Braginsky, Iosif Samuilovich

Braginsky, Iosif Samuilovich is a person who did work related to Lower mythology.

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Tajik

• Tajik mythology is a combination of elements from Islamic mythology, Iranian mythology and the Tajik viewpoint itself. It developed in conjunction with the mythologies of neighbouring peoples — Turkic, especially Uzbeks, and Indian peoples.
• As a result of the displacement of Islam, Tajik mythology covered primarily the sphere of lower mythology, with many demonological characters dating back to Iranian or Arabic.
• Demons were conventionally divided into good ones (maloika, pari) and evil ones (Azhdahak, devas, albasti, ajina, shaitans, gul). It is believed that the presence of a person restrains evil demons who try to harm a person during the first forty days of his life.
• In Tajik mythology, the great sorcerer Shokhi Moron ("the serpent king"), who lives in the clouds of the mountains, lord of mountain serpents and dragons, is known.
• Fire is worshipped as one of the main elements of various rituals aimed at combating evil forces.
• Associated with the cult of the ancestors is the veneration of feasts — patrons of crafts. With the establishment of Islam, many feasts were replaced by characters of Muslim mythology (Daud became the patron of metal work, Bibi-Fatima became the patroness of women's domestic work, etc.) and Muslim saints took up their functions (Bahauddin, Diwan-i Burkh), although some retain pre-Islamic names (such as the patron of agriculture Bobo-Dehcon).
• The basis of cosmogonic beliefs is based on the images of Avesta "two great parents": mother-Earth and father-Sky, with whom, in particular, is connected with the image of grandfather-thunderer Kambar known to some groups of Tajiks. Spring and summer (the earth produces flowers and greenery) were connected with female figures, while winter and autumn were connected with male figures (the sky sends rains and snow that fertilise the earth). The notions of female personifications of the sky and thunder were preserved: mother sky, grandmother sky (momo-havo), grandmother thunder, cloud-cows spilling rain-milk on the earth.

Taoist

Main article: Chinese folk religion

• The Taoist pantheon includes thousands of all sorts of immortals, saints, spirits, demons, heroes of local cults, characters of lower mythology and over 30 thousand spirits of the human body.
• The Chinese syncretic mythology features spirits - servants of the underworld, numerous ghosts, shadows, demons, united by the term gui, etc.

Turkic

• In mythology of the ancient (Orkhon) Türks, at the level of lower mythology, probably, was spread a belief in harmful spirits (el, ek), guardian-spirits kut (personification of a soul), spiritual masters of separate tracts and places .
• The mediator between people and the spirit world was shaman (kam). The indications of sources on the existence of shamanism among the ancient Turkic population, Yenisei Kyrgyz, refer to the VIII-X centuries.

• The Mythology of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Asia Minor and Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Crimea and Western Siberia, who adopted Islam, is basically Muslim (Islamic). Islam gradually supplanted and destroyed the former mythology. A predominantly inferior mythology has been preserved, with no unified picture of the demonological characters of the peoples of the region.
• Some local deities (Bobo-Dehkon, Chopan-ata, Burkut-baba, Korkut, etc.) have been transformed into images of Muslim saints. Images associated with Iranian mythology were preserved, the influence of which continued after conversion to Islam: azhdarha, dev, pari, Simurgh, chiltan, kyrk kyz, Bibi-Mushkusho, Bibi Se-shanbi, albasty (the latter is associated with Iranian mythology only partially).
• Ancient Turkic low mythology was preserved in the images of ee - spirits-masters of various places among the Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Turkmens and West Siberian Tatars, guardian-spirit of Kut among the Kyrgyz. Shamanism, widespread among Central Asians, has undergone significant changes. New images linked to the culture of the Iranian-speaking population of Central Asia appeared - spirits assisting the shaman pari and chiltans, and evil demons albasty and dev. In addition to them, shamans invoked Muslim prophets and saints.

• Mythology of the Tatars and Bashkirs is also Muslim in its basis. Some images of lower mythology have survived from pre-Muslim culture. Many characters of lower mythology are not known in most other Turkic mythologies: bichura, shurale, ubyr, spirits - masters of dwellings (oy iyase, abzar iyase, yort iyase) The spirits - owners of water su iyase, snake yuha (Yuvha), ghost oryak, personifications of diseases ulyat, chyachyak-anasy, etc.

Polynesian

• In Polynesian mythology because information about the gods belonging to the higher pantheon is sacralized, they occupy an important place in incantation-prayers, hymns, genealogies and lists-"catalogues", but appear much less frequently in narratives. However, at the lower levels of the hierarchy there are characters with the same names (e.g. Hiro) who appear as characters in narratives, legends and tales.
• At lower levels of Micronesian mythology are characters with the names of gods, for example, Puntan, the god and man of great cunning in chamorro mythology, Nareau, demiurge and trickster.
• A larger role than the gods in Micronesian mythology is played by demigods, spirits and heroes. There are known earthly and heavenly spirits, good ("their") and evil ("alien"), such as the bladek and delep of the Palau.

Vietnamese

• There are a lot of lower demons in Vietnamese mythology. Cults of local spirits - patrons of the communal house (dinh), spirits - patrons of crafts and professions - are common.
• Perceptions of the lower mythology of the Viets were influenced by Buddhist beliefs. The demons Dạ xoa (from Sanskrit: यक्ष Yakṣa, Yaksha) inhabit the earth, the heavens and the void. In the popular beliefs of the Viets, they have also become the spirits of the underwater world.

See also

• Demonology
• Folk religion
• Legendary creature

Literature

• Ames М. Buddha and the dancing goblins. «American Anthropologist». 1964. V. 66, № 1
• Leach E. R. Pulleyar and the Lord Buddha

References

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