Colony of gieffe tiny

17th century[edit][edit]

English conquest[edit][edit]

Main article: Invasion of Jamaica

In late 1654, English leader Oliver Cromwell launched the Western Design armada against Spain's colonies in the Caribbean. In April 1655, General Robert Venables led the armada in an attack on Spain's fort at Santo Domingo, Hispaniola. However, the Spanish repulsed this poorly-executed attack, known as the Siege of Santo Domingo, and the English troops were soon decimated by disease.

Weakened by fever and looking for an easy victory following their defeat at Santo Domingo, the English force then sailed for Jamaica, the only Spanish West Indies island that did not have new defensive works. Spanish Jamaica had been a colony of Spain for over a hundred years. In May 1655, around 7,000 English soldiers landed near Jamaica's Spanish Town capital. The English invasion force soon overwhelmed the small number of Spanish troops (at the time, Jamaica's entire population only numbered around 2,500).

In the following years, Spain repeatedly attempted to recapture Jamaica, and in response in 1657 the English Governor of Jamaica invited buccaneers to base themselves at Port Royal on Jamaica, to help defend against Spanish attacks. Spain never recaptured Jamaica, losing the Battle of Ocho Rios in 1657 and the Battle of Rio Nuevo in 1658. Governor Edward D'Oyley succeeded in persuading one of the leaders of the Spanish Maroons, Juan de Bolas, to switch sides and join the English along with his Maroon warriors. In 1660, when Don Cristobal de Ysasi realised that de Bolas had joined the English, he admitted that the Spanish no longer had a chance of recapturing the island, since de Bolas and his men knew the mountainous interior better than the Spanish and the English. Ysasi gave up on his dreams, and fled to Cuba.

For England, Jamaica was to be the 'dagger pointed at the heart of the Spanish Empire,' although in fact it was a possession of little economic value then.

Early English colonisation[edit][edit]

Despite the fact that Jamaica was an English colony, Cromwell increased the island's white population by sending indentured servants and prisoners captured in battles with the Irish and Scots, as well as some common criminals.

This practice was continued under Charles II, and the white population was also augmented by immigrants from the North American mainland and other islands, as well as by the English buccaneers. But tropical diseases kept the number of whites well under 10,000 until about 1740. The white population increased, through migration from Britain, to 80,000 in the 1780s.

Although the slave population in the 1670s and 1680s never exceeded roughly 9,500, by the end of the seventeenth century imports of slaves increased the black population to at least three times the number of whites.

References[edit][edit]

^ Ayearst 1960, p. 64.
^ Ayearst 1960, p. 12.
^
^ Rodger 2005, p. 29.
^ Rodger 2005, p. 24.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Coward 2002, p. 134.
^ Parker 2012.^{[page needed]}
^ Campbell 1988, pp. 14–20.
^ Black 1975, p. 54.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez
^ Black 1975, p. 51.
^ Petley 2018, p. 24.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Patterson 1973, p. 95.
^ Black 1975, p. 55.
^ Black 1975, p. 69.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Black 1975, pp. 72–73.
^ Black 1975, pp. 74–75.
^
^
^
^ Mavis Campbell, The Maroons of Jamaica 1655-1796: a History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal (Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1988), pp. 20-27.
^ Campbell 1988, pp. 14–35.
^ Craton 1982, p. 87.
^ Carey 1997, pp. 190–282.
^ Black 1975, pp. 55–71.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d
^ Michael Pawson and David Buisseret, Port Royal, Jamaica (Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2000).
^ Campbell 1988, pp. 23, 32–33.
^
^
^
^ Jump up to:^a ^b
^
^ Nancy sharkey, "A Barbados Synagogue Is Reborn", The New York Times, 11 December 1988
^
^ ^{[unreliable source?]}
^ Sheridan 1974, p. 489.
^ The Plantation Machine by Trevor Burnard, p. 37.
^ Black 1975, pp. 97–110.
^ Robert William Fogel, "Slavery in the New World". Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. pp. 21–23
^ Vincent Brown, Tacky's Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2020), p. 65.
^
^ Petley 2018, p. 40.
^ Brown 2020, p. 57.
^ Charles Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica (Edinburgh: R. Fleming, 1740), pp. 41–2.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century", The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire, ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 224.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Journals of the Assembly of Jamaica, Vol. 2, 19 November 1724, pp. 509–512.
^ Patterson 1970, pp. 256–58
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Carey 1997, pp. 315–355.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Campbell 1988, pp. 88–126.
^ Campbell 1988, pp. 126–63.
^ Sivapragasam 2018, pp. 77–79.
^ Diptee 2010, p. 10.
^ Brown 2008, p. 15.
^ Sivapragasam 2018, pp. 109–110.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e
^ Vincent Brown, Tacky's Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2020), p. 188.
^ Vincent Brown, Tacky's Revolt, p. 197.
^ Vincent Brown, Tacky's Revolt, p. 201.
^ Vincent Brown, Tacky's Revolt, p. 204.
^ Craton, Michael. Testing the Chains. Cornell University Press, 1982, pp. 138–39.
^ Sivapragasam 2018, pp. 113–114.
^ Sivapragasam 2018, pp. 116–117.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Campbell 1988, pp. 209–249.
^ C.V. Black, History of Jamaica (London: Collins, 1958), pp. 131–132.
^ C.L.R. James, Black Jacobins (London: Penguin, 1938), p. 109.
^ David Geggus, Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793–1798 (New York: Clarendon Press, 1982).
^ Black 1975, p. 117.
^
^ Mavis Campbell, The Dynamics of Change in a Slave Society (London: AUP, 1976).
^ Sivapragasam 2018, pp. 165–169, 172–175, 180–189.
^ Sivapragasam 2018, pp. 163–164, 196.
^ Sivapragasam 2018, pp. 191–192.
^ Sivapragasam 2018, pp. 192–193.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b
^
^
^ Craton 1982, pp. 297–298
^ Mary Reckord. "The Jamaican Slave Rebellion of 1831", Past & Present (July 1968), 40(3): pp. 122, 124–125.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1945).
^ Craton 1982, pp. 319–323.
^ Black 1975, pp. 159–167.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Mavis Campbell, The Dynamics of Change in a Slave Society (London: AUP, 1976), p. 156.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Black 1975, pp. 183–184.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b
^
^ Holt (1992), p. 295.
^ "Alexander Nelson" at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
^ "The Jamaica Prosecutions. Further Examinations of Colonel Nelson and Lieutenant Brand", The Illustrated Police News: Law-Courts and Weekly Record (London), 23 February 1867: 1.
^
^ {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Tuesday, 2 April 1878 edition of The Colonial Standard And Jamaica Despatch.
^ Gad Heuman, The Killing Time: The Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994).
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Black 1975, p. 232.
^ Black 1975, pp. 91–92.
^ {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ J. F. Wilson Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Hot Springs, pg. 70, BiblioLife (2008), ISBN 0-554-56496-3
^
^
^
^ Leonard E. Barrett, The Rastafarians, pp. 81–82.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Black 1975, p. 228.
^ Black 1975, p. 229.
^ Black 1975, p. 230.
^
^
^
^
^ "John Barnes – The footballer traces his grandfather's central role in the campaign for Jamaican independence", Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. Episode aired BBC One, 17 October 2012.
^ "13. History of the Jamaica Labour Movement", The Voice of Coloured Labour (George Padmore, editor), 1945.
^
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^{[permanent dead link]}
^
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Black 1975, p. 233.
^
^ Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 430.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutsch, 1964).
^ Drescher 2010.^{[page needed]}

Sources[edit][edit]

show v t e British Empire

show v t e Jamaica articles

Coordinates: 17.9833°N 76.8000°W

Categories:

Colony of Jamaica
History of Jamaica
British West Indies
Former countries in the Caribbean
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
Former colonies in North America
Former English colonies
1655 establishments in the British Empire
1962 disestablishments in the British Empire
1962 disestablishments in North America
States and territories disestablished in 1962