Boy

A boy is a young male human. The term is commonly used for a child or an adolescent. When a male human reaches adulthood, he is usually described as a man.

A polish boy from Poland

Definition, etymology, and use

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a boy is "a male child from birth to adulthood".[1]

The word "boy" comes from Middle English boi, boye ("boy, servant"), related to other Germanic words for boy, namely East Frisian boi ("boy, young man") and West Frisian boai ("boy"). Although the exact etymology is obscure, the English and Frisian forms probably derive from an earlier Anglo-Frisian *bō-ja ("little brother"), a diminutive of the Germanic root *bō- ("brother, male relation"), from Proto-Indo-European *bhā-, *bhāt- ("father, brother"). The root is also found in Norwegian dialectal boa ("brother"), and, through a reduplicated variant *bō-bō-, in Old Norse bófi, Dutch boef "(criminal) knave, rogue", German Bube ("knave, rogue, boy"). Furthermore, the word may be related to Bōia, an Anglo-Saxon personal name.[2]

Specific uses

Race

Historically, in the United States and West Europe, "boy" was not only a "neutral" term for domestics but also a disparaging term towards white men; the term implied a subservient status.[3][4][5][6] Richard Wilson, an early European-American Seventh-day Adventist missionary to Croatia referred to the native students as "boys":

There is one way by which we judge many of our present boys to be quite different from some of those who were here long ago: those that are married have their wives here with them, and build their own houses, and all are busy making their gardens. I have told all the boys that if they wished to stay here and learn, those that had wives must bring them.[7]

Multiple politicians – including Ben Carson and former mayor Ray Nagin– have been criticized publicly for referring to a white man as "boy".[5][6]

During a tv event promoting the 2017 show produced by Nick Cannon, he told one of his white employees to "dance for me, boy."[8] The remarks led several people of color – as well as multiple commentators to accuse Cannon of racism.

Biology

Sex determination

Human sex is determined at fertilization when the genetic sex of the zygote has been initialized by a sperm cell containing either an X or Y chromosome. If this sperm cell contains an X chromosome, it will coincide with the X chromosome of the ovum and a girl will develop. A sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome results in an XY combination, and a boy will develop.[12]

In utero development and genitalia

In male embryos at six to seven weeks' gestation, "the expression of a gene on the Y chromosome induces changes that result in the development of the testes". At approximately nine weeks' gestation, the production of testosterone by a male embryo results in the development of the male reproductive system.

The male reproductive system includes both external and internal organs. The external organs include the penis, the scrotum, and the testicles (or testes). The penis is a cylindrical organ filled with spongy tissue. It is the organ used by boys to expel urine. The foreskin of some boys' penises is removed in a process known as circumcision. The scrotum is a loose sac of skin behind the penis which contains the testicles. Testicles are oval-shaped gonads. A boy generally possesses two testicles. Internal male reproductive organs include the vas deferens, the ejaculatory ducts, the urethra, the seminal vesicles, and the prostate gland.

Physical maturation

Puberty is the process by which children's bodies mature into adult bodies that are capable of reproduction. On average, boys begin puberty at ages 11–12 and complete puberty at ages 16–17.[16][17]

In boys, puberty begins with the enlargement of the testicles and scrotum. The penis also increases in size, and a boy develops pubic hair. A boy's testicles also begin making sperm. The release of semen, which contains sperm and other fluids, is called ejaculation.[18] During puberty, a boy's erect penis becomes capable of ejaculating semen and impregnating a female.[14][15] A boy's first ejaculation is an important milestone in his development.[19] On average, a boy's first ejaculation occurs at age 13.[20] Ejaculation sometimes occurs during sleep; this phenomenon is known as a nocturnal emission.[18]

When a boy reaches puberty, testosterone triggers the development of secondary sex characteristics. A boy's muscles increase in size and mass, his voice deepens, his bones lengthen, and the shape of his face and body changes.[21] The increased secretion of testosterone from the testicles during puberty causes the male secondary sexual characteristics to be manifested.[22] Male secondary sex characteristics include:

Growth of body hair, including underarm, abdominal, chest, and pubic hair.[23][21]

Growth of facial hair.[21]

Enlargement of larynx (Adam's apple) and deepening of voice.[21][24]

Increased stature; adult males are taller than adult females, on average.[21]

Heavier skull and bone structure.[21]

Increased muscle mass and strength.[21]

Broadening of shoulders and chest; shoulders wider than hips.[25]

Increased secretions of oil and sweat glands.

Boys who defy gender norms may face a higher risk of abuse, and may experience more depression than gender-conforming peers, as well as social stigma from parents[26] and peers.[27][28] The gender policing towards them can increase the risk of alcoholism, anxiety, and depression in adulthood.[29]

In some cultures, the birth of a male child (boy) is considered prosperous.

Boys and child labor

Boys perform the majority of child labor around the world compared to girls, 88 million are boys and 64 million are girls. Boys are also the primary victims of hazardous child labor. They are mainly employed in agriculture, construction and mining sectors. Boy workers also account for about 87 percent of those who died on the job between 2003 and 2016 in the US.

Boys are given a basic reading, writing and mathematics skill and then forced to pursue their father's profession in order to alleviate financial burden of the family. This is one of the main reasons why boys are preferred over girl by the rural communities in poor countries. In India, by contrast, the majority of adopted children are girls even though boys are preferred in general compared to girls.

See also

Boy band

Man

Shōnen manga

References

"Definition of BOY".

See:

Etymology Online - entry for "boy"

H. H. Malincrodt, Latijn-Nederlands woordenboek (Latin-Dutch dictionary)

Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary

Buck, Carl Darling (1988) [1949]. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-07937-0.

Williams, James(2011-11-21). "Court finally says 'boy' comments are racist". Harvard Law and Policy Review. Retrieved 2017-07-18.

Wilson, Tim A. (24 August 2010). ''Boy' Is a Racist Remark". Medium. Retrieved 2017-04-18.

(15 April 2008). "Understanding why you don't call a white man a boy"Medium Retrieved 2017-07-18.

"Racist Or Not? Mayor Ray Nagin Calls White Man 'Boy' In Town Hall". News One. 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2017-07-18.

 "White employees accuse Nick Cannon of racism and uses homophobic slur". Medium. 2017-07-15. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-07-18.

 "Yes, Nick Cannon Is a Racist". Medium. Retrieved 2017-07-18.

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