Blackstone Battery Codes

Introduction

The Blackstone Battery Codes (BBC) system was created internally by Blackstone Resources AG following the company's research into battery technology. In 2018, the coding system was made open-source under a Creative Commons license to help enhance the disposal process for lithium-ion batteries and support new recycling technologies within the industry. The coding system identifies the battery metal-mix of the battery, along with its chemistry and the technology that is used.

Potential uses

The primary goal of the coding system in the public domain is to help facilitate recycling. However, the coding system may have other applications. For instance, it could be used to help create a single form-factor battery standard for rechargeable batteries that could replace traditional single-use batteries. Such a system would reflect the AA and AAA coding used on conventional retail batteries set out by the American standard specification for dry cells according to the American National Standards Institute. The difference would be that the Blackstone Battery Coding system would have broader applications across a wider range of consumer products, including electric vehicles.

How it works

An illustration of how the Blackstone Battery Code system works.

The coding system identifies the technology used and the elements used within the battery. Each battery code consists of four sections.

1. Section one identifies the coding system used: Blackstone Battery Codes ("BBC").
2. Section two defines the technology type and elements used, such as lithium and cobalt.
3. Section three explains the proportion of each element used, which is rounded to the nearest decile percentage. The numbers represented in this block will alway add up to 10, whereby each digit digit represents a decile i.e. 1 is equal to 10%. The rounding works as follows: 15% would be denoted at 2 and 14% would be denoted as 1. This breakdown is linked the the preceeding order of chemical lettering in the previous block.
4. Finally, section four explains whether any additional elements have been used, such as oxygen as part of an oxide.

Technology type

Symbol	Element	Technology type
L	Lithium (Li)	Lithium-ion
C	Cobalt (Co)	Aluminium-ion
N	Nickel (Ni)	Nickel-ion

Other elements used

Symbol	Element
M	Manganese (Mn)
S	Silicon (Si)
G	Graphite (G)
O	Oxide (O2)

BBC designation codes for rechargeable batteries

BBC Code	Name	Chemical composition	Application	Comments
BBC LC 19 O	Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)	LiCoO2	Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras	Very high specific energy limited specific power. Cobalt is expensive. Serves as Energy Cell. Market share has stabilised.
BBC LNCA 1711 O	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA)	LiNiCoAlO2	Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)	Shares similarities with Li-cobalt. Serves as Energy Cell.
BBC LM 19 O	Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)	LiMn2O4	Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains	High power but less capacity; safer than Li-cobalt; commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance.
BBC LFP 163 O	Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)	LiFePO4	Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance	Very flat voltage discharge curve but low capacity. One of safest Li-ions. Used for special markets. Elevated self-discharge.
BBC LNMC 1333 O	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)	LiNiMnCoO2	E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial	Provides high capacity and high power. Serves as Hybrid Cell. Favourite chemistry for many uses; market share is increasing.
BBC LNMC 1432 O
BBC LNMC 1522 O
BBC LNMC 1621 O
BBC LNMC 1711 O
BBC AC 28	Aluminium-ion	AlCl4	Still in experimental stages. Yet to be deployed fully.	Aluminium-ion batteries are conceptually similar to lithium-ion batteries, but possess an aluminium anode instead of a lithium anode.
BBC AC 37	Aluminium-ion	Al2Cl7
BBC NZ 55	Nickel-zinc	NiZn	A rechargeable battery used in household appliances.	Designed by Thomas Edison: the inventor of the light bulb. It’s been around for more than 100 years.
BBC NF 55	Nickel-iron	NiFe	Used in Europe’s mining operations because of their ability to withstand vibrations, high temperatures and other physical stress	A very robust battery that is tolerant to overcharging and short circuiting.
BBC NC 55	Nickel-cadmium	NiCd	Once widely used in power tools, flashlights and remote-control cars	NiCd rapidly lost market share in the early 1990s TO NiMH and Li-ion batteries.
BBC NH 37	Nickel-hydrogen	NiH2	Used for energy storage in space probes	While the energy density is only one-third of a lithium battery, it has a very long life.
BBC NM 55	Nickel-metal hydride	NiMH	Used in digital cameras and other high-drain devices, where over the duration of single-charge use they outperform primary (such as alkaline) batteries. They are also used extensively in electric vehicles.	A NiMH battery can have two to three times the capacity of an equivalent size NiCd, and its energy density can approach that of a lithium-ion battery.
BBC LNMC 1333 OG	Lithium Graphite/NMC	LiNiMnCoO2	The battery of choice for power tools, e-bikes and other electric powertrains.	This is a standard NMC-type lithium battery, where graphite is used to speed up charge times.
BBC LT 46 O	Lithium Titanate Oxide	Li2TiO3	Used in some electric vehicles, such at the Mitsubishi i-MiEV. Honda also uses them in it Fit EV electric bike.	The lithium-titanate battery is a type of rechargeable battery which has the advantage of being faster to charge than other lithium-ion batteries.

Battery characteristics

BBC Code	Name	Voltage	Capacity	Lifecycle
BBC LCO 19	Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)	3.0-4.2V	150-200Wh/kg	500-1000
BBC LNCA 1711	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA)	3.0-4.2V	200-260Wh/kg	500
BBC LMO 19	Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)	3.0-4.2V	100-150Wh/kg	300-700
BBC LFP 163	Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)	2.5-3.65V	90-120Wh/kg	1000-2000
BBC LNMC 1333	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)	3.0-4.2V	150-220Wh/kg	1000-2000
BBC LNMC 1432
BBC LNMC 1522
BBC LNMC 1621
BBC LNMC 1711
BBC AC 28	Aluminium-ion	2.65V	800-1,060Wh/kg	10000
BBC AC 37	Aluminium-ion	2.65V	800-1,060Wh/kg	10000
BBC NZ 55	Nickel-zinc	1.2V	19-25Wh/kg	30-50 years
BBC NF 55	Nickel-iron	1.6V	100Wh/kg	800
BBC NC 55	Nickel-cadmium	1.2V	40-60Wh/kg	2000
BBC NH 37	Nickel-hydrogen	1.25V	55-75Wh/kg	20000
BBC NM 55	Nickel-metal hydride	1.2V	250-1,000Wh/kg	180-2,000
BBC LNMC 1333 OG	Lithium Graphite/NMC8	3.6V	120-200Wh/kg	500-3,000
BBC LT 46 O	Lithium Titanate Oxide	2.3V	70-80Wh/kg	15,000-20,000

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