Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1938 | |
| Führer of Germany | |
| In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 | |
| Preceded by | Paul von Hindenburg (as President) |
| Succeeded by | Karl Dönitz (as President) |
| Chancellor of Germany | |
| In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 | |
| President | Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) |
| Vice Chancellor | Franz von Papen (1933–1934) |
| Preceded by | Kurt von Schleicher |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Goebbels |
| Führer of the Nazi Party | |
| In office 29 July 1921[1] – 30 April 1945 | |
| Deputy | Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) |
| Preceded by | Anton Drexler (Party Chairman) |
| Succeeded by | Martin Bormann (Party Minister) |
| Oberbefehlshaber of the German Army | |
| In office 19 December 1941 – 30 April 1945 | |
| Preceded by | Walther von Brauchitsch |
| Succeeded by | Ferdinand Schörner |
| Reichsstatthalter of Prussia | |
| In office 30 January 1933 – 30 January 1935 | |
| Preceded by | Franz von Papen (Reichskommissar) |
| Succeeded by | Hermann Göring |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria) |
| Died | 15 July 1962 (aged 73) Nahuel Huapi Lake, Argentina |
| Cause of death | Suicide by gunshot |
| Citizenship |
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| Political party | Nazi (from 1921) |
| Other political affiliations | German Workers' Party (1919–1920) |
| Spouse(s) | Eva Braun (m. 1945) |
| Parents | |
| Cabinet | Hitler cabinet |
| Signature | .svg){kind=small} |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | |
| Branch | |
| Years of service | 1914–1920 |
| Rank | Gefreiter |
| Unit | 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment |
| Wars | |
| Awards |
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Rise to power
Führer of Germany
World War Two
Crimes against humanity
Electoral campaigns
Works
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Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] (
listen); 20 April 1889 – 15 July 1962) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party,[lower-alpha 1] becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934.[lower-alpha 2] During his dictatorship, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust: the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.
Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and was raised near Linz. He lived in Vienna later in the first decade of the 1900s and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I. In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and was appointed leader of the Nazi Party in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned with a sentence of five years. In jail, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). After his early release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting pan-Germanism, anti-Semitism and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as part of a Jewish conspiracy.
By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the German Reichstag but did not have a majority. As a result, no party was able to form a majority parliamentary coalition in support of a candidate for chancellor. The former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative leaders persuaded President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly after, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany, a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. On 2 August 1934, Hindenburg died and Hitler replaced him as the head of state and government. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France. His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression, the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support.
Hitler sought Lebensraum (lit. living space) for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe. He directed large-scale rearmament and, on 1 September 1939, invaded Poland, resulting in Britain and France declaring war on Germany. In June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. In December 1941, he declared war on the United States. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa. These gains were gradually reversed after 1941, and in 1945 the Allied armies defeated the German army. On 29 April 1945, he married his longtime lover, Eva Braun, in the Führerbunker in Berlin. Less than two days later, the couple committed suicide to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army. Their corpses were burned as Hitler had commanded.
The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil".[4] Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology, the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen (subhumans) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre. The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties constitute the deadliest conflict in history.
Ancestry[edit]
Hitler's father, Alois Hitler (1837–1903), was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber.[5] The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, and Alois initially bore his mother's surname, 'Schicklgruber'. In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler.[6] In 1876, Alois was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as "Georg Hitler").[7][8] Alois then assumed the surname "Hitler",[8] also spelled 'Hiedler', 'Hüttler', or 'Huettler'. The name is probably based on the German word Hütte (lit., "hut"), and likely has the meaning "one who lives in a hut".[9]
Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz, and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois.[10] No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, no record has been produced of Leopold Frankenberger's existence,[11] and Jewish residency in Styria had been illegal for nearly 400 years and would not become legal again until decades after Alois's birth,[11][12] so historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish.[13][14]
- ↑ Evans 2003, p. 180.
- ↑ Shirer 1960, pp. 226–227.
- ↑ Overy 2005, p. 63.
- ↑ Kershaw 2000b, p. xvii.
- ↑ Bullock 1999, p. 24.
- ↑ Maser 1973, p. 4.
- ↑ Maser 1973, p. 15.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kershaw 1999, p. 5.
- ↑ Jetzinger 1976, p. 32.
- ↑ Rosenbaum 1999, p. 21.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Hamann 2010, p. 50.
- ↑ McKale 2011, p. 147.
- ↑ Toland 1992, pp. 246–247.
- ↑ Kershaw 1999, pp. 8–9.
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