Ancyromonas sigmoides
Ancyromonas sigmoides is a species belonging to the genus Ancyromonas. They are assigned as a part of the group of heterotrophic flagellates, having both marine and freshwater lineages distributed worldwide.[1] They are of ecological importance due to their role in microbial food webs, releasing essential elements for phytoplankton and other microbes[2], feeding on bacteria and small phytoplankton. Ancyromonas sigmoides are dorsoventrally flattened kidney-shaped cells, typically 4–5 μm long and 2–4 μm wide.[3][4]
They are recently also being studied under the junior synonym Planomonas mylnikovi.[5]
The genus Ancyromonas is suspected not to belong to any of the currently established eukaryote ‘supergroups’[5], thus also called an ‘orphan’ group, are of particular interest to researchers due to its phylogenetic placement.
History of discovery
The species Ancyromonas sigmoides was first discovered and mentioned in 1880 by William Saville Kent, marine biologist and author who wrote “A manual of the Infusoria’’.
In 2008 Cavalier-Smith et al. proposed that most belonging to the genus Ancyromonas were misidentified, creating a new genus Planomonas.[6] As per, currently under review; Planomonas are treated as a junior synonym of Ancyromonas.[5]
Classification
The species Ancyromonas sigmoides is part of the genus Ancyromonas, alongside Ancyromonas melba, Ancyromonas sinistra and more.
They belong to the family of Ancyromonadidae, together with Nutomonas[7] under the order of Ancyromonadida or Planomonadida, a group of biflagellated protists, which cannot be seen to be placed under any of the known supergroups of Eukaryota.
Belonging to the class Glissodiscea and underclassified in the phylum Sulcozoa, associated with its kingdom Protozoa.
Morphology
Ancyromonas sigmoides are gliding zooflagellate protists, containing two heterodynamic flagella, anterior and posteriorly located, each emerging from different flagellar pockets.[3] The anterior pocket is continuous, towards its rostrum, preluding into a well defined slit. While the posterior flagellar pocket does not narrow down, keeping its shape. The anterior flagellum is 2/3 its cell length, for its most part very thin and considered relatively small compared to the posterior flagellum, which is about two times its cell length. [4] The anterior flagellum is often to be missed on light microscopy assays, because of its extremely thin structure. [3]
Ancyromonas sigmoides moves around by gliding along surfaces, moving its acronematic posterior flagellum trailing along the side of the cell body, swaying it back and forth[4]. Posterior flagellum is curved, shaping adjacent to the cell posteriorly directed.[3]
The cell's plasma membrane is covered in a layer of glycocalyx, while a layer of pellicle is concealed under the membrane.[3]
The cell itself is rounded and laterally compressed, with a rostrum containing 7 extrusomes; mostly seen in protozoan and algal cells.[8] Extrusomes are vesicles containing some kind of substance, discharged when they are excreted out of the cell. The functional significance of extrusomes in Ancyromonas sigmoides is unknown, but in some eukaryotes known to be used as a defence mechanism, repelling or killing through exocytosis with predators.[9]
Food vacuoles are spread out within the cell, with a preference, often located ventrally or posteriorly.[3] Multiple mitochondria within the cell can be found.
References
- ↑ Scheckenbach, Frank; Wylezich, Claudia; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Weitere, Markus; Arndt, Hartmut (October 2006). "Molecular Comparisons of Freshwater and Marine Isolates of the Same Morphospecies of Heterotrophic Flagellates". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (10): 6638–6643. doi:10.1128/AEM.02547-05. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1610283. PMID 17021215.
- ↑ Lee, W.J.; Patterson, D.J. (June 2002). "Abundance and Biomass of Heterotrophic Flagellates, and Factors Controlling Their Abundance and Distribution in Sediments of Botany Bay". Microbial Ecology. 43 (4): 467–481. doi:10.1007/s00248-002-2000-5. ISSN 0095-3628. PMID 11953810. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Heiss, Aaron A.; Walker, Giselle; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (July 2011). "The Ultrastructure of Ancyromonas, a Eukaryote without Supergroup Affinities". Protist. 162 (3): 373–393. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.08.004. PMID 21420357.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Atkins, Michael S.; Teske, Andreas P.; Anderson, O. Roger (July 2000). "A Survey of Flagellate Diversity at Four Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents in the Eastern Pacific Ocean Using Structural and Molecular Approaches". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 47 (4): 400–411. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00067.x. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 11140455. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Heiss, Aaron A.; Walker, Giselle; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (April 2010). "Clarifying the Taxonomic Identity of a Phylogenetically Important Group of Eukaryotes: Planomonas is a Junior Synonym of Ancyromonas". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 57 (3): 285–293. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00477.x. PMID 20384907. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Stechmann, Alexandra; Oates, Brian; Nikolaev, Sergei (2008-10-21). "Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): Ultrastructural Affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and Deep Divergences within Planomonas gen. nov". Protist. 159 (4): 535–562. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.06.002. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 18723395.
- ↑ Schoch, Conrad L; Ciufo, Stacy; Domrachev, Mikhail; Hotton, Carol L; Kannan, Sivakumar; Khovanskaya, Rogneda; Leipe, Detlef; Mcveigh, Richard; O’Neill, Kathleen; Robbertse, Barbara; Sharma, Shobha; Soussov, Vladimir; Sullivan, John P; Sun, Lu; Turner, Seán (2020-01-01). "NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools". Database. 2020: baaa062. doi:10.1093/database/baaa062. ISSN 1758-0463. PMC 7408187 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32761142 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Rosati, Giovanna; Modeo, Letizia (November 2003). "Extrusomes in Ciliates: Diversification, Distribution, and Phylogenetic Implications". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 50 (6): 383–402. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00260.x. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 14733430. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Rosati, Giovanna; Modeo, Letizia (November 2003). "Extrusomes in Ciliates: Diversification, Distribution, and Phylogenetic Implications". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 50 (6): 383–402. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00260.x. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 14733430. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help)
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