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{{About|the storage and reproduction medium|their content and production|Film|other uses}}
{{Selfref|For the use of video in Wikipedia articles, see [[Wikipedia:Creation and usage of media files]].}}
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[[File:Curiosity's Seven Minutes of Terror.ogv|{{largethumb}}|In a video, team members share the challenges of [[Mars Science Laboratory]]'s ([[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'']]) final minutes to landing on the surface of [[Mars]].]]
'''Video''' is an [[Electronics|electronic]] medium for the recording, [[copying]], playback, [[broadcasting]], and display of [[moving picture|moving]] [[image|visual]] [[Media (communication)|media]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hidefnj.com/video.html|title=Video – HiDef Audio and Video|website=hidefnj.com|access-date=2017-03-30|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514041225/http://hidefnj.com/video.html|archivedate=2017-05-14|df=}}</ref>

Video was first developed for [[mechanical television]] systems, which were quickly replaced by [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) systems which were later replaced by [[flat panel display]]s of several types.

Video systems vary in [[display resolution]], [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]], [[refresh rate]], color capabilities and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on a variety of media, including [[radio broadcast]], [[magnetic tape]], [[optical disc]]s, [[Video file format|computer files]], and [[Streaming media|network streaming]].

==History==
{{see also|History of television}}
Video [[technology]] was first developed for [[mechanical television]] systems, which were quickly replaced by [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) [[television]] systems, but several new technologies for video [[display device]]s have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a [[Live television|live]] technology. [[Charles Ginsburg]] led an [[Ampex]] research team developing one of the first practical [[video tape recorder]] (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from [[television camera]]s by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic [[video tape]].

Video recorders were sold for US $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US $300 per one-hour reel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/technology/technology10.html |title=TV Technology 10. Roll VTR |first=Richard |last=Elen |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027190500/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/technology/technology10.html |archivedate=2011-10-27 |df= }}</ref> However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling [[videocassette recorder]] (VCR) decks and tapes into the [[consumer market]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rewindmuseum.com/umatic.htm |title=Vintage Umatic VCR – Sony VO-1600. The worlds first VCR. 1971 |accessdate=21 February 2014 |website=Rewind Museum |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140222172720/http://www.rewindmuseum.com/umatic.htm |archivedate=22 February 2014 |df= }}</ref>

The use of [[Digital data|digital]] techniques in video created [[digital video]], which allows higher quality and, eventually, much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the invention of the [[DVD]] in 1997 and [[Blu-ray Disc]] in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment plummeted. Advances in computer technology allows even inexpensive [[personal computer]]s and [[smartphone]]s to capture, store, edit and transmit digital video, further reducing the cost of video production, allowing program-makers and broadcasters to move to [[tapeless production]]. The advent of [[digital broadcasting]] and the subsequent [[digital television transition]] is in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a [[legacy technology]] in most parts of the world. {{As of|2015}}, with the increasing use of high-resolution video cameras with improved [[dynamic range]] and [[color gamut]]s, and high-dynamic-range [[digital intermediate]] data formats with improved [[color depth]], modern digital video technology is converging with [[digital film]] technology.

== Characteristics of video streams ==

===Number of frames per second===
''[[Frame rate]]'', the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (''frame/s'') for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. [[PAL]] standards  (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and [[SECAM]] (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.) specify 25 frame/s, while [[NTSC]] standards (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 29.97 frame/s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Soseman|first1=Ned|title=What's the difference between 59.94fps and 60fps?|url=http://www.tvtechnology.com/media-systems/0191/whats-the-difference-between-fps-and-fps/241737|accessdate=12 July 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629190309/http://www.tvtechnology.com/media-systems/0191/whats-the-difference-between-fps-and-fps/241737|archivedate=29 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a [[Persistence of vision|moving image]] is about sixteen frames per second.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://vision.arc.nasa.gov/publications/TemporalSensitivity.pdf | title=Temporal Sensitivity | author=Andrew B. Watson | year=1986 | journal=Sensory Processes and Perception | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001647/http://vision.arc.nasa.gov/publications/TemporalSensitivity.pdf | archivedate=2016-03-08 | df= }}</ref>

===Interlaced vs progressive===
Video can be [[Interlaced video|interlaced]] or [[Progressive scan|progressive]]. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early [[mechanical television|mechanical]] and [[cathode ray tube|CRT]] video displays without increasing the number of complete [[frames per second]]. Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] compared to progressive scanning.

In interlaced video, the horizontal [[scan line]]s of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively, and captured as two ''fields'': an ''odd field'' (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an ''even field'' (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display.

NTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats.  Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an ''i'' to indicate interlacing.  For example, PAL video format is often described as ''576i50'', where ''576'' indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, ''i'' indicates interlacing, and ''50'' indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.

When displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple [[line doubling]]—artifacts such as flickering or "comb" effects in moving parts of the image which appear unless special signal processing eliminates them. A procedure known as [[deinterlacing]] can optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an [[LCD television]], digital video projector or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce [[video quality]] that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.

===Aspect ratio===
[[Image:Aspect ratios.svg|thumbnail|250px|Comparison of common [[cinematography]] and traditional [[television]] (green) aspect ratios]]
[[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect ratio]] describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of video screens and video picture elements.  All popular video formats are [[rectangular]], and so can be described by a ratio between width and height.  The ratio width to height for a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35&nbsp;mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the [[Academy ratio]]) is 1.375:1.

[[Pixel]]s on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in [[digital video]] often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the [[CCIR 601]] digital video standard, and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The [[480p|720 by 480 pixel]] raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display.

The popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of [[vertical video]]. Mary Meeker, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm [[Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers]], highlighted the growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report{{snd}} growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like [[Snapchat]]’s are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than landscape video ads.<ref name=Constine>{{cite news|author=Constine, Josh|date=May 27, 2015|title=The Most Important Insights From Mary Meeker’s 2015 Internet Trends Report|url=https://techcrunch.com/gallery/best-of-meeker/|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=August 6, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804234031/http://techcrunch.com/gallery/best-of-meeker/|archivedate=August 4, 2015|df=}}</ref>

===Color model and depth===
[[Image:YUV UV plane.svg|thumb|200px|Example of U-V color plane, Y value=0.5]]

The [[color model]] the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: [[YIQ]] is used in NTSC television, [[YUV]] is used in PAL television, [[YDbDr]] is used by SECAM television and [[YCbCr]] is used for digital video.

The number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on [[color depth]] expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by [[chroma subsampling]] (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.).  Because the human eye is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block and that same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2 pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4 pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces the number of distinct points at which the color changes.

===Video quality===
[[Video quality]] can be measured with formal metrics like [[Peak signal-to-noise ratio]] (PSNR) or through [[subjective video quality]] assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the [[ITU-T]] recommendation BT.500. One of the standardized method is the ''Double Stimulus Impairment Scale'' (DSIS).  In DSIS, each expert views an ''unimpaired'' reference video followed by an ''impaired'' version of the same video.  The expert then rates the ''impaired'' video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying".

===Video compression method (digital only)===
{{Main|Video compression}}

[[Uncompressed video]] delivers maximum quality, but with a very high [[Uncompressed video#Data rates|data rate]]. A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a [[group of pictures]] (GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal [[Redundancy (information theory)|redundancy]]. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as ''[[Intra-frame|intraframe]] compression'' and is closely related to [[image compression]]. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as ''[[Inter frame|interframe]] compression'', including [[motion compensation]] and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are [[MPEG-2]], used for [[DVD]], [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] and [[satellite television]], and [[MPEG-4]], used for [[AVCHD]], Mobile phones (3GP) and Internet.

===Stereoscopic===
[[Stereoscopic]] video for [[3d film]] and other applications can be displayed using several different methods:
* Two channels: a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using [[light polarization|light-polarizing filters]] 90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.
* [[Anaglyph 3D]] where one channel is overlaid with two color-coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcast, or recent anaglyph releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple red/cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of the content.
* One channel with alternating left and right frames for the corresponding eye, using [[LCD shutter glasses]] that synchronize to the video to alternately block the image to each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer [[virtual reality]] applications such as in a [[Cave Automatic Virtual Environment]], but reduces effective video framerate by a factor of two.<!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]-->

==Formats{{anchor|Video formats}}==
Different layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from.

For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol ("video connection standard" below).  A given physical link can carry certain "display standards" that specify a particular refresh rate, [[display resolution]], and [[color space]].

Many analog and digital [[recording format]]s are in use, and digital [[video clips]] can also be stored on a [[computer file system]] as [[computer file|files]], which have their own formats.  In addition to the physical format used by the [[data storage device]] or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital ''[[video compression format]]'', of which a number are available.

===Analog video===
Analog video is a video signal transferred by an [[analog signal]]. An analog color video signal contains [[Luma (video)|luminance]], brightness (Y) and [[chrominance]] (C) of an [[analog television]] image.  When combined into one channel, it is called [[composite video]] as is the case, among others with [[NTSC]], [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]].

Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two channel [[S-Video]] (YC) and multi-channel [[component video]] formats.

Analog video is used in both consumer and professional [[television production]] applications.
<gallery>
Composite-video-cable.jpg|[[Composite video]]<br>(single channel RCA)
Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg|[[S-Video]]<br>(2-channel YC)
Component-cables.jpg|[[Component video]]<br>(3-channel RGB)
SCART_20050724_002.jpg|[[SCART]]
Vga-cable.jpg|[[VGA connector|VGA]]
3.5mm.jpg|[[Phone connector (audio)|TRRC]]
D4_video_connector.jpg|[[D-Terminal]]
</gallery>
===Digital video===
[[Digital video]] signal formats with higher quality have been adopted, including [[serial digital interface]] (SDI), [[Digital Visual Interface]] (DVI), [[HDMI|High-Definition Multimedia Interface]] (HDMI) and [[DisplayPort]] Interface, though analog video interfaces are still used and widely available. There exist different adaptors and variants.

<gallery>
BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg|[[Serial digital interface]] (SDI)
Dvi-cable.jpg|[[Digital Visual Interface]] (DVI)
HDMI-Connector.jpg|[[HDMI]]
Displayport-cable.jpg|[[DisplayPort]]
</gallery>

==Transport medium==
Video can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways. Wireless broadcast as an analog or digital signal. Coaxial cable in a closed circuit system can be sent as analog interlaced 1 volt peak to peak with a maximum horizontal line resolution up to 480. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using a progressive scan format known as SDI serial digital interface and HD-SDI for High Definition video. The distances of transmission are somewhat limited depending on the manufacturer the format may be proprietary. SDI has a negligible lag and is uncompressed. There are initiatives to use the SDI standards in closed circuit surveillance systems, for Higher Definition images, over longer distances on coax or twisted pair cable. Due to the nature of the higher bandwidth needed, the distance the signal can be effectively sent is a half to a third of what the older interlaced analog systems supported.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serial digital interface Design, SDI Video |url=http://www.interfacebus.com/Serial_Digital_Interface_SDI_Video.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212193756/http://www.interfacebus.com/Serial_Digital_Interface_SDI_Video.html |archivedate=12 December 2013 |accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref>

===Video connectors, cables, and signal standards===
* See [[List of video connectors]] for information about physical connectors and related signal standards.

===Video display standards===
{{further|Display technology}}

====Digital television====
{{Further|Broadcast television systems}}

New formats for [[digital television]] broadcasts use the [[MPEG-2]] [[video coding format]] and include:
* [[ATSC Standards|ATSC]] – United States, [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], [[Korea]]
* [[Digital Video Broadcasting]] (DVB) – [[Europe]]
* [[ISDB]] – [[Japan]]
** [[ISDB-Tb]] – uses the MPEG-4 video coding format – [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Digital Multimedia Broadcasting]] (DMB) – [[Korea]]

====Analog television====
{{Further|Broadcast television systems}}

[[Analog television]] broadcast standards include:
* [[Field-sequential color system|FCS]] – US, Russia; obsolete
* [[Multiplexed Analogue Components|MAC]] – Europe; obsolete
* [[Multiple sub-nyquist sampling Encoding system|MUSE]] – Japan
* [[NTSC]] – [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]]
* [[PAL]]  – [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Oceania]]
** [[PAL-M]] – PAL variation. [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]]
** [[PALplus]] – PAL extension, [[Europe]]
* [[RS-343]] (military)
* [[SECAM]] – [[France]], former [[Soviet Union]], [[Central Africa]]

An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing synchronization information or a time delay.  This surrounding margin is known as a '''blanking interval''' or '''blanking region'''; the horizontal and vertical [[front porch]] and [[back porch]] are the building blocks of the blanking interval.

====Computer displays====
See [[Computer display standard]] for a list of standards used for computer monitors and comparison with those used for television.

===Recording formats before video tape===
* [[Phonovision]]
* [[Kinescope]]

===Analog tape formats===
[[File:VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg|thumb|right|A [[VHS]] video cassette tape.]]
In approximate chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically (VERA).

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[2" Quadruplex videotape]] ([[Ampex]] 1956)
* [[VERA videotape format|VERA]] ([[BBC]] experimental format ca. 1958)
* [[Type A videotape|1" Type A videotape]] ([[Ampex]])
* [[EIAJ-1|1/2" EIAJ]] (1969)
* [[U-matic]] 3/4" ([[Sony]])
* [[Cartrivision|1/2" Cartrivision]] ([[Avco]])
* [[Video Cassette Recording|VCR, VCR-LP, SVR]]
* [[1 inch type B videotape|1" Type B videotape]] ([[Robert Bosch GmbH]])
* [[1" Type C videotape]] ([[Ampex]], [[Marconi Company|Marconi]] and [[Sony]])
* [[Betamax]] (Sony)
* [[VHS]] ([[JVC]])
* [[Video 2000]] ([[Philips]])
* [[IVC videotape format|2" Helical Scan Videotape]] ([[International Video Corporation|IVC]])
* [[Compact Video Cassette|1/4" CVC]] ([[Funai]])
* [[Betacam]] (Sony)
* [[Sony HDVS|HDVS]] (Sony)<ref name="SonyFmt">{{cite web|title=Sony HD Formats Guide (2008)|url=https://pro.sony.com/bbsccms/assets/files/micro/xdcam/solutions/Sony_HD_Formats_Guide.pdf|website=pro.sony.com|accessdate=16 November 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306093659/http://pro.sony.com/bbsccms/assets/files/micro/xdcam/solutions/Sony_HD_Formats_Guide.pdf|archivedate=6 March 2015|df=}}</ref>
* [[Betacam SP]] (Sony)
* [[Video8]] ([[Sony]]) (1986)
* [[S-VHS]] ([[JVC]]) (1987)
* [[VHS-C]] ([[JVC]])
* [[PXL-2000|Pixelvision]] ([[Fisher-Price]])
* [[Sony HDVS|UniHi 1/2" HD]] (Sony)<ref name="SonyFmt" />
* [[Hi8]] (Sony) (mid-1990s)
* [[W-VHS]] ([[JVC]]) (1994)
{{div col end}}

===Digital tape formats===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Betacam IMX]] ([[Sony]])
* [[D-VHS]] ([[JVC]])
* [[D-Theater]]
* [[D1 (Sony)|D1]] ([[Sony]])
* [[D2 (video format)|D2]] ([[Sony]])
* [[D3 (video)|D3]]
* [[D5 HD]]
* [[D6 HDTV VTR|D6]] ([[Philips]])
* [[Digital-S]] D9 ([[JVC]])
* [[Digital Betacam]] ([[Sony]])
* [[Digital8]] ([[Sony]])
* [[DV]] (including DVC-Pro)
* [[HDCAM]] ([[Sony]])
* [[HDV]]
* [[ProHD]] ([[JVC]])
* [[MicroMV]]
* [[MiniDV]]
{{div col end}}

===Optical disc storage formats===
* [[Blu-ray Disc]] ([[Sony]])
* [[China Blue High-definition Disc]] (CBHD)
* [[DVD]] (was [[Super Density Disc]], [[DVD Forum]])
* [[Professional Disc]]
* [[Universal Media Disc]] (UMD) ([[Sony]])

====Discontinued====
* [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)
* [[HD DVD]] ([[NEC Corporation|NEC]] and [[Toshiba]])
* [[HD-VMD]]
* [[Capacitance Electronic Disc]]
* [[Laserdisc]] ([[Music Corporation of America|MCA]] and [[Philips]])
* [[Television Electronic Disc]] ([[Teldec]])) and ([[Telefunken]])
* [[Video High Density|VHD]] ([[JVC]])

===Digital encoding formats===
{{See also|Video codec|list of codecs}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[CCIR 601]] ([[ITU-T]])
* [[H.261]] ([[ITU-T]])
* [[H.263]] ([[ITU-T]])
* [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] ([[ITU-T]] + [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]])
* [[H.265]]
* [[MJPEG|M-JPEG]] ([[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]])
* [[MPEG-1]] ([[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]])
* [[MPEG-2]] ([[ITU-T]] + [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]])
* [[MPEG-4]] ([[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]])
* [[Ogg]]-[[Theora]]
* [[VP8]]-[[WebM]]
* [[VC-1]] ([[SMPTE]])
{{div col end}}

===Standards===
* [[CCIR System A|System A]]
* [[CCIR System B|System B]]
* [[CCIR System G|System G]]
* [[CCIR System H|System H]]
* [[CCIR System I|System I]]
* [[CCIR System M|System M]]

== See also ==
;General
* [[sound reproduction|Audio]]
* [[List of video topics]]
* [[Video clips]]
* [[Video editing]]
* [[Videography]]

;Video format
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Analog television]]
* [[Cable television]]
* [[Color space]]
* [[Color television]]
* [[Digital television]]
* [[Digital video]]
* [[Interlaced]]
* [[Progressive scan]]
* [[Satellite television]]
* [[Telecine]]
* [[Television]]
* [[Time code|Timecode]]
* [[Video codec]]
{{div col end}}

;Video usage
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Closed-circuit television]]
* [[Fulldome|Fulldome video]]
* [[Optical feedback]]
* [[Video art]]
* [[Interactive video]]
* [[Video production]]
* [[Video projector]]
* [[Video synthesizer]]
* [[Video sender]]
* [[Video teleconference]]
{{div col end}}

;Video screen recording
* [https://videofeedbackr.com/ Videofeedbackr]
* [[Screencast]]
* [[Bandicam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
<!-- PLEASE ONLY LIST SITES THAT EXPLAIN ABOUT VIDEO, NOT VIDEO HOSTING SITES. DO NOT LIST YOUTUBE. -->
{{Commons category|Video}}
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Video }}
* {{dmoz|Arts/Video/|Video as Arts}}
* {{dmoz|Business/Arts_and_Entertainment/Media_Production/Video/|Video as Media Production}}
* [http://lurkertech.com/lg/video-systems Programmer's Guide to Video Systems: in-depth technical info on 480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p, etc.]
* [https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/video_fdd.shtml Format Descriptions for Moving Images – www.digitalpreservation.gov]
{{Analog video}}
{{Video formats}}
{{Video storage formats}}
{{Video digital distribution platforms}}
{{Compression methods}}
{{Independent production}}

[[Category:Video| ]]
[[Category:Digital television]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:High-definition television]]
[[Category:Video formats| ]]
[[Category:Display technology]]
[[Category:Television terminology]]
[[Category:Video signal| ]]
[[Category:History of television]]
[[Category:Media formats]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

{{Source Wikipedia}}