Counterspace
Counterspace is the concept of another kind of space alongside our ordinary space. It is postulated because it allows an approach to genuine holism, action at a distance and non-locality. It has different qualities from ordinary space, and if the two kinds of space are linked together, then the basis for understanding the origin of conventionally known forces is provided, as well as for more subtle forces related to life that are not conventionally accepted. It is initially based on projective geometry, but requires tensor mathematics for its full exposition. A new understanding of gravity is possible, and a different approach to light that overcomes the wave/particle duality problem. New light is also thrown on other branches of science.[1]
In conventional physics there is one space with varying curvature. While Einstein proposed a four dimensional space-time continuum, modern approaches such as string theory postulate anything up to 11 or 13 dimensions. Space is described by a mathematical construct called the metric tensor which determines how the distance between points varies with the coordinates. This is always local i.e. it is valid at a point in the continuum. In curved space the way the coordinates are related to the distance between points may vary as we move around. In two dimensions on a sphere, for example, this is fixed so that given the "latitudes" and "longitudes" of two points a fixed formula tells us how to calculate the shortest distance on the surface between those positions. On an ellipsoid things are more complicated.
All of this is strictly point-based and lines and planes are thought of as made up of points. In counterspace the polar opposite approach is adopted, namely that the fundamental separation is between planes rather than points. However that separation is not an angle as it may become infinite. It is referred to by the author as turn. Dually the separation of points is not distance but an angle-like quantity called shift that does not exceed two pi. The resulting geometry is polar-euclidean and many conventional formulae apply to it (such as the polar quantity corresponding to volume) if distance is replaced by turn and angle by shift.
There are various ways of linking the two spaces together, and an object containing such linkages suffers strain, as when moved it generally cannot satisfy the invariants of both spaces at once. That results in stress which gives rise to force. Gravity may be described as such a stress, and when that is analysed Newton's Law is obtained. In gases the stresses give the ideal gas law. For light a bivector is the linkage tensor, which plays the role of a photon, while for life the linkage tensor is postulated to be a spinor.[2]
See also
Notes
References
- Adams, George (1979), The Lemniscatory Ruled Surfaces in Space and Counterspace, Steiner, ISBN 978-0854403486
- Thomas, Nick (2008), Space and Counterspace: A New Science of Gravity, Time and Light, Floris Books, ISBN 978-0863156700
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