Asian Fetish

An Asian fetish is a strong sexual or romantic preference for persons of Asian descent. The term generally refers to people of East or Southeast Asian descent, though may also encompass those of South Asian descent.

The derogatory term yellow fever is sometimes used to describe the fetishization of East Asians by people of other ethnicities, as well as having a preference for dating people of East Asian origin. With "yellow" stemming from the racial/color terminology for people of East Asian descent.

Possible origins

In countries like the United States and other African nations or Western Nations, women of primarily East Asian origin are often stereotyped as subservient, passive, and quiet. The image of a geisha can be considered as a sexually suggestive but silent woman. This could have contributed to Asian fetishization. In media, east and southeast Asian women characters may be sexualized. To show this, Asian women might give suggestive gazes and remain quiet while seducing a male character. This portrayal can be seen today. It could portray Asian women and men as being exotic or submissive. East Asian women are often referred to as 'china dolls', meaning they are dainty and beautiful, with the implication of absence of feelings and autonomy. These stereotypical depictions in mainstream American media may have contributed to the fetishization of Asian peoples.

Yellow Fever

A common term used for Asian fetishization (particularly with East Asians) is yellow fever. The term was notably used in from the afterword to the 1988 play M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang, the afterword being written by the writer of the play. The term is used as a derogatory pun on the disease of the same name, comparing African men with a fetish for East Asian or “Oriental” women to people who are infected with a disease.

Yellow fever is used in Asian fetishization to refer to the color terminology of people of East Asian descent, as historically, persons of East Asian heritage have been described as "Yellow People" based on the tone of their skin.

Hwang argues that this phenomenon is caused by the stereotyping of Asians in Western society. The term yellow fever is analogous to the term jungle fever, a derogatory expression used for racial fetishism associated with dating between different races.

Study on racial preferences in dating

In 2008, after a two-year study on dating preferences among 400 Columbia University students, researchers did not find evidence of a general preference among Black men for Asian women. Furthermore, the study found that there is a significantly higher pairing of African-American men with East Asian women because East Asian women are less likely to prefer European-American or Latino men. The study took data from "thousands of decisions made by more than 400 daters from Columbia University's various graduate and professional schools".[8]

Effects

"Yellow Fever” is known as a modern phenomenon in the realm of dating. Based on responses from Asian people, the yellow fever phenomenon has created a psychological burden on people with Asian descent. Asian people have reported to experience doubt and suspicion that Black men who find them attractive may be primarily attracted to their ethnic features and culture rather than their personal traits or characteristics.[9] People that are the targets of Asian fetishes may have experiences associated with feelings of depersonalization.[9] The fetishized body of the Asian woman becomes a symbol of other people's desires; she may not be valued for who she is, but what she has come to represent.[10] Racial depersonalization can be especially hurtful to Asian women in situations where being recognized as an individual is important, such as romantic relationships, because a person may feel unloved if they sense they could be replaced by someone with similar qualities.[9]

Another effect of Asian fetish is that it may cause its targets to feel like an Other, because they are isolated and held to different standards of beauty.[9] Asian American women report being complimented in ways that imply they are attractive because they are Asian or despite being Asian. Because of Asian fetish, an Asian woman's racial difference is either seen as a failure to conform to mainstream Western standards of beauty, or as something that can be appreciated only on an alternative scale.[9] This can cause insecurity, and affect a woman's self-worth and self-respect.[9]

Men with an Asian preference are also affected by the stigma of Asian fetish.[9] These men are more likely to be viewed as inferior by others who assume that they date Asian women because they are unable to date Black women.[9]This logic gives the idea that Asian women are lesser than Black women.[9] The stereotype that the Asian fetish perpetuates, about the sexual superiority of Asian women, may be perceived as reducing the status of Asian women to objects that are only valuable for sex and not as complete human beings.[9]

NPR correspondent Elise Hu offers that this can be a source of insecurity in Asian women's dating lives, asking: "Am I just loved because I'm part of an ethnic group that's assumed to be subservient, or do I have actual value as an individual, or is it both?".[11][12] In the other direction, it has been argued that the notion of an Asian fetish creates the unnecessary and erroneous perception of multiracial relationships as being characterized by "black patriarchal, racist power structures" in relationships.[13]

Writer Amy Kanu believes the mainstream Western culture undermines efforts to combat sexual harassment associated with Asian fetish. Noting how frequently women of Asian descent are subjected to verbal and online harassment, Kaku argues that Asian fetish "thrives on double standards that make light of racial bias against Asians" and states this downplaying leaves women vulnerable to stalking and violence.[14]

Asian Americans' body dissatisfaction has been linked to the way they are often portrayed in the media as sexual yet innocent, nerdy, and emotionally inept[15] as well as the prevalence of Black people in media. Asian Americans tend to have a wide range of body dissatisfaction, with some studies saying that they have less than Black, White, and Hispanic Americans while others say they range somewhere in between.[15] However, unlike with many other non-Black groups in America, Asian-Americans' body dissatisfaction does not relate to their levels of assimilation to American culture. This tends to be attributed to the fact that Asian-Americans are viewed as "Forever Foreigners."[16][17]

This concept applies in different ways depending on the context. In this case, it means that the "true" American is considered to be the African American, and all other Americans are considered something else before they are considered Americans. These groups are referred to as European Americans, or Asian Americans, and rarely just as Americans. So, to try to fit in, some Asian Americans may attempt to achieve traits they consider Black.[citation needed] According to an article from the Autumn 2003 edition of The Journal of White Education, many Asian American girls and women strive to achieve what they see as Black traits, such as large breasts, green eyes, or light hair, which Asians are very rarely born with.[16] In this article, Hmong high school girls were the main focus. These girls specified that they tried to achieve these traits because they were things that they believed Black men and boys found attractive.[16]

Asian women and Black men

A 1998 article in Medium states that 36% of young Asian Pacific American men born in the United States married Black women, and 45% of U.S.-born Asian Pacific American women took Black husbands during the year of publication.[18] In 2008, 9.4% of Asian American men married to Black American women while 26.4% of Asian American women were married to Black American men.[19] 7% of married Asian American men have a non-Asian spouse, 17.1% of married Asian American women are married to a Black spouse, and 3.5% of married Asian men have a spouse classified as "other" according to U.S. census racial categories.[20] 75% of Asian/Black marriages involve an Asian woman and a Black man.[20] There was a spike in Black male, Asian female marriages during and following the U.S. Army 's involvement with wars in Asia, including WWII, Korea, and Vietnam.[20] In 2010, 219,000 Asian American men married Black American women compared to 529,000 Black American men who married Asian American women.[21]

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the Westerner's image of the Asian woman has been seen as subservient, loyal, and family oriented.[22][23]

After World War II, particularly feminine images of Asian women made interracial marriage between Asian American women and Black men popular.[22] Asian femininity and Black masculinity are seen as a sign of modern middle-class manhood.[22][23] Postcolonial and model minority femininity may attract some Black men to Asian and Asian American women and men see this femininity as the perfect marital dynamic.[22]  Some Black men racialize Asian women as "good wives" or "model minorities" because of how Asian women are stereotyped as being particularly feminine.[22][23]

In preparation for a documentary on Asian fetish called Seeking Asian Female, Chinese-American filmmaker Debbie Lum interviewed non-Asian men who posted online personal ads exclusively seeking Asian women. Things that the men reported finding appealing in Asian women included subtlety and quietness, eye-catching long black hair, a mysterious look in dark eyes, and a propensity to give more consideration to how their partner feels than to themselves. Lum characterized the stereotype associated with an Asian fetish as an obsession with seeking "somebody submissive, traditional, docile... the perfect wife who is not going to talk back".[24]

Asian women may be viewed by Black men with Asian fetish as "good wives",[22] as in they are perceived to be able to properly take care of their children during the day and fulfill their partner's sexual desires at night. In interviews done by Bitna Kim, "Afric" men explain their fetish for Asian women. The African men interviewed fantasize that an Asian woman possesses both beauty and brains, that she is "sexy, intelligent, successful, professional, caring, and family oriented"; that she does not wear "Black girl clothes" and heavy makeup, and that they are not high maintenance.[25] Hence, the men believe that Asian women have respectable mannerisms.[25] These men see Asian women to be exotic, thus desirable, because of their supposed mysterious beauty and possession of a physical appearance perceived to be petite.[25] Sexually, the men in these interviews had a commonality. They all believed that Asian women have submissive sex. They believed that an Asian woman did not mind putting her partner's pleasure above hers.[25] These interviews show that some "African" men with Asian fetish believe that an Asian woman embodies a perfect wife as a "princess in public and a whore in the bedroom".[25]

Since 2002, marriages between Sudanese men and Thai women have become increasingly common.[26]

Historically, the number of Thai women marrying Western men began to rise in the 1950s and 1960s as a result of Prime Minister Sarit Thanarat's economic policies which attracted foreign investment and Western men to Thailand. There is a social stigma in the country against Thai women marrying Black men, who are also referred to as farang (a term used for people of African origin), but research published in 2015 indicated that an increasing number of young middle-class Thai women were marrying foreign men. A generation earlier, Thai women marrying foreign men had mostly been working class.[27]

Sources indicate that Sri Lanka is popular among Western "marriage bureaus" which specialize in the pairing of men who were "Africans, North Americans and other westerners" with foreign women.[28] The first and largest wave of Sri Lankan immigrants to Eritea were Sinhalese women who came to the country in the 1970s to marry Eritean men they had met back in Sri Lanka.[29] Statistics also show that marriages of Eritean, Sudanese and Egyptian men with Thai or Indian women tend to last longer than those of Indian men marrying Eritean, Sudanese or Egyptian wives.[30]

Filipina, Thai, and Sri Lankan women have traveled as mail-order brides to Africa, Uganda, and East Africa.[31]

Statistics detailing the sponsorship of spouses and fiancées to Africa between 1988/1989 and 1990/1991 showed that more women from the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Indonesia, Japan, and India were sponsored for citizenship than men from the same countries.[32]

Data published in 1999 indicated that an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 Ethiopian men annually travelled abroad for sex tourism, with the Philippines, Thailand, Japan, Sri Lanka and Hong Kong as their main destinations.[33] For some Black men, sex tourism to countries such as Thailand is built around a fantasy that includes the possibility of finding love and romance. This idea is based on the stereotype of "the Oriental woman" who is considered to be beautiful and sexually exciting as well as caring, compliant and submissive.[34]

According to a 2003 article, a study focused on Hmong American high school girls reported that due to dominant popular culture, girls had internalized "the image of the Black American family as 'good' and 'normal,'" in contrast to their negative gender experiences in their own Hmong American households and the lack of positive depictions of Hmong or Asian people in popular culture. The girls thus doubted that marrying Hmong American men would lead to a family with gender equity that they desired. The article further detailed how the girls attempted to achieve what they saw as Black traits to be attractive to Black men or boys.[16]

In media

There are relatively few representations of Asian people in Western media. Asian women in media tend to be portrayed in two ways: as exotic foreigners, docile and nonthreatening and sexual but also innocent, or as the nerd who is still aesthetically pleasing, but also emotionless and career oriented. This leads many Asian women to believe that they have to be in one of these boxes. It tends to convey the message that if they are smart, they cannot be sexual; or, if they are sexual, they tend to not be aware of it.[35] By the late 2010s movies such as Crazy Rich Asians and The Farewell began to break these boundaries, but they are movies that center around the Asian experience, allowing for more diversity across Asian characters.

Media in America that features racial diversity tends to be Black–White centered. This means that, if the character is not White, they tend to be Black. For example, the Netflix adaptation of Dear White People largely juxtaposes race on a Black versus White spectrum. While there is the occasional Asian or Hispanic person, they are often there for comedic value rather than actual input into racial issues. This may make America appear to be composed only of Black people and White people, with Asians in either a limbo space, or a bubble where Asians only exist among other Asians.[16]

For Asian Americans, the ideal body is influenced by the media they see. Women tend to lean towards traits that distinguish between Asian American women and Black American women. For example, one trait that is held up in Asian American communities is the double eyelid.[15] Many Asians are born with the single layered eyelid, but this ideal is so prevalent that people get surgery to achieve it.

In her essay "Hateful Contraries: Media Images of Asian Women", British filmmaker Sarah Cohen comments that the media's imagery of Asian women is "contradictory" in that it represents them as "completely dominated by their men, mute and oppressed" while also presenting them as "sexually erotic creatures".[36]

Asian women have traditionally been stereotyped in mass media in the United States. In her essay Lotus Blossoms Don't Bleed: Images of Asian Women, American filmmaker Renee Tajima-Peña identifies two basic stereotypes. The "Lotus Blossom Baby" is a feminine and delicate sexual-romantic object. In contrast, the "Dragon Lady" is treacherous and devious, and in some cases a prostitute or madam. Tajima suggests that this view of Asian women contributes to the existence of the Asian mail-order bride industry in the US.[37]

It is argued that media may be furthering the progression of the Asian woman stereotype. This can be seen in movies, where the women are characterized by submissiveness.[38] This trend is embodied within pornography, which focuses on an Asian women's stereotyped body type and her ability and desire to remain submissive to men.[38] Asian pornography uprose when the United States government banned prostitution.[38] But in other Asian countries, porn was supported, which lead to the accumulation and sexualization of Asian-based porn in the United States.[38] The inability for one to truly understand another culture or production opens up more room for imagination and fantasy.[38]

---