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Al-Kaba'ir

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Template:Prod llm/dated

Not to be confused with Kitab al-Kaba'ir.

In Islam, Al-Kaba'ir (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., singular: Kabirah Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) refers to major sins, grave offenses, or heinous crimes. According to Islamic theology, God states in the Quran: "If you avoid the major sins which you are forbidden, We will remove from you your lesser sins and admit you to a noble entrance [into Paradise]" (4:31).[1] The Prophet Muhammad also stated: "The five daily prayers, and from one Friday prayer to the next, are an expiation for whatever sins come between them, so long as major sins are avoided."[2]

Islamic scholars hold differing views regarding the exact definition and total number of major sins. Some classical authorities restricted them to the "Seven Destructive Sins" (Al-Sab' al-Mubiqat), while others argued they number seventy, seven hundred, or encompass any act whose prohibition is unanimously agreed upon across all divine laws.

Among the most prominent definitions is that narrated from Ibn Abbas, Sa'id ibn Jubayr, and Hasan al-Basri, who defined a major sin as: "Any sin that Allah the Almighty has sealed with the threat of Hellfire, divine wrath, a curse, or punishment." This definition was adopted by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and strongly favored by classical jurists including Al-Qurtubi, Ibn Taymiyyah, and Al-Dhahabi.[3]

List of selected major sins

  1. Shirk (Associating partners with God): The Quran states: "Indeed, he who associates others with Allah - Allah has forbidden him Paradise, and his refuge is the Fire." (5:72).[4] The Prophet said: "Shall I not inform you of the greatest of the major sins? Associating partners with Allah."[5] Shirk is classified into two types: Major Shirk (worshipping others alongside God) and Minor Shirk (such as ostentation in worship, known as Riya).
  2. Unjust murder (Killing a soul forbidden by God): The Quran states: "But whoever kills a believer intentionally - his recompense is Hell, wherein he will abide eternally..." (4:93).[6] It is explicitly listed among the seven destructive sins in prophetic traditions.[5]
  3. Undutifulness to parents (Uquq al-Walidayn): The Prophet mentioned this among the greatest of the major sins.[5] He also stated that the pleasure of God is tied to the pleasure of the parents.[7]
  4. Abandoning the prescribed prayers: The Quran warns of those who "neglected prayer and pursued desires - so they will meet evil" (19:59). The Prophet said: "The covenant between us and them is the prayer, so whoever abandons it has disbelieved."[8]
  5. Withholding Zakat (Almsgiving): The Quran states: "And woe to those who associate others with Him—those who do not give Zakat..." (Fussilat: 6-7). Failure to pay is established as a major sin entailing physical punishment in the afterlife.[9]
  6. Practicing Magic or Sorcery (Sihr): The Quran states: "But the devils disbelieved, teaching people magic" (2:102). It is listed among the seven destructive sins.[5]
  7. Zina (Adultery and fornication): The Quran states: "And do not approach unlawful sexual intercourse..." (17:32). The Prophet noted that full faith departs from an individual while actively committing adultery.[10]
  8. Sodomitic practices (Liwat): Condemned in the Quran through the narrative of the people of Lot (7:80). The Prophet stated: "May Allah curse the one who does the action of the people of Lot."[11]
  9. Riba (Usury/Interest): The Quran states: "O you who have believed, fear Allah and give up what remains [due to you] of interest..." (2:278-279). The Prophet cursed the consumer, payer, writer, and witnesses of usury.[12]
  10. Consuming the wealth of an orphan unjustly: The Quran states: "Indeed, those who consume the property of orphans unjustly are only consuming into their bellies Fire" (4:10). It is classified among the seven destructive sins.[5]
  11. Lying about God and His Messenger: The Quran mentions: "And on the Day of Resurrection you will see those who lied about Allah to have their faces blackened" (39:60). The Prophet said: "Whoever tells a lie against me intentionally, let him occupy his seat in the Hellfire."[13]
  12. Arrogance, pride, and vanity: The Quran states: "Indeed, He does not like the arrogant" (16:23). The Prophet said: "He who has a grain of arrogance in his heart will not enter Paradise."[14]
  13. Bearing false witness (Shahadat al-Zur): The Prophet warned that false witness is among the greatest of major sins, repeating it multiple times to emphasize its gravity.[5]
  14. Drinking Alcohol: The Prophet cursed alcohol and ten categories of people associated with its production, trade, and consumption.[15]
  15. Gambling (Maysir): Categorized alongside intoxicants in the Quran as "defilement from the work of Satan" (5:90).
  16. Slandering chaste women (Qadhf): The Quran states: "Indeed, those who accuse chaste, unaware and believing women are cursed in this world and the Hereafter" (24:23). It is classified among the seven destructive sins.[5]
  17. Theft: Condemned in the Quran (5:38). Prophetic traditions note that a thief does not possess complete faith while actively committing theft.[16]
  18. Highway robbery or banditry: Strongly prohibited with specific severe penalties outlined in the Quran (5:33).
  19. The Perjurious Oath (Yameen al-Ghamous): An intentional false oath used to usurp rights. The Prophet said: "Whoever takes a false oath to deprive a Muslim of his property will meet Allah while He is angry with him."[17]
  20. Oppression and Injustice (Zulm): The Prophet said: "Beware of oppression, for oppression will be darkness on the Day of Resurrection."[18]
  21. Suicide: The Quran states: "And do not kill yourselves [or one another]. Indeed, Allah is to you ever Merciful" (4:29-30).
  22. Habitual lying: The Prophet stated: "Lying leads to wickedness, and wickedness leads to the Hellfire..."[19]
  23. Ruling by other than what God revealed: Based on the Quranic text: "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the disbelievers" (5:44).
  24. Cross-dressing (Men imitating women and vice versa): The Prophet cursed men who imitate women and women who imitate men.[20]
  25. The Dayyouth (A complacent cuckold): The Prophet stated that the dayyouth (one who lacks protective jealousy over their household's morality) will not enter Paradise.[21]
  26. Neglecting proper hygiene from urine: The Prophet noted that a person was being punished in his grave because he "did not protect himself from being soiled by his urine."[22]
  27. Treason and Breach of Trust (Khiyanah): The Quran states: "And Allah does not guide the plan of betrayers" (12:52).
  28. Seeking sacred knowledge solely for worldly gain and concealing it: The Prophet stated that whoever learns sacred knowledge purely for worldly advantage will not smell the fragrance of Paradise.[23]
  29. Reminding people of one's charity (Al-Mann): The Quran admonishes: "O you who have believed, do not invalidate your charities with reminders or injury" (2:264).
  30. Spying or Eavesdropping (Tajassus): Prohibited in Surah Al-Hujurat (49:12). The Prophet warned against surreptitiously listening to the private talk of others.[24]
  31. Talebearing / Backbiting (Gheebah and Namimah): The Prophet noted that talebearing (carrying tales to cause division) causes punishment in the grave.[25]
  32. Cursing others unlawfully: The Prophet stated: "Cursing a believer is like killing him."[26]
  33. Believing soothsayers, fortunetellers, or astrologers: The Prophet said: "Whoever visits a fortuneteller or a soothsayer and believes in what he says has disbelieved in what was revealed to Muhammad."[27]
  34. Marital discord or rebellion by a wife without justification (Nushuz): Prophetic traditions state that if a woman refuses her husband's bed without a valid reason, causing him anger, the angels curse her until morning.[28]
  35. Harming one's neighbor: The Prophet stated: "He will not enter Paradise whose neighbor is not secure from his harm."[29]
  36. A ruler deceiving or abusing his subjects: The Prophet stated that any ruler who dies while deceiving his subjects will be forbidden entry into Paradise.[30]
  37. Eating or drinking from gold or silver vessels: The Prophet said: "He who eats or drinks from a gold or silver vessel is only filling his stomach with the fire of Hell."[31]
  38. Men wearing silk garments or gold jewelry: The Prophet noted that these are forbidden for Muslim men in this life, preserving them for the afterlife.[32]
  39. Arguing or disputing maliciously in falsehood: The Prophet said: "Whoever disputes in falsehood while knowing it, remains under the wrath of Allah until he ceases."[33]
  40. Defrauding in weights and measures: Condemned in the Quran: "Woe to those who give less [than due]" (Al-Mutaffifin: 1).
  41. Feeling secure from the plan of God (Security in sin): The Quran warns: "Then did they feel secure from the plan of Allah? But no one feels secure from the plan of Allah except the losing people" (7:99).
  42. Declaring a fellow Muslim an apostate (Takfir): The Prophet warned: "If a man says to his brother, 'O disbeliever,' then it returns to one of them."[34]
  43. Deliberately abandoning the Friday congregational prayer (Jumu'ah): The Prophet warned that Allah would seal the hearts of those who habitually skip Friday prayers out of negligence.[35]
  44. Plotting, scheming, and deception: The Quran states: "But the evil plot encompasses only him who makes it" (35:43).
  45. Insulting or reviles the Companions of the Prophet (Sahaba): The Prophet said: "Do not revile my Companions, for by Him in Whose Hand is my soul, if one of you were to spend the like of Mount Uhud in gold, it would not reach a handful of one of them..."[36]
  46. Wailing loudly over the deceased (Niyahah): The Prophet categorized loud lamentation and challenging lineages as practices rooted in pre-Islamic ignorance.[37]
  47. Altering boundary markers or land signs: The Prophet said: "May Allah curse the one who changes the boundary lines of the land (to steal property)."[38]
  48. Unlawful body modifications (Cosmetic changes altering creation): Prophetic traditions curse individuals who perform or receive tattooing, hair extensions using human hair, hair plucking (eyebrow thinning), or artificial filing of teeth for beauty.[39]
  49. Violating the sanctity of the Holy Sanctuary in Mecca (Al-Haram): The Quran warns of severe punishment for those who intend deviation or wrongdoing therein (22:25).
  50. Breaking the fast of Ramadan without an excuse, and neglecting Hajj despite capability: These constitute violations of the foundational Five Pillars of Islam.[40]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Surah An-Nisa 4:31, Sahih International translation.
  2. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 2, Hadith 16 (Continuous numbering: Hadith 450).
  3. ↑ A.J. Wensinck (1974). "Kabīra". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 4. Brill. pp. 344–345. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3711.
  4. ↑ Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:72, Sahih International translation.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 2654; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 89.
  6. ↑ Surah An-Nisa 4:93, Sahih International translation.
  7. ↑ Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Hadith 1899; authenticated by Ibn Hibban.
  8. ↑ Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Hadith 2621; Sunan al-Nasa'i, Hadith 463.
  9. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 1403.
  10. ↑ Sunan Abi Dawud, Hadith 4690; Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 2475.
  11. ↑ Sunan al-Nasa'i (Al-Sunan al-Kubra), Hadith 7337; Musnad Ahmad, Hadith 2915.
  12. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Hadith 1598.
  13. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 110; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 3.
  14. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Hadith 91.
  15. ↑ Sunan Abi Dawud, Hadith 3674; Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 3380.
  16. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 2475; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 57.
  17. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 2673; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 138.
  18. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2578.
  19. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 6094; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2607.
  20. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 5885.
  21. ↑ Sunan al-Nasa'i, Hadith 2562; Musnad Ahmad, Hadith 5372.
  22. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 218; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 292.
  23. ↑ Sunan Abi Dawud, Hadith 3664; Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 252.
  24. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 7042.
  25. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 6052; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 292.
  26. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 6105; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 110.
  27. ↑ Musnad Ahmad, Hadith 9536; Sunan Abi Dawud, Hadith 3904.
  28. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 3237; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 1436.
  29. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Hadith 46.
  30. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 7150; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 142.
  31. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2065.
  32. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2069; Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 5831.
  33. ↑ Sunan Abi Dawud, Hadith 3597.
  34. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 6103; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 60.
  35. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Hadith 865.
  36. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 3673; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2541.
  37. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Hadith 934.
  38. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Hadith 1978.
  39. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 5931; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2125.
  40. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 8; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 16.


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