21st century BC
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| Millennium: | 3rd millennium BC |
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The 21st century BC lasted from the year 2100 BC to 2001 BC.
Events
All dates from this long ago should be regarded as either approximate or conjectural; there are no absolute dates for this time period.
- c. 2150–2040 BC – The First Intermediate Period of Egypt, a period of decline in Egyptian central power.[1]
- c. 2112–2004 BC – The Third Dynasty of Ur.[2] The Ziggurat of Ur is built. Administrative power in Ur is pushed far, with an Ensi, an appointed civil servant, at the head of the constituencies. A meticulous and finicky bureaucracy manages, counts and controls the whole administration, which is as much concerned with the economy as with war or the service of the gods. The weight of such an administration arguably contributes to the collapse of the empire.[3]
- c. 2100–2000 BC:
- Epic poetry is written in the Sumerian language, including the Epic of Gilgamesh.[4]
- In Chalcolithic Europe, the two circles of bluestones that form the inner part of Stonehenge are erected.[5]
- Shahr-e Sukhteh, "The Burnt City" in Persia, is abandoned.[6]
- c. 2100–1900 BC: The beginning of the Middle Minoan civilization in Crete.[7] Bronze metallurgy and the potter's wheel are introduced,[8] as are Cretan hieroglyphs.[9]
- c. 2100–1800 BC – The Sintashta culture emerges in the northern Eurasian Steppe.[10]
- c. 2070 BC – Yu the Great establishes the Xia dynasty in China.[11]
- c. 2050 BC – The beginning of the Middle Kerma culture in Upper Nubia.[12]
- Late spring 2049 BC – Seahenge is built in Britain.[13]
- c. 2040 BC – Mentuhotep II, ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt in Thebes, completes the reunification of Egypt following his victory over the pharaohs of Herakleopolis, which marks the beginning of the Middle Kingdom.[14]
- 2025 BC – Naplanum founds the Amorite kingdom of Larsa. (Middle Chronology)[15]
- c. 2017 BC – Ishbi-Erra founds the Amorite kingdom of Isin. (Middle Chronology)[15]
- 2004 BC – Ur sacked by the Elamites, bringing an end to the Third dynasty. (Middle Chronology)[16]
- c. 2000 BC – The earliest bronze age artifacts in Southeast Asia found in the Ban Chiang site in modern-day Thailand indicate the absence of a militaristic or urbanized state.[17]
References
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- ↑ O'Neill, John P. (1999). Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-87099-907-9. Search this book on
- ↑ Roux, Georges (1995). La Mésopotamie. Seuil. p. 189. ISBN 978-2-02-008632-5. Search this book on
- ↑ Margueron, Jean-Claude (2012). Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques. Hachette Éducation Technique. p. 174. ISBN 978-2-01-140096-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Papin, Yves Denis (1998). Chronologie de l'histoire ancienne. Jean-paul Gisserot. p. 8. ISBN 978-2-87747-346-0. Search this book on
- ↑ Azéma, Marc; Brasier, Laurent (2016). Le beau livre de la préhistoire. Dunod. p. 371. ISBN 978-2-10-075789-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Foltz, Richard C. (2016). Iran in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-19-933550-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Protopsaltis, Demetrios (2012). An Encyclopedic Chronology of Greece and Its History. Xlibris Corporation. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4691-3999-9. Search this book on
- ↑ Tulard, Jean (1978). Histoire de la Crète. Que sais-je ?. p. 72. ISBN 978-2-13-065663-0. Search this book on
- ↑ Pichot, André (2014). La naissance de la science. 2. Gallimard. p. 15. ISBN 978-2-07-253206-1. Search this book on
- ↑ Hanks, Bryan K.; Linduff, Katheryn M. (2009). Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-51712-6. Search this book on
- ↑ Mungello, David E. (2009). The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800 (3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. ISBN 9780742557987. Search this book on
- ↑ Edwards, David N. (2004). The Nubian Past. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-134-20087-0. Search this book on
- ↑ Based on tree felling date. "The art of Seahenge". The British Museum. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
- ↑ Grimal, Nicolas (1988). Histoire de l'Égypte ancienne. Fayard. p. 194. ISBN 978-2-213-64001-3. Search this book on
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq (3rd ed.). Penguin. p. 182. ISBN 0-14-012523-X. Search this book on
- ↑ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq (3rd ed.). Penguin. p. 177. ISBN 0-14-012523-X. Search this book on
- ↑ "White, J.C. 2008 Dating Early Bronze at Ban Chiang, Thailand. In From Homo erectus to the Living Traditions. Pautreau, J.-P.; Coupey, A.-S.; Zeitoun, V.; Rambault, E., editors. European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Chiang Mai, pp. 91-104" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2012-04-24. Unknown parameter
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