Afghanistani
Script error: No such module "Draft topics".
Script error: No such module "AfC topic".
Afghanistani (Persian: افغانستانی) is an alternative identity marker for citizens of the country Afghanistan. The term "Afghanistani" refers to someone who possesses the nationality of Afghanistan,[1] regardless of what race, ethnic, religious background.[2][3][4] In multiethnic Afghanistan, the term "Afghan" has always been associated with Pashtun people. Non-Pashtun citizens such as Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks have always viewed it as a part of Pashtun hegemony that devised to erase their ethnic identity.[5][6] The term Afghanistani has commonly been used among refugees and diasporas, particularly among non-Pashtuns.[7][8][9][10]
History[edit]
Afghanistan has never been a nation-state or dawlat-e milli.[11][12] Due to its tumultuous history, it has often defined as failed-state.[13][14] The local groups and communities across Afghanistan have rather strong local and regional identification as a tribes or ethnic groups (Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek or others). For the past two centuries, Afghanistan rulers have tried to create a state that is represent Pashtuns.[15] Early efforts were made to create a strong centralized government based on a national identity of "Afghan," which privileged Pashtuns beyond their ethnic boundaries at state level as a whole. Non-Pashtun ethnic groups were not yet ready to accept a centralized state system let a lone accepting a new national identity.[16][17] They did not have overall or even wider identification with Afghanistan as a whole, not to mention national identity or citizenship that was not given to them by the central government.[18]
Ethnonym[edit]
Afghan (افغان) is originally an ethnonym for the people today known as Pashtuns but citizens of other ethnic groups see it as a mechanism through which a Pashtun dominated elite rule others. The term "Afghan" has always been controversial and it became more a hot topic of debate around identity and nation-building in the past decade, especially when Afghanistan's government announced to issue e-Tazkira (National ID),[19][20] in which the word Afghan would be printed regardless of individual's ethnic identity. The fight over one term "Afghan" went on in the Afghanistan's parliament[21] and on the streets for nearly nine years.[22][23][24][25][26]Non-Pashtun ethnic communities were demanding their ethnicity to be printed, while Pasthuns demanded "Afghan" only be printed. Eventually, Ashraf Ghani administration decided to add ethnic name next to Afghan on the new national identity card.[27][28][29]
Etymology[edit]
Etymologically, the term Afghan can be traced to the Persian term for "wailing" or a "raucous or lamenting cry" – feghān فغان.[30] Non-Pashtun communities consider the term as erasure of their identity. From a more limited, ethnological point of view, "Afḡhān" is the term by which the Persian-speakers of Afghanistan (and the non-Pashtō-speaking ethnic groups generally) designate the Pashtūn. The equation Afghans = Pashtūn has been propagated all the more, both in and beyond Afghanistan, because the Pashtūn tribal confederation is by far has maintained its hegemony in the country, numerically and politically.[31]
National identity[edit]
Afghanistan's early efforts to create a sort of national identity began in 1919, after receiving its independence from the Great Britain.[32] This was the time when Afghanistan completely regain control over its sovereignty. Especially, the Hazara people who are still considered second-class citizens.[33][34][35] After the fall of monarchy in 1973,[36] Mohammed Daoud Khan, a staunch partisan of Pashtunistan,[37] who saw the country not as Afghanistan but a Pashtunistan, a land uniting Pashtuns from NWFP and FATA with Afghanistan.[38][39][40] Despite implementing some social and educational progress,[41][42] he failed to create a national identity.[43] After the Saur Revolution, the central governments tried to advocate for a broader Afghan identity through the use of modern education, but their efforts met with limited success.[44] One of the most common hurdles for fostering a common national identity was the fact they ethnic groups such as Hazara, Uzbeks, or Tajiks could not identify with elements of an identity that had strong base in Pashtun ethnicity that ruled the country.[45][46][47]
References[edit]
- ↑ "Afghanistani Definitions | What does afghanistani mean? | Best 2 Definitions of Afghanistani". www.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ Bulut, Meryem; Şahin, Kadriye (2019-10-02). Anthropological Perspectives on Transnational Encounters in Turkey: War, Migration and Experiences of Coexistence. Transnational Press London. ISBN 978-1-912997-26-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Bezhan, Faridullah (2006). Afghanistani Storytelling and Writing: History, Performance and Forms. Monash Asia Institute. ISBN 978-1-876924-44-7. Search this book on
- ↑ Calendars, Country 2020 (2019-12-25). Made In Britain With Afghanistani Parts: Afghanistani 2020 Calender Gift For Afghanistani With There Heritage And Roots From Afghanistan. Independently Published. ISBN 978-1-6506-1917-0. Search this book on
- ↑ Rubin, Barnett R. (2013-05-09). Afghanistan in the Post-Cold War Era. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-979112-5. Search this book on
- ↑ Boon, Kristen; Lovelace, Douglas; Huq, Aziz Z. (2011). Al Qaeda, the Taliban, and Conflict in Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975825-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Calendars, Country 2020 (2019-12-25). Made In Britain With Afghanistani Parts: Afghanistani 2020 Calender Gift For Afghanistani With There Heritage And Roots From Afghanistan [check the title of this book, for instance]. Independently Published. ISBN 978-1-6506-1917-0. Search this book on
- ↑ Bezhan, Faridullah (2006). Afghanistani Storytelling and Writing: History, Performance and Forms [this book with title Afghanistani was published in 2006]. Monash Asia Institute. ISBN 978-1-876924-44-7. Search this book on
- ↑ "Afghanistani mother responds to pregnant Kiwi journalist's plea". 1 News. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
- ↑ "راهحلهای راهبردی برای پناهندگان افغانستانی [UNHCR Iran uses Afghanistani]". آژانس پناهندگان سازمان ملل در ایران (in فارسی). Retrieved 2022-05-26.
- ↑ Entezar, Ehsan M. (2008-01-04). Afghanistan 101: Understanding Afghan Culture. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4535-0152-8. Search this book on
- ↑ A Different Kind of War: The United States Army in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, October 2001 - September 2005. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-086914-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Ghani, Ashraf; Lockhart, Clare (2009). Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539861-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, Joanna (2020-02-06). "Afghanistan Ordinary state, failed state, or something else?". Journal of Modern Science. 43 (4): 101–117. doi:10.13166/jms/117976. ISSN 1734-2031. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Barfield, Thomas J. (2004-06-01). "Problems in establishing legitimacy in Afghanistan". Iranian Studies. 37 (2): 263–293. doi:10.1080/0021086042000268100. ISSN 0021-0862.
- ↑ Bearden, Bill (June 2000). "Washington awards contracts for Federal ID cards". Card Technology Today. 12 (6): 2. doi:10.1016/s0965-2590(00)06002-3. ISSN 0965-2590.
- ↑ "Afghanistan's identity crisis erupts on social media". The National. 2018-02-21. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, Joanna (2020-02-06). "Afghanistan Ordinary state, failed state, or something else?". Journal of Modern Science. 43 (4): 101–117. doi:10.13166/jms/117976. ISSN 1734-2031. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Afghanistan: Description and samples of the Tazkira booklet and the Tazkira certificate; information on security features". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "تذکره الکترونیکی | Ministry of communications & IT". mcit.gov.af. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "ولسی جرگه فرمان رئیس جمهور افغانستان در رابطه به "ثبت احوال نفوس" را رد کرد". رادیو آزادی. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "Who is an Afghan? Row over ID cards fuels ethnic tension". Reuters. 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "The Troubled History of the E-tazkera (Part 1): Political upheaval". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English (in پښتو). 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "The Troubled History of the E-tazkera (Part 2): Technical stumbling blocks". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English (in پښتو). 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "The Troubled History of the E-tazkera (Part 1): Political upheaval". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English (in پښتو). 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "Opposition Warns Ghani Against Unilateral Move". TOLOnews. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "The E-Tazkera Rift: Yet another political crisis looming?". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English (in پښتو). 2018-02-22. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "The Troubled History of the E-tazkera (Part 2): Technical stumbling blocks". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English (in پښتو). 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "Ghani's Decree on Electronic ID Cards Endorsed". TOLOnews. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ Manchanda, Nivi (2020-07-09). Imagining Afghanistan: The History and Politics of Imperial Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-87021-4. Search this book on
- ↑ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ Hyman, Anthony (1984-06-01). Afghanistan Under Soviet Domination, 1964-83. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-17443-0. Search this book on
- ↑ Gullette, David; Croix, Jeanne Féaux de la (2017-10-02). Everyday Energy Politics in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Citizens' Needs, Entitlements and Struggles for Access. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30253-7. Search this book on
- ↑ Silverstein, Jordana; Stevens, Rachel (2021-02-04). Refugee Journeys: Histories of Resettlement, Representation and Resistance. ANU Press. ISBN 978-1-76046-419-6. Search this book on
- ↑ Green, Nile (2017). Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29413-4. Search this book on
- ↑ Kakar, Hasan (1978). "The Fall of the Afghan Monarchy in 1973". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 9 (2): 195–214. doi:10.1017/S0020743800000064. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 162372.
- ↑ Breuilly, John (2013-03-07). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-920919-4. Search this book on
- ↑ Lieven, Anatol (2012-03-06). Pakistan: A Hard Country. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-162-7. Search this book on
- ↑ Dutt, Sagarika; Bansal, Alok (2013-06-17). South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61767-6. Search this book on
- ↑ Breuilly, John (2013-03-07). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-920919-4. Search this book on
- ↑ "Mohammad Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953-63". 2021-08-30. Archived from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "Mohammad Daud Khan | prime minister of Afghanistan | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ Kakar, Hasan (1978). "The Fall of the Afghan Monarchy in 1973". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 9 (2): 195–214. doi:10.1017/S0020743800000064. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 162372.
- ↑ An Afghan dilemma : education, gender and globalization in an Islamic context / Pia Karlsson & Amir Mansory. University of Arizona Libraries. 2007. doi:10.2458/azu_acku_lc910_a3_k37_2007. Search this book on
- ↑ Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, Joanna (2020-02-06). "Afghanistan Ordinary state, failed state, or something else?". Journal of Modern Science. 43 (4): 101–117. doi:10.13166/jms/117976. ISSN 1734-2031. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Education and Afghan society in the twentieth century / Saif R. Samady. University of Arizona Libraries. 2001. doi:10.2458/azu_acku_pamphlet_la1081_s36_2001. Search this book on
- ↑ "Events of 1288/March 1871–March 1872". History of Afghanistan. doi:10.1163/9789004256064_hao_com_000209. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
External Link[edit]
Afghanistan-International: Afghanistani Poets Outside Afghanistan
This article "Afghanistani" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Afghanistani. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
