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Amhara genocide

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


The Amhara genocide is an ongoing systematic massacre of ethnic Amhara and Agew people in Ethiopia since 1990.[1][2] Large-scale killings and grave human rights violations followed the implementation of the ethnic-federalist system in the Country.[3] IIn most of the cases, the atrocities were silent with perpetrators from various ethno-militant groups- from Tigray TPLF/TDF,[4] Oromo OLF/OLA[5] OLF/OLA (Shene or Oneg)[6], and the Gumuz[7] armed groups.[8] armed groups.[9] Ethnic-based attacks against the Amhara and the crackdown on its intellectuals and leaders have been reported,[10] with mass graves still being discovered in various locations. [11] These events are active.[12] Many from the victim side stated that attempts to investigate and to uncovering data exposed them to various persecution challenges.[13][14][15] However, the results of two consecutive National Census Analyses, reporting revealed that over 2 million Amhara could not be traced- this figure reflects the ongoing mass massacres and enforced disappearances of the Amhara for decades.[16][17] The actual number is expected to be higher.[18][14]

A report by the CIA, [19] describes the Liberation Front groups[20] as “insurgents” that were committed to independence from the central Ethiopian government- with the TPLF group itself seeking Tigray “autonomy or hegemony.[21] The TPLF Manifesto[22][23] is criticized for incorporating polarizing contents that “symbolize”[24] Amhara as the responsible ethnic group for socio-economical, and country-level political and historical issues.[25] Previous “rivalries” between ethnic Amhara and Tigre (Tigrean) are mentioned in the same report as:

“..For centuries the Amhara and Tigre royal houses vied with one another for control of the country and recognition as the Legitimate defender of Ethiopian culture and religious orthodoxy.[26] This presentation of both Amhara and Tigre as a “One Religion” group, Orthodox Christians is characterized as the narrative that contradicts historical records.[27] The CIA report also referenced, how the Tigray TPLF leaders had “stressed the historical Tigrean resentment of the Amhara.

At the end of the 17 years communist era, the ethno-nationalist Liberation Fronts, which were formed in March 1975[28] took power in 1991.[29] The subsequent mass violence against ordinary Amhara, its intellectuals, and civic leaders started around early 1990 with the armed groups occupying many parts of the country.[30][31] However, the scale and frequency of attacks intensified when the insurgent groups controlled full power.[32] The Tigray TPLF became the dominant-minority leader,[33] and ruled the country for 27 years as a “coalition” EPRDF leader- a political entity that evolved from the Marxist-Leninist rebels movement. However, this TPLF-led regime collapsed in 2018 with a year-long mass protests, a series of unrests, and due to election-related and administrative tensions built throughout its ruling period.[34]

Following the EPRDF political reform, the Oromo-dominated Prosperity Party secured the position to rule the country in 2018,[35] with the exclusion of TPLF [36] from the Party due to reported power conflicts. This led to the 2020/2021 “Tigray war” with alleged atrocities in the region.  Reports revealed that the Tigray “Samri” youth groups massacred the Amhara in the TPLF-annexed town of Mai-Kadra.[37] After 9 months of fighting with governmental forces, the Tigray rebels invaded Amhara and Afar regions,[38] causing severe destructions that are reported as serious war crimes against civilians.[39] [40] Reports show that both the regime change and events of the war expanded the map and volume of the Amhara mass killings in many regions- Oromia, Benishangul-Gumuz/Metekel, Tigray, Southern SNNPR, and Amhara.[41]

Highlight on Amhara[edit]

Historically, the Amhara people live in all parts of Ethiopia, and more than 80 percent of them are traditional farmers. Among other groups, Amhara contributed to the Nation's Building, and the long historical accounts of the country.[42][43] Agriculture is the main source of Ethiopia's nutrition and Amhara farmers produce significant volume. Similar to the rest of the country, the Amhara people have been stricken by drought therefore most of them are still living below the poverty line.[44][45][46]

Perpetrators[edit]

The controversial section in the 1994 constitution [47] “ethnic self-determination to secede from the nation,[48] is described by scholars as the root cause of ethnic-based violence in the country.[49][50][51] Witness statements disclosed that the perpetrators were generally organized, in some cases they can be identified by the victims, and in others, the attackers were unknown to them. The actors demonstrated mixed motives- ethnic origin, religious origin, or both. The majority of the armed groups mobilize from region to region with local government officials allegedly collaborating with them.[52]

  • Oromo OLF/OLA perpetrators also known as Shane/Shene or Oneg. The Oromo Qeerroo (Querro) youth groups are also accused of collaborating with this group. Mobility between various regions- Oromia, Hararghe, Addis Ababa area and Amhara is documented[53][54]
  • Tigray TPLF/TDF/Samri in the TPLF-annexed Amhara lands of Wolkait/Welkait/Welkayit and its surroundings, and the Amhara region[55]
  • Gumuz extremist in Benishangul-Gumuz/Metekel region[56][57]
  • Various actors in the Southern SNNPR region and other places[58][59]


Timeline and Phases[edit]

The Amhara genocidal process can be classified into four phases:

  1. The Pre-1991 rebels movement can be characterized as a phase of Manifesto preparation that influenced the Ethnic-Federalist Constitution, This includes reprisal and “Gorilla” war
  2. The launch of massacres across many regions under the Tigray, TPLF/TDF -dominated ruling, between 1991 and 2018
  3. The scaled-up simultaneous mass killings in many regions under the Oromo-dominated Prosperity Party ruling began in 2018, and
  4. Expansion of Amhara killings with the Northern Ethiopia war since November 2020

Phase 1. The Manifesto[edit]

There are over 80 ethnic groups in Ethiopia that have been living together through history. In the 1970s, ethno-nationalist groups emerged with TPLF taking the leadership and drafting the Manifesto with Marxist–Leninist ideology,[22] with key interest in Regional Autonomy, Self-Rule, and for some, Hegemony.[60] The major associations were TPLF (Tigray People's Liberation Front), OLF/OLA (Oromo Liberation Front/ Oromo Liberation Army), EPLF (Eritrean People's Liberation Front), and WSLF (Western Somalia Liberation Front).[61]

Rhetoric versus historical accounts[edit]

Contents in the Manifesto doctrine are accused of divisive anti-Amhara rhetoric- for the portrayal of the group as the "all-time sole ruler” of the Country.[62][63][64] This is criticized by the group and taken as a political mechanism that is used for introducing ethnic sensitivities between various groups. In the South Eastern and South Western parts of Ethiopia, those with Oromo or/ and “Oromized”  backgrounds also exercised ruling outside of their traditional jurisdictions including in the semi-northcentral part of the country where Amhara and others lived.[65] Records show that the era of Zemene-Mesafint and on-wards central governance was diverse.[66][67] The aggression of the Oromo that followed the Islamic invasions in the 16th century and subsequent Oromo settlements to central Ethiopia brought some changes to parts of the historical jurisdictions occupied by Amhara and others- renaming of lands, and rivalry. The documented Oromo assimilation and expansion mechanisms involve “Mogassa and Gudifecha,[68][69][70] typically described by the member of the group as "adoption of other ethnic groups." The assimilating process involves the "Unbreakable" Oath:

“I hate what you hate, I like what you like, I fight whom you fight, I go where you go, I chase whom you chase, etc... This oath was binding and 'unbreakable' on both sides"[71] [72]

There are over 56 ethnic constituents mainly in the Southern region. The groups have been practicing ancient customs to elect leaders of their own and to maintain traditions. Historians recorded exceptional cases in which several tribes were assimilated/Oromized into the Oromo group.[73][74] Natural ethnic tensions and ruling rivalries existed through history. However, the complex groups developed traditional approaches to living together. Despite divisive rhetoric, in most instances, collaborative customs between the various ethnicities have been practiced, and most “unified” when major national threats were projected against Ethiopia.[75]

Phase 2. Article 39 & the 27 years TPLF-ruling[edit]

In 1991 the Tigray TPLF-dominated ethno-nationalist ruling was established as the EPRDF coalition.[76][77] Following this event, the ethnic-federalism constitution was ratified in 1994/1995, and ethnic-based regional demarcations effected subsequently.[78] The constitution consists of a very controversial Article 39, “Nations, Nationalist, and People Self-determination” - that grants “unconditional rights” for any ethnic group to secede, and form own “Nation.” [79][80] During this phase, ideologies of ethnic federalism were thought of in schools and promoted in the media. Scholars describe this system as the root cause of heightened ethnic sensitivity, polarization, and division.[81][82]

Annexations[edit]

The “Greater Tigray autonomy”[83][84][85] that was designed by the TPLF involved the annexation of lands from neighboring Amhara provinces: Gonder and Bethe-Amhara Wollo, with a coastal possession strategy from Eritrea.[86][87] The expansions into the Amhara became effective when the TPLF took power. The annexed lands include Raya/Alamata, and Welakyit/Welkayit,[88][89][90] and its surroundings; the latter was renamed “Western Tigray.”

Following the Northern Ethiopia war, the Amhara regained access to the Welkayit land however, tension is reported in the area. Metekel is also annexed to the Benishangul-Gumuz region from Gojjam, Amhara.[91][92] Similarly, Dera and its surroundings in Shewa are also forcefully administered under the Oromia region.[93][94] The annexations are protested by the Amhara and described as systematic measures taken for accessing various types of resources in the Amhara region. One instance is the "Tana Beles" project that incorporated the Lake Tana, and Beles rivers of the Nile- both are part of the Amhara region. In addition, GERD became the largest Nile hydroelectric project known to the country with significant geopolitical influence on the Horn of Africa.[95][96] With the ongoing large-scale violence against those who live in the annexed regions, many Amhara expressed grave concern for the lack of political and economic representations, and fear for their security.[97]

Massacres & crackdowns[edit]

Throughout the 27 years TPLF-dominated ruling, massacres and systematic destructions against the Amhara were reported in various regions- Oromia, Benishangul-Gumuz, SNNP and Tigray. Documentation showed early mass killings of the Amhara started in 1990 in the Assosa Zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz region.[98][99] Shortly after TPLF controlled power in 1991- mass violence and crackdowns on Amhara intellectuals and its public figures launched. Professor and Surgeon Asrat Woldeyes along with other members of the All Amhara People Organization (AAPO),[100] were imprisoned and abused.[101][102] Restriction on timely medical treatment is described to be the main cause of his death. The "repressive" Tigray TPLF[103] ruled for nearly three decades with multiple reported rigged elections.[104][105] that led to mass killings of innocent people in Addis Ababa, abuses and torture against journalists & public figures in various regions, including Amhara.[106]

Phase 3. Transition to the Oromo-dominated Prosperity Party ruling[edit]

Reports showed that many hoped for peace when the TPLF-dominated regime was replaced with a new Prime minister, Abiy Ahmed Ali, who was also the 2019 Nobel Peace prize awardee. He came to power[107] from the Oromo Democratic Party (ODP), and that he serves as a chairman. Some expressed concerns over his administration for dominating Oromo-based power in his council and ministerial circles.[108][109][110]

State Incitements & organized perpetrators[edit]

Oromia reportedly became one of the hostile regions for the Amhara since the ethno-nationalist groups took power. The Abiy administrative decisions to bring back the exiled, armed Oromo OLF/OLA rebels[111] and controversial diaspora activists were condemned for hate speeches and due to the subsequent launch of the Amhara killings. Similar OLF/OLA groups carried out massacres in the 1990s.  Highly criticized hate remarks were made openly by the President of the Oromo region, Mr. Shimelis Abdissa at a large Oromo public gathering. His speech, “we broke the Neftegna (Amhara)” was broadcast on national television.[112] Such incitements are believed to be the reason for the launch of waves of violence against Amhara in many regions, with no obvious punitive measures and for the lack of formal acknowledgments from officials.[113]

The Burayu and Shashemene massacres[edit]

In September 2018, in the outskirt of Addis Ababa, the Burayu non-Oromo residents from Dorzes, Gamos, Wolayitas, and other ethnicities including Amhara and others were reportedly massacred by the Oromo Querro youth groups. This was one of the first violence that occurred after Abiy took power.[114] Reports show that the perpetrators demonstrated mixed motives- ethnic origin, religious origin, or both. With the 2019 Shashemene massacre in Oromia, witness statements revealed that the “mob” attackers were coordinated. Primarily the Amhara,[115][116] and Orthodox Christians- from other ethnic groups from Guraghe, Wolayita, Tigre, Oromo, and other groups were killed in these violence.[117][118] Due to this mass killings, Christian religious leaders were abused and killed, churches turned to ashes, and treasures and literary works were destroyed. Similar heinous acts were orchestrated in many regions by the various perpetrators. Witness statements disclosed that the killers demanded conversion to Islam when executing Christians.[119] The mass violence started following the assassination of an Oromo singer, Hachalu Hundessa.[120] The shooter was not disclosed at the time of the attack. As a result of this mass violence, over 200 people were massacred by armed Oromo groups with no clear punitive measures.[121] The government accused the OLF/OLA rebels for these massacres.[122]

Abductions and series of massacres[edit]

Another mass murder occurred in Oromia when a controversial political elite, Jawar Mohammed, made a social media call to his supporters, complaining government's decision to remove the personal guards assigned to him.[123] Following his call at night, organized Oromo actors came out and reportedly massacred Amhara- at least 86 people were killed.[124][125] In parallel to the mass killings in Oromia,[126] the abduction of 17 University Amhara students in 2019 by the OLA/OLF armed groups from Dembi Dolo University, and in other places were also reported. The families of these girls communicated that their children never returned.[127] This case is open with no obvious action from officials. Other forms of abductions- Amhara kidnapping in Wollega, Oromia, and other OLF/OLA-attacked parts of the Amhara regions. In addition, series of mass killings and displacements of Amhara, Agew, and other groups, have been reported in the Benishangul-Gumuz/Metekel, and the Southern SNNP regions.[128]

The Ataye massacre[edit]

Multiple attacks have been launched by the OLF/OLA groups with aggression to the Amhara region, Northern Shewa- in Efratana Gidim, and Kewet.[129] [94][130] The attacks included door-to-door mass executions in Ataye, Shewarobit, Jebwuha, Senbete, Majete, and the surrounding villages.[131] Ataye was once a vibrant Amhara business and a tourist city before the multiple attacks carried out in 2020. The three consecutive mass violence within a short time reportedly “ruined” the majority of the city.[132][133][134] Ataye was in the process of recovering from the destruction when the 3rd TPLF-OLF joint attacks occurred in 2021.[135] Similarly, Majete and the surrounding towns were also reportedly pillaged frequently by the OLA/OLF groups.[136] Witness statements revealed that perpetrators were equipped with snipers and artilleries and killed many Amhara.[137][138] Locals and IDPs allege the killers systematic collaborations with local State Officials.[139] Experts associate these frequent attacks in the Northern Shewa with acts of expansion and ethnic cleansing.[140] In April 2021, a series of demonstrations were held with a lead slogan, “Beka or በቃ or No More” took place in the Amhara region asking government officials for protective measures. This followed the waves of massacres that reportedly occurred against the Amhara in multiple locations. In response to these events, arbitrary detention and abuses were reported.[141]

Annexation, ethnic restructuring and violence in Addis Ababa[edit]

At the start of the 2018 Prosperity ruling, attacks in and around Addis Ababa, the Capital of Ethiopia, began with the Burayu mass killings of non-Oromo residents,[142] which caused many to flee the area.[114] Forced removal of the Amhara,[143] property destructions, frequent attacks against residents by the Oromo Querro youth,[144] police shootings, murders, and abuses of those turnout to public & religious celebrations, with Green-Yellow-Red tri-color cloth or items, are some of the reported violence against citizens.[145] Serious concerns have been expressed against the controversial aggressive annexation mechanisms of the Capital Addis Ababa to the Oromia region.[146][147] Analyses indicate that the “Special interest” claim of the regime is tied with terms agreed upon between some ethno-nationalist groups, before coming to power. Some of the actions include the enforcement of new policies and systematic administrative changes to Addis Ababa and its surrounding jurisdictions.[148] These measures have faced resistance from residents, and civil voices- the Balderas Party. Previously disclosed annexations following the 1994 TPLF regional demarcation included forceful integrations of Welkayit/Welkait/Wolkait and Raya/Alamata to Tigray,[149][150] the Metekel land to Benishangul-Gumuz,[151][92] and the Amhara land in Shewa, also known as Dera, to the Oromia region.[152][93]

Phase 4. The Northern Ethiopia War: Invasions to Amhara and Afar[edit]

Reports show that the scale of mass killings in the high-risk regions, Oromia & Benishangul-Gumuz/Metekel regions intensified with the parallel “Northern Ethiopia” war that began in November 2020. At the start of the war, the Samri TPLF youth groups reportedly executed between 600 and 1500 Amhara in Mai-Kadra town.[153] After 9 months of fighting in the Tigray region, the TPLF forces invaded Amhara and Afar in late June and August 2021- massacring civilians under their custody.[154] Reports exposed that villages burned down, sexual violence committed against women & children, farm animals killed, institutions and service centers ransacked, and harvests burned down.[155] Over 2 million IDPs[156] fled to the south but those who stayed behind were gang-raped at gunpoint, looted, and abused.[157] Witness accounts also exposed Tigray rebels for coercing Amhara children as front-line war shields.Witness accounts also exposed Tigray rebels for coercing Amhara children as front-line war shields.[158][159] The government was criticized for underestimating the Tigray forces while the attacks continued in both Amhara and Afar regions.[160][161]

“Strategic retreat” directives[edit]

Those who fought against the Tigray TPLF rebels in the Amhara region stated that they were ambushed with military directives, which led the TPLF/TDF forces to advance.[162][163] Some of the accusations include Oromo extremists' infiltration into key federal military positions. Questionable commands including for fighters to retreat south, leaving weapons and armored vehicles behind, are heavily criticized.[164] In December 2021, numerous international organizations made calls to their citizens for urgent evacuation from Ethiopia, while the TPLF rebels moved towards Addis Ababa.[165] In Bethe-Amhara Wollo, Northern Shewa, and Afar regions, the Tigray TPLF and the Oromo OLF/OLA armed militants carried out joint attacks against Afar and Amhara.[166] Recovery from the brutal destructions in both regions is estimated to take years.[167]

Afar and the Southern minorities[edit]

There are over 80 ethnic groups in Ethiopia.[168] However, most other ethnic minorities are relatively small in number, lack fair representations in the political and military structure, and remain at risk of silent atrocities and possible cultural genocide.[169][170][171] As an exception, the Tigray minority had dominated government powers for 27 years and reportedly committed the 2003 Gambella, the minority Anuak, and the Ogaden mass killings.[172][173] With the new Oromo-dominated regime, serious concerns have been expressed for the Amaro or/Korre ethnic group and other Southerners.[174][175] Challenges include coercing the groups, and enforcing assimilation mechanisms.[176][177]

Tigray forces shelled the Afar region in July 2021 to control the Djibouti-Ethiopia link but faced heavy resistance.[178][179] Repeated attacks were launched on Afar pastoralists, civilians mass murdered, with cases of weapon-induced children's body burns, looting, and ransacking of institutions.[180][181][182] Following TPLF's defeat and withdrawal, reports covered that the invaders discarded explosives in public areas- due to that Afar children are killed and maimed.[183][184][185]

The Alleged crimes against the Amhara[edit]

The decades-long alleged crimes against the Amhara are referenced in the UN Genocide Convention[186] and the ICC Rome Statute[187] articles.[13][14][15]

I. Genocidal Acts (Article 6 of the Rome Statute)[edit]

The reported violence include ethnically-motivated gruesome mass killings of the Amhara through organized attacks across various regions in Ethiopia,[188] causing serious bodily[189] and mental harm,[190][191] using rape, and different forms of sexual violence that led to enforced pregnancies, and other types of harms.[192] Killing with dismemberment, immolation, point-blank executions, and enforced miscarriages with laceration are some of the characteristics.[193] Cases of deliberate population reduction mechanisms with induced sterilization,[194] and creating deplorable living conditions in the annexed and outside of the Amhara region by preventing them from accessing medical treatments[195] are also documented. Other actions include the enforced removal of Amhara[196] by burning their homes, harvest, and looting farm animals with the destruction of hospitals, schools, water sources, and necessities.[197][198] Additionally, witnesses reported prohibition from speaking and learning their language in the annexed and other regions.[199][200][201]

II. Crimes Against Humanity (Article 7 of the Rome Statute)[edit]

In Mai-Kadra, Amhara residents were given orders to stay in the house before they were hacked and looted.[202] Researchers from Gondar University exhumed thousands of bodies in the Welkayit/Welkait zone- where Amhara were annexed for over 27 years by the Tigray TPLF forces. In other regions, Amhara were also buried using excavators and their mass graves are yet to be exhumed.[203] Survivors and witness statements reveal that perpetrators were organized- brought name lists,[204] and carried out door-to-door executions in Shashemene and various Oromia zones. In other events, statements showed that they separated the Amhara from other groups for mass executions.[205] Some actors targeted Orthodox Christians and people with lighter skin complexation. However, in other situations both Muslims and Christian Amhara were murdered and buried together against their religious practices. Amhara are also victims of abductions, enforced removal and disappearances,[206] torture, enslavement, blockades, and detentions.[207][208] Rape, sexual violence that led to enforced pregnancies, and infertility sterilization are reported.[209] Deplorable living conditions and causing preventable death with denials from accessing treatments for malaria and other type of infectious diseases are documented.[210][211] Other systematic oppressions such as persecution, physical and mental abuses with arbitrary imprisonments are reported.[212]

III. War Crimes (Article 8 of the Rome Statute)[edit]

In addition to the Mai-Kadra massacre, Tigray forces invaded Amhara and executed civilians since June 2021.[213] Reports disclose that women and children were gang-raped at gunpoint,[214] with cases accompanied by "sadistic acts, physical abuse/torture, and verbal abuse/dehumanization including regular use of ethnic slurs and humiliation which inflicted irreparable physical and psychological trauma on survivors” - some victims died due to this specific violence. In addition, civilian properties were pillaged, and schools & health facilities, villages, towns, cities, farm animals, harvests, and religious institutions were ransacked.[215] Witness accounts also exposed Tigray rebels for coercing Amhara children as front-line war shields.[158][159] The Oromo OLF/OLA armed groups created an alliance with the Tigray TPLF rebels and pillaged many towns. The attacks caused the displacement of millions of Amhara, Agew, and Afar people.[216][217][218] Mass graves of the victims are still being discovered in many shelled towns and villages.[219]

Massacres by region[edit]

Region/Province Zone/District/County
Oromia, Hararghe & Western Shewa Wollega: East, West, Horo Gudru, Kelem and others

East Hararghe: Gelemso, Anchar, Daro Lebu, Wefi Dance and others

West Hararghe: Gara Muleta, Asebot Monastery, Gelemso, Bedeno, Weter and others

Arusi (Arsi): Shashemene, Arba Gugu and others

Bale

Jimma

Ambo & surroundings

Benishangul-Gumuz Assosa

Metekel Kamashi

Annexed-lands in Tigray Welkayit/Welkait/Wolkait: Mai-Kadra and others
Amhara (War-related & other situations) North Shewa: Efratana Gidim and Kewet, Antsokiya Gemzu

Gonder: Gonder city, North and South Gonder

Bahir Dar city

Bethe-Amhara Wollo: North and South Wollo

Southern SNNPR Gura Ferda and othes
Others In Afar/Amhara boarder: Abay Negeso and Zone 5

Gambela

Somali

National and international reactions[edit]

The Ethiopian Human Rights Commission reports are generally taken as credible with some questions of independence.[220][221] Various groups expressed that the State-owned media of providing limited coverage for the violence in the Oromia and Benishangul-Gumuz/Metekel regions,[222] while selectively uncovering the attacks by Tigray forces.[223][224] On the other hand, independent press and voices are frequently exposed to arbitrary arrests and disappearances.[225] The OLA/OLF atrocities in the 1990s against the Amhara people in Arba Gugu, Harer, and across the Oromia region were given some coverage by rights groups.[226] However, victims expressed that recent violations have given limited and delayed coverage, with low IDPs support.[227] Some international media and rights groups were expelled following government accusations and related social media disinformation, with details of the Northern Ethiopia war.[228] The Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch reports on the Northern Ethiopia war have been criticized for “biased” statements in favor of the Tigray TPLF/TDF rebels and quality was questioned by the opposing groups.[229][230] Similarly, some media outlets have been accused of “misusing” the Amhara and Afar data and for reporting them as Tigray stories.[231][232] Advocates expressed issues against some Social Media “censorship” and account suspensions due to mass reporting from opponent groups. On the other hand, communities stated that these platforms have been used to incite hate speeches. Tailored investigative mechanisms are encouraged for foreign language posts. Amhara mass killings were triggered by a social media call made by an Oromo activist, Jawar Mohammed. Following his post at night, organized perpetrators came out and reportedly massacred at least 86 people.[233][234]

The “#NoMore” campaign[edit]

In April 2021, human rights demonstrations took place in the Amhara region using a social movement slogan, “Beka or በቃ or NoMore.[235] In late 2021, the same slogan has been used by “Pan-African” activists to campaign against Western measures against the ruling Prosperity Party- protesting the HR 6600 and other USA bills.[236][237] However, the victim side criticized the movement as a State-funded, politically motivated, selective campaign that “ignored” the mass violence and abuses in the country. This movement reportedly reduced its effort following the release of high-profile Tigray TPLF/TDF and Oromo OLA/OLF political prisoners in January 2021, with possible peace negotiation and amnesty.[238][239]

Recommendations[edit]

Preventative measures and Early-warning efforts are expected to limit further destruction of targeted ethnic groups. The diasporas and others in the country made calls to the rights, humanitarian, accountability, and other influential groups to take action. Although the Amhara massacres have been going on for over thirty years, many expressed that the case didn’t receive enough campaign and media coverage. However, due to the scale and frequency of the attacks, progress is observed in the number of reports. Despite political interest or country profile, such “marginalized” human rights cases require timely cause-effect assessment- for the implementation of effective preventative measures, accountability mechanisms, and providing humanitarian needs.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ For Genocide report until 2015, see Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018.https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf More details in the Amharic book: ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
    • For US Department of State report on Arba Gugu massacre, see https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1008303.html "In the campaign for the June local and regional elections, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia was linked to numerous, gruesome, politically motivated killings. Credible allegations spread in May and June that the Oromo People's Democratic Organization, an affiliate of the EPRDF, was responsible for the massacre of Amhara nationals in Arbagugu and in other towns in May and June."
    • For UNHCR Arba Gugu Amhara massacre report, see "Ethiopia: Information on the treatment of Amharas in Addis Ababa". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
    • For the Human Rights Watch report on early phase of Amhara massacre by Oromo OLF/OLA, see "Afw". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
    • For the early Asosa/ Assosa massacre, see EPLF - refers to the Eritrean People's Liberation Front which has now set up a provisional government in Eritrea. This secessionist organization today dictates Ethiopia's politics through its ally - the EPRDF=TPLF) - which it has helped in coming to power. The EPLF today engineers the complete disintegration of Ethiopia on ethnic lines so that strong Ethiopia may never emerge to pose any challenge or problem to its secessionist project. It should be remembered that the EPLF along with the OLF forces was instrumental in the genocide of 300 innocent AMHARAS in Assosa in January 1990. http://www.ethiopians.com/arsima.html
    • For the Genocide Compilation video, see [Must Watch] Genocide of Amharas. Retrieved 2022-05-10 – via YouTube.
    • For UN Genocide Convention page, see "United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect". United Nations. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
    • For series of massacres since 2018, see UNTOLD MASSACRES AGAINST ETHNIC AMHARAS IN ETHIOPIA https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_c8535287d983405daf12513c3e128b4b.pdf
    • For Human Rights Watch report on OLF/OLA and collaborators attacks in Asosa/Assosa, see EVIL DAYS 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA. An Africa Watch Report September 1991. "In one respect at least, this propaganda backfired: the OLF reported a new influx of recruits from government controlled areas, who volunteered in order to "kill Amharas."" https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf
  2. ↑ Transnational Advocacy: Genocide or Terrorism? Terrence Lyons George Mason University https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1702&context=gsp.
  3. ↑ "Ethiopia's Constitution of 1994" (PDF). Constitute Project.
  4. ↑ Amhara Massacre in Mai Kadra: A Report on the Deadliest Civilian Massacre Ethiopia. Amhara Association of America. November 2021 https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_f345f8b8b49047b689d09c8c0a3e6c6a.pdf
  5. ↑ "Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes". Amnesty International. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  6. ↑ "Ethiopia to designate TPLF, OLF-Shene as 'terror' groups". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  7. ↑ "Ethiopia: At least 100 dead surge of violence against ethnic minorities". Amnesty International. 2020-12-23. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  8. ↑ "Ethiopia: Events of 2020". Human Rights Watch. 2020-12-23. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  9. ↑ ETHIOPIA 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
  10. ↑ "Ethiopia: Information on the All Amhara People's Organisation (AAPO) including its leaders, name of president since 1985, whether the office in Dire Dawa is open, procedure for membership, whether AAPO issues identity cards and maintains membership lists, address, phone and fax numbers of office in Addis Ababa". Refworld. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  11. ↑ "Ethiopian Region Claims 7,000 Civilians Killed by Tigray Forces". Bloomberg.com. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  12. ↑ Between April 18th and 19th, 2022, at least 12 Amhara civilians were killed, an additional 22 were injured and 125 houses were burned by Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) paramilitary forces in Efratana Gidim andKewetWoredas of North Shewa Zone in Ethiopia’s Amhara Region.https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_d4080679272e4066bcff015097ae5109.pdf
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Genocide & the Politics of Numbers - Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies". The Society Pages. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Stone, Lewi. "Quantifying the Holocaust: Measuring murder rates during the Nazi genocide". The Conversation. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "How do you define genocide?". BBC News. 2022-04-04. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  16. ↑ "Three Million Amara are Missing: An Analysis based on the 1994 and the 2007 Ethiopian Population Censuses." Berhanu Abegaz, 2015. https://docplayer.net/102353958-Three-million-amara-are-missing-an-analysis-based-on-the-1994-and-the-2007-ethiopian-population-censuses.html
  17. ↑ [Must Watch] Genocide of Amharas. Retrieved 2022-05-10 – via YouTube.
  18. ↑ "Genocide & the Politics of Numbers - Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies". The Society Pages. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  19. ↑ ETHIOPIA: THE TIGREAN INSURGENCY https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r000500100001-7
  20. ↑ Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265468743_Ethiopian_Opposition_Political_Parties_and_Rebel_Fronts_Past_and_Present
  21. ↑ ETHIOPIA: THE TIGREAN INSURGENCY https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r000500100001-7
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC PROGRAMME TIGRAY PEOPLE'S LIBERATION FRONT (TPLF) Adopted by the Second Organizational Congress of the TPLF May 1983 (earlier version is 1976) https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ethiopia/tigray-program.pdf
  23. ↑ A political history of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991) Berhe, A. 2008, VU Research Portal. "It seems that Tigraians were not oppressed in the exclusive sense as the TPLF Manifesto of 1976 claimed. Its assertion that ‘…the Tigraians have been made to be the most hated, suspected and discriminated people in the empire, thereby making harmonious life absolutely intolerable’ (TPLF Manifesto, February 1976 E.C.) was rather extreme." https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/77594968/abstract+english.pdf
  24. ↑ THE EIGHT STAGES OF GENOCIDE By Dr. Gregory H. Stanton, President, Genocide Watch https://www.keene.edu/academics/ah/cchgs/resources/educational-handouts/the-eight-stages-of-genocide/download/
  25. ↑ "The 1976 TPLF Manifesto and Political instability in Amhara Region, Ethiopia". RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary. 4 (1): 300–303. doi:10.5281/zenodo.2544650.https://zenodo.org/record/2544650#.YnzXcPPMJ-U
  26. ↑ ETHIOPIA: THE TIGREAN INSURGENCY https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r000500100001-7
  27. ↑ Ethiopia: a country study. Federal Research Division. Library of Congress Edited by Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry Research Completed July 1991. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/et/ethiopiacountrys00ofca_0/ethiopiacountrys00ofca_0.pdf
  28. ↑ ETHIOPIA: THE TIGREAN INSURGENCY https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r000500100001-7
  29. ↑ Krauss, Clifford (1991-05-28). "ETHIOPIAN REBELS STORM THE CAPITAL AND SEIZE CONTROL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  30. ↑ EPLF - refers to the Eritrean People's Liberation Front which has now set up a provisional government in Eritrea. This secessionist organization today dictates Ethiopia's politics through its ally - the EPRDF=TPLF) - which it has helped in coming to power. The EPLF today engineers the complete disintegration of Ethiopia on ethnic lines so that strong Ethiopia may never emerge to pose any challenge or problem to its secessionist project. It should be remembered that the EPLF along with the OLF forces was instrumental in the genocide of 300 innocent AMHARAS in Assosa in January 1990. http://www.ethiopians.com/arsima.html
  31. ↑ EVIL DAYS 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA An Africa Watch Report September 1991. "In one respect at least, this propaganda backfired: the OLF reported a new influx of recruits from government controlled areas, who volunteered in order to "kill Amharas."" https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf
  32. ↑ Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018. https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
  33. ↑ "'These changes are unprecedented': how Abiy is upending Ethiopian politics". the Guardian. 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  34. ↑ "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". The Guardian. 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  35. ↑ The Origins of the EPRDF and the Prospects for the Prosperity Party Terrence Lyons, August 2, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096211007658
  36. ↑ "Analysis | Ethiopia's prime minister wants to change the ruling coalition. Who's getting left out?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  37. ↑ Amhara Massacre in Mai Kadra: A Report on the Deadliest Civilian Massacre Ethiopia https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_f345f8b8b49047b689d09c8c0a3e6c6a.pdf
    • For Amnesty statement on the massacre, see Amnesty EARO representative said (from minute 1:25): "...what they have told us is that local administration militia and the youth group which are mainly from the Tigray community were targeting the Amhara resident". Questions linger among the corpses of an Ethiopian massacre | AFP https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yl5q8TH2jtQ&t=53s
    • For Country human rights report and US Department of State summary, see "The Ethiopian Human Rights Commission’s preliminary assessment of the November 9 attack in Mai-Kadra in Tigray concluded that a Tigrayan youth group supported by the Tigray People’s Liberation Front Regional Security Force killed approximately 600 persons." Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2020. United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ETHIOPIA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf
  38. ↑ "Ethiopia: leaders of Tigray region admit they attacked neighbouring Amhara". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  39. ↑ "Ethiopia: Tigray Forces Summarily Execute Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  40. ↑ ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT, Article 8, War crimes. https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm"(i)  Wilful killing; (ii)    Torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments; (iii)   Wilfully causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or health; (iv)    Extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly; (v)     Compelling a prisoner of war or other protected person to serve in the forces of a hostile Power; (vi)    Wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or other protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial; (vii)   Unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement; (viii) Taking of hostages."
  41. ↑ AMNESTY  INTERNATIONAL  REPORT 2020/21 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S HUMAN RIGHTS. See the Ethiopia section. https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/English.pdf
  42. ↑ "Welcome to Amhara Region Culture and Tourism Bureau Official Website". Visit Amhara. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  43. ↑ Walker, Samuel C. (2019-04-23). "Revealing Barara—the long-lost African medieval city". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  44. ↑ UNICEF Budget Brief, Amhara Regional State 2007/08 – 2015/16 https://www.unicef.org/esa/sites/unicef.org.esa/files/2019-05/UNICEF-Ethiopia-2018-Amhara-Regional-State-Budget-Brief.pdf
  45. ↑ "Ethiopian farmers struggle to scratch a living in warming highlands". Reuters. 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  46. ↑ Determinants of Poverty in Rural Ethiopia: Evidence from Tenta Woreda (District), Amhara Region https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Determinants-of-Poverty-in-Rural-Ethiopia%3A-Evidence-Merid-Bekele/f0fe3cbc6a71ac2d62c2123159e07caa001e41aa
  47. ↑ "Ethiopia's Constitution of 1994" (PDF). Constitute Project.
  48. ↑ The United Nations, Self-Determination, State Failure and Secession Ed Brown. May 29 2020. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/05/29/the-united-nations-self-determination-state-failure-and-secession/
  49. ↑ "Genocide starts with the rhetoric of hate, and we can't forget that on Holocaust Memorial Day". The Independent. 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  50. ↑ McCracken, Matthew (2004). "Abusing Self-Determination and Democracy: How the TPLF Is Looting Ethiopia". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law (JIL). 36 Issue 1, Article 8: 183 – via scholarly commons law. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1390&context=jil
  51. ↑ Ethiopia's “Leap in the Dark”: Federalism and Self-Determination in the New constitution. Paul H. Brietzke Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009 Journal of African Law , Volume 39 , Issue 1 , Spring 1995 , pp. 19 - 38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021855300005866 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-law/article/abs/ethiopias-leap-in-the-dark-federalism-and-selfdetermination-in-the-new-constitution/A05454ABA30C4C79F78DD7397FF91BED
  52. ↑ The Shashemene Massacre: The attackers had a list of people to be attacked and their properties to be destroyed. https://borkena.com/2020/07/05/ethiopiaoromo-region-police-confirm-death-toll-from-attack-reached-166/
    • For expanding mass violence, see "Why is ethnic violence surging in Ethiopia?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
    • For ethnic Amhara massacre, see "Ethnic Amharas Massacred in Ethiopia". Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
    • For Dera massacre, see "According to another survivor, at least 150 members of the force were housed at Dera’s stadium, minutes away, as the carnage unfolded. ‘We kept calling them and begging them to help,’ he said. ‘They told us that without orders, they couldn’t get involved’.” An Agence France Presse reporter received similar accounts from Shashamene, as did The Guardian." " Opposition party the National Movement of Amhara (NaMA) said in a September report entitled ‘Recent genocidal violence in Oromia region’ that: “The Oromia security apparatus did nothing to stop the violence. In fact, many members of the Oromia Special Forces, the local paramilitary police, have taken part in the killings in various towns.” Although it considers the multinational federal system an anti-Amhara design, NaMA’s goal is to ensure a strong Amhara region and protect Amhara minorities who live elsewhere in Ethiopia that they say are particularly threatened by the Qeerroo movement and Oromo nationalist ideology." "The allegations of Oromia government involvement in attacks buttress claims of atrocities like genocide, as state incapacity or security forces’ mobilisation against a protected group, population, or individuals is one of a number of common risk factors present in Ethiopia for crimes against humanity to occur." "In a September statement, opposition party EZEMA, or Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice, which stands against ethnic nationalism, made the same complaint about police inaction after its researchers visited Shashamene and Dera: “Victims at the visited areas told the team that the region’s Special Forces and the National Defense Forces were unable to stop the attacks on innocent civilians because they ‘have not received an order’.”" https://www.theafricareport.com/57957/ethiopia-understanding-oromias-mayhem-after-hachalus-murder/
    • For mass violence against Amhara in the country, see Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason August 11, 2020. ""Shimeles Abdissa addressed the following speech: “we [the current Oromo politicians], broke the backbone of Naftagna”. The term Nafitagna refers the Amhara society in which currently, it is highly manipulated by politicians and activists who are working against the Amhara. The same year, during regional political meeting, the same president of Oromia region said: “we are working to eradicate the Amharic language and the Amhara”. He added: “in Benishangul and Addis Ababa, we are working to bring demographic change which means to replace the Amhara society by the Oromos”." https://borkena.com/2020/08/11/ethiopia-the-people-who-are-being-slaughtered-for-no-reason/
  53. ↑ "More than 210 killed in violence in western Ethiopia: Commission". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  54. ↑ "Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  55. ↑ "Over 120 killed in Ethiopia's Amhara region, officials say". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  56. ↑ "Ambush and reprisals in western Ethiopia kill 64 – rights body". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  57. ↑ "Explaining Metekel Syndrome: Revisiting the Prolonged Ethnic Violence – Center for Advancement of Rights and Democracy (CARD)". cardeth.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  58. ↑ "Unknown number of Amhara people killed in ethnically motivated attacks in Southern Ethiopia". APANEWS. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  59. ↑ "Bench Sheko Gura Farda massacre:at least 31 innocent civilians killed". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  60. ↑ Mead, Walter Russell (2020-11-16). "Opinion | 'Tribalism' Isn't Going Anywhere". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  61. ↑ EVIL DAYS 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA An Africa Watch Report September 1991. "In one respect at least, this propaganda backfired: the OLF reported a new influx of recruits from government controlled areas, who volunteered in order to "kill Amharas."" https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf
  62. ↑ Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265468743_Ethiopian_Opposition_Political_Parties_and_Rebel_Fronts_Past_and_Present
  63. ↑ "The 1976 TPLF Manifesto and Political instability in Amhara Region, Ethiopia". RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary. 4 (1): 300–303. doi:10.5281/zenodo.2544650.https://zenodo.org/record/2544650#.YnzXcPPMJ-U
  64. ↑ "Genocide starts with the rhetoric of hate, and we can't forget that on Holocaust Memorial Day". The Independent. 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  65. ↑ Gedle Abune Zena Markos.Geez & Amharic 2nd Edition, 2012, Addis Ababa. Birhan Ena Selam Printing Press
  66. ↑ Tebeje, Alyou (2020-09-03). "Abiy Ahmed: The 7th Oromo Prime Minister of Ethiopia | EthioPoint | Ethiopia | Research & Analysis | Point of View %". Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  67. ↑ Identity In Ethiopia: The Oromo From The 16TH To The 19TH Century: Thesis by Cherri Reni Wemlinger, M. A. Washington State University August 2008 http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/c_wemlinger_080108.pdf
  68. ↑ The Oromo of Ethiopia, 1500-1850: With special emphasis on the Gibe region. Mohammed Hassen, 1983.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Oromo-of-Ethiopia%2C-1500-1850%3A-With-special-on-Hassen/21aeaf9dab93bd7da7263f8b9922479e06fde9e0
  69. ↑ Jalata, Asafa (2010-03-02). "Oromo Peoplehood: Historical and Cultural Overview". Sociology Publications and Other Works. "Reflecting values inherent in the gada system, the Oromo structurally and successfully assimilated and integrated the conquered minorities. Through adoption, marriage and cultural assimilation, these conquered peoples were Oromoized. It is impossible today to differentiate the assimilated Oromo from the Oromo proper." "Through the process of group or individual adoption known as moggaasa or gudifacha, nonOromos were adopted to Oromo gossa, and were structurally and culturally Oromoized; these assimilated Oromos trace their descent to Oromo moieties and to the original Oromo.65 Non-Oromo neighbors who were defeated in war or who wanted to share resources with Oromo groups would be adopted to the Oromo gossa: “The adopted groups now become collectively the `sons’ of gossa . . ."https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_socopubs/6/
  70. ↑ Adopting an Ambiguous position: Oromo Relationships with Strangers, Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries. Hector Blackhurst, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996), p. 243 http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A277262&dswid=-6114
  71. ↑ IDENTITY IN ETHIOPIA: THE OROMO FROM THE 16TH TO THE 19TH CENTURY, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, Cherri Reni Wemlinger, Washington State University, Department of History, August 2008 http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/c_wemlinger_080108.pdf
  72. ↑ Adopting an Ambiguous position: Oromo Relationships with Strangers, Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries. Hector Blackhurst, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996), p. 243 http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A277262&dswid=-1324
  73. ↑ Hussein, J. W. (2006). "A Critical Review of the Political and Stereotypical Portrayals of the Oromo in the Ethiopian Historiography" https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Critical-Review-of-the-Political-and-Portrayals-Hussein/2fcd5e77b80c3f843977ad756fd784fe5ddb3a99 "....indigenous systems of expansion that helped them assimilate those whom they met on their way makes clear that the main reason why the Oromo put huge areas under their control within a short period of time was because of their indigenous systems of integration and this was part and parcel of their expansionary plans.." "The Oromo genius for assimilation quickly claimed any non-Oromo, defeated or otherwise." "One of these institutions is the moggasa (adoption) institution, which provided governmental protections for the many tribes that were cut loose from the protections of any political leader..."
  74. ↑ Adopting an Ambiguous position: Oromo Relationships with Strangers, Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries. Hector Blackhurst, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996), p. 243 http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A277262&dswid=-1324
  75. ↑ The Battle For The Battle of Adwa: Collective Identity and NationBuilding Joseph A. Steward, CUNY City College. Master of Art Thesis, 2020.https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1898&context=cc_etds_theses
  76. ↑ Krauss, Clifford (1991-05-28). "ETHIOPIAN REBELS STORM THE CAPITAL AND SEIZE CONTROL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  77. ↑ "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". The Guardian. 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  78. ↑ THE ROLE OF ETHNO-CULTURAL IDENTITY IN ETHIOPIAN STATE FORMATION, ABEL ANDARGE AGEGNEHU, INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, Master of Arts Thesis (Political Science), May, 2018. http://197.156.93.91/bitstream/123456789/6501/1/ABEL%20ANDARGE%20AGEGNEHU.pdf.
  79. ↑ "Ethiopia's Constitution of 1994" (PDF). Constitute Project.
  80. ↑ The United Nations, Self-Determination, State Failure and Secession Ed Brown. May 29 2020. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/05/29/the-united-nations-self-determination-state-failure-and-secession/
  81. ↑ 'Ethiopia's “Leap in the Dark”: Federalism and Self-Determination in the New constitution. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-law/article/abs/ethiopias-leap-in-the-dark-federalism-and-selfdetermination-in-the-new-constitution/A05454ABA30C4C79F78DD7397FF91BED
  82. ↑ "Genocide starts with the rhetoric of hate, and we can't forget that on Holocaust Memorial Day". The Independent. 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  83. ↑ "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". The Guardian. 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  84. ↑ ETHIOPIA: THE TIGREAN INSURGENCY https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r000500100001-7
  85. ↑ House of Commons Library Ethiopia: Situation in Tigray Published on 25 February 2021 commonslibrary.parliament.uk "“…The TPLF sought greater autonomy for the region of Tigray."https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9147/CBP-9147.pdf
  86. ↑ "The politics of ports in the Horn: War, peace and Red Sea rivalries | African Arguments". 2018-07-18. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  87. ↑ "Eritrea-Ethiopia: IRIN Focus on Assab, 5 June 2000 - Eritrea | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  88. ↑ "Ethiopia: After a year of protests, time to address grave human rights concerns". Amnesty International. 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  89. ↑ "Dozens killed as police use excessive force against peaceful protesters in Ethiopia". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  90. ↑ "Ethiopia: protestors in Maikadra, Alamata demand justice". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  91. ↑ HRW Report: 12. RESETTLEMENT "The site of Metekel in Gojjam was picked by President Mengistu during a helicopter tour, and proved to be highly unsuitable""We come from Gojjam Metekel resettlement area." https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/d2resett.pdf
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Birhanu, Tsegaye (2020-12-29). "The murky politics behind the Metekel massacres". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "This is due to issues arising from rights to land, including claims to the Dera district of Addis Ababa, which contains many ethnic Amhara but is included in the Oromia region." The University of Nottingham, Human Rights Law Centre. Ethiopia Situation Report, August 2020. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/hrlc/documents/fmu-policy-brief/ethiopia-situation-report-august-2020.pdf
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Report of a Home Office Fact-Finding Mission Ethiopia: The political situation. February 2020. "If you also look at other districts – for example the Dera district which is say, 150km from here [Addis] – though more than three-fourths of the people are ethnic Amhara, the district is included in the Oromia region. And these are claimed by the Amhara region." "Some of the exiled opposition who came back armed started attacking civilians, in different parts of the country such as in Wollo (around Bati and Kemsie) and Shewa (Minjar, Ataye, Senbetie and Majetie) of the Amhara region. Groups that are affiliated with armed elements of OLF were openly inviting violence. This disrupted the calm in Ethiopia. Abiy’s administration failed to protect the attacks by armed groups in Wollo and Shewa (Amhara region), the civilian attacks around Addis Ababa (Burayu Massacre) and civilians took it into their own hands to protect themselves." https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1247841/download
  95. ↑ "Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project, Benishangul-Gumuz". www.water-technology.net. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  96. ↑ "The Second Filling of the GERD Reservoir | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  97. ↑ "Metekel Conflict". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
    • For atrocities in Metekel, see Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018.https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf More details in the Amharic book: ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
    • For Dera, see Report of a Home Office Fact-Finding Mission Ethiopia: The political situation. February 2020. "If you also look at other districts – for example the Dera district which is say, 150km from here [Addis] – though more than three-fourths of the people are ethnic Amhara, the district is included in the Oromia region. And these are claimed by the Amhara region." "Some of the exiled opposition who came back armed started attacking civilians, in different parts of the country such as in Wollo (around Bati and Kemsie) and Shewa (Minjar, Ataye, Senbetie and Majetie) of the Amhara region. Groups that are affiliated with armed elements of OLF were openly inviting violence. This disrupted the calm in Ethiopia. Abiy’s administration failed to protect the attacks by armed groups in Wollo and Shewa (Amhara region), the civilian attacks around Addis Ababa (Burayu Massacre) and civilians took it into their own hands to protect themselves." https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1247841/downloadminorities |publisher=Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/12/ethiopia-at-least-100-dead-surge-of-violence-against-ethnic-minorities/ |access-date=2022-05-10}}
  98. ↑ EPLF' - refers to the Eritrean People's Liberation Front which has now set up a provisional government in Eritrea. This secessionist organization today dictates Ethiopia's politics through its ally - the EPRDF=TPLF) - which it has helped in coming to power. The EPLF today engineers the complete disintegration of Ethiopia on ethnic lines so that strong Ethiopia may never emerge to pose any challenge or problem to its secessionist project. It should be remembered that the EPLF along with the OLF forces was instrumental in the genocide of 300 innocent AMHARAS in Assosa in January 1990. http://www.ethiopians.com/arsima.html
  99. ↑ EVIL DAYS 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA An Africa Watch Report September 1991. "In one respect at least, this propaganda backfired: the OLF reported a new influx of recruits from government controlled areas, who volunteered in order to "kill Amharas."" https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf
  100. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Ethiopia: Information on the All Amhara People's Organisation (AAPO) including its leaders, name of president since 1985, whether the office in Dire Dawa is open, procedure for membership, whether AAPO issues identity cards and maintains membership lists, address, phone and fax numbers of office in Addis Ababa". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  101. ↑ "Asrat Woldeyes – UncoverED". Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  102. ↑ "Asrat Woldeyes (1928 – 1999)". The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  103. ↑ "UN: Atrocities Fuel Worsening Crisis in Horn of Africa". Human Rights Watch. 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  104. ↑ "Dispatches: Alarm Bells for Ethiopia's 100% Election Victory". Human Rights Watch. 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  105. ↑ "Ethiopia: Crackdown Spreads Beyond Capital". Human Rights Watch. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  106. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Ethiopia: A Sociopolitical Assessment". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  107. ↑ "'Abiy Ahmed is our miracle': Ethiopia's democratic awakening | Tom Gardner and Charlie Rosser". the Guardian. 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  108. ↑ "Council | FDRE Office of the Prime Ministers". www.pmo.gov.et. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  109. ↑ Halakhe, Abdullahi Boru. "Abiy's efforts to unify Ethiopia could lead to its disintegration". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  110. ↑ Lashitew, Addisu. "Ethiopia Will Explode if It Doesn't Move Beyond Ethnic-Based Politics". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  111. ↑ "Country policy and information note: Oromos, the Oromo Liberation Front and the Oromo Liberation Army, Ethiopia, March 2022 (accessible)". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  112. ↑ Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason August 11, 2020 ""Shimeles Abdissa addressed the following speech: “we [the current Oromo politicians], broke the backbone of Naftagna”. The term Nafitagna refers the Amhara society in which currently, it is highly manipulated by politicians and activists who are working against the Amhara. The same year, during regional political meeting, the same president of Oromia region said: “we are working to eradicate the Amharic language and the Amhara”. He added: “in Benishangul and Addis Ababa, we are working to bring demographic change which means to replace the Amhara society by the Oromos”." https://borkena.com/2020/08/11/ethiopia-the-people-who-are-being-slaughtered-for-no-reason/
  113. ↑ Alemayehu, Hewan (2020-07-13). "Despair following violent ethnic based killings in some parts of Oromia, Ethiopia". Addis Zeybe. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 "Toll from Ethiopia bloodshed at least 58: rights group, source". France 24. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  115. ↑ "Ethnic Amharas Massacred in Ethiopia". Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  116. ↑ "'We have nothing': Ethiopia's ethnic unrest leaves destruction in its wake". France 24. 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  117. ↑ Fantahun, Arefaynie (2020-07-06). "Ethnically-motivated attacks in Shashemene and elsewhere". Ethiopia Observer. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  118. ↑ "እያለቀስኩ ብለምናቸው ብለምናቸው ጡቴን መሬት ላይ . . . !"በሀረር እና በአለማያ የደረሰ ዘግናኝ ግድያ እና ቃጠሎ!, retrieved 2022-05-21
  119. ↑ Watch from minute 5:30 “...they break into the house we live in and asked for everything we got while beating and dragging me inside. They couldn’t be patient until I open the safe and give them the money they asked for, so they took everything by themselves. While destroying the house and everything in it, they asked for gold jewelry. I gave it to them. Then they asked for a gun, and I told them that I don't own one. They took whatever they want and loaded it into the car. I was then dragged out to where my family was. With confusion, I asked them what else they need with the intention to give it to them so they spare our lives. But they said, ‘No Amhara child will be born, no Amhara Christian will be born,’ preparing my 9-month pregnant wife and putting machetes on her belly and neck." “Then they put the machete on my wife’s neck and announced to take out the unborn baby. When my wife begged for her life, they said with cruelty, ‘we want to see what the unborn Amhara baby looks like.’ Then, they shout ‘Allahu Akbar’ while slaughtering my wife." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdzKyiZIs5w
  120. ↑ "How a musician's death unleashed violence and death in Ethiopia". The Guardian. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  121. ↑ Collins, Sam P. K. (2020-07-15). "Ethnic Attacks in Ethiopia Spark Global Criticism". The Washington Informer. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  122. ↑ "Ethiopian Rebel Group Denies Role in Singer's Death". VOA. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  123. ↑ Lashitew, Addisu. "Ethiopia Will Explode if It Doesn't Move Beyond Ethnic-Based Politics". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  124. ↑ "Ethiopia: Justice Needed for Deadly October Violence". Human Rights Watch. 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  125. ↑ "Justice, not repressions, will break Ethiopia's waves of violence". Amnesty International. 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  126. ↑ "Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes". Amnesty International. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  127. ↑ "Ethiopia universities close as whereabouts of 17 Amhara students remain unknown". Amnesty International. 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  128. ↑ "Bench Sheko Gura Farda massacre:at least 31 innocent civilians killed". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  129. ↑ "EPO Weekly: 16-22 April 2022". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  130. ↑ "Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  131. ↑ At least 194 Amharas killed, 212 wounded in 'deadliest' OLF attack on North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia.https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_e105cafe7f2f402ca7dd138e02085f73.pdf.
  132. ↑ "Amhara Genocide : Ataye hit hard as Oromo radical forces launch attack". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  133. ↑ "Death toll from violence in Ethiopia's Amhara 'may be 200'". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  134. ↑ "EPO Weekly: 16-22 April 2022". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  135. ↑ https://www.fanabc.com/english/over-1-5-billion-birr-needed-to-rebuild-ataye-town-and-environs-committee/
  136. ↑ APANEWS. "Ethiopia conflict: Rebels free scores of hardened criminals". apanews.net. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  137. ↑ "OLF-Shene, TPLF Should be Labeled as Terrorists, MPs Ask – Ethiopian Monitor". Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  138. ↑ Residents say OLF soldiers kill several in Majete, Ataye and Kemise, Engidu Woldie, ESAT News (April 8, 2019). "...local officials on the Amhara side accused that the OLF soldiers, armed with machine guns went on a killing spree in Majete, Kemise and Ataye" https://ethsat.com/2019/04/residents-say-olf-soldiers-kill-several-in-majete-ataye-and-kemise/
  139. ↑ Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason August 11, 2020 ""Shimeles Abdissa addressed the following speech: “we [the current Oromo politicians], broke the backbone of Naftagna”. The term Nafitagna refers the Amhara society in which currently, it is highly manipulated by politicians and activists who are working against the Amhara. The same year, during regional political meeting, the same president of Oromia region said: “we are working to eradicate the Amharic language and the Amhara”. He added: “in Benishangul and Addis Ababa, we are working to bring demographic change which means to replace the Amhara society by the Oromos”." https://borkena.com/2020/08/11/ethiopia-the-people-who-are-being-slaughtered-for-no-reason/
  140. ↑ More than 287 ethnic Amharas were brutally massacred in two major Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) terror attacks in the North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region.https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_30a8a8b97e6e4104bd6c2df3128e58e2.pdf.
  141. ↑ St, Addis; ard (2021-04-20). "News: Protests happening in multiple cities in Amhara region denouncing reports of targeted attacks against Amhara community". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  142. ↑ ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Ethiopia: COI Compilation, November 2019 "“In the case of the capital, which is multi-ethnic but surrounded by Oromia regional state, in February Amhara and other groups opposed the Oromia government’s demolition of illegal housing on the capital’s outskirts, while in early March Oromo protested the transfer of new government apartments built in Oromia by the city administration to Addis Ababa residents. Addis Ababa, founded in 1887, is an autonomous city accountable to the federal government, but some Oromo factions say it is a colonial settlement on Oromo land and should be administered by Oromia region, or that the city’s encroachment into Oromia must be reversed.” (ICG, 19 July 2019)" "The city administration earlier this week allocated about twelve thousand of the estimated 51,000 flats built by government." "ESAT television station reporter Amanuel Mengistu, said he was arrested from his home in Addis Ababa on 24 June 2019 and released unconditionally two days later, without being told why he was arrested. Mesganaw Getachew, a reporter with the Ethiopis newspaper, was arrested on 22 May 2019, while he was reporting on the demolition of homes in the Arat Kilo neighborhood of Addis Ababa.".https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2021013/ACCORD_Ethiopia_COI_Compilation_November_2019.pdf.
  143. ↑ Ethnically motivated evictions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: “We are evicted because of our Amhara identity’’https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_452a2469df644161a4aaceba949d8db3.pdf
  144. ↑ "Massive informal settlements reported in Addis Ababa, radicalized Oromo youth disrupt meeting in Koye Feche". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  145. ↑ St, Addis; ard (2022-01-22). "News: Oromia Police shot dead two, injure several others at Timket festival over flag controversy". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  146. ↑ ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Ethiopia: COI Compilation, November 2019 "“In the case of the capital, which is multi-ethnic but surrounded by Oromia regional state, in February Amhara and other groups opposed the Oromia government’s demolition of illegal housing on the capital’s outskirts, while in early March Oromo protested the transfer of new government apartments built in Oromia by the city administration to Addis Ababa residents. Addis Ababa, founded in 1887, is an autonomous city accountable to the federal government, but some Oromo factions say it is a colonial settlement on Oromo land and should be administered by Oromia region, or that the city’s encroachment into Oromia must be reversed.” (ICG, 19 July 2019)" "The city administration earlier this week allocated about twelve thousand of the estimated 51,000 flats built by government." "ESAT television station reporter Amanuel Mengistu, said he was arrested from his home in Addis Ababa on 24 June 2019 and released unconditionally two days later, without being told why he was arrested. Mesganaw Getachew, a reporter with the Ethiopis newspaper, was arrested on 22 May 2019, while he was reporting on the demolition of homes in the Arat Kilo neighborhood of Addis Ababa." ..https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2021013/ACCORD_Ethiopia_COI_Compilation_November_2019.pdf
  147. ↑ "Massive informal settlements reported in Addis Ababa, radicalized Oromo youth disrupt meeting in Koye Feche". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  148. ↑ Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason August 11, 2020 ""Shimeles Abdissa addressed the following speech: “we [the current Oromo politicians], broke the backbone of Naftagna”. The term Nafitagna refers the Amhara society in which currently, it is highly manipulated by politicians and activists who are working against the Amhara. The same year, during regional political meeting, the same president of Oromia region said: “we are working to eradicate the Amharic language and the Amhara”. He added: “in Benishangul and Addis Ababa, we are working to bring demographic change which means to replace the Amhara society by the Oromos”." https://borkena.com/2020/08/11/ethiopia-the-people-who-are-being-slaughtered-for-no-reason/.
  149. ↑ "Ethiopia: After a year of protests, time to address grave human rights concerns". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  150. ↑ "Dozens killed as police use excessive force against peaceful protesters in Ethiopia". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  151. ↑ HRW Report: 12. RESETTLEMENT "The site of Metekel in Gojjam was picked by President Mengistu during a helicopter tour, and proved to be highly unsuitable""We come from Gojjam Metekel resettlement area."https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/d2resett.pdf
  152. ↑ "According to another survivor, at least 150 members of the force were housed at Dera’s stadium, minutes away, as the carnage unfolded. ‘We kept calling them and begging them to help,’ he said. ‘They told us that without orders, they couldn’t get involved’.” An Agence France Presse reporter received similar accounts from Shashamene, as did The Guardian." " Opposition party the National Movement of Amhara (NaMA) said in a September report entitled ‘Recent genocidal violence in Oromia region’ that: “The Oromia security apparatus did nothing to stop the violence. In fact, many members of the Oromia Special Forces, the local paramilitary police, have taken part in the killings in various towns.” Although it considers the multinational federal system an anti-Amhara design, NaMA’s goal is to ensure a strong Amhara region and protect Amhara minorities who live elsewhere in Ethiopia that they say are particularly threatened by the Qeerroo movement and Oromo nationalist ideology." "The allegations of Oromia government involvement in attacks buttress claims of atrocities like genocide, as state incapacity or security forces’ mobilisation against a protected group, population, or individuals is one of a number of common risk factors present in Ethiopia for crimes against humanity to occur." "In a September statement, opposition party EZEMA, or Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice, which stands against ethnic nationalism, made the same complaint about police inaction after its researchers visited Shashamene and Dera: “Victims at the visited areas told the team that the region’s Special Forces and the National Defense Forces were unable to stop the attacks on innocent civilians because they ‘have not received an order’.”" https://www.theafricareport.com/57957/ethiopia-understanding-oromias-mayhem-after-hachalus-murder/
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  154. ↑ "10 Conflicts to Worry About in 2022: Ethiopia". ACLED. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  155. ↑ "Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes". Amnesty International. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  156. ↑ "UNHCR IDP Response Scale Up-Amhara Fact Sheet November 2021". UNHCR Operational Data Portal (ODP). Retrieved 2022-05-20.
    • For displacement and humanitarian cases of Amhara, see Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocidal War waged on the Amhara People: August 3rd, 2021 https://www.amharaamerica.org/reports
    • For For displacement and humanitarian cases of Amhara, see Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocidal War waged on the Amhara People: July 27th, 2021 https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_b9cd79c67c974beb875c3b57a2db6a19.pdf
    • For For displacement and humanitarian cases of Amhara, Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) War on Amhara People: July 24, 2021https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_26f0523cbc2e49edbbff853d1b63d917.pdf
  157. ↑ "Ethiopia: Survivors of TPLF attack in Amhara describe gang rape, looting and physical assaults". Amnesty International. 2021-11-09. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 Journalist statement from IDP interviews: Minutes 25:30 to 29.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hY1xAptUE40
  159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 Journalist statement from IDP interviews: "The TPLF was taking Amhara youth as young as 10 years of age from conquered territories, giving them brief military training and forcing them to march in front of their advancing forces as human shields in front of seasoned troops as they engaged Ethiopian Government forces."https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/henok-awaju-a-10-year-old-resident-of-sekota-in-the-wag-news-photo/1345597944
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  173. ↑ "Ethiopia: Targeting the Anuak: The December 2003 Massacre". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
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  176. ↑ "West Guji Conflict". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  177. ↑ Hussein, J. W. (2006). "A Critical Review of the Political and Stereotypical Portrayals of the Oromo in the Ethiopian Historiography"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Critical-Review-of-the-Political-and-Portrayals-Hussein/2fcd5e77b80c3f843977ad756fd784fe5ddb3a99 "....indigenous systems of expansion that helped them assimilate those whom they met on their way makes clear that the main reason why the Oromo put huge areas under their control within a short period of time was because of their indigenous systems of integration and this was part and parcel of their expansionary plans.." "The Oromo genius for assimilation quickly claimed any non-Oromo, defeated or otherwise." "One of these institutions is the moggasa (adoption) institution, which provided governmental protections for the many tribes that were cut loose from the protections of any political leader..."
    • For Oromo assimilating mechanisms of others, see Adopting an Ambiguous position: Oromo Relationships with Strangers, Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries. Hector Blackhurst, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996), p. 243 http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A277262&dswid=-1324
    • For Oromo mogaasa and gudifecha, see Jalata, Asafa (2010-03-02). "Oromo Peoplehood: Historical and Cultural Overview". Sociology Publications and Other Works. "Reflecting values inherent in the gada system, the Oromo structurally and successfully assimilated and integrated the conquered minorities. Through adoption, marriage and cultural assimilation, these conquered peoples were Oromoized. It is impossible today to differentiate the assimilated Oromo from the Oromo proper." "Through the process of group or individual adoption known as moggaasa or gudifacha, nonOromos were adopted to Oromo gossa, and were structurally and culturally Oromoized; these assimilated Oromos trace their descent to Oromo moieties and to the original Oromo.65 Non-Oromo neighbors who were defeated in war or who wanted to share resources with Oromo groups would be adopted to the Oromo gossa: “The adopted groups now become collectively the `sons’ of gossa . . ." https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_socopubs/6/
    • For Oromo migration and assimilation, see IDENTITY IN ETHIOPIA: THE OROMO FROM THE 16TH TO THE 19TH CENTURY, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, Cherri Reni Wemlinger, Washington State University, Department of History, August 2008 http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/c_wemlinger_080108.pdf
    • For Oromo assimilating other tribes, see The Oromo of Ethiopia, 1500-1850: With special emphasis on the Gibe region. Mohammed Hassen, 1983.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Oromo-of-Ethiopia%2C-1500-1850%3A-With-special-on-Hassen/21aeaf9dab93bd7da7263f8b9922479e06fde9e0
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  185. ↑ "Children are being killed and maimed by discarded explosives in Ethiopia". Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  186. ↑ CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cppcg/cppcg_ph_e.pdf
  187. ↑ International Criminal Court, International Criminal Court (2011). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (in ICC-PIOS-LT-03-002/15_Eng) ISBN 92-9227-232-2.https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf
  188. ↑ Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018.https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf More details in the Amharic book: ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
  189. ↑ Collins, Sam P. K. (2020-07-15). "Ethnic Attacks in Ethiopia Spark Global Criticism". The Washington Informer. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  190. ↑ APANEWS. "Unknown number of Amhara people killed in ethnically motivated attacks in Southern Ethiopia". apanews.net. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  191. ↑ Amharas in Maikadra traumatized by massacre, retrieved 2022-05-23
  192. ↑ "Ethiopia: Summary killings, rape and looting by Tigrayan forces in Amhara". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  193. ↑ According to another survivor, at least 150 members of the force were housed at Dera’s stadium, minutes away, as the carnage unfolded. ‘We kept calling them and begging them to help,’ he said. ‘They told us that without orders, they couldn’t get involved’.” An Agence France Presse reporter received similar accounts from Shashamene, as did The Guardian." " Opposition party the National Movement of Amhara (NaMA) said in a September report entitled ‘Recent genocidal violence in Oromia region’ that: “The Oromia security apparatus did nothing to stop the violence. In fact, many members of the Oromia Special Forces, the local paramilitary police, have taken part in the killings in various towns.” Although it considers the multinational federal system an anti-Amhara design, NaMA’s goal is to ensure a strong Amhara region and protect Amhara minorities who live elsewhere in Ethiopia that they say are particularly threatened by the Qeerroo movement and Oromo nationalist ideology." "The allegations of Oromia government involvement in attacks buttress claims of atrocities like genocide, as state incapacity or security forces’ mobilisation against a protected group, population, or individuals is one of a number of common risk factors present in Ethiopia for crimes against humanity to occur." "In a September statement, opposition party EZEMA, or Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice, which stands against ethnic nationalism, made the same complaint about police inaction after its researchers visited Shashamene and Dera: “Victims at the visited areas told the team that the region’s Special Forces and the National Defense Forces were unable to stop the attacks on innocent civilians because they ‘have not received an order’.”"https://www.theafricareport.com/57957/ethiopia-understanding-oromias-mayhem-after-hachalus-murder/ "
    • For manner of killings, see Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018.https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf More details in the Amharic book: ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
    • For "cold blooded" massacre in Shashemene, see "How a musician's death unleashed violence and death in Ethiopia". the Guardian. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
    • For ruthless killings of Amhara, Agew and other "minorities", see "Ethiopia: At least 100 dead surge of violence against ethnic minorities". Amnesty International. 2020-12-23. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
    • For ruthless massacre of the Amhara, see Ababa, Staff and agencies in Addis (2020-11-02). "At least 54 killed in Ethiopia massacre, says Amnesty". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
    • For the bloody massacre of the Amhara in Mai-Kadra, see "Ethiopia: Investigation reveals evidence that scores of civilians were killed in massacre in Tigray state". Amnesty International. 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
    • For gruesome killing story, see "'My son died the worst kind of death': Horrific details of violent unrest in Ethiopia". The Mail & Guardian. 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
    • For forced miscarriage with laceration, see Watch from minute 5:30 “...they break into the house we live in and asked for everything we got while beating and dragging me inside. They couldn’t be patient until I open the safe and give them the money they asked for, so they took everything by themselves. While destroying the house and everything in it, they asked for gold jewelry. I gave it to them. Then they asked for a gun, and I told them that I don't own one. They took whatever they want and loaded it into the car. I was then dragged out to where my family was. With confusion, I asked them what else they need with the intention to give it to them so they spare our lives. But they said, ‘No Amhara child will be born, no Amhara Christian will be born,’ preparing my 9-month pregnant wife and putting machetes on her belly and neck." “Then they put the machete on my wife’s neck and announced to take out the unborn baby. When my wife begged for her life, they said with cruelty, ‘we want to see what the unborn Amhara baby looks like.’ Then, they shout ‘Allahu Akbar’ while slaughtering my wife." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdzKyiZIs5w
  194. ↑ "Supplemental Information 3: An excerpt from Data Downloads page, where users can download original datasets". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  195. ↑ Jr, Donald G. McNeil (2017-05-13). "Candidate to Lead the W.H.O. Accused of Covering Up Epidemics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  196. ↑ Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia Bekalu Atnafu Taye Journal of Peace Research 50(I):77-104, 2018 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326741000_Ethnic_Cleansing_in_Ethiopia
  197. ↑ "Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes". Amnesty International. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  198. ↑ "Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia". Harvard Political Review. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  199. ↑ Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018.https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf More details in the Amharic book: ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
  200. ↑ Fantahun, Arefaynie (2020-07-06). "Ethnically-motivated attacks in Shashemene and elsewhere". Ethiopia Observer. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  201. ↑ UNTOLD MASSACRES AGAINST ETHNIC AMHARAS IN ETHIOPIA https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_c8535287d983405daf12513c3e128b4b.pdf
  202. ↑ Amhara Massacre in Mai Kadra: A Report on the Deadliest Civilian Massacre Ethiopia https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_f345f8b8b49047b689d09c8c0a3e6c6a.pdf
  203. ↑ "Ethiopian Region Claims 7,000 Civilians Killed by Tigray Forces". Bloomberg.com. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  204. ↑ "Ethiopia,Oromo region: police confirm death toll from attack reached 166". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  205. ↑ At least 194 Amharas killed, 212 wounded in 'deadliest' OLF attack on North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia, https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_e105cafe7f2f402ca7dd138e02085f73.pdf.
  206. ↑ Marks, Simon; Dahir, Abdi Latif (2020-01-30). "Abduction of Ethiopian Students Fuels Anger at the Government". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  207. ↑ Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia Bekalu Atnafu Taye Journal of Peace Research 50(I):77-104, 2018
    • For torture against Amhara leaders and intellectuals, see
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326741000_Ethnic_Cleansing_in_Ethiopia
    • For blockage in Oromia, see For Immediate Release Call for Accountability and Justice Monday, February 14, 2022. "According to survivor accounts, up to 5 million Amharas are facing an active siege and blockade in the Wollega area alone. Although there have been numerous attempts to assist the civilians under siege, the area is blockaded by OLA/F militants and Oromia special forces which has prevented any efforts to reduce the human suffering." https://www.ambapu.org/node/53
  208. ↑ https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2021/09/13/civil-rights-activists-welkait-tplf-peace-democracy-ethiopia-pp-abiy-ahmed/
  209. ↑ "Ethiopia: Summary killings, rape and looting by Tigrayan forces in Amhara". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2022-05-10. https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_c0eb5a01ec29489fbf9ffefcebd8ec0b.pdf
  210. ↑ Dahir, Abdi Latif. "The lead candidate for the world's top health job is being accused of covering up deadly epidemics". Quartz. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  211. ↑ Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018. https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
  212. ↑ "Ethnic Amharas Massacred in Ethiopia". Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
    • For torture, see Amhara massacre, see "Ethnic Amharas Massacred in Ethiopia". Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
    • For repression and human rights violations, see EU should not tolerate Ethiopia's repression". Human Rights Watch. 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
    • For abuses and human rights violations, see "One Hundred Ways of Putting Pressure": Violations of Freedom of Expression and Association in Ethiopia". 2010-03-24.
    • For human right violations report, see DIVIDE, DEVELOP, AND RULE: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ETHIOPIA.CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW & ADVOCACY.UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING COLLEGE OF LAW, June 2018. https://www.uwyo.edu/law/_files/docs/International%20Human%20Rights/Reports/ethiopia-human-rights-report-2-july18.pdf
  213. ↑ "Summary of Atrocities Committed by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Forces Occupying Amhara Region" (PDF).
  214. ↑ "Ethiopia: Tigrayan forces murder, rape and pillage in attacks on civilians in Amhara towns". Amnesty International. 2022-02-16. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  215. ↑ War crimes of TPLF forces in North Wollo Zone in Ethiopia’s Amhara Region. Amhara Association of America, February 2022. https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_48630fb03fb2421ab4528c8e91fa5d10.pdf.
  216. ↑ Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocidal War waged on the Amhara People: August 3rd, 2021. https://www.amharaamerica.org/reports.
  217. ↑ "Ethiopia - Northern Ethiopia Humanitarian Update Situation Report, 9 Dec 2021 - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  218. ↑ "UNSDG | UN leadership in Ethiopia visits IDPs in Amhara Region". unsdg.un.org. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  219. ↑ "Ethiopian Region Claims 7,000 Civilians Killed by Tigray Forces". Bloomberg.com. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  220. ↑ "Is the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission Independent? – Prime Media". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission - EHRC. 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  221. ↑ "Independent watchdog of human rights is emerging in Ethiopia | The Danish Institute for Human Rights". www.humanrights.dk. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  222. ↑ Tamiru, Getachew (2020-09-10). "How a musician's killing exposed the media in Ethiopia". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
    • For Dera massacre, see "According to another survivor, at least 150 members of the force were housed at Dera’s stadium, minutes away, as the carnage unfolded. ‘We kept calling them and begging them to help,’ he said. ‘They told us that without orders, they couldn’t get involved’.” An Agence France Presse reporter received similar accounts from Shashamene, as did The Guardian." " Opposition party the National Movement of Amhara (NaMA) said in a September report entitled ‘Recent genocidal violence in Oromia region’ that: “The Oromia security apparatus did nothing to stop the violence. In fact, many members of the Oromia Special Forces, the local paramilitary police, have taken part in the killings in various towns.” Although it considers the multinational federal system an anti-Amhara design, NaMA’s goal is to ensure a strong Amhara region and protect Amhara minorities who live elsewhere in Ethiopia that they say are particularly threatened by the Qeerroo movement and Oromo nationalist ideology."."The allegations of Oromia government involvement in attacks buttress claims of atrocities like genocide, as state incapacity or security forces’ mobilisation against a protected group, population, or individuals is one of a number of common risk factors present in Ethiopia for crimes against humanity to occur." "In a September statement, opposition party EZEMA, or Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice, which stands against ethnic nationalism, made the same complaint about police inaction after its researchers visited Shashamene and Dera: “Victims at the visited areas told the team that the region’s Special Forces and the National Defense Forces were unable to stop the attacks on innocent civilians because they ‘have not received an order’.”" https://www.theafricareport.com/57957/ethiopia-understanding-oromias-mayhem-after-hachalus-murder/
  223. ↑ Report Reveals as TPLF Executes Mai Kadra Massacre |url=https://waltainfo.com/int-report-reveals-as-tplf-executes-mai-kadra-massacre/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |language=en-AU}}
  224. ↑ "Ethiopia Government Clamps Down on War Coverage". VOA. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  225. ↑ "Journalists, general, militiamen arrested in Ethiopia's Amhara". Reuters. 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  226. ↑ "In the campaign for the June local and regional elections, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia was linked to numerous, gruesome, politically motivated killings. Credible allegations spread in May and June that the Oromo People's Democratic Organization, an affiliate of the EPRDF, was responsible for the massacre of Amhara nationals in Arbagugu and in other towns in May and June."https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1008303.html.
  227. ↑ McFall, Caitlin (2021-05-20). "Ethiopia's Amhara ethnic group accuses Biden of ignoring atrocities". Fox News. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  228. ↑ York, Geoffrey (2021-04-01). "Tigray conflict sparks a war of fake tweets and intense propaganda". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  229. ↑ St, Addis; ard (2022-04-11). "News: Amhara State rejects rights groups report detailing crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing in Western Tigray". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  230. ↑ Ndebele, Lenin. "What Ethiopian govt thinks about Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International report". News24. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  231. ↑ Abera, Birhanu (2021-11-03). "Int. Report Reveals as TPLF Executes Mai Kadra Massacre". Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  232. ↑ "Fact Check-Screenshot of alleged tweet from Ethiopia's rebel spokesman is fake". Reuters. 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  233. ↑ Lashitew, Addisu. "Ethiopia Will Explode if It Doesn't Move Beyond Ethnic-Based Politics". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  234. ↑ "Ethiopia: Justice Needed for Deadly October Violence". Human Rights Watch. 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  235. ↑ St, Addis; ard (2021-04-20). "News: Protests happening in multiple cities in Amhara region denouncing reports of targeted attacks against Amhara community". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  236. ↑ "#NoMore - Global movement of solidarity for the Horn of Africa". #NoMore - Global movement of solidarity for the Horn of Africa. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  237. ↑ Felbab-Brown, Vanda (2022-02-01). "Still far from peace in Ethiopia". Brookings. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  238. ↑ "Ethiopia announces pardons for high-profile political prisoners". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  239. ↑ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Ethiopia releases high profile political prisoners | DW | 14.02.2018". DW.COM. Retrieved 2022-05-21.


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Category:History of Ethiopia Category:Genocide



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