1997 Prairie Dell-Jarrell tornado
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| |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Duration | 13 minutes |
| Formed | May 27, 1997, 3:40 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00) |
| Dissipated | May 27, 1997, 3:53 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00) |
| F5 tornado | |
| on the Fujita scale | |
| Highest winds | 200+ mph (estimated) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 27 |
| Injuries | 12 |
| Damage | $40.1 million (1997 USD) |
| Areas affected | Jarrell, Texas and areas near Prairie Dell, Texas |
| Script error: The function "split" does not exist. IBTrACS | |
Part of the 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak and tornadoes of 1997 | |
In the afternoon hours of May 27, 1997, one of the most violent and destructive tornadoes ever recorded tore through the community of Jarrell, Texas, killing 27 people and injuring a further 12.[1] The tornado caused $40.1 million (1997 USD) in damages, and was the subject of a famous photograph, which has earned the tornado the nickname of the "Dead Man Walking tornado".[2]
Although the tornado was never officially given a windspeed, they are estimated to be over 200 mph.[3] This tornado is Texas' most recent F5 or EF5 tornado, as of 2024.[4] The tornado killed 12 children, making it notorious for the circumstances involved regarding fatalities.
The tornado stalled over one place, the Double Creek Estates, for a long period of time (estimated to be 7+ minutes) at F5 strength, causing arguably the most destructive and violent tornado damage ever recorded. NIST studies on the tornado have been conducted in the years and decades after the event. Extremely violent damage was also observed on the bodies of victims, including skin being ripped directly off, which has been heavily studied by the NIST.[5]
The tornado was the fourth-deadliest of the 1990s in the United States, only being surpassed by the 1990 Plainfield tornado that killed 29, the 1998 Birmingham tornado that killed 32, and the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado that killed 36. It was also the only F5 tornado of 1997, and the next F5 would occur on April 8 of the following year.
Meteorological synopsis
The thunderstorm that spawned the Jarrell tornado began west of Temple along the flanking line {flanking line?} of another thunderstorm earlier in the afternoon of May 27. The storm produced several tornadoes in Bell County, including the tornado that impacted communities along Lake Belton at F3 intensity. Weather radar observed a strengthening mesocyclone within the thunderstorm, with the speed of rotation rising above. As the storm moved into Williamson County, it produced two short-lived tornadoes–both F2 intensity–north of Jarrell at 3:25 p.m. and 3:35 p.m.; the latter of the two was a multiple-vortex tornado and lifted at 3:39 p.m.[6]
The National Weather Service forecasting office of Austin/San Antonio issued a tornado warning for Williamson County at 3:30 p.m. in response to the storm's approaching Jarrell. The warning was put into effect for a duration of one hour. This was the first tornado warning of May 27, which stated that "the city of Jarrell is in the path of this storm."[7] Local warning sirens went off about 10–12 minutes before the tornado struck. The precise start of the Jarrell tornado was difficult to pinpoint.[8]
Tornado summary
The Austin/San Antonio National Weather Service forecast office issued a tornado warning for most of Williamson County at 3:30 p.m. in response to the storm's approach; the warning was put into effect for one hour. This was the first tornado warning of the day issued for the office's warning area and warned that "the city of Jarrell is in the path of this storm." Local warning sirens went off about 10–12 minutes before the tornado struck.[9]
One of the extremely destructive parts of the tornado's evolution was preceded by the formation of multiple short-lived, small, and rope-like funnel clouds. These have been theorized and are now commonly accepted as being separate tornadoes from the Jarrell tornado, but may have also been part of the main tornado.
An aerial survey conducted by the Birmingham, Alabama, office of the National Weather Service included the damage caused by the earlier F2 tornadoes—mostly to trees and roads—as part of the overall Jarrell tornado path. Some reports also include the F1 tornado near Prairie Dell as an earlier continuation of the Jarrell tornado.[10]
Formation and initial movements outside Prairie Dell
The tornado officially touched down at approximately 3:40 p.m., but it may have been one minute earlier or later. It immediately crossed Solana Ranch Road[11] and Dos Hermanas Road[11] near Prarie Dell, before taking on the shape of a faint rope. It also crossed multiple unnamed shorter roads, causing light damage before immediately taking on the shape of a "dead man walking" with multiple subvortices creating a human-like shape. [11]
The tornado then widened to over 1/2 of a mile. It kept this shape as it tracked toward the Williamson County line north of Jarrell.[12] Traffic along Interstate 35 came to a stop as the tornado descended nearby.[13] The Texas Highway Patrol also stopped traffic on both sides of the interstate under the expectation that the tornado would cross the highway; it ultimately moved parallel to Interstate 35,[14] and no injuries were reported on the highway.[11]
Tracking into Jarrell
Tracking south-southwest, the tornado quickly intensified and grew in width, widening to become 3/4+ of a mile wide.[15]The exact size of the tornado was hard to pinpoint, as F5 damage was first recorded as it widened[11]. It is unusual, as F5 damage was documented and observed relatively early into its' lifespan, and this F5 damage was retained until almost the end of the tornado. Its intense winds scoured the ground and stripped pavement from roads. The tornado tore off asphalt as it crossed County Roads 308, 305, and 307[16]; the thickness of the asphalt pavement was roughly 3 inches thick. A culvert plant at the corner of Country Roads 305 and 307 collapsed. Nearby, a similar plant and a mobile home sustained some damage, with the latter struck by a 2×4 piece of lumber.[17]
The occupants of a mobile home north-northwest of the culvert plant fled to a frame house that the tornado later struck; the evacuees were killed while the mobile home sustained only minor damage. Some of the most extreme damage at this location was inflicted to a small metal-framed recycling plant that was obliterated, with little left of the structure besides a few twisted structural beams.[18]
Impact at Double Creek Estates
The tornado then slowly entered the Double Creek Estates subdivision where it exacted its most catastrophic impacts. The tornado then expanded further to its maximum width of over 1 mile. Eyewitnesses indicated that the tornado's movement slowed to around as it entered the neighborhood; this may have contributed to the resulting extreme destruction.[11][19]
The tornado destroyed the first home it encountered at the northwestern corner of the subdivision; a clock recovered from the remaining debris was stopped at 3:48 p.m.[20], presumably marking the time the tornado entered the community.[11]
Much of the neighborhood was completely swept away with little debris remaining, with what was left being reduced to small and unrecognizable fragments that were dispersed over a wide area. The lack of large items that were recovered,[21] and the granularity of the debris was indicative of the sheer strength of the tornado. Due to the tornado's slow movement, homes near the center of its path experienced tornadic winds for approximately three minutes[21]. The mostly wooden-framed residences, some well-built and anchored, were completely obliterated and swept away, leaving behind concrete slab foundations swept clean of all debris.[21][11]
In some cases, parts of outbuilding and house foundations themselves in the subdivision were scoured away[22], and several were found missing all of their sill plates that connected the wood-frame homes to the foundations. Pieces of debris were found deposited in fields miles away from the subdivision, and extreme ground scouring occurred, reducing grassy fields into wide expanses of mud in the most severely affected areas. In some cases the ground was scoured out to a depth of 18 inches.[23][11]
Vehicles in the neighborhood were tossed and mangled beyond recognition; at least six were found flattened in open areas and coated with mud and grass. Some were thrown as far as a away, and others were torn into multiple pieces of unrecognizable metal. Trees in the neighborhood were completely denuded and stripped entirely clean of all bark as well, including one that was found with an electrical cord impaled through the trunk.[11]
All 27 fatalities associated with the Jarrell tornado occurred at Double Creek Estates, which at the time consisted of 131 residents living in 38 single-family homes and several mobile homes. Entire families were killed at Double Creek, including all five members of the Igo Family, all four members of the Moehring family,[24] and all three members of the Smith family.[25] Bodily remains were later found at 30 locations, and the physical trauma inflicted to some of the tornado victims was so extreme, that first responders reportedly had difficulty distinguishing human remains from the remains of animals at the site. Most of the deaths were attributed in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report to multiple trauma, though one death was attributed to asphyxia.[26]
Damage to Jarrell
The tornado caused extremely violent injuries and deaths. Many residents who were previously informed on the tornado who sheltered properly were still killed.[27] One survivor holed up in a bathtub and was flung several hundred feet from her house onto a road.[28][11]
The walls of some homes along the periphery of the tornado path remained intact, protecting some of those who survived the tornado. Others chose to evacuate ahead of the approaching tornado. Forty structures were obliterated in the Double Creek Estates[11] and surrounding subdivision.
Three businesses adjacent to Double Creek Estates were also destroyed. In total, the tornado dealt $10–20 million in damage to the neighborhood. Around 300 cattle grazing in a nearby pasture were killed and some were found 0.25 miles away.[29] The tornado turned slightly towards the south-southwest after traversing Double Creek Estates.[30][11]
Dissipation
The damage observed and documented in these areas was extremely sporadic and unusual; and in one case, a mobile home suffered only minor damage while an adjacent house lost half of its roof. Metal buildings were unroofed along County Road 305 south of Jarrell. The road's guardrail was impaled by wooden planks thrown by the strong winds. The tornado then again crossed County Road 305.[31][11]
It began to track parallel to Spears Ranch Road, before beginning to rapidly weaken. It has a few houses at an unknown intensity, and hit Appaloosa Cove Road before[32] taking on a "pencil" shape, before dissipating completely. The NCEI concluded that it had lifted at 3:53 p.m. after remaining on the ground for 13 minutes and traversing 5.1 miles.[32][11]
Other government accounts of the tornado list a total path length of 7 or more miles after incorporating the tornadoes north of Jarrell and near Prairie Dell which had happened earlier the dame day.[33][11]
The tornado took on many shapes throughout its' path, and retained F5 intensity for the majority of its' lifetime. The path itself was extremely unusual, as it tracked southwestward, instead of northeastward, which is the path that tornadoes normally take. Other tornadoes in the outbreak also took southerly paths.[11]
Aftermath
Between May 29 and June 1, the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research carried out multiple ground and aerial surveys of the damage caused by the tornado. The Jarrell tornado damage was classified as F5 severity throughout most of the tornado's path.[34]
However, a case study and critique aimed at exhibiting the flaws within the Fujita scale published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology suggested that winds corresponding to an F3-scaled tornado were sufficient to explain the damage wrought by the Jarrell tornado.
The case study noted that some of the homes at Double Creek Estates did have slight structural integrity issues,[35] which includes things such as the lack of anchor bolts and steel straps in their foundations.[36] Approximately $40 million in damage was inflicted upon property with another $100,000 inflicted upon crops.[37]
Fatalities
All 27 fatalities associated with the Jarrell tornado occurred at Double Creek Estates,[38] which at the time consisted of 131 residents living in 38 single-family homes and several mobile homes. Bodily remains were later found at 30 locations. Most of the deaths were attributed in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report to multiple traumas, though one death was attributed to asphyxia.
The high intensity of the Jarrell tornado left those in its path with little recourse; most homes in Double Creek Estates were built on cement slab foundations and few had a basement or any form of storm shelter; nineteen people sought refuge in a single storm cellar.
Some residents followed prescribed safety measures nonetheless perished. The walls of some homes along the periphery of the tornado path remained intact, protecting some of those who survived the tornado. Others chose to evacuate ahead of the approaching tornado. Forty structures were completely obliterated in Double Creek Estates. In total, the tornado dealt $10–20 million in damage to the neighborhood.
Many cattle who were grazing in Jarrell's open fields were killed instantly, and the bodies of some were found over 0.25 miles (0.40 km) away. Hundreds of cattle were dismembered, and multiple more were skinned as a result of the intensity of the tornado.[39][30]
Documentation
The tornado was heavily documented during its' lifetime, making it a focal point of research for the NWS and other weather agencies. Multiple videos exist of the tornado, showing the fast rotation and heavy debris cloud which engulfed the tornado during its maximum strength.
"Dead Man Walking" photograph
The Jarrell tornado was the subject of one of the most famous pieces of tornado media ever taken, now known as the "Dead Man Walking". Scott Beckwith took the famous photograph, which has become notorious for closely resembling the grim reaper.[40] The image consists of the tornado, shrouded in debris, with two vortexes making "leg" shapes near the bottom of the tornado, giving it the appearance of walking.[41]
A third vortex is visible in the upper-left portion of the tornado, forming a scythe shape, an instrument heavily associated with death. A video does exist from around the same time the photo was taken, showing the "walking" pattern.[42] The image has been widely called an example of pareidolia.[43] It is one of 8 photographs taken in a sequence as the tornado grew in size.
The photo has received international mainstream attention and has gained it and many other similar tornadoes the nickname of the "Dead Man Walking tornado".[2] Many other spin-off images have been produced, including a photograph of the 2013 El Reno tornado. Dead man walking tornadoes are now generally referred to multi-vortex tornadoes with "legs", but the Jarrell tornado helped popularize the term.[44]
Other images
The tornado is one of the most well-documented F5 or EF5 tornadoes that occurred before the year 2000. Camcorders and cameras were becoming mainstream, and multiple residents of Jarrell were able to take good, high-quality images of the tornado. Scott Beckwith, who took the "Dead Man Walking" image, also took multiple other well-known images of this tornado, including one as it hit the Double Creek Estates.
Videos
Multiple famous videos have been taken of the tornado, including one by photojournalist Scott Guest, who captured the tornado forming.[45] Many videos of the entire event exist, and all have been heavily studied.
Damage
Between May 29 and June 1, the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research carried out aerial and ground surveys of the tornadic damage in Texas in coordination with the Texas Wing Civil Air Patrol.
The Jarrell tornado damage was classified as F5 severity throughout most of the tornado's path.[46] However, a critique of the Fujita scale published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology suggested that winds between 158–206 mph (254–332 km/h), corresponding to an F3 rating on the scale, were sufficient to explain the damage wrought by the Jarrell tornado.[47]
The critique noted that the homes at Double Creek Estates, although built within the preceding 15 years, exhibited structural weaknesses in their design such as the lack of anchor bolts and steel straps in their foundations. Approximately $40 million in damage was inflicted upon property with another $100,000 inflicted upon crops. Twelve people were injured by the storm in addition to the twenty-seven killed.[48]
Due to the unusual southwestward motion of the thunderstorm that caused the tornado, the sequence of weather events experienced by those affected was in the opposite order of typical tornadic events: the tornado arrived first, followed by the hail, wind, and rain of the parent thunderstorm.[49]
Despite the violence of the tornado and the presence of its associated mesocyclone aloft, the thunderstorm did not exhibit a distinct hook echo on weather radar typically associated with such tornadoes. This may have also been caused by the unusual southwestward motion of the thunderstorm, resulting in the tornado's placement in an atypical position relative to the thunderstorm's motion.
Reactions
Then-governor of Texas George W. Bush declared Williamson County a disaster area, and during a visit to Jarrell on May 28, stated that "it was the worst tornado I've ever seen".[50] U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison also visited Jarrell and Cedar Park. Bush later requested federal aid for Williamson and Bell counties with support from Hutchinson.[50]
The Federal Emergency Management Agency elected not to provide federal aid, citing the contributions from private and state sources. Instead, the Small Business Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture made available loans for the rebuilding of homes, farms, and ranches.[50]
The U.S. Congress approved a relief bill allocating $5.4 billion for 35 states affected by natural disasters, including Texas. However, the bill also included other provisions that led President Bill Clinton to veto the bill. Many smaller charities were involved in raising money for disaster relief as well.[50]
Case studies
Multiple in-depth studies have been conducted on the tornado, which detail what happened on May 27, and what caused the outbreak and subsequent Jarrell tornado to unfold.
American Meteorological Society (AMS)
The American Meteorological Society (AMS) conducted a case study on the event.[51] It discussed the meteorological conditions that caused the event and the significance of the Jarrell tornado.[51]
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
A case study and critique was published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which covered the structural damage caused by the tornado and the track that it left. The NIST also published a detailed critique of the Fujita Scale as a direct result of the Jarrell tornado, which was at the time rated an F3. The critique stated that:
"We ascribe the NWS rating to the failure of the Fujita tornado intensity scale to account explicitly for the dependence of wind speeds causing specified types of damage or destruction upon the following two structural engineering factors: (1) quality of construction, defined as degree of conformity to applicable standards requirements, and (2) the basic design wind speed at the geographical location of interest."[52]
The NIST had claimed that the Fujita Scale failed to account for critical pointers in the assessment of the Jarrell tornado, and after the critique was published, the rating was upgraded to an F5.
University of Wisconsin-Madison
The University of Wisconsin-Madison also published a case study on the event, authored by Andrew Mankowski, which detailed the weather conditions that caused the tornado to form and how it became as violent as it was. The study said that:
"From a synoptic view the main feature was a cold front pushing its way south into Texas. Frontogenesis helped aid in forcing some of the upward vertical motions. From the Gulf of Mexico came a southerly low-level jet bringing warm moist air. This warm moist air from the LLJ helped destabilize the air. The air was already highly unstable with CAPE values reaching 6,000 J/kg.
A strong inversion and high CIN values over the area helped prevent convection from occurring early on. Once daytime heating started to heat the surface the cap was able to break and convection occurred. A strong outflow boundary over Central Texas created from these thunderstorms’ cold downdrafts helped promote additional upward vertical motions, which increased these thunderstorm intensities. The most intense super cell was the one that spawned the Jarrell F5 tornado."[53]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is a U.S. government-affiliated disease control group, produced a study on the casualties of the tornado, which included in-depth explanations of the injuries sustained to the bodies of victims, lengths of hospital stays, among other things. The study and survey concluded that:
"A total of 33 persons presented to six area hospitals for treatment of injuries sustained directly or indirectly by the three tornadoes. Of these 33 persons, 13 (39%) had multiple diagnoses. The categories of injuries included lacerations (18 {55%}), contusions (15 {46%}), abrasions (10 {30%}), strains/sprains/muscle spasms (six {18%}), fractures (two {6%}), penetrating wound (one {3%}), and closed-head injury (one {3%}). The median age of the injured persons was 38 years (range: 1-75 years). Twenty-seven persons were treated and released from area hospitals, and five were admitted; one person died in an emergency department. Among patients admitted to the hospital, the median length of stay was 21 days (range: 1-31 days). Four persons were discharged, and one person was transferred to an inpatient rehabilitation facility."[54]
Other studies
Many other groups and organizations did small case studies and surveys in the wake of the tornado, which include the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)[55] and the Regional and Mesocale Meteorology Branch (RaMMB).[56]
Gallery
See also
- 2007 Elie tornado, another F5 tornado in 2007
- 2011 Joplin tornado, an EF5 tornado that caused similar damage patterns
References
- ↑ Osborn, Claire; Easterly, Greg; Ward, Pamela (May 28, 1997). "Nearly destroyed in '89, Jarrell is slammed again". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A10. Retrieved April 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Patterson, Kaley PattersonKaley (2024-04-15). "Ever Heard of the 'Dead Man Walking' Tornado?". KLAW 101. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
- ↑ "Corfidi's Jarrell paper (19th SLSC)". www.spc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
- ↑ Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ "'Hold on tight': 25 years since the Jarrell, TX tornado outbreak". KXAN Austin. 2022-05-23. Archived from the original on 2024-05-10. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
- ↑ Corfidi, Stephen F. (July 1998). Some Thoughts On the Role Mesoscale Features Played in the 27 May 1997 Central Texas Tornado Outbreak. 19th Severe Local Storms Conference. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Henderson et al. (1998), p. A9.
- ↑ Henderson et al. (1998), p. 3.
- ↑ Henderson et al. (1998), p. 1.
- ↑ "May 1997 Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). New Braunfels, Texas: National Weather Service. May 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 "Tornado Archive Data Explorer - Tornado Archive". tornadoarchive.com. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ↑ Kelso, John (May 29, 1997). "Upheaval roars after winds leave". Austin American-Statesman. pp. A1, A19. Retrieved April 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Harmon, Dave (May 28, 1997). "'Like a war zone'". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A12. Retrieved April 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Tornadoes kill 30 in Central Texas". El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. Associated Press. May 28, 1997. p. 1A. Retrieved April 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "The Tornadoes of May 27, 1997". Jarrell-Tornado-Anniversary. Fort Worth, Texas: National Weather Service Fort Worth/Dallas, TX. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ "May 1997 Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). New Braunfels, Texas: National Weather Service. May 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Verhovek, Sam Howe (May 29, 1997). "Little Is Left in Wake of Savage Tornado". The New York Times. New York. p. A1. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ↑ Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "May 1997 Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). New Braunfels, Texas: National Weather Service. May 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ "Storm Data" (PDF). Storm Data. Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. 39 (5). May 1997. ISSN 0039-1972. Retrieved April 7, 2021 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "May 1997 Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). New Braunfels, Texas: National Weather Service. May 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Rucker, Hanna (May 25, 2022). "Three families killed in the 1997 Jarrell tornado are buried together in Georgetown". kvue.com. KVUE. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ Rucker, Hanna (May 25, 2022). "Three families killed in the 1997 Jarrell tornado are buried together in Georgetown". kvue.com. KVUE. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ Beach, Patrick (May 29, 1997). "Jarrell's toll 27; 23 still missing". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A21. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ↑ Beach, Patrick (June 1, 1997). "Their roots held". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A20–A21. Retrieved April 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Beach, Patrick (June 1, 1997). "Their roots held". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A20–A21. Retrieved April 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "May 1997 Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). New Braunfels, Texas: National Weather Service. May 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Storm Data" (PDF). Storm Data. Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. 39 (5). May 1997. ISSN 0039-1972. Retrieved April 7, 2021 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Harmon, Dave (May 28, 1997). "'Like a war zone'". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A12. Retrieved April 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 "May 1997 Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). New Braunfels, Texas: National Weather Service. May 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Schuman, Shawn (November 23, 2023). "May 27, 1997 — The Jarrell, Texas Tornado". stormstalker.wordpress.com. Wordpress. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ "Storm Data" (PDF). Storm Data. Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. 39 (5). May 1997. ISSN 0039-1972. Retrieved April 7, 2021 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "The TIME Vault: June 9, 1997". TIME.com. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ↑ Edge, The Professor On (2020-06-14). "(A preview of) Meteorology and Myth Part VII: "The Dead Man Walking"". From Equatorial Icecaps to Polar Deserts. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ↑ Edge, The Professor On (2020-06-14). "(A preview of) Meteorology and Myth Part VII: "The Dead Man Walking"". From Equatorial Icecaps to Polar Deserts. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ↑ "The TIME Vault: June 9, 1997". TIME.com. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ↑ Edge, The Professor On (2020-06-14). "(A preview of) Meteorology and Myth Part VII: "The Dead Man Walking"". From Equatorial Icecaps to Polar Deserts. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ↑ "In his own words, KVUE photojournalist recalls 1997 Jarrell tornado and how it affected him". kvue.com. 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ↑ Osborn, Claire; Easterly, Greg; Ward, Pamela (May 28, 1997). "Nearly destroyed in '89, Jarrell is slammed again". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A10. Retrieved April 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Peters, Brian E. (1998). "Aerial Damage Survey of the Central Texas Tornadoes of May 27, 1997" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ Schuman, Shawn (November 23, 2023). "May 27, 1997 — The Jarrell, Texas Tornado". stormstalker.wordpress.com. Wordpress. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ "May 1997 Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). New Braunfels, Texas: National Weather Service. May 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 "'Hold on tight': 25 years since the Jarrell, TX tornado outbreak". KXAN Austin. 2022-05-23. Archived from the original on 2024-05-10. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Houston, Adam L.; Wilhelmson, Robert B. (2007-03-01). "Observational Analysis of the 27 May 1997 Central Texas Tornadic Event. Part II: Tornadoes". Monthly Weather Review. 135 (3): 727–735. doi:10.1175/MWR3301.1. ISSN 1520-0493.
- ↑ Phan, Long T.; Simiu, Emil (1998-07-01). "Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale: A Critique Based on Observations of the Jarrell Tornado of May 27, 1997 (NIST TN 1426)". NIST.
- ↑ Andrew, Mankowski. "University of Wisconsin Case Study Jarrell 1997" (PDF). The Jarrell Tornado of May 27, 1997.
- ↑ "Tornado Disaster -- Texas, May 1997". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
- ↑ Houston, Adam L.; Wilhelmson, Robert B. (2007-03-01). "Observational Analysis of the 27 May 1997 Central Texas Tornadic Event. Part II: Tornadoes". Monthly Weather Review. 135 (3): 727–735. doi:10.1175/MWR3301.1. ISSN 1520-0493.
- ↑ "RaMMB2".
External links
Sources
- Henderson, James H.; Hakkarinen, Ida M.; Lerner, William H.; McLaughlin, Melvin R.; Looney, James M.; McIntyre, E. L.; Peters, Brian E.; Trainor, Marilu; Paz, Enrique; Kolavic, Shellie Ann; Zane, David; Phan, Long T. (April 1998). The Central Texas Tornadoes of May 27, 1997 (PDF) (Service Assessment). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work now in the public domain:
- Tornado Disaster -- Texas, May 1997 (Report). November 14, 1997. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work now in the public domain:
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