72 Pentads
| (Seventy-two) pentads | |||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | (七十二)候 | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | (七十二)候 | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
The 72 pentads, or 七十二候, are one of the methods of expressing the seasons devised in ancient China. The period during which the 24 solar terms are further divided into three pentads of approximately five days each.[1]
Although these 72 pentads are based on divisions of a tropical year, each of the 72 pentads will be a slightly different length of time because Earth's elliptic orbit around the sun.
As the proximity of the Earth to the sun slightly varies, the speed of Earth's orbit varies. When the Earth is closest to the sun and travelling most quickly in its orbit around the time of perihelion, 5° of Earth's orbit around the sun takes fewer than 120 hours. Half a year later, when the Earth is farthest from the sun around the time of aphelion, 5° of Earth's orbit around the sun will take longer than 120 hours.
These pentads are not a static length of 120 hours (five days of 24 hours), as other periods of time dubbed pentad may be.[2]
List of the 72 Pentads
The 72 pentads have been assigned short descriptions (generally related to weather, plants, and animals). Some descriptions are more literal, and others are more poetic.
| Earthly
Branches |
Solar Term | Celestial
Longitude |
Xuanming
Calendar |
Japanese Shinto Tradition | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | Translation | Japanese | Translation | ||||
| 寅 | 立春 | Establishment of spring | 315° | 東風解凍 | east wind thaws | 東風解凍(こちこおりをとく) | east wind thaws |
| 320° | 蟄虫始振 | insects first rise | 黄鶯睍睆(うぐいすなく) | ||||
| 325° | 魚上氷 | fish [swim] upwards [near] ice | 魚上氷(うおこおりをいずる) | ||||
| 雨水 | Rain water | 330° | 獺祭魚 | 土脉潤起(つちのしょううるおいおこる) | |||
| 335° | 鴻雁来 | 霞始靆(かすみはじめてたなびく) | |||||
| 340° | 草木萌動 | 草木萌動(そうもくめばえいずる) | |||||
| 卯 | 啓蟄 | Insects' awakening | 345° | 桃始華 | 蟄虫啓戸(すごもりむしとをひらく) | ||
| 350° | 倉庚鳴 | 桃始笑(ももはじめてさく) | |||||
| 355° | 鷹化為鳩 | 菜虫化蝶(なむしちょうとなる) | |||||
| 春分 | Spring division | 0° | 玄鳥至 | 雀始巣(すずめはじめてすくう) | |||
| 5° | 雷乃発声 | 桜始開(さくらはじめてひらく) | |||||
| 10° | 始雷 | 雷乃発声(かみなりすなわちこえをはっす) | |||||
| 辰 | 清明 | Clear; bright | 15° | 桐始華 | 玄鳥至(つばめきたる) | ||
| 20° | 田鼠化為鴽 | 鴻雁北(こうがんきたへかえる) | |||||
| 25° | 虹始見 | 虹始見(にじはじめてあらわる) | |||||
| 穀雨 | Grain rain | 30° | 萍始生 | 葭始生(あしはじめてしょうず) | |||
| 35° | 鳴鳩払其羽 | 霜止出苗(しもやんでなえいづる) | |||||
| 40° | 戴勝降于桑 | 牡丹華(ぼたんはなさく) | |||||
| 巳 | 立夏 | Establishment of summer | 45° | 螻蟈鳴 | 蛙始鳴(かわずはじめてなく) | ||
| 50° | 蚯蚓出 | 蚯蚓出(みみずいづる) | |||||
| 55° | 王瓜生 | 竹笋生(たけのこしょうず) | |||||
| 小満 | Lesser fullness [of grain] | 60° | 苦菜秀 | 蚕起食桑(かいこおきてくわをはむ) | |||
| 65° | 靡草死 | 紅花栄(べにばなさかう) | |||||
| 70° | 小暑至 | 麦秋至(むぎのときいたる) | |||||
| 午 | 芒種 | Cultivation of grasses | 75° | 螳螂生 | 螳螂生(かまきりしょうず) | ||
| 80° | 鵙始鳴 | 腐草為蛍(くされたるくさほたるとなる) | |||||
| 85° | 反舌無声 | 梅子黄(うめのみきばむ) | |||||
| 夏至 | Height of summer | 90° | 鹿角解 | 乃東枯(なつかれくさかるる) | |||
| 95° | 蜩始鳴 | 菖蒲華(あやめはなさく) | |||||
| 100° | 半夏生 | 半夏生(はんげしょうず) | |||||
| 未 | 小暑 | Lesser heat | 105° | 温風至 | 温風至(あつかぜいたる) | ||
| 110° | 蟋蟀居壁 | 蓮始開(はすはじめてひらく) | |||||
| 115° | 鷹乃学習 | 鷹乃学習(たかすなわちわざをなす) | |||||
| 大暑 | Greater heat | 120° | 腐草為蛍 | 桐始結花(きりはじめてはなをむすぶ) | |||
| 125° | 土潤溽暑 | 土潤溽暑(つちうるおうてむしあつし) | |||||
| 130° | 大雨時行 | 大雨時行(たいうときどきにふる) | |||||
| 申 | 立秋 | Establishment of autumn | 135° | 涼風至 | 涼風至(すづかぜいたる) | ||
| 140° | 白露降 | 寒蝉鳴(ひぐらしなく) | |||||
| 145° | 寒蝉鳴 | 蒙霧升降(ふかききりまとう) | |||||
| 処暑 | Time of heat | 150° | 鷹乃祭鳥 | 綿柎開(わたのはなしべひらく) | |||
| 155° | 天地始粛 | 天地始粛(てんちはじめてさむし) | |||||
| 160° | 禾乃登 | 禾乃登(こくものすなわちみのる) | |||||
| 酉 | 白露 | White dew | 165° | 鴻雁来 | 草露白(くさのつゆしろし) | ||
| 170° | 玄鳥帰 | 鶺鴒鳴(せきれいなく) | |||||
| 175° | 羣鳥養羞 | 玄鳥去(つばめさる) | |||||
| 秋分 | Autumn division | 180° | 雷乃収声 | 雷乃収声(かみなりすなわちこえをおさむ) | |||
| 185° | 蟄虫坏戸 | 蟄虫坏戸(むしかくれてとをふさぐ) | |||||
| 190° | 水始涸 | 水始涸(みずはじめてかる) | |||||
| 戌 | 寒露 | Cold dew | 195° | 鴻雁来賓 | 鴻雁来(こうがんきたる) | ||
| 200° | 雀入大水為蛤 | 菊花開(きくのはなひらく) | |||||
| 205° | 菊有黄華 | 蟋蟀在戸(きりぎりすとにあり) | |||||
| 霜降 | Frost's descent | 210° | 豺乃祭獣 | 霜始降(しもはじめてふる) | |||
| 215° | 草木黄落 | 霎時施(こさめときどきふる) | |||||
| 220° | 蟄虫咸俯 | 楓蔦黄(もみじつたきばむ) | |||||
| 亥 | 立冬 | Establishment of winter | 225° | 水始氷 | 山茶始開(つばきはじめてひらく) | ||
| 230° | 地始凍 | 地始凍(ちはじめてこおる) | |||||
| 235° | 雉入大水為蜃 | 金盞香(きんせんかさく) | |||||
| 小雪 | Lesser snow | 240° | 虹蔵不見 | 虹蔵不見(にじかくれてみえず) | |||
| 245° | 天気上騰地気下降 | 朔風払葉(きたかぜこのはをはらう) | |||||
| 250° | 閉塞而成冬 | 橘始黄(たちばなはじめてきばむ) | |||||
| 子 | 大雪 | Greater snow | 255° | 鶡鴠不鳴 | 閉塞成冬(そらさむくふゆとなる) | ||
| 260° | 虎始交 | 熊蟄穴(くまあなにこもる) | |||||
| 265° | 茘挺出 | 鱖魚群(さけのうおむらがる) | |||||
| 冬至 | Height of winter | 270° | 蚯蚓結 | 乃東生(なつかれくさしょうず) | |||
| 275° | 麋角解 | 麋角解(おおしかのつのおつる) | |||||
| 280° | 水泉動 | 雪下出麦(ゆきわたりてむぎいづる) | |||||
| 丑 | 小寒 | Lesser cold | 285° | 雁北郷 | 芹乃栄(せりすなわちさかう) | ||
| 290° | 鵲始巣 | 水泉動(しみずあたたかをふくむ) | |||||
| 295° | 雉始雊 | 雉始雊(きじはじめてなく) | |||||
| 大寒 | Greater cold | 300° | 鶏始乳 | 款冬華(ふきのはなさく) | |||
| 305° | 鷙鳥厲疾 | 水沢腹堅(さわみずこおりつめる) | |||||
| 310° | 水沢腹堅 | 鶏始乳(にわとりはじめてとやにつく) | |||||
See also
References
- ↑ "Backgrounder: Beginning of Spring, first of the 24 Chinese solar terms CCTV-International". www.cctv.com. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- ↑ Kijazi, Agnes Lawrence; Reason, Chris (2005). "Relationship between intraseasonal rainfall variability of coastal Tanzania and ENSO" (PDF). Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 82 (3–4): 153–176. Bibcode:2005ThApC..82..153K. doi:10.1007/s00704-005-0129-0. Unknown parameter
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External links
- 72 Pentads calendar
- Climatology for the 24 Solar Terms – Hong Kong Observatory
- Date and time of Solar Terms
72 Pentads
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