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Conspiracy theories related to the 2020 United States elections

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The United States elections held on November 3, 2020 are the subject of misinformation, disinformation and false[1][2][3][4][5] conspiracy theories regarding the vote's legitimacy and fairness. Election officials and secretaries of state in all 50 states have stated that there is no evidence of systemic fraud or irregularities in the 2020 election.[1] The Associated Press, ABC News, CBS News, CNN, Decision Desk HQ, NBC News, The New York Times, and Fox News have all projected that former vice president Joe Biden is the president-elect of the United States.[6]

Background[edit]

The election saw a record number of ballots cast early and by mail, due to many states relaxing restrictions on mail-in voting in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the large number of mail-in ballots, some swing states saw delays in vote counting and reporting; this led to major news outlets not projecting a winner until four days later, on November 7.[7]

From the President and his campaign[edit]

During the campaign, and on election night,[8] President Trump and some Republicans claimed without evidence that the election was illegitimate,[9][10] and continued to make false claims of fraud after most media declared Biden the winner; these claims were echoed by GOP leaders and some of President Trump's supporters on social media.[11] Biden's campaign dismissed these allegations and insisted that all votes should be counted, including all mail-in ballots.[12][13][14][15][16][17] Facebook and Twitter took action to block such claims, by blocking groups and labeling disputed posts.

As ballots were still being counted two days after Election Day, Trump asserted without evidence that there was "tremendous corruption and fraud going on," adding, "If you count the legal votes, I easily win. If you count the illegal votes, they can try to steal the election from us."[18] Trump has also repeatedly cast doubt on mail-in ballots, which in many states heavily favor Democrats.[19][20]

Days after Biden had been declared the winner, White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany asserted without evidence that the Democratic Party was welcoming fraud and illegal voting.[21] Republican former speaker of the House Newt Gingrich stated on Fox News, "I think that it is a corrupt, stolen election."[22] Appearing at a press conference outside a Philadelphia landscaping business as Biden was being declared the winner, Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani asserted without evidence that hundreds of thousands of ballots were questionable.[23] Responding to Giuliani, a spokesperson for Pennsylvania Attorney General Josh Shapiro said "Many of the claims against the commonwealth have already been dismissed, and repeating these false attacks is reckless. No active lawsuit even alleges, and no evidence presented so far has shown, widespread problems."[1]

Throughout November 4-8, the Trump campaign filed lawsuits in several states over what it called, without evidence, vote harvesting, illegal votes, machine errors, vote dumps and late-counted votes; some of these lawsuits are currently pending. On November 6, the U.S. Justice Department told prosecutors that armed federal agents can be sent to ballot counting locations to investigate voter fraud.[24] Attorneys who brought accusations of voting fraud or irregularities before judges found they were unable to produce actual evidence to support the allegations. In one instance, a Trump attorney sought to have ballot counting halted in Detroit on the basis of a claim by a Republican poll watcher that she had been told by an unidentified person that ballots were being backdated; Michigan Court of Appeals judge Cynthia Stephens dismissed the argument as “inadmissible hearsay within hearsay.”[25][26] Senior attorneys at Jones Day, a law firm challenging the election results in court on Trump’s behalf, expressed concerns that they were helping to undermine the integrity of American elections by advancing arguments lacking evidence.[27]

Stop the Steal[edit]

Stop the Steal is a decentralized campaign of supporters of President Trump promoting the conspiracy theory that fraud was widespread in the 2020 United States elections.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] These supporters have asserted with minimal evidence[36] that Trump is the winner of the election, and that large-scale voter and vote counting fraud took place in several swing states.[36]

The first was a Facebook group with that name, created during the counting of votes by the pro-Trump group "Women for America First" co-founder and Tea Party movement activist Amy Kremer.[37] Facebook removed the group on November 5, and described it as "organized around the delegitimization of the election process".[37][38] It was reported to have been adding 1,000 new members every 10 seconds[39] with 300,000 followers before Facebook shut it down.[40]

All subsequent "Stop the Steal" groups have since been removed from the website by Facebook moderators due to threats, incitement to violence, and discussions of extreme violence, all of which are violations of Facebook's community standards.[41][42][43] Several "Stop the Steal" groups were founded by right-wing extremists[44] after Donald Trump published tweets on Twitter encouraging his supporters to "Stop the Count".[45] Since then, many of these unorganized "Stop the Steal" groups have started protesting in several U.S. cities[which?] and townships.[46]

Shortly after the Facebook groups were removed, a number of liberals created a fake "Stop The Steal" group to attract Trump supporters. Once a large number of supporters had joined, they changed the name of the group to "Gay Communists for Socialism," in an attempt to troll the members. One administrator told the group that they changed the name "to avoid censorship."[47][48] Facebook's attempts to restrict groups that spread false election claims led to a surge in the popularity of Parler, a right-leaning alternative social networking site that markets itself as a "free speech" haven.[49]

Events and allegations by state[edit]

Michigan[edit]

On November 4, poll watchers in Detroit, Michigan alleged they were kicked out of the hall. In contrast, Democrat officials said Republicans were “trying to slow down and obstruct the counting.” Per the Reuter report: "Greg King of the Trump campaign said the problem arose when people left for lunch and did not sign out, so when they returned it created the appearance of too many people in the room. A Democratic poll observer, Liz Linkewitz, said she and other Democrats had been barred as well and it was not a partisan issue."[50]

Project Veritas, a right-wing activist organization known for using deceptions, released a video where a Pennsylvania postal worker claimed that postal workers were instructed to backdate ballots found on November 4 as being postmarked by November 3.[51][52] The claim was "moot", described FactCheck.Org, because Michigan does not count ballots received after 8 p.m. on November 3, regardless of which date the ballots were postmarked.[51] On November 9, the postal worker, Richard Hopkins, told investigators from the U.S. Postal Service's Office of Inspector General office that he had made up the claims, stated the United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform and the Washington Post. Hopkins publicly denied that he had recanted his allegations.[52]

On November 5, a state judge in Michigan dismissed the Trump campaign's lawsuit requesting a pause in vote-counting to allow access to observers, as the judge noted that vote-counting had already finished in Michigan.[53] That judge also noted the official complaint did not state "why", "when, where, or by whom" an election observer was allegedly blocked from observing ballot-counting in Michigan.[54]

In Antrim County, human error led to a miscount of an unofficial tally of votes for the presidential candidates. The error was caused by a worker using different kinds of ballots when setting up ballot scanners and result-reporting systems, therefore mismatched results were produced. The errors were spotted and rectified, thus the unofficial tally was changed from a Biden victory in the county to a Trump victory.[55][56][57]

One video claimed to show a man taking ballots illegally to a Detroit counting center, but was found to actually depict a photographer transporting his equipment.[58]

A tweet claiming 14,000 votes were cast by dead people in Wayne County, Michigan was debunked.[59]

Pennsylvania[edit]

Election observers at the Philadelphia Convention Center claimed they were denied the option to oversee the counting of ballots and forced to stay over 25 feet from ballots being counted; Trump's campaign manager said they filed suit against Pennsylvania Secretary of State Kathy Boockvar and "each of the 67 Pennsylvania County Boards of Elections", and sued to stop "hiding the ballot counting and processing from our Republican poll observers."[60]

On 5 November, an appellate judge ruled in favor of the Trump campaign's demand to observe Pennsylvania officials ballot counting. Corey Lewandowski posted a video he said showed him arguing with Michelle Hangley over what he believed was a failure to enforce the order.[61] A separate case filed by the Trump campaign in the federal court was dismissed, in part because, per a Bloomberg Law write-up of the case, "the lawyer for the campaign admitted that 'they had several representatives in the room'".[62]

The same day, Politico reported that Democratic officials in Pennsylvania were privately sharing potential margins of victory for Biden with his campaign staff, as counting continued, and told them that the presidential nominee will likely win the state by anywhere from 100,000 to 200,000 votes after all the counting is completed.[63]

On November 7, a lawsuit filed in Federal Court called out the Pennsylvania Secretary of State and other county election supervisors for allowing 21,000 deceased people to remain active on the voter rolls; a little over 12,000 of those were listed as active voters.[64]

A viral video of a Pennsylvania poll worker filling out a ballot was found to be a case of a damaged ballot being transferred to ensure proper counting.[65] Another viral video of a poll watcher being turned away in Philadelphia was found to be real, but the poll watcher had subsequently been allowed inside after a misunderstanding had been resolved.[66]

In Erie, Pennsylvania, a postal worker who claimed that the postmaster, had instructed postal workers to backdate ballots mailed after Election Day later admitted he had fabricated the claim. Prior to his recantation, Republican senator Lindsey Graham cited the claim in a letter to the Justice Department calling for an investigation, and the worker was praised as a patriot on a GoFundMe page created in his name that raised $136,000.[67]

Georgia[edit]

David Shafer, chairman of the Georgia GOP, complained that Georgia's Fulton County instructed observers to leave and “continued to count ballots in secret” despite claiming that they were “closing up” for the night. County officials disputed these claims.[68]

On November 4-5, several Georgia counties experienced a glitch also reported encountering technical failures. Voting machines crashed in several Georgia counties, including Spalding and Morgan counties.[69] The counties also used voting machines made by Dominion Voting Systems and electronic poll books by KnowInk, and an elections supervisor at Spalding County Board of Election Marcia Ridley said the companies “uploaded something last night, which is not normal, and it caused a glitch."[70]

A Breitbart News story claimed that Biden had won an extra 3,000 votes in Fulton County, Georgia, after a reporting error.[71] In fact, the number of votes affected was 342, with no breakdown of which candidates they were for.[72]

Nevada[edit]

Richard Grenell alleged that “3,060 people here in Nevada that voted ... illegally, they are not residents of Nevada.”[73] Republican lawyers released a list of over 3,000 people who allegedly did not live in Clark County, Nevada, when they voted. However, these were not proven to be illegal votes, because Nevada (a) allows for people who moved states 30 days before the election to vote in Nevada's election, and (b) allows people studying in colleges in another state to vote in Nevada's election. Additionally, the list featured military members who were overseas and voted by mail.[74]

Wisconsin[edit]

On November 6, Trump campaign manager Bill Stepien said: "There have been reports of irregularities in several Wisconsin counties which raise serious doubts about the validity of the results." No evidence of such "irregularities" has been provided by the Trump campaign.[75]

A claim that more people voted than were registered to vote in Wisconsin spread on Twitter was later refuted, as the figure was found to be outdated, from 2018. In addition, Wisconsin allows for new voters to register on Election Day and immediately vote, which would render the actual number of registered voters higher than the number recorded on November 1, 2020.[76]

Arizona[edit]

On November 8, Trump's campaign filed a lawsuit in state court in Maricopa County, alleging that the state's most populous county incorrectly rejected votes cast on Election Day by some voters. They said poll workers told some voters "to press a button after a machine had detected an overvote [which] disregarded voters' choices in those races".[77][78] A representative for Maricopa County stated that only "180 potential overvotes" are at stake in the case.[79]

In Maricopa County, Arizona, an allegation that hundreds of Republican voters were given Sharpie pens to fill out their ballots, thus causing their ballots to be invalidated, was later proven to be incorrect. The matter was investigated by The Arizona Attorney General's Office, and officials confirmed that Sharpies were used in voting, but said that they would not invalidate a ballot.[80]

Response[edit]

One week after the election, Republican Philadelphia city commissioner Al Schmidt said he had not seen any evidence of widespread fraud, stating, “I have seen the most fantastical things on social media, making completely ridiculous allegations that have no basis in fact at all and see them spread.” He added that his office had examined a list of dead people who purportedly voted in Philadelphia but "not a single one of them voted in Philadelphia after they died.” Trump derided Schmidt, tweeting, “He refuses to look at a mountain of corruption & dishonesty. We win!"[81]

According to the Brennan Center for Justice, "extensive research reveals that fraud is very rare, voter impersonation is virtually nonexistent, and many instances of alleged fraud are, in fact, mistakes by voters or administrators. The same is true for mail ballots, which are secure and essential to holding a safe election amid the coronavirus pandemic."[82]

Public opinion[edit]

According to a Reuters/Ipsos national opinion survery conducted from November 6 to November 10, nearly 80% of Americans, including more than half of Trump's fellow Republicans, recognize President-elect Joe Biden as the winner of the November 3 election.[83]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Corasaniti, Nick (11 November 2020). "Election Officials Nationwide Find No Evidence of Fraud". New York Times. Retrieved 11 November 2020. Over the last several days, the president, members of his administration, congressional Republicans and right wing allies have put forth the false claim that the election was stolen from President Trump...
  2. Wise, Alana (November 5, 2020). "FACT CHECK: Trump Falsely Claims Widespread Fraud In Latest Election Speech". National Public Radio. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  3. Seidman, Andrew (November 10, 2020). "Pennsylvania Republicans are parroting Trump's false election claims as the post-Trump GOP takes shape". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 12 November 2020. Pennsylvania Republicans are going all in on President Donald Trump’s false election claims...
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  6. Athas, Eric; Carlson, Seth; Keefe, John; Miller, Claire Cain; Parlapiano, Alicia; Sanger-Katz, Margot. "Tracking Which News Outlets Have Called the Presidential Race in Each State". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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  23. Shannon, Joel; Ciavaglia, Jo; McGinnis, James (November 8, 2020). "Giuliani holds press conference at landscaping business, prompting confusion". USA Today.
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  38. Frenkel, Sheera (November 5, 2020). "The Rise and Fall of the 'Stop the Steal' Facebook Group". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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  41. "Facebook Has A Metric For "Violence And Incitement Trends." It's Rising". BuzzFeed News.
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  46. Romero, Simon; Dewan, Shaila; McDonnell, Giulia; del Rio, Nieto (November 5, 2020). "In a Year of Protest Cries, Now It's 'Count Every Vote!' and 'Stop the Steal!'". New York Times. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  56. https://www.factcheck.org/2020/11/clerical-error-prompts-unfounded-claims-about-michigan-results/
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  64. Swoyer, Alex (Nov 6, 2020). "Lawsuit: 21,000 dead people were on Pa. voter rolls before Election Day". The Washington Times. Retrieved Nov 9, 2020.
  65. Washington, District of Columbia 1100 Connecticut Ave NW Suite 1300B; Dc 20036. "PolitiFact - Pennsylvania poll worker was copying information from a damaged ballot, to ensure it was counted". @politifact. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
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  68. Georgia in the Spotlight as Vote Count Continues AP @ U.S. News & World Report, Nov. 5, 2020
  69. "Technical issue means no more ballots released Friday from Gwinnett County". wsbtv. Nov 6, 2020. Retrieved Nov 9, 2020.
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  74. https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/nov/06/nevada-republican-party/fact-checking-republican-claim-illegal-votes-nevad/
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  77. "As America waits, demonstrators demand to count (or stop counting) the votes". Los Angeles Times. Nov 6, 2020. Retrieved Nov 8, 2020.
  78. Factbox: Trump Sues in Arizona, Court Battles Continue as Biden Wins U.S. Election, U.S. News & World Report, Nov 8, 2020
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  80. "Claim that Sharpie pens ruin Arizona ballots misses the mark". AP NEWS. Nov 4, 2020. Retrieved Nov 8, 2020.
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  82. "The Myth of Voter Fraud". Brennan Center for Justice. Jul 25, 2019. Retrieved Nov 10, 2020.
  83. "Nearly 80% of Americans say Biden won White House, ignoring Trump's refusal to concede: Reuters/Ipsos poll". Reuters. November 10, 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.



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