Breastfeeding Aversion Response
| Breastfeeding Aversion Response | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Lua error in Module:WikidataIB at line 665: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| Differential diagnosis | Postpartum depression, Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex[1], History of childhood sexual abuse (CSA)[2] |
Breastfeeding Aversion Response (BAR) is defined as overwhelming feelings of aversion women experience while breastfeeding that last throughout the entire feeding session and conflict with the desire to breastfeed.[3] Women describe an overwhelming feeling of needing to unlatch while breastfeeding. BAR is different from postpartum depression, and dysphoric milk ejection reflex,[4]
Signs and symptoms
The feelings of BAR are described as overwhelming feelings of wanting to unlatch and negative sensations; sickening, tiring, sad, anxious and touched out.[3] Those more at risk of experiencing BAR are women who are breastfeeding while pregnant, breastfeeding around the time of menstruation and ovulation, and tandem breastfeeding with the older nursling and not with the newborn.[5] Further research is needed to establish other possible triggers and subtypes of BAR.
Prevalence
Morns et al. (2023) conducted a study to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of BAR in a sample of Australian women. The study found that the prevalence of BAR was 22.6% and the most common onset was: breastfeeding while pregnant (n = 341, 27.8%); and around the time of menstruation or ovulation (n = 233, 18.9%).[6]
Diagnosis
- BAR is not postpartum depression, however women can experience both PPD and BAR concurrently and those who experience BAR may be at an increased risk for PPD.[7]
- BAR is not Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex that occurs for women during the milk ejection reflex and can also happen when women are not breastfeeding as a reflex to stimulation of the nipples.[8]
- BAR is not disliking breastfeeding, or repulsion at the idea of breastfeeding.[5]
- Autistic women who breastfeed may experience BAR associated with sensory challenges, pain, and interoceptive differences.[9]
Management
There are no tested treatments for BAR however preliminary research has found that women who experience BAR may benefit from additional breastfeeding support, distracting themselves while breastfeeding, using a relaxation method, gentle nursing boundaries with older nurslings, and taking a magnesium supplement.[5]
History
BAR was first reported in nonacademic breastfeeding literature as tandem breastfeeding BAR by Hilary Flower in 2003.[10]. Following this online social media support groups were created to support those who experienced BAR and anecdotal findings and social media discourse have now led to the production of a number of blogs and books.[11][12][13] The first empirical literature to describe breastfeeding aversion found that breastfeeding was an 'unexpected trigger of negative sensations' and that this experience can negatively impact on the maternal sense of self.[14]
References
- ↑ Ureño TL, Buchheit TL, Hopkinson SG, Berry-Cabán CS (January 5, 2018). "Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: A Case Series". Breastfeeding Medicine. 13 (1): 85–88. doi:10.1089/bfm.2017.0086. PMID 29115857.
- ↑ Wood K, Van Esterik P (2010). "Infant feeding experiences of women who were sexually abused in childhood". Can Fam Physician. 56 (4): e136–e141. PMC 2860840. PMID 20393075.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Morns MA, Steel AE, McIntyre E, Burns E (January 7, 2022). "'It Makes My Skin Crawl': Women's experience of breastfeeding aversion response (BAR)". Women and Birth. 35 (6): 582–592. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2022.01.001. PMID 35012885 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Deif, R.; Burch, E. M.; Azar, J.; Yonis, N.; Abou Gabal, M.; El Kramani, N.; Dakhlallah, D. (2021). "Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: The Psychoneurobiology of the Breastfeeding Experience". Frontiers in Global Women's Health. 2: 669826. doi:10.3389/fgwh.2021.669826. PMC 8594038 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34816221 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Morns MA, Steel AE, McIntyre E, Burns E (April 17, 2023). "Breastfeeding Aversion Response (BAR): A Descriptive Study". J Midwifery and Womens Health. doi:10.1111/jmwh.13474. PMID 37066597 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Morns MA, Steel AE, McIntyre E, Burns E (May 25, 2023). "The prevalence of breastfeeding aversion response in Australia: A national cross-sectional survey". Maternal and Child Nutrition: e13536. doi:10.1111/mcn.13536. PMID 37226968 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Morns MA, Steel AE, McIntyre E, Burns E (April 17, 2023). "Breastfeeding Aversion Response (BAR): A Descriptive Study". J Midwifery and Womens Health. doi:10.1111/jmwh.13474. PMID 37066597 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM (2015). Breastfeeding E-Book: A Guide for the Medical Professional. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 626. ISBN 978-0-323-39420-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Grant A, Jones S, Williams K, Leigh J, Brown A (2022). "Autistic women's views and experiences of infant feeding: A systematic review of qualitative evidence". Autism. 26 (6): 1341–1352. doi:10.1177/13623613221089374. PMC 9344572 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35411810 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Flower H (2003). Adventures in Tandem Nursing: Breastfeeding During Pregnancy and Beyond. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9780912500973. Search this book on
- ↑ Kusi A (2019). My Tandem Nursing Journey: Breastfeeding Through Pregnancy, Labor, Nursing Aversion and Beyond, 2nd Edition. Our Peaceful Family. Search this book on
- ↑ "You searched for nursing aversion". The Badass Breastfeeder.
- ↑ Yate Z (2020). When Breastfeeding Sucks. Pinter and Martin. Search this book on
- ↑ Watkinson M, Murray C, Simpson J (November 6, 2015). "Maternal experiences of embodied emotional sensations during breastfeeding: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis". Midwifery. 36: 53–60. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2016.02.019. PMID 27106944.
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