Boiling points of the elements (data page)

This is a list of the various reported boiling points for the elements.

Boiling points, master list format

Element	Reference	Kelvin	Celsius	Fahrenheit
1 H hydrogen (H₂)	WebEl	20.28 K	−252.87 °C	−423.17 °F
	CRC		−252.879 °C
	Lange		−252.88 °C
	Zhang et al.	21.15 K	−252 °C
2 He helium	WebEl	4.22 K	−268.93 °C	−452.07 °F
	CRC		−268.928 °C
	Lange		−268.935 °C
	Zhang et al.	4.15 K	−269 °C
3 Li lithium	WebEl	1615 K	1342 °C	2448 °F
	CRC		1342 °C
	Lange		1330 °C
	Zhang et al.	1603 K	1330 °C
4 Be beryllium	WebEl	2742 K	2469 °C	4476 °F
	CRC	3243 K
	Lange		2467 °C
	Zhang et al.	3243 K	2970 °C	5378 °F
5 B boron	WebEl	4200 K	3927 °C	7101 °F
	CRC		4000 °C
	Lange		3864 °C
	Zhang et al.	4203 K	3930 °C
6 C carbon (graphite)	WebEl	? (4300 K)	? (4027 °C)	? (7281 °F)
	CRC		3825 °C (subl.)
	Lange		3915–4020 °C (subl.)
	Zhang et al.	5103 K	4830 °C
6 C carbon (diamond)	WebEl	? (4300 K)	? (4027 °C)	? (7281 °F)
6 C carbon (diamond)	Lange		3930 °C
7 N nitrogen (N₂)	WebEl	77.36 K	−195.79 °C	−320.42 °F
	CRC		−195.795 °C
	Lange		−195.79 °C
	Zhang et al.	77.15 K	−196 °C
8 O oxygen (O₂)	WebEl	90.2 K	−182.9 °C	−297.2 °F
	CRC		−182.962 °C
	Lange		−182.96 °C
	Zhang et al.	90.15 K	−183 °C
9 F fluorine (F₂)	WebEl	85.03 K	−188.12 °C	−306.62 °F
	CRC		−188.11 °C
	Lange		−188.13 °C
	Zhang et al.	85.15 K	−188 °C
10 Ne neon	WebEl	27.07 K	−246.08 °C	−410.94 °F
	CRC		−246.046 °C
	Lange		−246.05 °C
	Zhang et al.	27.15 K	−246 °C
11 Na sodium	WebEl	1156 K	883 °C	1621 °F
	CRC		882.940 °C
	Lange		881.4 °C
	Zhang et al.	1163 K	890 °C
12 Mg magnesium	WebEl	1363 K	1090 °C	1994 °F
	CRC		1090 °C
	Lange		1100 °C
	Zhang et al.	1383 K	1110 °C
13 Al aluminium	WebEl	2792 K	2519 °C	4566 °F
	CRC		2519 °C
	Lange		2518 °C
	Zhang et al.	2743 K	2470 °C	4478 °F
14 Si silicon	WebEl	3173 K	2900 °C	5252 °F
	CRC		3265 °C
	Lange		3265 °C
	Zhang et al.	3533 K	3260 °C
15 P phosphorus (white)	WebEl	550 K	277 °C	531 °F
	CRC		280.5 °C
	Lange		280.3 °C
	Zhang et al.	553.2 K	280 °C
15 P phosphorus (red)	CRC		431 °C (subl.)
15 P phosphorus (red)	Lange		416 °C (subl.)
16 S sulfur (orthorhombic, alpha)	WebEl	? (717.87 K)	? (444.72 °C)	? (832.5 °F)
	CRC		444.60 °C
	Lange		444.6 °C
	Zhang et al.	718.2 K	445 °C
16 S sulfur (monoclinic, beta)	WebEl	? (717.87 K)	? (444.72 °C)	? (832.5 °F)
	CRC		444.60 °C
	Lange		444.6 °C
16 S sulfur (gamma)	WebEl	? (717.87 K)	? (444.72 °C)	? (832.5 °F)
16 S sulfur (gamma)	Lange		444.72 °C
17 Cl chlorine (Cl₂)	WebEl	239.11 K	−34.04 °C	−29.27 °F
	CRC		−34.04 °C
	Lange		−34.04 °C
	Zhang et al.	238.5 K	−34.7 °C
18 Ar argon	WebEl	87.3 K	−185.8 °C	−302.4 °F
	CRC		−185.848 °C
	Lange		−185.87 °C
	Zhang et al.	87.15 K	−186 °C
19 K potassium	WebEl	1032 K	759 °C	1398 °F
	CRC		759 °C
	Lange		759 °C
	Zhang et al.	1047 K	774 °C	1425 °F
20 Ca calcium	WebEl	1757 K	1484 °C	2703 °F
	CRC		1484 °C
	Lange		1484 °C
	Zhang et al.	1760 K	1487 °C
21 Sc scandium	WebEl	3103 K	2830 °C	5126 °F
	CRC		2836 °C
	Lange		2836 °C
	Zhang et al.	3003 K	2730 °C
22 Ti titanium (hexagonal)	WebEl	3560 K	3287 °C	5949 °F
	CRC		3287 °C
	Lange		3287 °C
	Zhang et al.	3533 K	3260 °C
23 V vanadium	WebEl	3680 K	3407 °C	6165 °F
	CRC		3407 °C
	Lange		3421 °C
	Zhang et al.	3680 K	3407 °C
24 Cr chromium	Zhang et al.	2755 K	2482 °C	4499 °F
	WebEl	2944 K	2671 °C	4840 °F
	CRC		2671 °C
	Lange		2679 °C
	Zhang et al.	2755 K	2482 °C
25 Mn manganese	WebEl	2334 K	2061 °C	3742 °F
	CRC		2061 °C
	Lange		2095 °C
	Zhang et al.	2373 K	2100 °C
26 Fe iron	WebEl	3134 K	2861 °C	5182 °F
	CRC		2861 °C
	Lange		2861 °C
	Zhang et al.	3273 K	3000 °C
27 Co cobalt	WebEl	3200 K	2927 °C	5301 °F
	CRC		2927 °C
	Lange		2927 °C
	Zhang et al.	3173 K	2900 °C
28 Ni nickel	WebEl	3186 K	2913 °C	5275 °F
	CRC		2913 °C
	Lange		2884 °C
	Zhang et al.	3003 K	2730 °C	4946 °F
29 Cu copper	WebEl	3200 K	2927 °C	5301 °F
	CRC		2562 °C
	Lange		2561.5 °C
	Zhang et al.	2868 K	2595 °C
30 Zn zinc	WebEl	1180 K	907 °C	1665 °F
	CRC		907 °C
	Lange		907 °C
	Zhang et al.	1180 K	907 °C
31 Ga gallium	WebEl	2477 K	2204 °C	3999 °F
	CRC		2204 °C
	Lange		2203 °C
	Zhang et al.	2673 K	2400 °C	4352 °F
32 Ge germanium	WebEl	3093 K	2820 °C	5108 °F
	CRC		2833 °C
	Lange		2830 °C
	Zhang et al.	3103 K	2830 °C
33 As arsenic (gray)	WebEl	887 K	614 °C	1137 °F
	CRC		603 °C (subl.)
	Lange		615 °C (subl.)
	Zhang et al.	886.2 K	613 °C
34 Se selenium (hexagonal, gray)	WebEl	958 K	685 °C	1265 °F
	CRC		685 °C
	Lange		685 °C
	Zhang et al.	958.2 K	685 °C
35 Br bromine (Br₂)	WebEl	332 K	59 °C	138 °F
	CRC		58.8 °C
	Lange		58.8 °C
	Zhang et al.	331.7 K	58.5 °C
36 Kr krypton	WebEl	119.93 K	−153.22 °C	−243.8 °F
	CRC		−153.415 °C
	Lange		−153.22 °C
	Zhang et al.	121.2 K	−152 °C
37 Rb rubidium	WebEl	961 K	688 °C	1270 °F
	CRC		688 °C
	Lange		691 °C
	Zhang et al.	961.2 K	688 °C
38 Sr strontium	WebEl	1655 K	1382 °C	2520 °F
	CRC		1377 °C
	Lange		1366 °C
	Zhang et al.	1653 K	1380 °C
39 Y yttrium	WebEl	3609 K	3336 °C	6037 °F
	CRC		3345 °C
	Lange		3345 °C
	Zhang et al.	3203 K	2930 °C	5306 °F
40 Zr zirconium	WebEl	4682 K	4409 °C	7968 °F
	CRC		4409 °C
	Lange		3577 °C
	Zhang et al.	4650 K	4377 °C	7911 °F
41 Nb niobium	WebEl	5017 K	4744 °C	8571 °F
	CRC		4744 °C
	Lange		4860 °C
	Zhang et al.	5017 K	4744 °C
42 Mo molybdenum	WebEl	4912 K	4639 °C	8382 °F
	CRC		4639 °C
	Lange		4825 °C
	Zhang et al.	4885 K	4612 °C
43 Tc technetium (Tc-98 ?)	WebEl	4538 K	4265 °C	7709 °F
	CRC		4265 °C
	Lange		4265 °C (Tc-98)
	Schwochau^[1]	4900 K (est.)
44 Ru ruthenium	WebEl	4423 K	4150 °C	7502 °F
	CRC		4150 °C
	Lange		4150 °C
	Zhang et al.	4423 K	4150 °C
45 Rh rhodium	WebEl	3968 K	3695 °C	6683 °F
	CRC		3695 °C
	Lange		3727 °C
	Zhang et al.	4000 K	3727 °C
46 Pd palladium	WebEl	3236 K	2963 °C	5365 °F
	CRC		2963 °C
	Lange		3167 °C
	Zhang et al.	3233 K	2960 °C
47 Ag silver	WebEl	2435 K	2162 °C	3924 °F
	CRC		2162 °C
	Lange		2164 °C
	Zhang et al.	2483 K	2210 °C	4010 °F
48 Cd cadmium	WebEl	1040 K	767 °C	1413 °F
	CRC		767 °C
	Lange		765 °C
	Zhang et al.	1038 K	765 °C
49 In indium	WebEl	2345 K	2072 °C	3762 °F
	CRC		2072 °C
	Lange		2072 °C
	Zhang et al.	2273 K	2000 °C
50 Sn tin (white)	WebEl	2875 K	2602 °C	4716 °F
	CRC		2602 °C
	Lange		2602 °C
	Zhang et al.	2893 K	2620 °C
51 Sb antimony	WebEl	1860 K	1587 °C	2889 °F
	CRC		1587 °C
	Lange		1587 °C
	Zhang et al.	1908 K	1635 °C
52 Te tellurium	WebEl	1261 K	988 °C	1810 °F
	CRC		988 °C
	Lange		989.9 °C
	Zhang et al.	1263 K	990 °C
53 I iodine (I₂)	WebEl	457.4 K	184.3 °C	363.7 °F
	CRC		184.4 °C
	Lange		185.24 °C
	Zhang et al.	457.2 K	184 °C
54 Xe xenon	WebEl	165.1 K	−108 °C	−162 °F
	CRC		−108.099 °C
	Lange		−108.04 °C
	Zhang et al.	165.2 K	−108 °C
55 Cs caesium	WebEl	944 K	671 °C	1240 °F
	CRC		671 °C
	Lange		668.2 °C
	Zhang et al.	963.2 K	690 °C
56 Ba barium	WebEl	2143 K	1870 °C	3398 °F
	CRC		1845 °C
	Lange		1845 °C
	Zhang et al.	1910 K	1637 °C
57 La lanthanum	WebEl	3743 K	3470 °C	6278 °F
	CRC		3464 °C
	Lange		3464 °C
	Zhang et al.	3743 K	3470 °C
58 Ce cerium	WebEl	3633 K	3360 °C	6080 °F
	CRC		3443 °C
	Lange		3440 °C
	Zhang et al.	3743 K	3470 °C
59 Pr praseodymium	WebEl	3563 K	3290 °C	5954 °F
	CRC		3520 °C
	Lange		3520 °C
	Zhang et al.	3403 K	3130 °C
60 Nd neodymium	WebEl	3373 K	3100 °C	5612 °F
	CRC		3074 °C
	Lange		3074 °C
	Zhang et al.	3303 K	3030 °C
61 Pm promethium (Pm-147 ?)	WebEl	3273 K	3000 °C	5432 °F
	CRC		3000 °C
	Lange		3000 °C (est.) (Pm-147)
62 Sm samarium	WebEl	2076 K	1803 °C	3277 °F
	CRC		1794 °C
	Lange		1794 °C
	Zhang et al.	2173 K	1900 °C	3452 °F
63 Eu europium	WebEl	1800 K	1527 °C	2781 °F
	CRC		1529 °C
	Lange		1527 °C
	Zhang et al.	1713 K	1440 °C
64 Gd gadolinium	WebEl	3523 K	3250 °C	5882 °F
	CRC		3273 °C
	Lange		3273 °C
	Zhang et al.	3273 K	3000 °C	5432 °F
65 Tb terbium	WebEl	3503 K	3230 °C	5846 °F
	CRC		3230 °C
	Lange		3230 °C
	Zhang et al.	3396 K	3123 °C	5653 °F
66 Dy dysprosium	WebEl	2840 K	2567 °C	4653 °F
	CRC		2567 °C
	Lange		2567 °C
	Zhang et al.	2873 K	2600 °C
67 Ho holmium	WebEl	2993 K	2720 °C	4928 °F
	CRC		2700 °C
	Lange		2720 °C
	Zhang et al.	2873 K	2600 °C	4712 °F
68 Er erbium	WebEl	3141 K	2868 °C	5194 °F
	CRC		2868 °C
	Lange		2868 °C
	Zhang et al.	3173 K	2900 °C
69 Tm thulium	WebEl	2223 K	1950 °C	3542 °F
	CRC		1950 °C
	Lange		1950 °C
	Zhang et al.	2223 K	1950 °C	3542 °F
70 Yb ytterbium	WebEl	1469 K	1196 °C	2185 °F
	CRC		1196 °C
	Lange		1196 °C
	Zhang et al.	1703K	1430 °C	2606 °F
71 Lu lutetium	WebEl	3675 K	3402 °C	6156 °F
	CRC		3402 °C
	Lange		3402 °C
	Zhang et al.	3603 K	3330 °C
72 Hf hafnium	WebEl	4876 K	4603 °C	8317 °F
	CRC		4603 °C
	Lange		4450 °C
	Zhang et al.	4876 K	4603 °C
73 Ta tantalum	WebEl	5731 K	5458 °C	9856 °F
	CRC		5458 °C
	Lange		5429 °C
	Zhang et al.	5693 K	5420 °C
74 W tungsten	WebEl	5828 K	5555 °C	10031 °F
	CRC		5555 °C
	Lange		5900 °C
	Zhang et al.	6203 K	5930 °C	10706 °F
75 Re rhenium	WebEl	5869 K	5596 °C	10105 °F
	CRC		5596 °C
	Lange		5678 °C
	Zhang et al.	5903 K	5630 °C
76 Os osmium	WebEl	5285 K	5012 °C	9054 °F
	CRC		5012 °C
	Lange		5225 °C
	Zhang et al.	5273 K	5000 °C
77 Ir iridium	WebEl	4701 K	4428 °C	8002 °F
	CRC		4428 °C
	Lange		2550 °C (circa)
	Zhang et al.	4403 K	4130 °C	7466 °F
78 Pt platinum	WebEl	4098 K	3825 °C	6917 °F
	CRC		3825 °C
	Lange		3824 °C
	Zhang et al.	4100 K	3827 °C
79 Au gold	WebEl	3129 K	2856 °C	5173 °F
	CRC		2856 °C
	Lange		2856 °C
	Zhang et al.	3243 K	2970 °C	5378 °F
80 Hg mercury	WebEl	629.88 K	356.73 °C	674.11 °F
	CRC		356.73 °C
	Lange		356.7 °C
	Zhang et al.	630.2 K	357 °C
81 Tl thallium	WebEl	1746 K	1473 °C	2683 °F
	CRC		1473 °C
	Lange		1457 °C
	Zhang et al.	1733 K	1460 °C
82 Pb lead	WebEl	2022 K	1749 °C	3180 °F
	CRC		1749 °C
	Lange		1749 °C
	Zhang et al.	2017 K	1744 °C
83 Bi bismuth	WebEl	1837 K	1564 °C	2847 °F
	CRC		1564 °C
	Lange		1564 °C
	Zhang et al.	1833 K	1560 °C
84 Po polonium (alpha)	WebEl	1235 K	962 °C	1764 °F
	CRC		962 °C
	Lange		962 °C
85 At astatine (At₂)	Otozai et al.	503±3 K
86 Rn radon	WebEl	211.3 K	−61.7 °C	−79.1 °F
	CRC		−61.7 °C
	Lange		−62 °C
87 Fr francium	Lavrukhina et al.		620 °C
88 Ra radium	WebEl	2010 K	1737 °C	3159 °F
88 Ra radium	Lange		1737 °C
89 Ac actinium (Ac-227 ?)	WebEl	3573 K	3300 °C	5972 °F
	CRC		3198 °C
	Lange		3200 °C (circa) (Ac-227)
90 Th thorium	WebEl	5093 K	4820 °C	8708 °F
	CRC		4788 °C
	Lange		4788 °C
91 Pa protactinium
92 U uranium	WebEl	4200 K	3927 °C	7101 °F
	CRC		4131 °C
	Lange		4131 °C
93 Np neptunium	WebEl	4273 K	4000 °C	7232 °F
93 Np neptunium	Lange		above 3900 °C
94 Pu plutonium	WebEl	3503 K	3230 °C	5846 °F
	CRC		3228 °C
	Lange		3230 °C
95 Am americium	WebEl	2880 K	2607 °C	4725 °F
	CRC		2011 °C
	Lange		2011 °C
96 Cm curium (Cm-244 ?)	WebEl	3383 K	3110 °C	5630 °F
	CRC		3100 °C (circa)
	Lange		3110 °C (circa) (Cm-244)

Periodic table format

Template:PeriodicTableBoilingPoints

Notes

Unless noted, all values refer to the normal boiling point at standard pressure (101.325 kPa).

References

Zhang et al.

Zhang, Yiming; Evans, Julian R. G.; Yang, Shoufeng (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.

WebEl

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:

A.M. James; M.P. Lord (1992). Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333511671. Search this book on
G.W.C. Kaye; T. H. Laby (1993). Tables of physical and chemical constants (15th ed.). London: Longman. Search this book on

CRC

Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4.121–4.123. ISBN 978-1439855119. Search this book on

Lange

As quoted from:

J.A. Dean, ed. (1999). Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds. ISBN 978-0-07016384-3. Search this book on

Otozai et al.

Otozai, K.; Takahashi, N. (1982). "Estimation Chemical Form Boiling Point Elementary Astatine by Radio Gas Chromatography". Radiochimica Acta. 31 (3–4): 201–203. doi:10.1524/ract.1982.31.34.201. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)

Lavrukhina et al.

Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium. Translated by R. Kondor. Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-250-39923-9. Search this book on

Others

↑ Schwochau, Klaus, Technetium, p. 95, Wiley-VCH (2000), ISBN 3-527-29496-1 Search this book on .