Chungongtu
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Chungongtu (春宮圖, Spring palace illustration or spring palace pictures), also known as Chun Kung, chungonghua (春宮畵) or Chungongmihua(春宮密畵), was a tradition of erotic art in China that later influenced Shunga.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
History
The earliest mention of the word chungong is found in Chu Ci, but the word only began to mean erotic paintings from the Song dynasty.[7][unreliable source?] The first known record of the tradition dates back to 2nd century B.C. Chen Ping of the Han Dynasty, and Guangchuanwang were said to have enjoyed drawing erotic art. The paintings were used as decorations of folding screens during the Tang dynasty. During the Yuan dynasty, the tradition had Mongolian influences.[8][page needed] According to the research of the Dutch sinologist Robert van Gulik in 1951, in the " Book of Han ", "sitting in the painting house is for men and women to meet naked, buy wine and invite all fathers and sisters to drink, and make them look up at the painting," is the erotic map in the future. Zhang Heng, a scientist and poet of the Eastern Han Dynasty, has a line in his poem "Song of the Same Voice(同声歌)": "clothes solve the golden powder royal, and the pictures are on the pillow; the plain girl is my teacher, and the posture is full of thousands of squares(衣解金粉御，列图陈枕张；素女为我师，仪态盈万方)", [2] which is used as a model. The picture is a picture of the erotic palace, and "Plain girl" refers to the " Su Nü Jing " in the room.[citation needed]
The habit of viewing erotic paintings with young ladies is also described in Chinese classical literature. Bai Xingjian, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, mentioned the picture album of " Su Nu Jing" in " Tiandi yinyang jiaohuan dalefu ". Wei Yangsheng in Li Yu's " The Carnal Prayer Mat " in the Qing Dynasty also depicts the practice saying "Go to a calligraphy and painting shop to buy an exquisite and exquisite erotic booklet, which was written by Zhao Ziang, a scholar of this dynasty. Thirty-six sets, the thirty-six palaces in Tang poems all mean spring scenery, take it and put it in the boudoir, so it’s better for Miss Yuxiang to read it together." It can be seen that in ancient China, erotic paintings were mainly used as a medium for sex education.[9]
20th century scholar Zheng Zhenduo mentioned in "Talking about Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua(谈金瓶梅词话)" that "obscene lyrics and music" and chungonghua are most hidden in the emperor's harem. The erotic paintings of the Han and Tang Dynasties no longer exist and are now lost in history. The "Secret Plays at Spring Night(春宵秘戏图)" that was popular in the Song Dynasty, and the thirty-six erotic paintings painted by the painter Zhao Mengfu in the Yuan Dynasty and another 12 examples also do not exist in modern times. Ming dynasty painter Qiu Ying was a notable painter in the genre. The erotic art of China reached its popular peak during the latter part of the Ming Dynasty.[10]
Style and philosophical origins
The tradition's philosophical origins trace back to yangsheng and Fangzhongshou that characterise sex as a small version of primal creative processes. The tradition, despite being characterised as an illustrative image, also contain performative values. Compared to shunga, it depicts less exaggeration of emotions, and has more depictions of foreplay rather than penetration, tracing it to yangsheng, which emphasized achieving emotional harmony before penetration and avoided extremes.[11][12]
See also
- Chunhwa
- Shunga
References
- ↑ "Court-Ladies-of-the-Former-Shu-State". Shanghai Daily. 29 April 2016.
- ↑ Yoshitoshi's Women: The Woodblock-print Series Fūzoku Sanjūnisō,1995, John Stevenson. The book mentions the tradition as Chungonghua, or spring palace pictures.
- ↑ The humor and technology of sex, 1970, Paul Tabori, page 302. Mentions the tradition as "spring palace pictures" started some time from the Song dynasty.
- ↑ Shunga:Ten Questions and Answers,2013, page 13, by Monta Hayakawa mentions the tradition as "Chungongmihua"
- ↑ Walley, Arthur (1929). Magical use of phallic representations its late survival in china and japan. Search this book on
- ↑ Chinese American Understanding: A Sixty-year Search page 237 in year 1981 mentions the tradition as "Chun Kung".
- ↑ A Political Fantasy: Female Images in the Late Ming-Dynasty Chinese Erotic Paintings,Tufts University
- ↑ 『中國の春宮畵』(福田和彦, 芳賀書店, 1981)
- ↑ 中外性文物大观: China and the world,2000, page 35, by 刘达临
- ↑ Bertholet, L. C. P. (1997) "Dreams of Spring: Erotic Art in China," in: Bertholet Collection, Pepin Press (October, 1997) ISBN 90-5496-039-6 Search this book on ..
- ↑ Sumiya, Umekawa; Dear, David (2018). "The Relationship between Chinese Erotic Art and the Art of the Bedchamber". The Relationship between Chinese Erotic Art and the Art of the Bedchamber:A Preliminary Survey. 18. Brill. pp. 215–226. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctvbqs6ph.21. Search this book on
- ↑ The Imagination of the Body and the History of Bodily Experience,2001,栗山茂久, 国際日本文化硏究センター
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