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7 World Trade Center

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


For the original building on the site, see 7 World Trade Center (1987–2001).
7 World Trade Center
The glass facade of 7 World Trade Center, a skyscraper in New York's World Trade Center
The new 7 World Trade Center from the southwest in 2008
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General information
StatusComplete
TypeOffice
Location250 Greenwich Street
Manhattan, New York City 10006, United States
Coordinates40°42′48″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7133°N 74.0120°W / 40.7133; -74.0120Coordinates: 40°42′48″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7133°N 74.0120°W / 40.7133; -74.0120
⧼validator-fatal-error⧽


Construction startedMay 7, 2002[1]
Completed2006
OpenedMay 23, 2006
Height
Architectural743 ft (226 m)[2]
Roof741 ft (226 m)[3]
Top floor679 ft (207 m)[2]
Technical details
Floor count52[3][4]
Floor area1,681,118 sq ft (156,181 m2)[2]
Lifts/elevators29[2]
Design and construction
ArchitectDavid Childs of SOM[2]
DeveloperSilverstein Properties[2][4]
EngineerJaros, Baum & Bolles (MEP)[2]
Structural engineerWSP Cantor Seinuk[2]
Main contractorTishman Construction
Website
7 World Trade Center, wtc.com
References
[2]

7 World Trade Center (7 WTC, WTC-7, or Tower 7) is an office building constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on a city block bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay Streets on the east, south, west, and north, respectively. It was developed by Larry Silverstein, who holds a ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

The building was constructed to replace the original structure on the site, part of the original World Trade Center. The previous structure, completed in 1987, was destroyed in the September 11 attacks in 2001. Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed in May 2006. The building is 52 stories tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York.[2][3][4] It is built on a smaller footprint than the original; a small park across Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint.

The current building's design emphasizes safety, with a reinforced concrete core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing on steel columns. It also incorporates numerous green design features. The building was the first commercial office building in New York City to receive the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification, where it won a gold rating. It was also one of the first projects accepted to be part of the council's pilot program for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – Core and Shell Development (LEED-CS).[5]

History[edit]

The original 7 World Trade Center was a 47-story building with a red granite facade.[6][7] Opened in 1987, it was the seventh structure of the World Trade Center.[8] The World Trade Center's twin towers were destroyed during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, creating debris that destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, such as the original 7 World Trade Center.[9]

Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild
The new 7 World Trade Center from the ground

Template:New World Trade Center

Construction[edit]

7 World Trade Center construction in October 2004

The construction phase of the new 7 World Trade Center began on May 7, 2002, with the installation of a fence around the construction site.[1] Tishman Construction Corporation of New York began work at the new 7 World Trade Center in 2002, soon after the site was cleared of debris. Restoring the Con Ed substation was an urgent priority to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.[10] Because 7 World Trade Center is separate from the main 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, Larry Silverstein required approval from only the Port Authority, and rebuilding was able to proceed quickly.[11]

Once construction of the power substation was completed in October 2003, work proceeded on building the office tower. An unusual approach was used in constructing the building; erecting the steel frame before adding the concrete core. This approach allowed the construction schedule to be shortened by a few months.[12] Construction was completed in 2006 at a cost of $700 million.[13] Though Silverstein received $861 million from insurance on the old building, he owed more than $400 million on its mortgage.[14] Costs to rebuild were covered by $475 million in Liberty Bonds, which provide tax-exempt financing to help stimulate rebuilding in Lower Manhattan and insurance money that remained after other expenses.[15]

A 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m2) triangular park was created between the extended Greenwich Street and West Broadway by David Childs with Ken Smith and his colleague, Annie Weinmayr, of Ken Smith Landscape Architect. The park comprises an open central plaza with a fountain and flanking groves of sweetgum trees and boxwood shrubs.[16] At the center of the fountain, sculptor Jeff Koons created Balloon Flower (Red), whose mirror-polished stainless steel represents a twisted balloon in the shape of a flower.[17]

Completion and early years[edit]

2000s[edit]

The building was officially opened at noon on May 23, 2006, with a free concert featuring Suzanne Vega, Citizen Cope, Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls, Ollabelle, Pharaoh's Daughter, Ronan Tynan (of the Irish Tenors), and special guest Lou Reed.[18][19] Prior to opening, in March 2006, the new 7 World Trade Center frontage and lobby were used in scenes for the movie Perfect Stranger with Halle Berry and Bruce Willis.[20]

After the building opened, several unleased upper floors were used for events such as charity lunches, fashion shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed space in the new building to be used for these events as a means to draw people to see the building.[21] From September 8 to October 7, 2006, the work of photographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "An American Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation at 7 World Trade Center. The photographs captured the response of people in New York City and across the United States after the September 11, 2001, attacks. The exhibit took place on the 45th floor while space remained available for lease.[22]

New York Academy of Sciences office (lobby) on the 40th floor

By March 2007, 60 percent of the building had been leased.[23] In September 2006, Moody's signed a 20-year lease to rent 15 floors of 7 World Trade Center.[24] Other tenants that had signed leases in 7 World Trade Center, as of May 2007, included ABN AMRO,[25] Ameriprise Financial Inc.,[26][19] law firm Wilmer Hale,[27] publisher Mansueto Ventures,[28] and the New York Academy of Sciences.[29][19] Silverstein Properties also has offices and the Silver Suites executive office suites[30] in 7 World Trade Center, along with office space used by the architectural and engineering firms working on 1 World Trade Center, 150 Greenwich Street, 175 Greenwich Street, and 200 Greenwich Street.[31] After AMN AMRO was acquired by the Royal Bank of Scotland, forex services provider FXDD subleased some of the Royal Bank of Scotland's space in 2009.[32]

The space occupied by Mansueto Ventures has been designed to use the maximum amount of natural light and has an open floor plan.[33] The space used by the New York Academy of Sciences on the 40th floor, designed by H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture, works with the parallelogram shape of the building. Keeping with the green design of the building, the NYAS uses recycled materials in many of the office furnishings, has zoned heating and cooling, and motion-detecting lights, which activate automatically when people are present, and adjust according to incoming sunlight.[34]

2010s to present[edit]

The building became fully leased in September 2011 after MSCI agreed to occupy 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) on the top floor.[35][36] Following this, Silverstein announced in 2012 that he would refinance the building with a $452.8 million Liberty bond issue and a $125 million commercial mortgage-backed security loan.[37][38] At the time, the building was valued at $940 million, in large part because it was fully occupied.[38] FXDD subleased its space to engineering company Permasteelisa in 2015[39] and artificial intelligence firm IPsoft in 2016.[40] The building was 94.8 percent occupied by 2017. At the time, roughly three-quarters of the space was occupied by four tenants, including Moody's, the Royal Bank of Scotland, and Wilmer Hale.[41]

Wedding planning company Zola[42] and the building's own architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill both leased space at 7 WTC in early 2019.[43] This was followed in July 2019 by luxury drink brand Moët Hennessy[44][45] and media company AccuWeather.[45] After publisher Mansueto Ventures and three other firms took space at 7 WTC in April 2022, the building was 97 percent occupied.[46][47] Shortly afterward, Silverstein Properties refinanced the property with a $458 million loan from Goldman Sachs.[47][48][49]

Architecture[edit]

The new 7 World Trade Center has 52 stories and is 741 ft (226 m) tall.[50] The building has 42 floors of leasable space, starting at the 11th floor, and a total of 1.7 million sq ft (160,000 m2) of office space.[51] The first ten floors house an electrical substation which provides power to much of Lower Manhattan. The office tower has a narrower footprint at ground level than did its predecessor, so the course of Greenwich Street could be restored to reunite TriBeCa and the Financial District. The original building, on the other hand, had bordered West Broadway on the east, necessitating the destruction of Greenwich Street between Barclay Street and the northern border of the World Trade Center superblock.[10]

Facade[edit]

David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill worked in conjunction with glass artist and designer James Carpenter to create a design that uses ultra-clear, low-iron glass to provide reflectivity and light.[13][52] There are stainless-steel spandrels behind the glass to help reflect sunlight.[13] The window panes themselves contain ceramic frits at their tops, which were intended to reduce heat gain without decreasing the transparency of the glass.[52] Stainless steel used in the facade is molybdenum-containing Type 316, which provides improved resistance to corrosion.[53] The new 7 World Trade Center, like its predecessor, was built above the Con Edison substation and several service ramps. When the current building was constructed, the ten transformer vaults were rearranged into 86-foot-tall (26 m) stacks on the northern and southern portions of the building's base.[52]

To enclose the power substation and improve its aesthetics, the base of the building has a curtain wall with stainless steel louvers that provide ventilation for the machinery.[54] There is a cable-net glass wall on the eastern elevation of the facade, just above the Greenwich Street entrance; this cable-net wall measures 50 by 110 feet (15 by 34 m) across.[52] During the day, the curtain wall reflects light, while at night it is illuminated with blue LED lights.[55] The curtain wall around the lobby uses heavily laminated, heat-strengthened glass that meets high standards for blast resistance.[56] At night, a large cube of light above the lobby also emanates blue light, while during the day it provides white light to the lobby, and at dusk, it transitions to violet and back to blue.[57]

Features[edit]

Inside the main lobby, artist Jenny Holzer created a large light installation with glowing text moving across wide plastic panels.[13] The entire wall, which is 65 ft (20 m) wide and 14 ft (4.3 m) tall, changes color according to the time of day. Holzer worked with Klara Silverstein, the wife of Larry Silverstein, to select poetry for the art installation. The wall is structurally fortified as a security measure.[58]

7 World Trade Center is equipped with Otis destination elevators to reduce dwell times and travel times.[59] After pressing their destination floor number on a keypad in the lobby, passengers are directed to specific elevators that will stop at the selected floor; the elevator cabs do not contain buttons. The elevator system is integrated with the lobby key-card system, which can identify the floor on which an employee works, then automatically call an elevator for that floor.[60] Nearly 30 percent of structural steel used in the building consists of recycled steel.[61] Rainwater is collected and used for irrigation of the park and to cool the building.[13] Along with other sustainable design features, the building is designed to allow in plenty of natural light, power is metered to tenants to encourage them to conserve energy, the heating steam is reused to generate some power for the building, and recycled materials are used for insulation and interior materials.[62] WSP Cantor Seinuk served as structural engineer on the project, while Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the MEP engineer.[63]

The building was promoted as the safest skyscraper in the U.S. upon its completion[64] According to Silverstein Properties, it "incorporate[s] a host of life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype for new high-rise construction."[65] The building has 2-foot-thick (0.61 m) reinforced-concrete and fireproofed elevator and stairway access shafts. The original building used only drywall to line these shafts.[66] The stairways are wider than in the original building to permit faster egress.[66]

See also[edit]


Other articles of the topic New York City : Univision Communications Inc.
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References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bagli, Charles V. (May 8, 2002). "As a Hurdle Is Cleared, Building Begins At Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2009. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 "7 World Trade Center – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 7 World Trade Center Archived December 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 See: * Building Tenants Archived February 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Silverstein Properties *
  5. ↑ "About the WTC". Wtc.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Lew, H.S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Nicholas J. Carino (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 13. Search this book on
  7. ↑ "Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11)". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2006. Retrieved May 7, 2006. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ "History of the World Trade Center". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Glanz, James; Lipton, Eric (February 12, 2002). "Rescuing the Buildings Beyond Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dunlap, David W (April 11, 2002). "21st-Century Plans, but Along 18th-Century Paths". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Bagli, Charles V (January 31, 2002). "Developer's Pace at 7 World Trade Center Upsets Some". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Post, Nadine M (September 12, 2005). "Strategy for Seven World Trade Center Exceeds Expectations". Engineering News Record. Archived from the original on December 10, 2005. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 "Major Step at Ground Zero: 7 World Trade Center Opening". Architectural Record. May 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 22, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  14. ↑ Herman, Eric (May 31, 2002). "No Tenants for New 7 WTC, Construction to Begin with Financing in Doubt". Daily News (New York).
  15. ↑ Pristin, Terry (July 12, 2006). "A Pot of Tax-Free Bonds for Post-9/11 Projects Is Empty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Collins, Glenn (July–August 2006). "A Prism with Prose — Seven World Trade Center". Update Unbound. New York Academy of Science. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Dunlap, David W (May 24, 2006). "Luster of 7 World Trade Center Has Tattered Reminder of 9/11". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 WESTFELDT, AMY (May 23, 2006). "First Rebuilt Skyscraper at WTC Opens". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ "Under Cover, Tower 7 is no 'Stranger' to fame". Downtown Express. March 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Birkner, Gabrielle (May 14, 2007). "The City's Hottest Event Space? Try 7 World Trade Center". New York Sun. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ "WTC Memorial Foundation Announces Photography Exhibitions to Mark 5th Anniversary of 9/11" (PDF) (Press release). World Trade Center Memorial Foundation. August 7, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  23. ↑ Spitz, Rebecca (August 31, 2006). "9/11: Five Years Later: 7 World Trade Open For Business, Lacking Tenants". NY1 News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ See:
    "Moody's signs on dotted line at 7WTC". Real Estate Weekly. September 20, 2006. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    "Pricey Midtown Rents Mean Big Tenant for 7 WTC". Gothamist. June 20, 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Pristin, Terry (February 28, 2007). "Lower Manhattan: A Relative Bargain but Filling Up Fast". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ "Ameriprise Financial to lease 20,000 SF at 7 WTC" (Press release). AmeriPrise Financial. January 4, 2006. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ "Darby & Darby P.C. to move headquarters to 7 WTC" (Press release). Darby & Darby. August 24, 2006. Archived from the original on November 6, 2006. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ "Mansueto Ventures signs lease at 7 World Trade Center to become the first corporate tenant to locate its national headquarters in the building" (Press release). Goliath. July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ "New York Academy of Sciences Signs Lease at 7 WTC". New York Academy of Sciences. December 16, 2005. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Levere, Jane (January 29, 2013). "Seeing Big Promise in Manhattan Corporate Apartments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ See:
    Dunlap, David W (January 25, 2007). "What a View to Behold, And It's Really Something". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    Dunlap, David W (January 18, 2007). "Behind the Scenes, Three Towers Take Shape". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Geminder, Emily (November 30, 2009). "Midtown, Schmidtown! Currency Trader FXDD Subleases 40K Feet in 7 WTC". Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Wilson, Claire (May 13, 2007). "An Open, Sunlit Space At 7 World Trade Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture (2007). The New York Academy of Sciences (brochure). H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture. Search this book on
  35. ↑ Chaban, Matt (September 19, 2011). "Zero Ground: 7 World Trade Center Now Fully Leased". Observer. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  36. ↑ "7 World Trade Center Skyscraper Fully Leased". NBC New York. September 19, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  37. ↑ Hlavenka, Jacqueline (March 19, 2012). "Silverstein To Refinance $577M in Bonds at 7 WTC". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Brown, Eliot (March 19, 2012). "For Silverstein, Time to Celebrate". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ Santani, Hitem (March 4, 2015). "A firm key to the rebuilding of 7WTC will now call it home". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ Cullen, Terence (June 9, 2016). "Artificial Intelligence Company IPsoft Takes 27K SF at 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ Gourarie, Chava (December 1, 2017). "Fitch upgrades CMBS debt on 7 WTC". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ Kim, Betsy (January 17, 2019). "Zola Gets Hitched to 7 WTC". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ Baird-Remba, Rebecca (May 6, 2019). "Architecture Firm SOM Nails Down 80K SF at 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Rizzi, Nicholas (July 2, 2019). "Moët Hennessy Ditching Chelsea for 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Itʼs raining deals at 7 World Trade Center". Real Estate Weekly. July 11, 2019. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ Young, Celia (April 7, 2022). "Publisher, Investment Manager Each Take 40K SF at 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Silverstein Properties signs four leases at 7 World Trade Center". Real Estate Weekly. April 9, 2022. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ "Silverstein Scores $458M Refinancing at 7 World Trade Center". The Real Deal New York. April 7, 2022. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ Morphy, Erika (April 7, 2022). "7 World Trade Center Lands 104k-SF in Leases; Secures $457.5M Refi". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  50. ↑ See:
    "7 World Trade Center". World Trade Center. Archived from the original on December 30, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    Ramirez, Anthony (September 30, 2004). "Construction Worker Dies in Fall at Trade Center Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  51. ↑ "Seven World Trade Center (post-9/11)". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (2009). Architecture of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 1997-2008. New York: Monacelli Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-58093-224-0. OCLC 299708729. Search this book on
  53. ↑ Houska, Catherine (January 2004). "New 7 World Trade Center Uses Type 316 Stainless Steel". International Molybdenum Association News Letter: 4–6.
  54. ↑ Blum, Andrew (March 28, 2006). "A World of Light and Glass". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ Marpillero, Sandro; Frampton, Kenneth; Schlaich, Jorg (2006). James Carpenter: Environmental Refractions. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 55–70. ISBN 1-56898-608-4. Search this book on
  56. ↑ Garmhausen, Steve (November 16, 2004). "Curtain (Wall) Time". Slatin Report. Archived from the original on February 25, 2005. Retrieved February 25, 2005.
  57. ↑ "7 World Trade Center — Outstanding Achievement, Exterior Lighting". Architectural Lighting Magazine. July 1, 2007. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  58. ↑ Collins, Glenn (March 6, 2006). "At Ground Zero, Accord Brings a Work of Art". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ Angwin, Julia (November 19, 2006). "No-button elevators take orders in lobby". Charleston Gazette (West Virginia).
  60. ↑ Kretkowski, Paul (March 2007). "First Up". ARCHI-TECH. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  61. ↑ Pogrebin, Robin (April 16, 2006). "7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  62. ↑ DePalma, Anthony (January 20, 2004). "At Ground Zero, Rebuilding With Nature in Mind". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  63. ↑ NIST NCSTAR1-A: Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 (PDF) (Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology. November 2008. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  64. ↑ "Downtown Construction and Building Information". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2006. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  65. ↑ "Silverstein Properties Names CB Richard Ellis to Serve as Exclusive Leasing Agent for 7 World Trade Center" (Press release). Silverstein Properties. September 28, 2004.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Reiss, Matthew (March 2003). "Shortcuts to Safety". Metropolis Magazine / Skyscraper Safety Campaign. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

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