Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark
The Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark (AMR Benchmark) is an independent assessment of how pharmaceutical companies are responding to the global increase in drug resistance.[1] The 2018 AMR Benchmark compares 30 companies including large research-based pharmaceutical companies, generic medicine manufacturers and biopharmaceutical companies. The Benchmark analyses companies’ performances in three areas of corporate activity: Research and Development (R&D); Manufacturing & Production (M&P); and Appropriate Access & Stewardship (AA&S).[2]
The Access to Medicine Foundation[edit]
The first AMR Benchmark was published in January 2018 by the Access to Medicine Foundation, an international not-for-profit organisation in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.[3] The stated aim of the Foundation is to analyse pharmaceutical companies' actions and policies regarding access to medicine using a scoring and evaluation process. The Foundation ranks pharmaceutical companies against each other and identifies best practices and progress gaps.[4] The Access to Medicine Foundation and its research programmes are funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport.[5][6]
Benchmark Performance[edit]
In the first AMR Benchmark, published in January 2018, the 30 companies performed as shown below (companies that were not eligible for scoring in a Research Area are marked as not applicable [NA]):[7]
| Large research-based pharmaceutical companies | R&D (2018 score) | M&P (2018 score) | AA&S (2018 score) |
|---|---|---|---|
| GlaxoSmithKline | 27 | 11 | 31 |
| Johnson & Johnson | 22 | 10 | 25.5 |
| Merck & Co., Inc. | 9 | 9 | 13 |
| Novartis AG | 16 | 10 | 21.5 |
| Pfizer Inc. | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| Roche Holding AG | 8 | 10 | 6 |
| Sanofi | 22 | 10 | 16 |
| Shionogi & Co., Ltd. | 12 | 9 | 12 |
| Generic medicine manufacturers | R&D (2018 score) | M&P (2018 score) | AA&S (2018 score) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspen Pharmacare Holdings Limited | NA | 5.5 | 0 |
| Aurobindo Pharma Limited | NA | 9 | 0 |
| Cipla Limited | NA | 2.5 | 10 |
| Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. | NA | 1 | 0 |
| Fresenius Kabi AG | NA | 8 | 3 |
| Lupin Limited | NA | 5 | 0 |
| Macleods Pharmaceuticals Ltd | NA | 2 | 2 |
| Mylan NV | NA | 8 | 8 |
| Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. | NA | 0 | 0 |
| Teva Pharmaceutical Industries | NA | 9 | 0 |
| Biopharmaceutical companies | R&D (2018 score) | M&P (2018 score) | AA&S (2018 score) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Achaogen Inc. | 7 | NA | NA |
| Cempra Inc. | 7 | NA | NA |
| Entasis Therapeutics Inc. | 17 | NA | NA |
| Melinta Therapeutics Inc. | 7 | NA | NA |
| MGB Biopharma | 10 | NA | NA |
| Motif Biopharma | 4 | NA | NA |
| Nabriva Therapeutics plc | 10 | NA | NA |
| Polyphor Ltd. | 11 | NA | NA |
| Summit Therapeutics | 11 | NA | NA |
| Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc. | 11 | NA | NA |
| The Medicines Company | 10 | NA | NA |
| Wockhardt Ltd. | 6 | NA | NA |
History[edit]
The AMR Benchmark was developed through consultation with stakeholders working in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to build consensus on the priorities for pharmaceutical companies in limiting AMR.[8] This follows the prioritisation of AMR on global agendas, including at the G7, the G20, the World Health Assembly and the World Economic Forum.[9] The pharmaceutical industry has also publicly committed to address AMR.[10] The Access to Medicine Foundation developed the AMR Benchmark to identify and publicly recognise those companies that are taking action and to enable their peers to adopt innovative approaches and good practices.
Methodology[edit]
The 2017 Methodology for the 2018 AMR Benchmark was published in August 2017. It is based on a framework of 15 indicators that analyse company performance across three areas of activity: Research & Development; Manufacturing & Production; and Appropriate Access & Stewardship.[11]
Scopes[edit]
Company scope The 2018 AMR Benchmark evaluated thirty pharmaceutical companies including large research-based pharmaceutical companies, generic medicine manufacturers, and biopharmaceutical companies. The companies in scope were selected based on a combination of factors, including R&D focus and experience, antibiotic market share and public commitment to limiting AMR.[12]
Disease scope The 2018 AMR Benchmark covered all infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, helminths and protozoa.[13] Certain pathogens have been deemed by stakeholders to be a priority for efforts to curb AMR, particularly for R&D. These drug-resistant pathogens were defined by the World Health Organization’s R&D Priority List and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Biggest Threat List.[14][15]
Product scope The product scope covered antimicrobial medicines on the market and in development, and vaccines in development.[16]
Geographic scope The geographic scope of 2018 AMR Benchmark was global. Metrics relating to access to antimicrobial medicines focused on 106 low- and middle-income countries. This group of countries was defined using three criteria: (1) countries’ level of income (gross national income [GNI] per capita); (2) their levels of development; and (3) the scope and scale of inequality in each country. These assessments are based on data from the World Bank,[17] the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),[18] and the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).[19]
Reception[edit]
Since its publication, the AMR Benchmark has been cited as an independent benchmark for tracking company action to tackle AMR.
- Jim O’Neill, former chair of the AMR review commissioned by the UK government, reported on the role of the Benchmark to provide much needed data for investors to compare pharmaceutical companies’ behaviour on the AMR issue, saying “[previously], there were no readily available data by which to make comparisons.”[20]
- Dame Sally Davies, the UK’s Chief Scientific Officer, commented that the Benchmark “can help pave the way for a transparent learning culture where best practice is shared, progress celebrated, and gaps where further work is needed are identified.”[21]
The results of the 2018 AMR Benchmark were covered by media outlets such as the Financial Times,[22] the Guardian,[23] the New York Times,[24] Reuters,[25] as well as titles with industry-focused readerships, such as Pharmaphorum[26] and STAT news.[27]
Limitations[edit]
The results of the AMR Benchmark are largely based on company data provided by the pharmaceutical companies themselves. In order to mitigate any reporting bias, company-submitted data was verified against public sources.
References[edit]
- ↑ Cookson, Clive; Jack, Andrew; Dodd, Darren (26 January 2018). "New benchmarks in superbug struggle". The Financial Times. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ The 2017 Methodology for the 2018 Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark (PDF). August 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2018. Search this book on
- ↑ The 2018 Antibiotic Resistance Benchmark (PDF). January 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018. Search this book on
- ↑ "About us". The Access to Medicine Foundation. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ↑ Cookson, Clive (23 January 2018). "GSK leads drugmakers' fight against superbugs". The Financial Times. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ Stone, Judy (13 November 2018). "New Pharma Rankings On Global Access To Medicine Released". Forbes. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ The 2018 Antibiotic Resistance Benchmark (PDF). January 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018. Search this book on
- ↑ The 2017 Methodology for the 2018 Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark (PDF). August 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2018. Search this book on
- ↑ Iyer, Jayasree, K; Mendelson, Marc (12 October 2017). "Can the Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark blaze a new trail?" (PDF). The Lancet. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ↑ O'Neill, Jim. "The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance" (PDF). AMR-review. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ↑ "Access To Medicines Foundation Details Methodology For 2018 AMR Benchmark". Intellectual Property Watch. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ The 2017 Methodology for the 2018 Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark (PDF). August 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2018. Search this book on
- ↑ The 2017 Methodology for the 2018 Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark (PDF). August 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2018. Search this book on
- ↑ "Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics". World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ↑ "Biggest Threats". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ The 2017 Methodology for the 2018 Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark (PDF). August 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2018. Search this book on
- ↑ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". The World Bank. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ↑ "Global Human Development Report 2016" (PDF). United Nations Development Program 2016. United Nations Development Program. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ "List of Least Developed Countries (as of March 2018)" (PDF). United Nations Committee for Development Policy. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ↑ O'Neill, Jim (23 January 2018). "Tracking Big Pharma's Progress on AMR". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ "Endorsements". AMR Benchmark. Access to Medicine Foundation. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ "GSK leads drugmakers' fight against superbugs". The Financial Times. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ Kollewe, Julia (23 January 2018). "Number of new antibiotics has fallen sharply since 2000". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ Mc Neil, Donald (23 January 2018). "New Index Rates Drug Companies in Fight Against 'Superbugs'". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ Hirschler, Ben (23 January 2018). "Pharma firms need to do more to counter superbugs". Reuters. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ McConaghie, Andrew (6 March 2018). "GSK and J&J lead in vaccines research – but pricing still an issue". Pharmaphorum. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ↑ Silverman, Ed (23 January 2018). "Pharma is urged to do more to thwart the superbug crisis". STAT News. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
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