Active flow network
ANSWER: this AFN has been introduced independently several times in the different branches of sciences: statistical physics, networks theory, electronic,etc...and now has a direct application in cell biology.
Active Flow Networks (AFN) An active flow network is a network where the flow is propelled by a mechanism such as an external pump, contriction that will create a flow rather than using a mechanism such as diffusion[1].[2]. This network appears in many biological medium such cellular organelles, including the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) [3]. In an AFN, the flow between the nodes of a network are actively driven, as opposed to passive transport by diffusion[4]. Active transport requires energy consumption, found in the form of ATP. The slime mold Physarum polycephalum is also growing as a network[5], where the motion is driven an active flow.
Passive networks:[edit]
In a network made of an ensemble of nodes connected by branches, lines or wires, materials can move inside by passive diffusion .
Active Flow Networks in Physics[edit]
In electronics, diodes or resistances are organized in a network consuming electrical energy. Theory based on mathematical graph theory and physicochemical reaction rate theory are used to quantify mass-conserving active flow networks [1]. Diode networks have also been introduced in percolation problems by constructing neighbouring lattice sites that transmit connectivity or information in one direction only[6] [7].Active motion results in a deterministic motion at least in part of the network[8]
Active Flow Network in transportation[edit]
Transportation network relies on an active transport mechanism. Unidirectional property is reminiscent for transportation of trains, cars or communication (internet, telephone), where there is a limiting capacity due to maximal amount of commodities that can travel inside a single branch at time connecting two nodes [9].
Active Flow Networks in medicine[edit]
Arteries and vein generate a network where the blood flow is pulsed by the heart contraction cycle. The flow is model using complex fluid mechanics (Navier-stokes equations) that could be coupled to the structure [10] [11]. Red blood cells are transported inside these networks [12] and high pressure resistance could be due in part to red blood cell trafficking jam but also to capillary (largest pressure drops occur in the smallest vessels), especially in the brain[13] [14]. Blood flow is an active process further modulated by neuronal activity[15]
Properties of Active Flow Network (AFN) inside the Endoplasmic Reticulum[edit]
Properties of Active Flow Network are given by two time scales [16]: Trapping and backtracking in AFN:
Trapping result in material being trapped when all nodes are oriented in the same direction.
Backtracking is the phenomena where a particle cannot back to node is came from.
Under these two effects (trapping and backtracking), the network exploration is slower when compared to an undirectional network, where such situation does not occur. [16]
Remarks: AFN models can be used to model data extracted by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), single particle trajectories or photoactivation.
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stochastic cycle selection in active flow networks Francis G. Woodhouse, Aden Forrow, Joanna B. Fawcett, Jörn Dunkel Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jul 2016, 113 (29) 8200-8205; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603351113
- ↑ Mauro., Garavello (2006). Traffic flow on networks. American Institute of Mathematical Sciences. ISBN 1-60133-000-6. OCLC 255485562. Search this book on
- ↑ Voeltz, Gia K; Rolls, Melissa M; Rapoport, Tom A (2002-10-01). "Structural organization of the endoplasmic reticulum". EMBO Reports. 3 (10): 944–950. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf202. ISSN 1469-221X. PMC 1307613. PMID 12370207.
- ↑ Lamberson, P. J. (2016-04-14). Bramoullé, Yann; Galeotti, Andrea; Rogers, Brian W, eds. "Diffusion in Networks". The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Networks. pp. 478–503. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948277.013.11. ISBN 978-0-19-994827-7. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
- ↑ Alim, Karen; Amselem, Gabriel; Peaudecerf, François; Brenner, Michael P.; Pringle, Anne (2013-08-13). "Random network peristalsis in Physarum polycephalum organizes fluid flows across an individual". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (33): 13306–13311. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11013306A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305049110. PMC 3746869. PMID 23898203.
- ↑ S. Redner, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 14, L349 (1981).
- ↑ S. R. Broadbent and J. M. Hammersley, in Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Vol. 53 (Cambridge University Press, 1957) pp. 629–641.
- ↑ "Intracellular Transport - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
- ↑ "Active Traffic Management: Approaches: Active Transportation and Demand Management - FHWA Operations". ops.fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
- ↑ R. Guibert, C. Fonta, and F. Plourabouffe, A new ap- proach to model confined suspensions flows in complex networks: application to blood ow," Transport in porous media, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 171{194, 2010.
- ↑ N. Bessonov, A. Sequeira, S. Simakov, Y. Vassilevskii, and V. Volpert, \Methods of blood flow modelling," Mathematical modelling of natural phenomena, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1{25, 2016.
- ↑ A. R. Pries, T. W. Secomb, P. Gaehtgens, and J. Gross, Blood flow in microvascular networks. experiments and simulation.," Circulation research, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 826{ 834, 1990.
- ↑ G. Hartung, C. Vesel, R. Morley, A. Alaraj, J. Sled, D. Kleinfeld, and A. Linninger, Simulations of blood as a suspension predicts a depth dependent hematocrit in the circulation throughout the cerebral cortex," PLoS computational biology, vol. 14, no. 11, p. e1006549, 2018.
- ↑ I. G. Gould, P. Tsai, D. Kleinfeld, and A. Linninger, The capillary bed offers the largest hemodynamic resistance to the cortical blood supply," Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 52{68, 2017.
- ↑ P. Blinder, P. S. Tsai, J. P. Kaufhold, P. M. Knutsen, H. Suhl, and D. Kleinfeld, \The cortical angiome: an interconnected vascular network with noncolumnar patterns of blood flow," Nature neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 7, p. 889, 2013.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 M. Dora D. Holcman, Active flow network generates molecular transport by packets: case of the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Proceeding Royal Soc B, London 2020
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