Camera
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Camera’s have been around for many years, the first one referenced by the Chinese dating all the way back to 400 B.C.There are various types of cameras that are used and many of them function the same, however, there are a few ways in which they may differ. Although they may be different in many ways, once the camera is pointed towards an object, the light reflects off of the object and goes back through the lens. The lens then distorts the light rays and saves an image in your camera. Depending on the type of camera used, the image is stored either on film, memory cards, or a tiny hard drive.
History[edit]
The First Camera[edit]
The first camera to be created is said to be the Camera Obscura, though, it doesn’t take pictures like a camera we would see today. This camera directs light through the lens and displays it onto a screen. “The camera obscura can be traced in Chinese manuscripts dating back to 400 B.C. and in Aristotle’s works around 330 B.C. Ibn Al-Haytham, an Arab scholar, presented the idea of a camera obscura around 1000 A.D.”[1]
Exploring Light w/ Cameras[edit]
Around 1977, two men, Thomas Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davy, made progress in the camera industry when they developed and published photographic processes and created a method where they could make photographs on treated leather located on the inside of the camera body. Although their latest invention was new, Wedgwood and Davy were not the first to create a permanent photograph. This was credited to a French scientist named Nicéphore Niépce. He started by engraving onto a metal plate covered with bitumen and revealed it to some light and after some time an image would appear. Even though Niépce’s photo wasn’t long lasting, it stayed better than the previous process, which is why he is credited with this creation.
Wet Plate Negatives[edit]
The very first wet plate negative process was created by Frederick Scoff Archer in 1851. His process was created by "coating a glass with light-sensitive salts". [1] In 1856, Hamilton Smith used the same process but substituted the copper with iron. After a while, in 1871, Dr. Richard Leach Maddox, created lighter gelatin negative plates and this allowed for dry plates to be used instead of created solutions in darkrooms. For the first time in the history of camera's, were humans able to hold small camera's in their hands.
In 1879, the first official dry plate was created. In this process, dry plates were covered in a dried gelatin solution allowing for the plate to be stored. This process made it so photographs could be developed after months after the initial picture was taken.
Colored Photographs[edit]
In 1907, Auguste and Louis Lumière created the first colored photos and the first color photographic plates an released them to the public. It took the two brothers around 4 years to create the process for colored photography.
Film Cameras[edit]
In the years between 1905 and 1920, the first 35mm camera and film were created and introduced into society. The man credited for the introduction of the 35mm film camera is Oskar Barnack.[2] The brand Kodak would soon rise to the top as a very popular brand.
Rise of Digital Cameras[edit]
In 1961 though 1980, Digital Cameras started to break into the world. Research about DSLR cameras started around 1961, but the first digital camera that people today would recognize would be the one created in 1999. This camera was a single-lens reflex (SLR) camera meaning it is a camera that produces high-quality images. Digital cameras allow photographers to view the subject through the viewfinder and through the screen before taking a picture. Many are equipped with a flash option and have so many different types of features that cameras from the past never have.
DSLR Features[edit]
DSLRs have changed the game in photography with features that make them so different than cameras seen a long time ago. Many Digital cameras come with presets or features that automatically program the camera based on what the subject of the photo is or what you prefer your camera to set automatically. There are many different modes and features you can find on DSLRs, but here are a few common ones that many cameras have.
Auto Mode[edit]
In this mode, it automatically frames and adjusts the lighting. When you press the EV (exposure value) button, it will allow you to quickly overexpose or underexpose your image. When using this mode the camera is supposed to adjust itself by changing the shutter speed and maybe even the aperture to properly expose your shot to create a good image.
Program Mode[edit]
Program mode is quite similar to auto mode, though it does allow you change certain settings to your liking. This mode allows you to turn on or off the flash[3]. This is important if you're in a well lit area and don't need the flash to brighten your image or when you're in a darker area and need the light to make the image brighter. You can also change the ISO (sensitivity to light) manually if you dislike the automatically selected option. The camera may raise the ISO higher which will make your image very grainy, which is why this is helpful when taking photos. You can also adjust the White Balance in your image with Program Mode. White balance changes the tone of white depicted in the image. Two things program mode won't let you change is the shutter speed and aperture, which the camera will set using the sensors.
Shutter Mode[edit]
In this mode, the setting that is most important is the shutter speed. Shutter speed controls how quickly you can freeze action.[3] The higher the shutter speed is, the faster the shutter goes off, and the more clear your image becomes of a fast moving object. This would be very helpful when photographing sports, wildlife, and cars.
Polaroid Cameras[edit]
The first Polaroid camera was released in 1948, and it was created by the founder of the Polaroid Corporation, Edwin H. Land.[4] He first created the polaroid camera as a hobby during World War II. Though we still have polaroid cameras, they don't work exactly as they did the first time they were released. The first polaroid cameras required the photographer to time the development of the photos. The photographers were to pull out the photo and pop a bubble of chemicals inside and peel off the top film. The pictures were a brownish color but overtime monochrome and colored film were added. Overtime the process of polaroid picture development changed and it became faster for pictures to developed. In 1977, these cameras were at their peak and were very popular, but their popularity quickly declined as the rise of 35mm film cameras became cheaper to buy.
Deeper into How it Works[edit]
The Film that is loaded into a polaroid camera has a plastic base coated with particles that are sensitive to light. Black-and-white film has one layer of silver compound, while color film has three layers -- the top layer is sensitive to blue light, the next layer is sensitive to green and the bottom layer is sensitive to red[5] When the film was exposed, there are grains that react to the color and gives you a color pattern that eventually turns into the full picture. There is a chemical inside the film that develops the photo without a photographer having to develop the photo themselves. The chemical may be sensitive to light so, keeping it in a place without direct sunlight will help it develop properly.
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "CAMERAS: Altering the Way We See Reality - All Together". alltogether.swe.org. 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
- ↑ Team, N. F. I. (2022-02-24). "When Was The Camera Invented? Everything You Need To Know". NFI. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Shibboleth Authentication Request". login.eznvcc.vccs.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
- ↑ "The Polaroid Era". Digital Public Library of America. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
- ↑ "How Do Instant Cameras Work?". HowStuffWorks. 2001-04-02. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
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