California's 39th congressional district election, 2018
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California's 39th congressional district election, 2018 was held on Tuesday, November 6, 2018, with a primary election being held on June 5, 2018.
This election was one of several 53 House elections that was held in California and 435 nationwide, but it had been called "the weirdest race in the country" due to an over-abundance of Democratic candidates potentially spoiling the ability for any Democrats to place first or second in the primary.[1] Under election rules the top two vote-getters in the jungle primary advanced to the November general election, regardless of party affiliation.[2]
The primary election was held on June 5, 2018. Republican Assemblywoman Young Kim and Democrat Gil Cisneros came in first and second place respectively, assauging fears that two candidates from the same party would advance.[3]
The general election was held on November 6. On November 17, AP News projected that Cisneros had won the election.[4]
Background[edit]
The 39th district straddles the Los Angeles–Orange–San Bernardino tri-county border and includes Chino Hills, Diamond Bar, and Fullerton.
In January 2018, Republican Ed Royce, who had represented the 39th district since 2013 and previously represented the 40th district from 2003 to 2013 and the 39th district from 1993 to 2003, announced his plans not to run for reelection.[5] During his tenure in Congress, Royce was chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs. According to Rep. Steve Stivers, Republicans needed to win in suburban districts like Orange County's to hold their majority.[6]
After Royce's retirement, the district was considered a prime opportunity for a Democratic pickup, citing dissatisfaction with the Trump administration and the strength of Hillary Clinton's 8 percent lead in the district's vote in the 2016 United States presidential election.[7][8][9][10] The proportion of voters in the district who were registered Republican dropped from 40 to 35 percent since 2012, but Republicans believed that their turnout would be significantly larger than Democrats'.[11] Moreover, as of January 2018, there were still more voters in the district registered as Republicans than as Democrats (128,375 to 123,849).[12][13]
Democrats hoped to have an demographic advantage in this district, since it was less than 30 percent white.[14] However, several commentators (including Cook) speculated that an Asian American nominee would have an edge in this district, regardless of party, as Democrat Jay Chen did against Royce in the 2012 district election.[15][16] In 2018, the district was conservative and upper-middle class with only 35 percent of the population identifying as Hispanic and the majority identifying as white or Asian.[17] Specifically, Asians made up around 32 percent of the district.[18]
Royce's retirement led the Cook Political Report to move CA-39 from lean Republican to lean Democratic.[19] The New York Times rated this district a tossup.[20]
Primary election[edit]
The primary election in 2018 had a large number of Democrats and Republicans. As the election drew near, Democratic organizations like the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) became concerned that the flood of Democratic candidates might split the vote, causing two Republicans to win the nomination. In June, the race was reported to be the most expensive race in California, drawing $10 million in spending.[1] A majority of the spending was attributed to Democratic frontrunners Gil Cisneros and Andy Thorburn, who were able to personally fund their own respective campaigns, and ran increasingly negative ads targeting one another.[1] On June 5, Republican Young Kim and Democrat Gil Cisneros finished in first and second place, advancing to the general election.
Candidates[edit]
The district had 17 candidates heading into the June 5 primary — six Democrats, seven Republicans, two American Independents and two no party preference candidates.[21]
A poll from Fight Back California PAC found that when presented with a list of the three Republicans and four Democrats with some name recognition, Republican Young Kim led the pack with 21 percent of the vote, followed by Republican Bob Huff (19 percent), Democrat Gil Cisneros (16 percent), and Democrat Andy Thorburn (16 percent).[14]
During the primary, initially seven Democratic candidates split the vote in the district, all but blocking the party from making an endorsement there;[14] the district was one of three (the other two being the 48th and 49th) that Democrats were concerned they could lose in the primary due to vote-splitting.[22][23] The party held a pre-endorsement conference in January and urged some candidates to withdraw.
Although the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee backed Gil Cisneros,[24] including by adding him to its "Red to Blue" program, which offered designated candidates financial and organizational support, it did not officially endorsed him.[25] Tran was endorsed by Emily's List and by the Feminist Majority Foundation. The California and Orange County Democratic parties did not endorse anyone.[26] Thorburn has been endorsed by the California Nurses Association.[27]
Scientist Phil Janowicz dropped out of the race to avoid splitting the Democratic vote.[28] Potential candidate Jay Chen also opted not to run, saying, "The greatest contribution I can make right now is to help consolidate the field, by stepping away from it." The DCCC praised his move.[29] Chen's dropping out was cited as an example of how self-funding millionaires drove less wealthy Democrats out of California primaries.[30]
Republicans were less eager than Democrats to thin the herd of candidates, which is why the Young Guns program includes both Kim and Nelson on its list.[31]
Republican[edit]
Republican candidates campaigned chiefly on increased border security and an end to California sanctuary state law.[11]
Bob Huff - Republican[edit]
Bob Huff is a former state senator who represented California's 29th State Senate district.
| Bob Huff (R) |
|---|
|
Young Kim[edit]
Young Kim is a former Assemblywoman who represented California's 65th State Assembly district. She emigrated from South Korea in 1975, graduated from University of Southern California in 1981, worked in a bank and then as a controller of a ladieswear manufacturing firm, and served in Royce's congressional office for 21 years as community liaison and director of Asian affairs and has received Royce's endorsement.[18]
Kim said she wants to create jobs and keep taxes low.[18] She said she wanted to increase border security and ensure those brought to the U.S. "as children without legal documentation are treated fairly and with compassion."[18]
| Young Kim (R) |
|---|
|
Phil Liberatore[edit]
Phil Liberatore is a Certified Public Accountant, founder of IRS Problem Solvers, and author of God, Money and You.
Shawn Nelson[edit]
Shawn Nelson is an Orange County Supervisor.
| Shawn Nelson (R) |
|---|
|
Democratic[edit]
Democratic candidates advocated for tax reform to end tax cuts for the wealthy.[11] and supported universal health care.[27] The candidates supported banning assault weapons and implementing universal background checks on gun purchases. Democratic candidate Andy Thorburn sent out mailers accusing candidate Gil Cisneros of investing millions of dollars in gun industry stock.[11]
Andy Thorburn[edit]
Andy Thorburn is a former teacher and union activist who made his wealth in the insurance business. He was CEO of Foothill Ranch-based Global Benefits Group from 2005 to 2015, and remains its largest stockholder.[39] Thorburn supported a Medicare for all healthcare system.[27]
| Andy Thorburn (D) |
|---|
|
Gil Cisneros[edit]
Gil Cisneros is a Navy veteran and former shipping and distribution manager at Frito-Lay who won a lottery jackpot of $266 million with his wife in 2010.[41] Cisneros raised the issue of homelessness among veterans, vowing to fight any attempts to defund or weaken HUD-VASH.[expand acronym][42]
| Gil Cisneros (D) |
|---|
|
Sam Jammal[edit]
Sam Jammal is a former Obama administration official.[47]
| Sam Jammal (D) |
|---|
|
Mai Khanh Tran[edit]
Mai Khanh Tran is a pediatrician. Despite pressure from Democratic officials, she has refused to drop out, saying she is "the only qualified woman, the only immigrant and the only physician in the race".[24]
| Mai-Khanh Tran (D) |
|---|
|
Primary election polling[edit]
| Poll source | Date(s) administered |
Sample size |
Margin of error |
Gil Cisneros (D) |
Steve Cox (NPP) |
Bob Huff (R) |
Sam Jammal (D) |
Young Kim (R) |
Shawn Nelson (R) |
Andy Thorburn (D) |
Mai-Khanh Tran (D) |
Steve Vargas (R) |
Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tulchin Research (D-Cisneros) | May 16–20, 2018 | 500 | ± 4.4% | 20% | – | 14% | 7% | 14% | 8% | 11% | 5% | 6% | 1%[51] | 15% |
| Mellman Group (D-Thorburn) | March 30 – April 7, 2018 | 400 | ± 4.9% | 11% | – | 10% | 4% | 13% | 10% | 11% | 6% | – | – | 35% |
| Tulchin Research (D–Cisneros) | March 18–25, 2018 | 700 | ± 3.7% | 19% | – | 12% | 4% | 11% | 13% | 10% | 6% | 2% | 3%[52] | 20% |
| Change Research (D) | March 4–8, 2018 | 680 | — | 16% | – | 19% | – | 22% | 9% | 16% | 6% | – | 11%[53] | – |
| 10% | 5% | 12% | 5% | 15% | 6% | 8% | 4% | 7% | 33%[54] | – |
Fundraising[edit]
Millionaires Andy Thorburn and Gil Cisneros have loaned their campaigns $2.3 million and $2 million respectively.[55] As of March 31, Kim raised more than $600,000, according to FEC filings, fourth most in the race and the most for a Republican.[18] Kim received $178,000 in mailers and web ads,[11] and $316,998 altogether, from The American Future Fund. The California Freedom and Prosperity Fund PAC spent about $85,000 opposing Kim, while spending five figures boosting Nelson.[56]
In May, the race in the 39th district had seen the fourth most money spent of any House race in the nation.[11] As of June, $10 million had been spent, making the race the most expensive in the state.[57]
Advertising[edit]
Young Kim was the first Republican in the election to launch a TV ad. The ad highlights her connection to Royce, her record as a state legislator, and her family history. Two Democrats in the race, Navy veteran and lottery winner Gil Cisneros and Andy Thorburn, also launched TV ads in April.[10] Sam Jammal narrated an advertisement from a dog's point of view.[58]
As of May 15, 2018, House Majority PAC and Priorities USA Action planned to air ads targeting Bob Huff and Shawn Nelson, in an effort to help their chosen candidate, Cisneros. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, a week prior, had made a nearly $450,000 ad buy targeting those same two candidates.[59] The anti-Nelson ad accuses him of hypocrisy over pensions.[60] The anti-Huff ad says, "He huffs and he puffs but would make your taxes go up."[61]
The DCCC ads did not target Young Kim, who was seen as the leading Republican and was endorsed by Royce to succeed him, since the purpose of the ads was to put a Democrat in the top two[25] by ensuring that Kim is the only Republican to reach the general election.[62] As of May, the DCCC undertook an operation including mailers and digital ads (via platforms such as Google, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat), aimed at registering and turning out the party's voters.[22]
Cisneros and Thorburn each launched dueling websites panning their rival. Cisneros's campaign accused Thorburn of tax-evasion, while Thorburn's camp has a site calling Cisneros a gun lover.[63] In May, California Democratic Party Chairman Eric Bauman announced that he had helped to engineer a deal between Thorburn and Cisneros to stop attacking each other and instead focus on "promoting their positive visions" and "highlighting their contrast with the corrupt, incompetent Trump Republicans." Both candidates took down their negative websites against each other.[60]
In May, the DCCC announced its first Spanish-language midterm TV ad in favor of Cisneros. The ad criticized Republicans for trying to cut funds for education and student aid, and for denying Dreamers a path to citizenship.[64] Meanwhile, House Majority PAC sent out mailing pieces to Republican and independent voters tying Phil Liberatore to President Trump, a move to raise the underfunded Liberatore's name recognition and try to siphon off votes from other GOP candidates to him. The ads point out Liberatore's desire for a border wall and an end to sanctuary cities, and his endorsement by Joe Arpaio.[65]
Primary results[edit]
| California's 39th congressional district election, 2018 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary election | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
| Republican | Young Kim | 30,019 | 21.2 | |
| Democratic | Gil Cisneros | 27,469 | 19.4 | |
| Republican | Phil Liberatore | 20,257 | 14.3 | |
| Democratic | Andy Thorburn | 12,990 | 9.2 | |
| Republican | Shawn Nelson | 9,750 | 6.9 | |
| Republican | Bob Huff | 8,699 | 6.2 | |
| Democratic | Sam Jammal | 7,613 | 5.4 | |
| Democratic | Mai-Khanh Tran | 7,430 | 5.3 | |
| Democratic | Herbert H. Lee | 5,988 | 4.2 | |
| Republican | Steven C. Vargas | 4,144 | 2.9 | |
| Democratic | Suzi Park Leggett | 2,058 | 1.5 | |
| Republican | John J. Cullum | 1,747 | 1.2 | |
| No party preference | Karen Lee Schatzle | 903 | 0.6 | |
| No party preference | Steve Cox | 856 | 0.6 | |
| Republican | Andrew Sarega | 823 | 0.6 | |
| American Independent | Sophia J. Alexander | 523 | 0.4 | |
| American Independent | Ted Alemayhu | 176 | 0.1 | |
| Total votes | 141,445 | 100.0 | ||
General election[edit]
The primary election was held on June 5, 2018. Under election rules the top two vote-getters in the jungle primary advanced to November, regardless of party affiliation.[2] Republican Assemblywoman Young Kim and Democrat Gil Cisneros came in first and second place respectively, advancing to the general election.[3]
Debates[edit]
- Complete video of debate, October 16, 2018
Polling[edit]
In the three months prior to the election FiveThirtyEight projected a close election, with Kim and Cisneros each respectively having a 65.2% and 62.2% chance of winning at their peak.[66]
| Poll source | Date(s) administered |
Sample size |
Margin of error |
Young Kim (R) |
Gil Cisneros (D) |
Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYT Upshot/Siena College | October 18–23, 2018 | 496 | ± 4.6% | 46% | 47% | 7% |
| Tulchin Research (D-Cisneros) | September 28 – October 2, 2018 | 400 | ± 4.9% | 47% | 48% | 4% |
| UC Berkeley | September 16–23, 2018 | 552 | ± 6.0% | 48% | 49% | 3% |
| Monmouth University | September 13–16, 2018 | 300 LV | ± 5.7% | 51% | 41% | 8% |
| 402 RV | ± 4.9% | 46% | 42% | 12% | ||
| Tulchin Research (D-Cisneros) | August 1–6, 2018 | 600 | ± 4.0% | 42% | 53% | 5% |
| DCCC (D) | June 10, 2018 | – | – | 45% | 43% | – |
| Remington (R) | January 10–11, 2018 | 761 | ± 3.48% | 41% | 38% | – |
Results[edit]
The general election was held on November 6. In the first few days following the election, Young Kim was leading in the early reported results.[67] However, ballots in California only have to be postmarked on election day,[68] and other races in California have shifted from Republican election night leads to Democratic victories.[69] The Mercury News reports speculation that Democratic swings in the days following the election are "due to Democratic voters being more likely to cast their ballots on election day or mail them in at the last minute, instead of voting early".[70] Over the next few days, Cisneros pulled ahead of Young Kim.[71] On November 17, AP News projected that Cisneros had won the election.[4] County officials plan to publish their final results by December 7, 2018.[72]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Gil Cisneros | 117,151 | 51.0 | |
| Republican | Young Kim | 112,709 | 49.0 | |
| Total votes | 229,860 | 100.0 | ||
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Schneider, Elena (3 June 2018). "'This is the weirdest race in the country'". Politico. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Blood, Michael R. (May 5, 2018). "California's Orange County could determine Congress control". Sacramento Bee.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Martin, Jonathan; Arango, Tim (June 6, 2018). "Democrats Find Relief in California House Race Results". The New York Times.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Democrat Cisneros nabs GOP House seat in Southern California". AP NEWS. 2018-11-18. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
- ↑ Bowman, Bridget (January 8, 2018). "House Foreign Affairs Chairman Ed Royce Announces Retirement". Roll Call. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
- ↑ Blood, Michael R. (May 2, 2018). "California's Orange County could determine Congress control". Seattle Times.
- ↑ Phillips, Amber (March 18, 2018). "The top 10 House races of 2018". Washington Post.
- ↑ Schneider, Elena (December 25, 2017). "The top 10 House races to watch in 2018". Politico.
- ↑ Rothenberg, Stuart (May 14, 2018). "Rothenberg's Dangerous Dozen Open House Seats". Inside Elections.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bowman, Bridget (April 19, 2018). "Young Kim Launches First TV Ad in California's 39th District". Roll Call.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Graham, Jordan (May 18, 2018). "The CA 39th: Candidates, intrigue, money and, now, a truce". Orange County Register.
- ↑ Kennedy, Corinne S. (March 8, 2018). "Democrats could turn some California GOP districts blue — if they get on the same page". The Desert Sun.
- ↑ "Report of Registration - January 2, 2018". California Secretary of State. January 2, 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Rapfogel, Adam (April 2, 2018). "California's Jungle Primary Will Change Election Outcomes this November". Gordian Digital.
- ↑ Wasserman, David (May 22, 2018). "House Ratings Changes: GOP Fortunes Improve in Four Districts". Cook Political Report.
- ↑ Sadhwani, Sara (May 1, 2018). "Will Asian Americans make California even bluer in November?". Washington Post.
- ↑ Anderson, Lauren (November 24, 2017). "Battleground 2018: How California's Red Districts Can Alter the Nation's Political Landscape". Harvard Political Review.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Fuchs, Chris (May 16, 2018). "Young Kim's Congressional campaign is a run two decades in the making". NBC News.
- ↑ Wasserman, David (January 8, 2018). "Royce Retirement Moves CA-39 from Lean Republican to Lean Democratic". Cook Political Report.
- ↑ Lee, Jasmine C. (March 26, 2018). "To Reclaim the House, Democrats Need to Flip 24 G.O.P. Seats. 25 Are in Clinton Territory". New York Times.
- ↑ Custodio, Spencer (May 10, 2018). "North OC's 39th Congressional Race Still a 'Toss Up'". Voice of OC.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Roarty, Alex (May 17, 2018). "Dems increase effort to avoid California catastrophe". McClatchy DC.
- ↑ Bowman, Bridget (May 24, 2018). "'That Danger Is Real' — Democrats' Final Push to Avoid Shutout in Key California Races". Roll Call.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Burns, Alexander (April 21, 2018). "Democrats push some candidates to bow out of midterm elections". The New York Times.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Hagen, Lisa (May 14, 2018). "House Dems boost spending in key California races". The Hill.
- ↑ Coker, Matt (May 17, 2018). "Year of the Woman? Not When It Comes to Orange County's Congressional Races". OC Weekly.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Wildermuth, John (April 19, 2018). "Lottery millionaire wins again: National Democrats help him in Orange County race". San Francisco Chronicle.
- ↑ Mervis, Jeffrey (April 27, 2018). "A house too far: Two scientists abandon their bids for Congress". Science.
- ↑ Dann, Carrie (March 13, 2018). "Dem field in competitive CA-39 race gets a little less crowded". NBC News.
- ↑ Dayen, David (March 20, 2018). "Self-Funded Millionaires are Forcing Promising Democrats Out of California Primaries". The Intercept.
- ↑ Wildermuth, John (May 3, 2018). "Neo-Nazi running second to Feinstein in Senate poll in California". San Francisco Chronicle.
- ↑ SDAAFE (2018-01-24). "SDAAFE endorses Bob Huff for Congress". Sdaafe.org. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ↑ "Silicon Valley Chinese Association Endorses Bob Huff for Congress". Svca.me. 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ↑ "Endorsements". Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- ↑ "Endorsements". Young Kim for U.S. Representative. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ↑ "NAWBO National Endorses Young Kim For Congress". NAWBO. September 18, 2018.
- ↑ "ENDORSEMENTS". Shawn Nelson For Congress.
- ↑ "Shawn Nelson for Congress". Orange County Register. May 30, 2018.
- ↑ Wisckol, Martin (August 1, 2017). "New challenger to Rep. Ed Royce wields $2 million". Orange County Register.
- ↑ "thorburnforcongress". thorburnforcongress. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ↑ Mai-Duc, Christine (July 17, 2017). "Navy veteran/lottery winner to challenge Orange County Rep. Ed Royce for Congress". Los Angeles Times.
- ↑ Cisneros, Gil (May 4, 2018). "Cisneros: Veteran Homelessness Continues to Grow". Voice of OC.
- ↑ "Red to Blue". redtoblue.dccc.org. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ↑ "RELEASE: Gil Cisneros Endorsed by The League of Conservation Voters Action Fund". Cisnerosforcongress.com. August 17, 2018.
- ↑ "Endorsements | Sierra Club #ClimateVoter Guide". Content.sierraclub.org. 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ↑ "Endorsements". Cisnerosforcongress.com. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ↑ Burlij, Terence (May 7, 2018). "Four big 2018 questions that will be answered over the next four weeks". CNN.
- ↑ Garcia, Eric; Garcia, Eric (April 12, 2018). "Internal Poll Shows No Front-Runner in Race for Royce's Seat". Roll Call. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ↑ "Endorsements". Sam4congress.com. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ↑ "Endorsements – Dr. Mai Khanh Tran for U.S. Congress 2018". Doctran2018.com. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ↑ Karen Lee Schatzle (NPP) 1%
- ↑ Karen Lee Schatzle (NPP) 3%
- ↑ Jay Chen* (D) 7%, Other 4%. *Withdrawn.
- ↑ Jay Chen* (D) 5%; Phil Janowicz* (D) 4%; John Cullum (R) 3%; Camilla Kuo Liou* (D) and Andrew Sarega (R) with 2%; Ted Alemayhu (AIP), Sophia Alexander (AIP), Mark Gaouette* (R), Melissa Garza* (NPP), Herbert Lee (D), Suzi Park Leggett (D), Phil Liberatore (R), Ted Rusk* (D), and Nathan Troutman* (D) with 1%; Karen Lee Schatzle (NPP) and Cybil Steed* (D) with 0%; Other 8%. *Withdrawn
- ↑ Castillejo, Esther (April 17, 2018). "The Note: Trump world a nexus of spider web connections". ABC News.
- ↑ Hagen, Lisa (May 27, 2018). "Dem money floods Calif. primaries to avert electoral disaster". The Hill.
- ↑ Schneider, Elena (June 3, 2018). "'This is the weirdest race in the country'". Politico.
- ↑ Hamblin, Abby (May 15, 2018). "California voters, the onslaught of political advertising is here". The San Diego Union-Tribune.
- ↑ Wright, David (May 15, 2018). "Pair of top Democratic groups target key California districts in new ad push". CNN Politics.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Hagen, Lisa (May 18, 2018). "Dem peace deal reached in crucial House district". The Hill.
- ↑ Mai-Duc, Christine (May 7, 2018). "DCCC drops first TV ads of 2018, attacking Republicans running for Ed Royce seat". Los Angeles Times.
- ↑ "California's primaries are the most unpredictable in America". The Economist.
- ↑ Hagen, Lisa (May 16, 2018). "Dems step up efforts to avoid California primary shutouts". The Hill.
- ↑ Habib, Yamily (May 23, 2018). "Gil Cisneros: the independent promise in California". Al Dia.
- ↑ Joseph, Cameron (May 22, 2018). "Dem Super PAC Spending To Elevate GOP Hardliner In California House Race". Talking Points Memo.
- ↑ Silver, Nate (2018-08-16). "California 39th - 2018 House Forecast". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
- ↑ Blood, Michael R. "Democrats gain ground in California US House battles". www.wmbfnews.com. AP via WMBF-TV in Myrtle Beach, SC. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
- ↑ Kilgore, Ed. "What Can We Learn From Early Voting This Year? Turnout Is High". Intelligencer. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
- ↑ CNN, Eric Bradner,. "Democrats pick up two more House seats as Denham, MacArthur concede". CNN. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
- ↑ "Election results keep getting better for California Democrats". The Mercury News. 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
- ↑ "2018 California General Election Results Representative District 39 - Districtwide Results - 2018 General Election". California Secretary of State Semi-Official Election Results. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
- ↑ "2018 California General Election Results". Election Results. Retrieved 2018-11-10.
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