Arts |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710173521/http://www.dca.wa.gov.au/about/properties/property_listing/his_majestys |archivedate=10 July 2009}}</ref> the [[Regal Theatre]] in Subiaco<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the Regal Theatre|url=http://www.regaltheatre.com.au/index.php|publisher=The Regal Theatre|accessdate=7 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801074319/http://regaltheatre.com.au/index.php|archivedate=1 August 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the [[Astor Cinema|Astor Theatre]] in [[Mount Lawley, Western Australia|Mount Lawley]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Venue|url=http://www.liveattheastor.com.au/about/|publisher=Live at the Astor|accessdate=7 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503065452/http://www.liveattheastor.com.au/about/|archivedate=3 May 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The largest performance area within the State Theatre Centre, the Heath Ledger Theatre, is named in honour of Perth-born film actor Heath Ledger. Perth Arena can be configured as an entertainment or sporting arena, and concerts are also hosted at other sporting venues, including [[Optus Stadium]], [[HBF Stadium]], and [[Perth Oval|nib Stadium]]. Outdoor concert venues include [[Quarry Amphitheatre]], [[Supreme Court Gardens]], Kings Park and Russell Square.

Perth has inspired various artistic and cultural works. [[John Boyle O'Reilly]], a [[Fenian]] convict transported to Western Australia, published ''[[Moondyne]]'' in 1879, the most famous early novel about the Swan River Colony. Perth is also the setting for various works by novelist [[Tim Winton]], most notably ''[[Cloudstreet]]'' (1991). Songs that refer to the city include "I Love Perth" (1996) by [[Pavement (band)|Pavement]], "Perth" (2011) by [[Bon Iver]], and "Perth" (2015) by [[Beirut (band)|Beirut]]. Films shot or set in Perth include ''[[Japanese Story]]'' (2003), ''[[These Final Hours]]'' (2013), ''[[Kill Me Three Times]]'' (2014) and ''[[Paper Planes (film)|Paper Planes]]'' (2015).

Due to Perth's relative isolation from other Australian cities, overseas performing artists sometimes exclude it from their Australian tour schedules. This isolation, however, has helped foster a strong local music scene, with [[:Category:Musical groups from Perth, Western Australia|many local music groups]]. Famous musical performers from Perth include the late [[AC/DC]] frontman [[Bon Scott]], whose heritage-listed grave at [[Fremantle Cemetery]] is reportedly the most visited grave in Australia.<ref>[https://www.couriermail.com.au/travel/tourists-flock-to-grave-of-rock-stars-and-icons/news-story/f426adaa2b0a5dda1d64d61d45c0b78a "Tourists flock to grave of rock stars and icons"] (20 December 2013), ''Courier Mail''. Retrieved 19 December 2018.</ref> Perth-born performer and artist [[Rolf Harris]] became known by the nickname "The Boy From [[Bassendean, Western Australia|Bassendean]]".<ref name="slwa-rh">{{cite web
 |url          = http://m.slwa.wa.gov.au/media/rolf_harris
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130419053123/http://m.slwa.wa.gov.au/media/rolf_harris
 |dead-url     = yes
 |title        = Rolf Harris
 |date         = {{date|25 October 2011|ISO}}
 |website      = State Library of Western Australia
 |access-date  = {{date|25 Nov 2018|ISO}}
 |archive-date = 19 April 2013
 |df           = dmy-all
}}</ref> Further notable music acts from Perth include [[The Triffids]],<ref>{{cite web|website=thewest.com.au/news/wa/triffic-triffids-come-home-for-festival-ng-ya-136575|title=Triffic Triffids come Home for festival|author=Ray Purvis|work=The West Australian|accessdate=18 December 2018|date=10 February 2016|publisher=[[Seven West Media]]}}</ref> [[The Scientists]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stereogum.com/1997284/80s-post-punk-band-the-scientists-announce-first-ever-us-tour/news/|title=’80s Post-Punk Band The Scientists Announce First-Ever US Tour|accessdate=18 December 2018|date=21 May 2018|publisher=Stereogum}}</ref> [[The Drones (Australian band)|The Drones]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rtrfm.com.au/show-post/the-drones-now-and-then/|title=The Drones: Now and Then|accessdate=19 December 2018|work=Alternative Frequencies|publisher=RTRFM}}</ref> [[Tame Impala]],<ref name="mos17">{{cite web|first=Greg |last=Moskovitch|url=https://tonedeaf.com.au/tame-impala-play-to-nobody/|title=Watch Tame Impala play to almost nobody in 2008|date={{date|Oct 02, 2017|ISO}}|website=Tone Deaf|access-date={{date|26 Nov 2018|ISO}}|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Karnivool]].<ref name="mgr18">{{cite web|first=Jody |last=Macgregor|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/karnivool-mn0001422105|title=Karnivool|date={{date|2018|ISO}}|website=AllMusic|access-date={{date|25 Nov 2018|ISO}}|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Other performers born and raised in Perth include
[[Judy Davis]]<ref name="mra15">{{cite news
|last1=McRae |first1=Ross
|date={{date|29 October 2015|ISO}}
|title=The power and passion of Judy Davis
|url=thewest.com.au/news/wa/the-power-and-passion-of-judy-davis-ng-ya-131518
|work=The West Australian
|access-date={{date|25 Nov 2018|ISO}}
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> and [[Melissa George]].<ref name="alb18">{{cite web
|first=Jane |last=Albert
|url=https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/features/australian-actress-melissa-george-talks-home-hardship-and-her-career/news-story/fab403005018d060a402424c5624b175
|title=Australian actress Melissa George talks home, hardship and her career
|date={{date|13 Apr 2018|ISO}}
|website=Vogue Australia
|access-date={{date|25 Nov 2018|ISO}}
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="bar17">{{cite web
|first=Helen |last=Barlow
|url=https://www.whimn.com.au/talk/people/melissa-george-breaks-her-silence-ive-spent-one-year-alone-and-im-doing-okay/news-story/a710410f558e3a1f416ff986bdd2bb4b
|title=Melissa George Breaks Her Silence: "I've Spent One Year Alone And I'm Doing Okay"
|date={{date|November 15, 2017|ISO}}
|website=whimn
|access-date={{date|25 Nov 2018|ISO}}
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> Performers raised in Perth include [[Tim Minchin]],<ref name="tmc">{{cite web
|url=https://www.timminchin.com/about/
|title=About Tim
|date={{date|August 2018|ISO}}
|website=Tim Minchin.com
|access-date={{date|25 Nov 2018|ISO}}
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> [[Lisa McCune]]<ref name="tho13">{{cite web
|first=Chris |last=Thomson
|url=http://www.oneperth.com.au/2013/11/22/lisa-mccune-perth/
|title=Perth actor now honorary Perth citizen
|date={{date|22 November 2013|ISO}}
|website=oneperth.com.au
|access-date={{date|25 Nov 2018|ISO}}
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>, [[Troye Sivan]] and [[Isla Fisher]].<ref name="mit18">{{cite web
|first=Peter |last=Mitchell
|url=https://www.youngwitness.com.au/story/5467071/isla-fisher-recalls-chasey-in-perth/
|title=Isla Fisher recalls "chasey" in Perth
|date={{date|JUNE 14, 2018|ISO}}
|website=The Young Witness
|access-date={{date|26 Nov 2018|ISO}}
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> Performers that studied in Perth at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts include [[Hugh Jackman]] and Lisa McCune.<ref name="waa17">{{cite web
|url=http://www.waapa.ecu.edu.au/about/welcome-to-waapa
|title=Welcome to WAAPA
|date={{date|09 May 2017|ISO}}
|website=Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) at Edith Cowan University
|access-date={{date|25 Nov 2018|ISO}}
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

==== Annual events ====
[[File:Giant Diver.jpg|thumb|left|2015 [[Perth International Arts Festival]]]]
A number of annual events are held in Perth. The Perth International Arts Festival is a large cultural festival that has been held annually since 1953, and has since been joined by the Winter Arts festival, Perth Fringe Festival, and Perth Writers Festival. Perth also hosts annual music festivals including Listen Out, Origin and [[St Jerome's Laneway Festival]]. The [[Perth International Comedy Festival]] features a variety of local and international comedic talent, with performances held at the Astor Theatre and nearby venues in Mount Lawley, and regular night food markets throughout the summer months across Perth and its surrounding suburbs. [[Sculpture by the Sea]] showcases a range of local and international sculptors' creations along Cottesloe Beach. There is also a wide variety of [[List of public art in Western Australia|public art and sculptures]] on display across the city, throughout the year.

=== Tourism and recreation ===
{{Main|Tourism in Perth}}
<!--Intro; Landmarks, museums, historical sites:-->
[[File:WTF Roel Loopers High Street from above, Fremantle.jpg|thumb|upright|Fremantle is known for its well-preserved architectural heritage.]]
Tourism in Perth is an important part of the state's economy, with approximately 2.8&nbsp;million domestic visitors and 0.7&nbsp;million international visitors in the year ending March 2012.<ref name=QVS-march12>{{cite web|title=Quarterly Visitor Snapshot&nbsp;– Year Ending March 2012 |url=http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Research/Research%20and%20Reports/QVS%20YE%20March%202012v3.pdf |publisher=Government of Western Australia |accessdate=8 July 2012 |author=Tourism Western Australia |page=32 |format=PDF |date=June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516161723/http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Research/Research%20and%20Reports/QVS%20YE%20March%202012v3.pdf |archivedate=16 May 2013 }}</ref> Tourist attractions are generally focused around the city centre, Fremantle, the coast, and the Swan River.
In addition to the Perth Cultural Centre, there are [[List of museums in Western Australia|dozens of museums]] across the city. The [[Scitech|Scitech Discovery Centre]] in {{WAcity|West Perth}} is an interactive science museum, with regularly changing exhibitions on a large range of science and technology based subjects. Scitech also conducts live science demonstration shows, and operates the adjacent ''Horizon'' planetarium. The [[Western Australian Maritime Museum]] in Fremantle displays maritime objects from all eras. It houses ''[[Australia II]]'', the yacht that won the [[1983 America's Cup]], as well as a former [[Royal Australian Navy]] submarine. Also located in Fremantle is the [[Army Museum of Western Australia]], situated within a historic artillery barracks. The museum consists of several galleries which reflect the Army's involvement in Western Australia, and the military service of Western Australians.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museum History|url=http://www.armymuseumwa.com.au/History.html|publisher=Army Museum of Western Australia|accessdate=15 August 2012|date=4 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321063951/http://armymuseumwa.com.au/History.html|archivedate=21 March 2012}}</ref> The museum holds numerous items of significance, including three Victoria Crosses.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Collection&nbsp;– Items of significance|url=http://www.armymuseumwa.com.au/sig_items.html|publisher=Army Museum of Western Australia|accessdate=15 August 2012|date=4 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321105945/http://armymuseumwa.com.au/sig_items.html|archivedate=21 March 2012}}</ref> Aviation history is represented by the [[Aviation Heritage Museum (Western Australia)|Aviation Heritage Museum]] in [[Bull Creek, Western Australia|Bull Creek]], with its significant collection of aircraft, including a [[Avro Lancaster|Lancaster]] bomber and a Catalina of the type operated from the Swan River during WWII.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raafawa.org.au/museum/|title=Aviation Heritage Museum|work=raafawa.org.au|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref> There are many heritage sites in Perth's CBD, Fremantle, and other parts of the metropolitan areas. Some of the oldest remaining buildings, dating back to the 1830s, include the [[Round House (Western Australia)|Round House]] in Fremantle, the [[Old Mill, Perth|Old Mill]] in South Perth, and the [[Old Court House, Perth|Old Court House]] in the city centre. Registers of important buildings are maintained by the [[Heritage Council of Western Australia]] and local governments. A late heritage building is the [[Perth Mint]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Inventory/Details/514966e9-d0de-4fee-83e4-77fc342a8e68|title=The Perth Mint|publisher=State Heritage Office|date=19 September 2014|accessdate=11 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111020458/https://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Inventory/Details/514966e9-d0de-4fee-83e4-77fc342a8e68|archivedate=11 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Yagan Square]] connects Northbridge and the Perth CBD, with a 45-metre-high digital tower and the 9-metre statue "Wirin" designed by Noongar artist [[Tjyllyungoo]]. Elizabeth Quay is also a notable attraction in Perth, featuring [[Swan Bells]] and a panoramic view of Swan River.

<!--Shopping, food+wine-->[[File:Wirin Yagan Square.jpg|thumb|left|The "Wirin" sculpture at Perth's Yagan Square]]
Retail shopping in the Perth CBD is focused around Murray Street and Hay Street. Both of these streets are pedestrian malls between William Street and Barrack Street. Forrest Place is another pedestrian mall, connecting the Murray Street mall to Wellington Street and the [[Perth railway station]]. A number of arcades run between Hay Street and Murray Street, including the [[Piccadilly Theatre and Arcade|Piccadilly Arcade]], which housed the Piccadilly Cinema until it closed in late 2013. Other shopping precincts include [[Harbour Town (shopping centre)|Harbour Town]] in West Perth, featuring factory outlets for major brands, the historically significant [[Fremantle Markets]], which date back to 1897, and the Midland townsite on [[Great Eastern Highway]], combining historic development around the Town Hall and Post Office buildings with the modern [[Midland Gate]] shopping centre further east. Joondalup's central business district is largely a shopping and retail area lined with townhouses and apartments, and also features [[Lakeside Joondalup Shopping City]]. Joondalup was granted the status of "tourism precinct" by the State Government in 2009, allowing for extended retail trading hours.

The [[Swan Valley (Western Australia)|Swan Valley]], with fertile soil, uncommon in the Perth region, features numerous wineries such as the large complex at [[Houghton Winery|Houghtons]], the state's biggest producer, Sandalfords and many smaller operators, including microbreweries and rum distilleries. The Swan Valley also contains specialised food producers, many restaurants and cafes, and roadside local-produce stalls that sell seasonal fruit throughout the year. [[Tourist Drive 203 (Western Australia)|Tourist Drive 203]] is a circular route in the Swan Valley, passing by many attractions on [[West Swan Road]] and [[Great Northern Highway]].<!--Nature and wildlife-->
Kings Park, located in central Perth between the CBD and the University of Western Australia, is one of the world's largest inner-city parks,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kings Park|url=http://www.experienceperth.com/destinations/perth/kings-park|work=Experience Perth|publisher=Perth Region Tourism Organisation Inc|accessdate=28 August 2013}}</ref> at {{convert|400.6|ha}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kings Park and Botanic Garden|url=http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park|work=Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority|publisher=Government of Western Australia|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> There are many landmarks and attractions within Kings Park, including the State War Memorial Precinct on Mount Eliza, Western Australian Botanic Garden, and children's playgrounds. Other features include DNA Tower, a 15m high [[double helix staircase]] that resembles the [[deoxyribonucleic acid]] (DNA) molecule,<ref>{{cite web|title=DNA Tower Climb|url=http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park/walks/dna-tower-climb|publisher=Government of Western Australia|accessdate=19 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004318/http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park/walks/dna-tower-climb|archivedate=3 December 2013}}</ref> and Jacob's Ladder, comprising 242 steps that lead down to [[Mounts Bay Road]].
[[Hyde Park, Perth|Hyde Park]] is another inner-city park located {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} north of the CBD. It was gazetted as a public park in 1897, created from {{convert|15|ha|abbr=on}} of a chain of wetlands known as Third Swamp.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.vincent.wa.gov.au/Welcome_to_Vincent/About_Vincent/History|publisher=City of Vincent|accessdate=17 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503043559/http://www.vincent.wa.gov.au/Welcome_to_Vincent/About_Vincent/History|archivedate=3 May 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Avon Valley National Park|Avon Valley]], [[John Forrest National Park|John Forrest]] and [[Yanchep National Park|Yanchep]] national parks are areas of protected bushland at the northern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area. Within the city's northern suburbs is Whiteman Park, a {{convert|4000|ha|adj=on}} bushland area, with bushwalking trails, bike paths, sports facilities, playgrounds, a vintage tramway, a light railway on a {{convert|6|km|mi|adj=on}} track, motor and tractor museums, and [[Caversham Wildlife Park]].

{{Wide image|HydeParkPerth05 gobeirne.jpg|1030px|Hyde Park}}

[[Perth Zoo]], located in South Perth, houses a variety of Australian and exotic animals from around the globe. The zoo is home to highly successful breeding programs for [[orangutans]] and [[giraffes]], and participates in captive breeding and reintroduction efforts for a number of Western Australian species, including the [[numbat]], the [[dibbler]], the [[Western Quoll|chuditch]], and the [[western swamp tortoise]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au/conservation/native-species-breeding-programs/ |title=Native Species Breeding Program, Perth Zoo |publisher=perthzoo.wa.gov.au |accessdate=23 February 2012}}</ref>
More wildlife can be observed at the [[Aquarium of Western Australia]] in [[Hillarys, Western Australia|Hillarys]], which is Australia's largest aquarium, specialising in marine animals that inhabit the {{convert|12000|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} western coast of Australia. The northern Perth section of the coastline is known as [[Sunset Coast]]; it includes numerous beaches and the [[Marmion Marine Park]], a protected area inhabited by tropical fish, [[Australian sea lion]]s and [[bottlenose dolphin]]s, and traversed by [[humpback whales]]. [[Tourist Drive 204 (Western Australia)|Tourist Drive 204]], also known as Sunset Coast Tourist Drive, is a designated route from [[North Fremantle]] to [[Iluka, Western Australia|Iluka]] along coastal roads.

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Western Australia}}
[[File:Perth Stadium, December 2017 01.jpg|thumb|[[Perth Stadium|Optus Stadium]] hosts [[cricket]] and [[Australian rules football]], Perth's most popular spectator sports]]
[[File:RAC Arena, October 2018.jpg|alt=|thumb|The exterior of Perth Arena]]
The climate of Perth allows for extensive outdoor sporting activity, and this is reflected in the wide variety of sports available to residents of the city. Perth was host to the 1962 Commonwealth Games and the [[1987 America's Cup]] defence (based at Fremantle). Australian rules football is the most popular spectator sport in Perth&nbsp;– nearly 23% of Western Australians attended a match at least once in 2009–2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spectator Attendance at Sporting Events|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/663AF77641585AC8CA2577FF0011ECEC/$File/41740_2009-10.pdf|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=5 November 2014|page=11|format=PDF|date=21 December 2010}}</ref> The two [[Australian Football League]] teams located in Perth, the West Coast Eagles and the Fremantle Football Club, have two of the largest fan bases in the country. The Eagles, the older club, is one of the most successful teams in the league, and one of the largest sporting clubs in Australia.The next level of football is the Western Australian Football League, comprising nine clubs each having a League, Reserves and Colts team. Each of these clubs has a junior football system for ages 7 to 17. The next level of Australian rules football is the Western Australian Amateur Football League, comprising 68 clubs servicing senior footballers within the metropolitan area. Other popular sports include cricket, [[basketball]], [[association football|soccer]], and [[rugby union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/4174.0~2009-10~Main+Features~Most+popular+sports+attended?OpenDocument|title=Main Features&nbsp;— Most popular sports attended|last=Statistics|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|website=www.abs.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Active sports teams in Perth <!-- sorted by date established -->
|-
! Club
! League
! Sport
! Venue
! Established
|-
! [[Fremantle Dockers]]
| AFL/[[AFL Women's]]
| Australian rules football
| Optus Stadium
| 1994
|-
! [[West Coast Eagles]]
| Australian Football League
| Australian rules football
| Optus Stadium
| 1986
|-
! [[Perth Wildcats]]
| [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]
| Basketball
| Perth Arena
| 1982
|-
! [[Perth Lynx]]
| [[Women's National Basketball League|Women's NBL]]
| Basketball
| [[Bendat Basketball Centre]]
| 1988
|-
! [[Perth Glory FC]]
| [[A-League]]
| Soccer
| [[nib Stadium]]
| 1996
|-
! [[Perth Glory FC W-League]]
| [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]]
| {{nowrap|Soccer}}
| [[Ashfield Reserve]]
| 2008
|-
! [[Western Force]]
| [[World Series Rugby]]
| Rugby union
| nib Stadium
| 2005
|-
! Western Force
| [[National Rugby Championship]]
| Rugby union
| [[UWA Sports Park]]
| 2007
|-
! [[Perth Heat]]
| [[Australian Baseball League]]
| [[Baseball]]
| [[Baseball Park (Perth)|Barbagallo Ballpark]]
| 1989
|-
! [[West Coast Fever]]
| [[ANZ Championship]]
| [[Netball]]
| HBF Stadium<br />Perth Arena
| 1997
|-
! [[West Coast Pirates]]
| [[S.G. Ball Cup]]
| [[Rugby league]]
| nib Stadium
| 2012
|-
! [[Western Warriors]]
| [[Sheffield Shield]]
| Cricket
| [[WACA Ground]]
| 1893
|-|-
! [[Perth Scorchers]]
| [[Big Bash League|Big Bash]]/[[Women's Big Bash League|Women's Big Bash]]
| Cricket
| Optus Stadium
| 2011
|-
! [[Western Fury]]
| [[Women's National Cricket League]]
| Cricket
| WACA Ground
| 1996
|-
! [[Perth Thunder]]
| [[Australian Ice Hockey League]]
| [[Ice Hockey]]
| [[Perth Ice Arena]]
| 2010
|}

Perth has hosted numerous state and international sporting events. Ongoing international events include the [[Hopman Cup]] during the first week of January at the Perth Arena, and the [[Perth International]] golf tournament at [[Lake Karrinyup Country Club]]. In addition to these Perth has hosted the [[Rally Australia]] of the [[World Rally Championships]] from 1989 to 2006, international [[Rugby Union]] games, including qualifying matches for [[2003 Rugby World Cup]]. The 1991 and 1998 [[FINA World Championships - Long Course|FINA World Championships]] were held in Perth.<ref name="FINAWorldChampionships">{{cite news |first = David |last = Marsh |title = 'New Era' For Swimming |work=The West Australian |publisher=West Australian Newspapers Ltd |page = 139 |date = 28 May 1997}}</ref>
Four races (2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010) in the [[Red Bull Air Race World Championship]] have been held on a stretch of the Swan River called [[Perth Water]], using Langley Park as a temporary air field.<ref name="redbullairrace">{{cite news | url=http://www.news.com.au/national-news/western-australia/perth-dumps-red-bull-air-race-over-costs/story-fndo4e3y-1226534557174 | title=Perth won't' bid for Red Bull Air Race over costs | work=news.com.au | date=11 December 2012 | accessdate=6 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601191757/http://www.news.com.au/national-news/western-australia/perth-dumps-red-bull-air-race-over-costs/story-fndo4e3y-1226534557174|archivedate=1 June 2013}}</ref> Several [[motorsport]] facilities exist in Perth including [[Perth Motorplex]], catering to drag racing and speedway, and [[Barbagallo Raceway]] for circuit racing and drifting, which hosts a [[V8 Supercars]] round. Perth also has two [[Thoroughbred racing in Australia|thoroughbred racing]] facilities: [[Ascot Racecourse, Western Australia|Ascot]], home of the [[Railway Stakes (Perth racing)|Railway Stakes]] and [[Perth Cup]]; and [[Belmont Park, Western Australia|Belmont Park]].

The WACA Ground opened in the 1890s and has hosted [[Test cricket]] since 1970. The [[Western Australian Athletics Stadium]] opened in 2009.

== Infrastructure ==

=== Health ===
{{see also|List of hospitals in Western Australia}}
[[File:Fiona Stanley Hospital gnangarra-2.jpg|thumb|[[Fiona Stanley Hospital]]]]
Perth has ten large hospitals with emergency departments. {{As of|2013}}, [[Royal Perth Hospital]] in the city centre is the largest, with others spread around the metropolitan area: [[Armadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital]], [[Joondalup Health Campus]], [[King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women]] in [[Subiaco, Western Australia|Subiaco]], [[Rockingham General Hospital]], [[Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital]] in [[Nedlands, Western Australia|Nedlands]], [[St John of God Murdoch Hospital|St John of God Murdoch]] and [[St John of God Subiaco Hospital|Subiaco]] Hospitals, [[Midland Health Campus]] in [[Midland, Western Australia|Midland]], and Fiona Stanley Hospital in [[Murdoch, Western Australia|Murdoch]]. [[Perth Children's Hospital]] is the state's only specialist children's hospital, and [[Graylands Hospital]] is the only public stand-alone psychiatric teaching hospital. Most of these are public hospitals, with some operating under public-private partnerships. St John of God Murdoch and Subiaco Hospitals, and Hollywood Hospital are large privately owned and operated hospitals.

A number of other public and private hospitals operate in Perth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitals in Perth|url=http://www.myhospitals.gov.au/browse/wa/perth|work=My Hospitals|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=17 September 2013|author=National Health Performance Authority}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Perth, Western Australia}}
{{Further|Transperth}}
[[File:Transperth Perth Train Station.jpg|thumb|Wellington Street entrance to Perth railway station]]
Perth is served by Perth Airport in the city's east for regional, domestic and international flights and Jandakot Airport in the city's southern suburbs for general aviation and charter flights.

Perth has a road network with three freeways and nine metropolitan highways. The Northbridge tunnel, part of the [[Graham Farmer Freeway]], is the only significant road tunnel in Perth.

Perth metropolitan public transport, including trains, [[buses]] and [[ferries]], are provided by [[Transperth]], with links to rural areas provided by [[Transwa]]. There are [[List of Perth railway stations|70 railway stations]] and [[List of Perth bus stations|15 bus stations]] in the metropolitan area.

Perth provides [[zero-fare]] bus and train trips around the city centre (the "Free Transit Zone"), including four high-frequency [[Perth Central Area Transit|CAT]] bus routes.

The ''[[Indian Pacific]]'' passenger rail service connects Perth with [[Adelaide Parklands Terminal|Adelaide]] and [[Central railway station, Sydney|Sydney]] once per week in each direction. The ''[[Transwa Prospector|Prospector]]'' passenger rail service connects Perth with [[Kalgoorlie railway station|Kalgoorlie]] via several [[Wheatbelt (Western Australia)|Wheatbelt]] towns, while the ''[[Transwa Australind|Australind]]'' connects to [[Bunbury railway station|Bunbury]], and the ''[[Transwa AvonLink|AvonLink]]'' connects to [[Northam railway station, Western Australia|Northam]].

Rail freight terminates at the [[Kewdale Rail Terminal]], {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} south-east of the city centre.

Perth's main container and passenger port is at Fremantle, {{convert|19|km|0|abbr=on}} south west at the mouth of the Swan River.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.fremantleports.com.au/Shipping/Business/PortInformation.asp |title = Port Information |accessdate =14 April 2007 |publisher=[[Fremantle Ports]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514232254/http://www.fremantleports.com.au/Shipping/Business/PortInformation.asp |archivedate=14 May 2007}}</ref> The Fremantle Outer Harbour at [[Cockburn Sound]] is one of Australia's major bulk cargo ports.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fremantle Ports Profile|url=http://www.fremantleports.com.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Fremantle%20Ports%20Profile%20folder.pdf|website=Fremantle Ports Western Australia|accessdate=31 July 2016|page=2|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317032847/http://fremantleports.com.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Fremantle%20Ports%20Profile%20folder.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Utilities ===
[[File:Mundaring Weir SMC9.jpg|thumb|[[Mundaring Weir]]]]
Perth's electricity is predominantly generated, supplied, and retailed by three Western Australian Government corporations. [[Verve Energy]] operates coal and gas power generation stations, as well as wind farms and other power sources.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.verveenergy.com.au/verve-energy/our-company/about-us|publisher=Verve Energy|accessdate=17 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724173138/http://verveenergy.com.au/verve-energy/our-company/about-us|archivedate=24 July 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The physical network is maintained by [[Western Power (networks corporation)|Western Power]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.westernpower.com.au/aboutus/aboutus.html|publisher=Western Power|accessdate=17 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728102335/http://westernpower.com.au/aboutus/aboutus.html|archivedate=28 July 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> while [[Synergy (electricity corporation)|Synergy]], the state's largest energy retailer, sells electricity to residential and business customers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who we are|url=http://www.synergy.net.au/who_we_are.xhtml|publisher=Synergy|accessdate=17 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510025842/https://www.synergy.net.au/who_we_are.xhtml|archivedate=10 May 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>

[[Alinta Energy]], which was previously a government owned company, had a monopoly in the domestic gas market since the 1990s. However, in 2013 [[Wesfarmers#Chemicals, Energy & Fertilisers|Kleenheat Gas]] began operating in the market, allowing consumers to choose their gas retailer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kleenheat Gas gives West Australians a choice of gas supplier|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/kleenheat-gas-gives-west-australians-a-choice-of-gas-supplier/story-e6frg13u-1226604439348|accessdate=17 September 2013|newspaper=Perth Now|date=24 March 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528053138/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/kleenheat-gas-gives-west-australians-a-choice-of-gas-supplier/story-e6frg13u-1226604439348|archivedate=28 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Water Corporation]] is the dominant supplier of water, as well as wastewater and drainage services, in Perth and throughout the Western Australia. It is also owned by the state government.<ref>{{cite web|title=The way we work|url=http://www.watercorporation.com.au/about-us/the-way-we-work|publisher=Water Corporation|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref>

Perth's water supply has traditionally relied on both groundwater and rain-fed dams. Reduced rainfall in the region over recent decades had greatly lowered inflow to reservoirs and affected groundwater levels. Coupled with the city's relatively high growth rate, this led to concerns that Perth could run out of water in the near future.<ref name="RunOutOfWater">{{cite news | first = Eloise | last = Dortch | title = Plan for a second desalination plant | work=The West Australian | publisher=West Australian Newspapers Ltd | page = 1 | date = 7 May 2005 | quote = A document dated 12 January obtained by The West Australian under Freedom of Information laws shows that the Water Corporation fears Perth will begin running out of water by late 2008 without one of the two developments.
}}</ref> The Western Australian Government responded by building desalination plants, and introducing mandatory household [[Irrigation sprinkler|sprinkler]] [[Water restrictions in Australia|restrictions]]. The [[Kwinana Desalination Plant]] was opened in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3301 |title = Premier opens Australia's first major desalination plant |accessdate =14 April 2007 |date = 19 November 2006 |publisher=Water Corporation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726224555/http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3301|archivedate=26 July 2008|quote = When fully operational it will produce on average 130 million litres per day and supply 17 per cent of Perth's needs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Kwinana desalination plant open in months |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-09-26/kwinana-desalination-plant-open-in-months/1271552 |work=ABC News Online |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date = 26 September 2006 |accessdate =14 April 2007}}</ref> and [[Southern Seawater Desalination Plant]] at [[Binningup, Western Australia|Binningup]] (on the coast between Mandurah and Bunbury) began operating in 2011. A trial winter (1 June&nbsp;– 31 August) sprinkler ban was introduced in 2009 by the State Government, a move which the Government later announced would be made permanent.<ref>{{cite web
  | title = Winter sprinkler ban made permanent
  | publisher=ABC News
  | date = 9 September 2009
  |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/09/2681052.htm
  | accessdate =25 September 2009}}</ref>

== See also ==
* List of Perth suburbs
* [[Islands of Perth, Western Australia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Perth, Western Australia|Perth}}
{{Wikivoyage|Perth (Australia)}}
* [http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2012/05/15/west-australian-time-capsule/ Watch historical footage of Perth and Western Australia] from the [[National Film and Sound Archive]] of Australia's collection.
* [http://catalogue.slwa.wa.gov.au/search~S6/?searchtype=t&searcharg=Perth&searchscope=5&sortdropdown=c&SORT=DZ Historical photos of Perth] from the State Library of Western Australia
* [http://www.australia.com/en-us/places/perth.html Tourism Australia Page]
 
{{Perth landmarks}}
{{Capital cities of Australia}}
{{Cities of Western Australia}}
{{Western Australia}}
{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Perth, Western Australia| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1829]]
[[Category:1829 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian capital cities]]