Anuak Patrol

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The Anuak Patrol, also known as the Adongo campaign, was a series of unsuccessful military operations from 1899-1912 executed by the British Anglo Egyptian forces to subdue and put down the raids of the Anyuak People of southern sudan

Anuak Patrol
Date 1899 – 15 March 1912 Location Akobo River, South-East Sudan Result British operational failure. End of British Military operations in Anyuak Territory
Belligerents
Anyuak kingdom	Template:Country data Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Supported by: Ethiopia
Commanders and leaders
Akwei War-Cam	Template:Country data Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Reginald Wingate Template:Country data Anglo-Egyptian Sudan C. H Leveson Template:Country data Anglo-Egyptian Sudan J. W Lichtenberg  † Template:Country data Anglo-Egyptian Sudan C. E Kinahan †
Strength
Unknown	500 men
Casualties and losses
30-100	At least 2 British officers, 5 sudanese officers And 42 men were killed

Background

After the British had conquered the Mahdist State In 1899, they sent missionaries to the south to Assert control, The Anyuaks were a threat as they have had exchanged ivory with Ethiopians before their allegiance with the British for approximately ten thousand firearms, in which helped their defense and raid Nuers and other villages , The British had suspected that the Anyuaks would use these guns to Start a rebellion, In 1911, Governor-General Sir Reginald Wingate expressed frustration regarding the Anyuak people, stating, ""The Anuak raids have forced our hand and we must now go in where we did not wish to be involved"".

In 1911, An expedition led by F. D. Dickson attempted to invade the Anuak Territory, although they Burned Some villages and Inflicted the deaths of 30 Anuak warriors, The expedition was met with failure and The Forces withdrew.

1912 Expedition

In March 15, 1912, The British sent another expedition led by Major Charles Henry Leveson, Sending a force of 357 Men south to Akobo to Invade the Anuaks Once and for all, Anuak warriors had exploited the dense terrain to hide in bushes, Ambush and retreat tactics which Frustrated the British, This expedition was costly and resulted in the casualties of 42 men, 2 British officers and 5 Egyptian officers, following this the British had gave up military operations south ever since

Aftermath

The British had a plan to organize an Invasion of the Anyuaks In 1914, But it was disrupted by the outbreak of World War I In Europe.

Following their 1912 defeat, the British realized they could not control the Anuak militarily without a massive, expensive campaign they weren't willing to fund, Switching to pacification as a method to control, As a result, they largely left the Anuak alone until 1921, One year after the death Of Akwei war cam, it was only then the British could enter the heartland of the Anyuaks, Adongo, Building multiple outposts, Garrisons and stations, the "administration" being limited to infrequent, cautious visits by colonial officials.

The Anuak lived along the Akobo and Pibor rivers, spanning the border between British Sudan and Ethiopia. When British patrols became too aggressive, Anuak groups simply moved across the border into Ethiopian territory where the British had no legal authority to follow, Avoiding taxes and paying tribute

The outposts and garrisons were constantly weakened, attacked, and extracted more harm than benefits to the British in administration of the area

In May 26, 1934, A Tax collection expedition consisting of a Hundred men and a machine gun Led by Kanyazmatch Majid Abud, An Ethiopian imperial agent, Was sent to Gambela to Collect Taxes From the Baro Anuak, The Baro anuaks had surprisingly ambushed the force with a large force and Nearly annhiliated the expedition with 30 Seriously injured survivors, The Retreating survivors were pursued by The Baro Anuaks to the Baro River at Gambela, They were only saved from total destruction when the Gambela Police from the Sudan Enclave intervened and rescued the seriously wounded Majid Abud and his men, This Discouraged the Ethiopian Government to send further Tax Expeditions for many years.

The Italian invasion of Ethiopia had stopped Slave-raiding and Tax collections by Ethiopians against the Anyuaks of gambella, Anyuak people inhabiting the region often allied with and used as scouts by Italian colonial forces, Later switching sides and helping the Belgians drive the Italians out in the Siege of Saïo, and helped the Belgians find and crush a rebellion of an Oromo Claimant to be the lost son of Lij Iyasu whom had evacuated to their region of Gambella with some of his men after the siege, Later the Belgians had left the Gambella region whereas more than 400 of their Force-Publique troops were devastated and fatalized by the disease switching from Cold-rainforests to the savannahs and after the Italians were fully driven out, Anyuaks later looted the rifles of Italian soldiers which helped them Repel raids by neighbors and strengthen dominance around the area.

By 1956 following the Independence of Sudan, British officials left not only the Anyuak land, But the entire south with Disappointing results, Their Tax system was barely workable, constant attacks to their Outposts and garrisons gave them more Harm Than Benefits Administrating the area, Officials in Khartoum by 1920 had judged their administration of the south a "failure", and had left the Ethiopian Empire to controlling the anyuak, whom limitedly controlled the Area but In a stable system

References

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