Baobab Oil
| Baobab Oil | |
|---|---|
 Adansonia digitata (Baobab seed) | |
| Product name | Baobab oil |
| Geographic origin | Madagascar, mainland Africa, Arabia, and Australia |
| Uses | Cosmetic and Medicinal |
| Main consumers | local, rural and commercial |
| Legal status |
|
Baobab oil is sourced from the seed of the Baobab tree scientifically known as Adansonia digitata, and classified in the Dicotyledons class. This oil is known to be grown from dry climates and extracted for its fatty acid properties. Due to its high proportions of vitamins, minerals and fatty acids it has become greatly known for its medicinal properties. Although traditionally used in the local communities, Baobab oil has since grown greatly in demand for natural cosmetics within the retail sector within the greater globe for retail sales in the US and other westernised countries
Origins and Extraction
Origins
Baobab oil is sourced from the Baobab tree (Adansonia digitata), characteristically found in 'arid tropical ecosystems'[2] across Africa, Asia and in some areas of Australia.
Extraction
The oil from the Baobab seed is extracted through the cold pressing process, often conducted with an automated cold-pressing machine but can be done manually if needed. The method of this process entails a cut into the solid by needle, the solid is then undergone compression which creates oil to seep out of the solid. This oil is then gathered by a decanter and combined with water, where the water is then again separated by configuration and the oil is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored at 4°c until it is needed[3].
Properties
Across Africa it has become a common practice for the extraction of plant and seed materials for research purposes in order to evaluate their molecular properties. Prior to the seed's oil being extracted the method includes using already dry seeds which are then cleaned from dirt and left out in the sun for an extra period of time. From then the seeds are grounded often via a mill and passed through a mesh sieve which are then refrigerated[4], this is the solid then used during the process of extraction.
The extraction method used regularly is Soxhlet method[5] which separates the soluble molecules from an organic solid into a solvent creating a liquid.[6] This involves the Soxhlet extractor apparatus which has the solid placed on the thimble in the main chamber which through the heating of a solvent in the still pot is transferred into the solvent creating a liquid.
Vitamins and Minerals
Experiments[7] conducted support the presence of prominent vitamins and minerals as part of the daily intake for the human body. Evidence suggests that the Baobab can contribute to some extent of human intake of Iron and Zinc.
| Vitamin type | Value in baobab oil (mg/100g) | Recommended daily intake[8] |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | 5.26±0.03* | 700-900µm |
| Vitamin C | 6.71±0.04 | 40-45mg |
*µm/100g
| Mineral Type | Value in baobab oil (mg/100g) | Adequate intake[9] |
|---|---|---|
| Phosphorus | 6.00±0.02 | 1000-1250mg |
| Calcium | 58.90±2.34 | 1000-1300mg |
| Potassium | 280±1.34 | 2500-3800mg |
| Sodium | 6.07±0.04 | 460-920mg |
| Recommended daily intake[9] | ||
| Zinc | 3.60±1.42 | 7-14mg |
| Iron | 6.36±0.42 | 8-15mg |
Fatty acid profile
The large proportion of the Baobab oil (33%) in the seed when extracted accounts for the significant uses in its fatty acid profile. The Baobab contains a variety of Saturated, Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated and a singular Cyclopropane fatty acids. the Baobab oil composition characteristically details high contents of Oleic and Linoleic acid[10].
| Fatty acid group | Σ of values (%) |
|---|---|
| Unsaturated | 62.11±1.91 |
| Saturated | 29.41±1.66 |
| Cyclic | 7.10±1.50 |
Health benefits and Uses
Baobab oil is historically known to be used in ancient African remedies for decades, however seed oil such as the Baobab's has only recently become increasingly apparent within the natural cosmetic industry. This rise to publicity is due to the now support from scientific experiments and reports in research of their high fatty acid profile and suggestions made between the correlation of healthy skin and henceforth the suggested health benefits to the skin when applied. Application of Baobab oil includes; from basic skin care such as applying cream for hydration of skin on the face to the inclusion of Baobab oil in medicinal treatments such as acne and dermatitis. the versatile use of Baobab oil has created a flux in demand and marketing for this usage.
Historically, Native African seeds and their respective oils have been used locally as a source commonly of food, energy, medicine and cosmetics. as a food and energy, it is now commented on being able to be a booster for iron and zinc, however it is noted that it is not sufficient enough to be an individuals only source, rather an assist to a persons recommended requirements[7]. in the applications of medicine and cosmetics, these oils have been use in conjunction of other materials for various uses such as in the production of lubricant, soaps, and other medical treatments[12]. Furthermore, the use of Baobab oil is common for treating diagnoses from common coughs to more complex conditions such as haemoptysis[13]. Treatments may be prescribed with the single use of the seed oil or in combination of other applications of nature. Baobab oil is known to be used for healing physical methods and remedies for cuts and abrasion to the skin, yet furthermore it is not just limited to direct physical healing as it is also used for therapeutic care in massage oils that relieve stress of the sociological self and nail and hair restoration[14].
Although there are various fatty acids found in Baobab oil that are considered beneficial to the skin, Linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid is mostly sought after. Linoleic acid supports claims for having moisturising and alleviation properties of stress from skin caused by sunburns and some cases of dermatosis and acne[15]. For this reason, Linoleic acid can commonly be found, used and practiced in acne treatments. In addition to this, Oleic acid, a monounsaturated acid in abundance in Baobab oil has studies that support its properties to enhance penetration of drugs (Tenoxicam) with anti-inflammatory properties, commonly found in skin care products.
In Retail
As a vast growing multi-billion dollar industry, natural cosmetics is becoming greatly prominent into the retail setting[16]. The demand as detailed by YC Mitei, established the fact that between 2004-05 the global production of seed oils was reported as 113 million metric tonnes.[17].
This modern growth for natural oil's, such as the Baobab oil in the retail industry has since greatly impacted the economy of the local community in which the solid is sourced. Within these communities, the collection and harvesting of products create a source of income for previously unemployed families hence creating a way of livelihood for most rural families[18]. This commercial demand for localised products has beneficially impacted the living standards and forth encourages the individual growth of struggling third world communities. however, it is evident that many receive small portions as income from commercial brand's product price[19].
References
- ↑ "Soxhlet extractor", Wikipedia, 2019-02-22, retrieved 2019-05-09
- ↑ Chapotin, S.M., Razanameharizaka, J.H. and Holbrook, N.M., 2006. Baobab trees (Adansonia) in Madagascar use stored water to flush new leaves but not to support stomatal opening before the rainy season. New Phytologist, 169(3), pp.549-559.
- ↑ Ferhat, M.A., Meklati, B.Y. and Chemat, F., 2007. Comparison of different isolation methods of essential oil from Citrus fruits: cold pressing, hydrodistillation and microwave ‘dry’distillation. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 22(6), pp.494-504.
- ↑ Vermaak, I., Kamatou, G.P.P., Komane-Mofokeng, B., Viljoen, A.M. and Beckett, K., 2011. African seed oils of commercial importance—Cosmetic applications. South African Journal of Botany, 77(4), pp.920-933.
- ↑ Ganzler, K., Salgo, A. and Valkó, K., 1986. Microwave extraction: A novel sample preparation method for chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 371, pp.299-306.
- ↑ "Ontology". www.rsc.org. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Nkafamiya, I.I., Osemeahon, S.A., Dahiru, D. and Umaru, H.A., 2007. Studies on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the seeds of baobab (Adasonia digitata). African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(6).
- ↑ "Vitamin C". National health and research council. 23//01/2017. Retrieved 12/05/2019. Check date values in:
|access-date=, |date=(help) - ↑ 9.0 9.1 "nutrients". National Health and Medical Research Council. 22/09/2017. Retrieved 12/05/2019. Check date values in:
|access-date=, |date=(help) - ↑ Komane, B.M., Vermaak, I., Kamatou, G.P., Summers, B. and Viljoen, A.M., 2017. Beauty in Baobab: a pilot study of the safety and efficacy of Adansonia digitata seed oil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 27(1), pp.1-8.
- ↑ Razafimamonjison, G., Leong Pock Tsy, J.M., Randriamiarinarivo, M., Ramanoelina, P., Rasoarahona, J., Fawbush, F. and Danthu, P., 2017. Fatty acid composition of baobab seed and its relationship with the genus Adansonia taxonomy. Chemistry & biodiversity, 14(8), p.e1600441.
- ↑ Zimba, N., Wren, S. and Stucki, A., 2005. Three major tree nut oils of southern central Africa: their uses and future as commercial base oils. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 15(4), pp.177-182.
- ↑ "The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern Africa: Being an Account of their Medicinal Uses, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Toxicology in Man and Animal". Nature. 132 (3331): 336–336. September 1933. doi:10.1038/132336a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ↑ Wren, S (2003). "Organic essential oils, indigenous cold pressed oils, herbs and spices in sub-Saharan Africa". International Journal of Aromatherapy. 13 (2–3): 71–81. doi:10.1016/s0962-4562(03)00093-6. ISSN 0962-4562.
- ↑ Hamilton, J.A. (August 2002). "How fatty acids bind to proteins: the inside story from protein structures". Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 67 (2–3): 65–72. doi:10.1054/plef.2002.0400. ISSN 0952-3278.
- ↑ Vermaak, I., Kamatou, G.P.P., Komane-Mofokeng, B., Viljoen, A.M. and Beckett, K., 2011. African seed oils of commercial importance—Cosmetic applications. South African Journal of Botany, 77(4), pp.920-933.
- ↑ Mitei, Y. C.; Ngila, J. C.; Yeboah, S. O.; Wessjohann, L.; Schmidt, J. (2008-10-22). "NMR, GC–MS and ESI-FTICR-MS Profiling of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols in Some Botswana Seed Oils". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 85 (11): 1021–1032. doi:10.1007/s11746-008-1301-3. ISSN 0003-021X.
- ↑ Juliani, H.R.; Koroch, A.R.; Simon, J.E.; Wamulwange, C. (November 2007). "MUNGONGO COLD PRESSED OIL (SCHINZIOPHYTON RAUTANENII): A NEW NATURAL PRODUCT WITH POTENTIAL COSMETIC APPLICATIONS". Acta Horticulturae (756): 407–412. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2007.756.43. ISSN 0567-7572.
- ↑ Penn, James W. (September 2008). "Non-timber Forest Products in Peruvian Amazonia: Changing Patterns of Economic Exploitation". Focus on Geography. 51 (2): 18–25. doi:10.1111/j.1949-8535.2008.tb00222.x. ISSN 1549-4934.
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