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Battle of Tengchong

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

騰衝戰役

拉孟・騰越の戦い



Battle of Tengchong
Part of the Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan, the Burma campaign, the South-East Asian theatre of World War II, the Second Sino-Japanese War, the China Burma India Theater and the Pacific Theater of World War II
DateTemplate:Date range and age in years, months, weeks and days[2][3][4]
Location
Tengchong, Yunnan province, Republic of China
Result Allied victory
Belligerents
 China
 United States[1]		  Japan
Commanders and leaders
Republic of China (1912–1949) Song Xilian
Republic of China (1912–1949) Wei Lihuang[5]
Republic of China (1912–1949) Huang Chieh		 File:War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army.svg
Strength
20th group army[6] 56th division
Casualties and losses
7,000 casualties

3,000 killed inside Tengchong's city walls according to an American book[7] and Chinese sources[8], 6,000 killed inside Tengchong's city walls according to Chinese sources
7,000 Japanese killed in Tengchong according to American pilot Don McBride[9]

7,575 [10]

Over 600 Japanese killed at Laifengshan (Laifeng mountain) outside Tengchong's city walls.[11]

Template:Campaignbox Burma Template:Campaignbox Second Sino-Japanese War Template:Campaignbox South-East Asian Theatre Template:Campaignbox South-East Asia

Template:Japanese colonial campaigns

The Battle of Tengchong (traditional Chinese: 騰衝戰役; simplified Chinese: 腾冲战役; pinyin: Téngchōng zhànyì), in 1944 was part of a larger campaign in southwest China during the Second World War. Chinese Nationalist forces aimed to retake the Burma Road.


Background

Japanese soldiers ate each other at Zhaigongfang in west Yunnan before they were defeated by Chinese in 1944. An American Y-FOS liason to the Chinese 54th Army, First Lieutenant Richard D. Shoemaker said he personally saw corpses of Japanese who were killed and cannibalised by other Japanese at Zhaigonfang (Chai-kung-tang) “[W]e saw the body of a dead Jap. The head, hands and feet still had flesh on them showing no sign of decay…. The rest of the body was bare and no flesh whatsoever on the bones. The skin had the appearance of having the flesh cut off—here were no jagged or uneven edges.”[12] Near the kitchen he found 7 Japanese bodies and he found 12 bodies in total with no decomposition on the feet, hands and head but the flesh on the rest of the bodt cut off, and the position was designed for 300 Japanese troops, who left 75 corpses after the Chinese retook it and the Japanese had eaten their own comrades.[13] The US official military history work, "United States Army in World War II China-Burma-India: Theater Stillwell's Command Problems" mentions the Japanese cannibalism of their own comrades at Zhaigongfang (Chai-kung-tang) and finding 75 dead Japanese found in a position designed to hold 300 Japanese.[14][15][16][17][18][19] Japan's official miitary encyclopaedia of the war, Senshi Sōsho gave a bowdlerised translation of the US military history account of the battle at Zhaigongfang, with no mention of cannibalism.[20]


In addition to North Zhaigongfang, cannibalised Japanese corpses with flesh cut away from arms, buttocks and thighs were found by Regiment Commander Tao at Lengshui Gorge. There were also black feces which showed signs of cannibalism at Zhaigongfang. General Dorn noted: "A battalion of our men and Chinese troops made a successful surprise attack at a place called Jiangcha on the western slope of Mt. Gaoligong. When we made our way to the mess hall at the headquarters an American liaison officer came upon a most surprising example of cannibalism: bodies at all stages of preparation were stacked there like firewood. Portions of some corpses had already been skinned. Long strips of flesh had been cut from others. Some corpses were stripped down to bone. The strangest part was that the heads, hands and legs had been left untouched. Many strips of human flesh it seemed had been stripped from the arms and legs and hung in the trees to dry. Other bits of meat were boiling in two large pots... The Chinese army were quite disturbed to find that people would actually eat human flesh . I think this is the best propaganda information . But my idea was overruled by orders from the Military Affairs Council in Chongqing"[21][22]

Japanese artillery along with 600 Japanese were located on Laifeng mountain (Laifeng shan), which was 6,500 feet tall, in addition to pillboxes around Tengchong.[23]


Chinese used both scaling ladders and flamethrowers against the Japanese at the Tengchong city walls after the US planes bombed the walls.[24][25][26][27][28]


Fall and aftermath

Zhefang (Chefang) was reported captured from Japanese on 23 May.[29] All Japanese in Zhefang were killed.[30]

By 16 May it was reported that Japanese were surrounded at Datangzi (Tatangzu) and Japan suffered over twice the casualties of Chinese there. To Tengchong's east by 21 miles, Hongmoshu also fell to Chinese forces. To Tengchong's northwest by 40 miles was Mamien pass which also fell to Chinese.[31] Chinese troops pushed back a Japanese counteroffensive at Datangzi on 19 May.[32]

Towards the west of Tengchong, Zhanxi (Chanxi) was captured by Chinese by 8 July.[33]

Japanese dead in the entire Salween campaign were reported at over 7,000 before China started attacking Tengchong on 16 August.[34]

Most of Mount Song fell by 10 July, leaving the path to Tengchong clear.[35]

Tengchong's city walls in its southeast part were breached by four US P-40 bombers including one flown by William Mitchell which flew single file in a row close to the ground only 10 feet away and only let go of the bomb when they immediately reached the wall and yanked their planes up to avoid hitting the wall, so the bombs would hit the exact same spot on the wall one after another. The 500 pound bombs also had welded steel spikes 2 inches wide and 12 inches long in order to make the bombs stick into the wall. This was carried out by the 25th Fighter Squadron on 4 August. The Chinese 348th regiment poured through the southeast gaps and permanently seized areas from the Japanese. Fighter planes strafed the Japanese with suppressive machine gun fire while the western wall and was breached by 5 P-40 bombers and northern wall was breached by P-40s on 5 August while the Chinese breached the city en masse.[36]

The American bomber technique used to breach the 30 foot high and 15 foot thick walls was called skipbombing. Chinese mortars and artillery bombarded the Japanese on the walls while the Japanese tried to use holes as firing positions. The Chinese used gasoline and flamethrowers to set Japanese positions like holes on fire. A few Japanese surrendered and other Japanese soldiers killed themselves as they were bombarded.[37][38] Japanese soldiers killed themselves as they were cornered into the eastern part of Tengchong by Chinese.[39]

Japanese ammunition and grenades inside pillboxes were detonated by Chinese firing flamethrowers at them. Unburied Japanese corpses were found by Chinese around Tengchong like one abandoned on a stretcher.[40]

Japan completely lost Mount Song and only one eighth of Tengchong was controlled by the last Japanese pocket in the southeast by 10 September.[41]

In Tengchong on 12 September, 1944, U.S. Army captain John White Herstine was killed in action.[42]

Pictures of dead Japanese and captured Japanese equipment were taken in the battle of Tengchong.[43][44] [45]

Video was recorded of the battle of Tengchong including Japanese corpses in the city.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]

Other video was taking of Chinese in action in the Salween campaign like Mount Song,[59][60] Yunnanyi[61][62] and in Burma.[63][64]

Japanese and Korean comfort women were also captured at Tengchong by the Chinese army.[65] Japanese soldiers used bullets to kill 30 Korean women at Tengchong.[66] Korean women were forced to drink mercuric chloride by Japanese soldiers at Tengchong.[67]

Chinese troops captured 18 comfort women, mostly Korean women in Tengchong.[68]

Tengchong currently has a Yunnan-Burma Anti-Japanese museum.[69]

Chinese troops who captured Tengchong proceeded to attack the Japanese in Burma.[70]

Chinese civilians used the leftover Japanese Type 90 steel helmets from the batle of Tengchong as ladles for feces.[71]

"Yunnan" is an invalid category parameter for Template:Coord missing.
The problem is usually caused either by a spelling mistake or by an-over-precise category.
For a full list of categories, see Category:Unclassified articles missing geocoordinate data and its subcategories.

References

  1. ↑ "CBI Roundup - October 26, 1944 - China-Burma-India Theater of World War II".
  2. ↑ (photo). Tengchong Yunnan: mauritius images / Superstock / U.S. Office of War Information Picture/Sydney Morning Herald. 1944. 13924676 https://www.mauritius-images.com/en/asset/ME-PI-13466722_mauritius_images_image_number_13924676_new-view-of-ancient-tengchung-this-aerial-view-of-tengchung-taken-from-an-american-plane-whose-bombs-can-be-seen-exploding-far-below-shows-a-new-perspective-of-the-ancient-walled-city-which-was-liberated-from-the-japanese-on-sept-14-1944-the-houses-in-this-area-a-type-usually-found-in-wealthy-districts-of-chinese-cities-are-all-built-around-a-courtyard-with-their-roofs-in-many-instances-joined-to-each-other-tenchung-was-formerely-a-prosperous-trade-center-and-was-visited-in-the-13th-century-by-marco-polo-famed-venetian-traveler-it-vras-the-first-large-city-to-be-liberated-in-more-than-seven-years-of-the-chinese-japanese-war-with-its-capture-completed-a-few-days-after-this-picture-was-made-one-of-the-main-obstacles-linking-the-burma-and-ledo-roads-was-eliminated. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ "This Day in 1944 – The Chinese Capture Tengchong". Daniel Jackson's Flying Tigers Page. 14 September 2014.
  4. ↑ "Allison Collection Photos". City of Little Rock : Parks and Recreation. October 1944. Archived from the original on 19 November 2024.
  5. ↑ "First Convoy Over Tengchung Cut-Off Arrives In Kunming". China Command Post. Vol. 3 no. 4location=DELHI. MARCH 2, 1945. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ↑ Atkinson, Brooks (July 10, 1944). "FOE'S LOSSES HIGH ON SALWEEN FRONT; 40 to 45% of the Japanese Killed or Wounded in the Burma Road Battle". The New York Times. Unknown parameter |news= ignored (|newspaper= suggested) (help)
  7. ↑ PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR : A PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF ALL THEATERS OF ACTION CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. 4location=New York. WM. H. WISE and CO., INC. 1946. Search this book on
  8. ↑ "TENGCHUNG CAPTURED". CBI Roundup. Vol. III no. 2location=DELHI. Delhi. SEPTEMBER 21, 1944. p. 1577. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ McBride, Don (Spring 2010). "Interview #3". Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by McBride, Jean. CNAC Captain Donald McBride.
  10. ↑ He, Na (2015-08-19). "The beginning of the end". China Daily USA.
  11. ↑ "Chinese smash Jap base at Laifengshan". The Lewiston Daily. Sun 28 Jul 1944. p. eleven. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ↑ Bernstein, Marc D. (Winter 2015). "The Salween Offensive: Blundering to Success in Burma". Warfare History Network. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022.
  13. ↑ Jackson, Daniel (2015). Famine, Sword, And Fire: The Liberation of Southwest China in World War II. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7643-4838-9. Search this book on
  14. ↑ Romanus, Charles F.; Sunderland, Riley (1955). United States Army in World War II., Volume 29 China-Burma-India Theatre : Stillwell's Command Problems. Washington D. C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. p. 345. Search this book on
  15. ↑ Romanus, Charles F. (1956). China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's Command Problems, Volume 2. 2. Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office. p. 345. ISBN 0160882338. Search this book on
  16. ↑ Romanus, Charles F.; Sunderland, Riley (1955). United States Army in World War II.: The China-Burma-India theater. 9. Washington D. C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. p. 345. Search this book on
  17. ↑ Romanus, Charles F.; Sunderland, Riley (1956). United States Army in World War II.: Stilwell's command problems. 2 of United States Army in World War II.: China-Burma-India Theater. Washington D. C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. p. 345. Search this book on
  18. ↑ Romanus, Charles F.; Sunderland, Riley (1956). Stilwell's Command Problems. 2 of United States Army in World War II.: China-Burma-India theater (reprint ed.). Washington D. C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. p. 345. ISBN 0598563202. Search this book on
  19. ↑ Romanus, Charles F.; Sunderland, Riley (1956). United States Army in World War II China-Burma-India Theater Stillwell's Command Problems. Washington D. C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. p. 345. Search this book on
  20. ↑ "第三章 中國軍雲南遠征軍の反攻開始と第五十六師団の反攻撃砕作戦". 戦史叢書. 第025巻 イラワジ会戦―ビルマ防衛の破綻―. p. 94. Search this book on
  21. ↑ China's Ethnic Groups, Volume 3. Ethnic Groups Unity. 2005. p. 17. ISBN 0870112570. Search this book on
  22. ↑ the original transcription by Dorn of the Chinese place names was almost certainly in Wade Giles but this source changed it to Pinyin
  23. ↑ Romanus, Charles F.; Sunderland, Riley (1956). United States Army in World War II China-Burma-India Theater Stillwell's Command Problems. Washington D. C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. p. 391. Search this book on
  24. ↑ "Two Republics in China: How Imperial China Became the PRC". China at War. China Information Publishing Company. 1944. p. 2. Unknown parameter |Volume= ignored (|volume= suggested) (help)
  25. ↑ "China Magazine". China Magazine. China Information Publishing Company. 1944. p. 2. Unknown parameter |Volume= ignored (|volume= suggested) (help)
  26. ↑ "China's Ethnic Groups". China's Ethnic Groups. Ethnic Groups Unity Publishing House. 2005. p. 18. Unknown parameter |Volume= ignored (|volume= suggested) (help)
  27. ↑ Haden, Briton, ed. (Aug 14, 1944). "BATTLE OF ASIA: Stars for Stilwell". Time. No. 1–13. Time Incorporated. p. 33. Unknown parameter |Volume= ignored (|volume= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Archive-url= ignored (|archive-url= suggested) (help)
  28. ↑ Sinclair, William Boyd (1986). Confusion Beyond Imagination: China-Burma-India in World War II : in a Series of Ten Books, Books 1-3. J.F. Whitley. p. 118. ISBN 0937577014. Search this book on
  29. ↑ AP (23 May 1944). "Chinese Cut Old Road". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. CHUNGKNG. p. 1.
  30. ↑ AP (23 May 1944). "Chinese Cut Jap Route on Burma Road". St. Joseph News-Press. CHUNGKNG. p. 1.
  31. ↑ AP (16 May 1944). "STRATEGIC POINTS ARE CAPTURED BY CHINESE". Times Daily. CHUNGKING. p. 3.
  32. ↑ "Allied Armies Cut Off Jap Myitkyina Troop". Berkeley Daily Gazette. SOUTHEAST ASIA HEADQUARTERS , Kandy, Ceylon. 19 May 1944. p. Five.
  33. ↑ AP (5 July 1944). "Gap Narrowed Between Chinese And U. S. Forces". The Telegraph. Chungking. p. 4.
  34. ↑ UP (17 Aug 1944). "Chinese Launch Twin Offensives". The Pittsburgh Press. Yunnan Province. p. 6.
  35. ↑ "Bitter See-Saw Battle Raging for Hengyang. War on Japs". Norfolk Virginian-Pilot. 174. 10 July 1944. p. 3.
  36. ↑ Jackson, Daniel (2015). Famine, Sword, And Fire: The Liberation of Southwest China in World War II. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 147, 148. ISBN 978-1507304846. Search this book on
  37. ↑ AP (14 Sep 1944). "Chinese troops recapture city of Tengchung". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. LXXII (11). Chungking.
  38. ↑ "TENGCHUNG CAPTURED". CBI Roundup. Vol. III no. 2location=DELHI. Delhi. SEPTEMBER 21, 1944. p. 1577. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ↑ "This Day in 1944 – The Chinese Capture Tengchong". Daniel Jackson's Flying Tigers Page. 14 September 2014.
  40. ↑ "INSIDE CAPTURE TENGCHUNG A GRISLY CHINESE TROPHY". CBI Roundup. Vol. III no. 4location=DELHI. Delhi. October 5, 1944. REG NO. L5015. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ↑ AP (11 Sep 1944). "JAPS AT TENGCHUNG SLOWLY CRACKING". The Indian Express. BOMBAY.
  42. ↑ "IN MEMOriAM A Memorial Volume Dedicated to those Men and Women of Delaware who lost their lives During World War II" (PDF). Dover, Delware 1944-1949: Compiled by the Public Archives Commission, State of Delaware.
  43. ↑ "二战老照片——腾冲战役影像志". 淡水. 2016-01-05.
  44. ↑ "日本承认完败的腾冲反击战". 抗日战争图书馆. 2020-03-06.
  45. ↑ #Chinese and an #American soldier display captured enemy #Japanese trophies, including battle flags and armament following the recapture of Tengchong from the Japanese occupiers in September, 1944 (photograph) (photograph). September, 1944. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ↑ China: Battle of Tengchong 220657-13 (video) (video). Footage Farm. 1944.
  47. ↑ WWII - 1944, China: Siege of Tienchung aka Tengchong; Marshall Arrival Shanghai & Nanking; Peace Delegation Arrives Peking (video) (video). Footage Farm. 1944,1945,1946,1940s. 220657-13. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ↑ Footage of Chinese Soldiers Capture of Tengyueh - Barrier Between Burma & Ledo Roads, 1944 (video) (video). ww2dailyhistory. 1944.
  49. ↑ Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) forces enter town of Teng-Chung, Yunnan Province, China (WW2) (video) (video). China: Critical Past. 1944, June. 65675035898. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ↑ The Salween Campaign against Japanese forces in Yunnan Province, during World War II (video) (video). China: Critical Past. 1944, May. 65675035895. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ↑ Chinese Nationalist (KMT) forces engage Japanese at Teng-Chung (Tengchong) in Yunnan province (WW2) (video) (video). China: Critical Past. 1944, June. 65675035897. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ↑ Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) forces enter town of Teng-Chung, Yunnan Province, China (WW2) (video) (video). China: Critical Past. 1944, June. 65675035898. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ↑ Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) troops seize town of Teng-Chung, Yunnan Province, from Japanese, in World War II (video) (video). China: Critical Past. 1944, June. 65675035899. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ↑ Chinese Kuomintang forces fire artillery and mortars at Japanese positions in the Salween campaign during World War II (video) (video). China: Critical Past. 1944, June. 65675035896. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ↑ WWII - 1944, Pacific: The War Against The Japs (video) (video). Country: China,Indonesia,Japan,New Guinea,USA Location: Morotai,Pacific,Peleliu,Tengchong: Footage Farm. 1944,1940s. Reel Number: 220471-57. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ↑ WWII - 1944, China: Siege of Tienchung aka Tengchong; Marshall Arrival Shanghai & Nanking; Peace Delegation Arrives Peking (video) (video). Country: China,Japan,USA Location: Peking,Shanghai,Tengchong aka Tienchung: Footage Farm. 1944,1945,1946,1940s. Reel Number: 220657-13. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ↑ WWII - 1940s, USA Government Film: Stilwell Road, The R6 of 6 (video) (video). Country: Burma,China,England,India,Japan,Myanmar,United Kingdom,USA Location: Kunming,Tengchong,Yunnan: Footage Farm. 1944,1945,1940s. Reel Number: 221074-08. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ↑ CHINESE TAKE TENCHUNG ON BURMA ROAD (aka CHINESE TAKE TENGCHUNG ON BURMA ROAD) (1944) (video) (video). Tengchong,Yunnan: British Pathé. 20/11/1944. ilm ID: 1368.17. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ↑ Chinese troops fight the Japanese in China during World War II. HD Stock Footage (video) (video). China: Critical Past. 1944.
  60. ↑ Chinese troops fight the Japanese in China during World War II (video) (video). China: Critical Past. 1944. 65675062187.
  61. ↑ Chinese troops waiting near loading point in Yunnanyi, China (video) (video). Yunnan China: Critical Past. 1944, September 9. 65675038886. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  62. ↑ Chinese troops aboard the C-47 airplane (WW2) (video) (video). Yunnan China: Critical Past. 1944, September 9. 65675038887. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  63. ↑ CHINESE TROOPS IN BURMA (1941 - 1946) (video) (video). Tengchong,Yunnan: British Pathé. 1941 - 1946. ilm ID: 1689.10. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  64. ↑ JAPANESE BLASTED IN BURMA (aka JAPS BLASTED IN BURMA WAR!) (1944) (video) (video). Tengchong,Yunnan: British Pathé. 1944. ilm ID: 2028.21.
  65. ↑ "雲南・ビルマ最前線におけ慰安婦たち一死者は語る". 「慰安婦」問題 (調査報告). 1999.
  66. ↑ "'Comfort Women' at Songshan". Burma-Road. 2017-07-05.
  67. ↑ Qiu, Peipei; Su, Zhiliang; Chen, Lifei (2014). Chinese Comfort Women: Testimonies from Imperial Japan's Sex Slaves (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199373895. Search this book on
  68. ↑ Toyomi, Asano (2024). "Comfort Women Toyomi Asano English2". Reconciliation, Conflict Transformation, and Peace Studies. Springer Nature. p. 122-124. ISBN 978-3031478390. Search this book on
  69. ↑ Denton, Kirk A. (2013). Exhibiting the Past: Historical Memory and the Politics of Museums in Postsocialist China (illustrated, reprintpublisher=University of Hawaii Press ed.). p. 286. ISBN 978-0824840068. Search this book on
  70. ↑ "Allied Formations Stilwell Advances from Ledo". Burma Star Memorial Fund. July 2019.
  71. ↑ "历史的细节：日军90式钢盔如何有效地提升日军的阵亡率". 今日头条. 2017-05-14 11:33:42. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Munro- Faure, P. H. “BEHIND THE FRONT LINES IN BURMA THE MARCHES OF THE SALWEEN BORDER 1942-1944.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 32, 1992, pp. 113–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23891045.



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