Ashab al-wujuh
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Ashab al-Wujuh (أصحاب الوجوه) is a term in Islamic jurisprudence referring to jurists within a madhhab who engage in the process of takhrij (deriving legal rulings within the school). Takhrij takes two forms.[1]
The first occurs when two different rulings are transmitted from the founder of a school concerning two similar cases, with no apparent distinction between them that would justify treating them differently. The jurists then apply the ruling given for one case to the other. As a result, each case has two positions: a transmitted opinion (nass) and a derived position. The transmitted position in one case is the derived position in the other, and vice versa. Thus, the two cases are said to have two positions by transmission and takhrij. In such cases, the jurists generally do not unanimously accept the derivation. Some perform the takhrij, while others identify a distinction between the two cases.[2][3][lower-alpha 1]
The second occurs when a new legal issue arises for which the founder of the school did not provide a ruling. The jurists then examine a similar issue for which a ruling exists and apply the same ruling to the new issue.[4]
See also
References
- ↑ al-Ashqar, ʿUmar Sulaymān. Al-madkhal ilā dirāsat al-madāris waʾl-madhāhib al-fiqhiyya. Search this book on
- ↑ al-Juwaynī, Abūʾl-Maʿālī. Nihāyat al-maṭlab fī dirāyat al-madhhab. p. 169. Search this book on
- ↑ al-ʿIrāqī, Walī al-Dīn. Taḥrīr al-fatāwā. p. 44. Search this book on
- ↑ al-Bāḥsīn, Yaʿqūb b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. Al-takhrīj ʿinda al-fuqahāʾ waʾl-uṣūliyyīn. p. 348. Search this book on
Notes
- ↑ - Text (nass): the statement explicitly stated in Imam al-Shafi‘i’s book. It is called a “nass” because of the elevated status granted by the Imam’s explicit designation of it. Its counterpart is the derived opinion (qawl mukharraj). - Derivation (takhrij): this is when al-Shafi‘i gives two different rulings in two similar cases without any apparent distinction that would justify differentiating between them. The companions then transfer his answer from each case to the other, resulting in two opinions in each case: one explicit (mansus) and one derived (mukharraj). What is explicit in one case becomes derived in the other, and what is explicit in the other becomes derived in the first. Thus it is said that the two opinions exist by transmission and derivation. In most such instances, the companions do not unanimously agree on the derivation; rather, some derive while others point out a distinction between the two cases. The sounder view is that the derived opinion should not be attributed to al-Shafi‘i, since he might have been asked about it again and then clarified a distinguishing factor. - The closer resemblance (al-ashbah): the ruling that bears the stronger resemblance to the effective cause (‘illah). This applies when an issue has two rulings based on two analogies, but the effective cause in one of them is stronger than in the other. Arabic: - النص: هو القول المنصوص عليه في كتاب الإمام الشافعي، وسمي نصا؛ لأنه مرفوع القدر بتنصيص الإمام عليه، ويقابله القول المخرج.- التخريج: هو أن يجيب الشافعي بحكمين مختلفين في صورتين متشابهتين ولم يظهر ما يصلح للفرق بينهما، فينقل الأصحاب جوابه في كل صورة إلى الأخرى، فيحصل في كل صورة منهما قولان: منصوص ومخرج، المنصوص في هذه هو المخرج في تلك، والمنصوص في تلك هو المخرج في هذه، فيقال فيهما قولان بالنقل والتخريج.والغالب في مثل هذا عدم إطباق الأصحاب على التخريج، بل منهم من يخرج، ومنهم من يبدي فرقا بين الصورتين، والأصح أن القول المخرج لا ينسب للشافعي؛ لأنه ربما روجع فيه، فذكر فرقا.- الأشبه: هو الحكم الأقوى شبها بالعلة، وذلك فيما لو كان للمسألة حكمان مبنيان على قياسين، لكن العلة في أحدهما أقوى من الآخر. (Taḥrīr al-fatāwā p.44)
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