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Northern Rhodesia was a British protectorate in south central Africa, now the independent country of Zambia. It was formed in 1911 by amalgamating the two earlier protectorates of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia. It was initially administered, as were the two earlier protectorates, by the British South Africa Company (BSAC), a chartered company, on behalf of the British Government. From 1924, it was administered by the British Government as a protectorate, under similar conditions to other British-administered protectorates, and the special provisions required when it was administered by BSAC were terminated.

Although under the BSAC charter it had features of a charter colony, the BSAC's treaties with local rulers, and British legislation, gave it the status of a protectorate. The territory attracted a relatively small number of European settlers, but from the time they first secured political representation, they agitated for white minority rule, either as a separate entity or associated with Southern Rhodesia and possibly Nyasaland. The mineral wealth of Northern Rhodesia made full amalgamation attractive to Southern Rhodesian politicians, but the British Government preferred a looser association to include Nyasaland. This was intended to protect Africans in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland from discriminatory Southern Rhodesian laws. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland formed in 1953 was intensely unpopular among the vast African majority and its formation hastened calls for majority rule. As a result of this pressure, the country became independent in 1964 as Zambia.

References[edit]

1. ^ Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1911 (although a protectorate, its official name was simply Northern Rhodesia)
2. ^ Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1911, S.R.O. 1911 No. 438, p. 85.
3. ^ Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia Order in Council, 1899, S.E.O. 1901 No. 567 (as amended, S.R.O. Rev. 1904, V.)
4. ^ North-Eastern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1900, S.R.O 1900 No. 89
5. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 753
6. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1924, S.R.O. 1924 No. 324, S.RO. & S.I. Rev VIII, 154
7. ^ Zambia Independence Act, 1964 (c. 65)
8. ^
9. ^ J S Galbraith, (1974). Crown and Charter: The early Years of the British South Africa Company, University of California Press pp. 87, 202–3. ISBN 978-0-520-02693-3.
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13. ^ J S Galbraith, (1974). Crown and charter: The early Years of the British South Africa Company, pp. 103–4.
14. ^ NRZAM website: Alfred Sharpe's Travels in the Northern Province and Katanga. Archived 30 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Northern Rhodesia Journal. Vol III, No.3 (1957) pp. 210–219.
15. ^ David Gordon, (2000). Decentralized Despots or Contingent Chiefs: Comparing Colonial Chiefs in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo. KwaZulu-Natal History and African Studies Seminar, University of Natal, Durban.
16. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Government of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), (1964). White Paper on British South Africa Company's claims to Mineral Royalties, pp. 1135, 1138.
17. ^ J S Galbraith, (1974). Crown and charter: The early Years of the British South Africa Company, pp. 222–3.
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20. ^ J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 86–7.
21. ^ I Brownlie, (1979). African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia, pp. 1306.
22. ^ J S Galbraith, (1974). Crown and charter: The early Years of the British South Africa Company, p. 223.
23. ^ P E N Tindall, (1967). A History of Central Africa, Praeger, p. 134.
24. ^ A Keppel-Jones (1983) Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe 1884–1902, McGill-Queen's Press, pp. 133–6. ISBN 978-0-7735-6103-8.
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27. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 4 pp. 279–80.
28. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa : The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964, p. 26.
29. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 40–1, 45, 75–6.
30. ^ L H Gann, (1958). The Birth of a Plural Society: The Development of Northern Rhodesia under the British South Africa Company, 1894–1914, pp. 67, 74–5, 106–7.
31. ^ J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 87, 90–2.
32. ^ J Lunn, (1992). The Political Economy of Primary Railway Construction in the Rhodesias, 1890–1911, The Journal of African History, Vol. 33, No. 2 pp. 239, 244.
33. ^ S Katzenellenbogen, (1974). Zambia and Rhodesia: Prisoners of the Past: A Note on the History of Railway Politics in Central Africa, African Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 290, pp. 63–4.
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35. ^ P Slinn, (1971). Commercial Concessions and Politics during the Colonial Period: The Role of the British South Africa Company in Northern Rhodesia 1890–1964, p. 369.
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39. ^ S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, pp. 57–8.
40. ^ R W Steel, (1957) The Copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia, pp. 83–4.
41. ^ A D Roberts. (1982). Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol.16, No. 2, p. 348.
42. ^ S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, Praeger, pp. 61, 68, 118.
43. ^ A D Roberts. (1982). Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia, pp. 348–9.
44. ^ S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, pp. 53–5
45. ^ A D Roberts. (1982). Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia, pp. 349–50.
46. ^ S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, pp. 57–8, 81.
47. ^ G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, p. 279.
48. ^
49. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa : The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964, pp. 109–10, 199.
50. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa : The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964, pp. 206, 208.
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53. ^ G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, pp. 279–80.
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58. ^ B. Malinowski, (1929). Report of the Commission on Closer Union of the Dependencies in Eastern and Central Africa, p. 317.
59. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, Journal of the International African Institute Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 47–50.
60. ^ H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, pp. 218, 225.
61. ^ B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, p. 87.
62. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, Journal of the International African Institute Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 199, 207.
63. ^ R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa : The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964, Cambridge (Mass), Harvard University Press, pp. 37–8.
64. ^ Memorandum by the Colonial Secretary on Rhodesia, 19 April 1923. http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-24-160-CP-201.pdf Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
65. ^ G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 4 p. 281.
66. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 56–60, 124–6, 136–9.
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73. ^ H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, African Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 311, pp. 214–6, 225.
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75. ^ C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, Praeger, pp.4–5.
76. ^ H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, pp. 215–6.
77. ^ C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, p. 9.
78. ^ C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, pp. 9–10.
79. ^ M Chanock, (1977). Unconsummated union: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1900–45, Manchester University Press, p. 229. ISBN 978-0-7190-0634-0.
80. ^ M Chanock, (1977). Unconsummated union: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1900–45, p. 230.
81. ^ H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, p. 223.
82. ^ B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, pp. 87–8.
83. ^ E Windrich, (1975). The Rhodesian Problem: A Documentary Record 1923–1973, Routledge pp. 22–5. ISBN 978-0-7100-8080-6.
84. ^ A Okoth, (2006). A History of Africa: African Nationalism and the de-colonisation process, [1915–1995], Volume 2 East African Publishers, p. 101. ISBN 978-9966-25-358-3
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86. ^ A C Ross, (2009). Colonialism to Cabinet Crisis, African Books Collective, p.62. ISBN 99908-87-75-6
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88. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 278, 285, 289–91.
89. ^ A Roberts, (1976).A History of Zambia, Africana Publishing Company, p. 220.
90. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 297, 299–301.
91. ^ B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, African Books Collective, p. 92.
92. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 301, 307–10.
93. ^ R Blake, (1977). A History of Rhodesia, Knopf P.331. ISBN 0-394-48068-6.
94. ^ P Murray, (2005). British Documents on the End of Empire: Central Africa, Part I, Volume 9, pp.lxxiv-v, lxxx. ISBN 978-0-11-290586-8
95. ^ P Murray, (2005). British Documents on the End of Empire: Central Africa, pp.lxxxi-iv.
96. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 311–12, 315.
97. ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 315–16.
98. ^ A Roberts, (1976).A History of Zambia, pp. 221–3.

External links[edit]

Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Rhodesia".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern Rhodesia.

• The Great North Road, Northern Rhodesians worldwide
• Northern Rhodesia and Zambia, photographs and information from the 1950s and 1960s
• A Brief Guide to Northern Rhodesia

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Categories:

• Northern Rhodesia
• Rhodesia
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• States and territories established in 1924
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