Diiriye Guure
| Diiriye Guure | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Garad of the Dhulbahante Garadate | |
| Reign | 1897 - 1920 |
| Predecessor | Garad Ali Garad Mohomoud IV |
| Successor | Garad Aardheel Garad Ali |
| Sultan of the Darawiish | |
| Reign | 1895 – 1920 |
| Predecessor | Position established |
| Successor | Position abolished |
| Born | Diiriye Guure Ciid-Nugaal |
| House | House of Garaad Shirshore Ruler of Ciid-Nugaal |
| Religion | Darawiish tariqah |
Diiriye Guure[1] (also spelled Deeria Goori or Deria Gure) was the 16th Garad of the Dhulbahante Garadate, who as Darawiish Garad was sought by British colonial administrators for apprehension via "unconditional surrender".[2] During his tenure as successor to Garad Ali IV, thus becoming the Dhulbahante Garad, and as Dervish sultan, the Darawiish became among the most perseverant polities in the Horn of Africa during the period of the Scramble for Africa wherein European colonialists targeted Darawiish territories.[3]
Unconditional surrender[edit]
With regard to capturing Deeria Guure, the British stated that "no guarantee of any kind as to ... future treatment being given", insinuates the intent of retribution on the part of the British government and a high priority for capture.[4] The verbatim motion as presented by James Hayes Sadler states that the Darawiish is a movement in among the Dhulbahante clan, and states that Diiriye Guure is among those it seeks to capture:
The object of the expeditions is to capture or defeat the Mullah and to put an end to his movement in the Dolbahanta ... In the unlikely event of the Mullah offering to surrender ... Deria Gure – only an unconditional surrender should be accepted, no guarantee of any kind as to future treatment being given.
The transcript from James Hayes Sadler to general Eric Swayne, and subsequently forwarded to levies was rendered by Somali historian Jama Omar Issa as follows:[5]
Diiriye Guure waxa qur ah oo laga oggolaan karaa isdhiibid aan shuruud lahayn; wax sugan oo ballanqaad ah oo noloshooda dambe laga siin karaa ma jirto. |
Diiriye Guure can solely be permitted to capitulate and give himself up, without any conditions. We do not attach any agreements or safeguards hereafter. |
Position[edit]
An Evening Express piece published by Walter Alfred Pearce referred to Diiriye Guure as the head of the Dhulbahante clan during the Dervish era. It further describes Guure as wealthy and powerful, and that he participated at the Battle of Gumburu Cagaarweyne, heavily sustaining injuries therein.[6]
- The third leader is Deeria Goori, of the Dolbahanta tribe, who was badly wounded at the Battle of Gunburru ... These men are the heads of their respective tribes, and are all wealthy and powerful. [6]
A common nomenclature used to describe the head of the Dhulbahante clan was "sultan" during the colonial era.[7][8][9] According to author Said Samatar, he concurs that the terms Garad and Sultan are interchangeable.[10] The 3rd of May 1899 Darawiish proclamation of independence letter sent to James Hayes Sadler coalesced the Dhulbahante and Dervishes as sharing the same Sultan:[11]
- This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and
all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government,
we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects.
- This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and
The next day, on May 4, 1899, after it was received, the British administrator James Hayes Sadler in a letter to the British foreign minister states that the Dervish proclamation of independence letter spoke on behalf of the Dhulbahante tribe:[11]
- In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta, and it has a Mahdist look
A report in 1903 in the Evening Express states that Diiriye Guure's role was equivalent to the commander of the Royal Engineers, whom in 1903 happened to be Richard Harrison. This report also states he was a veteran of the Gumburru battle,[12] and his brother Maxmud Guure mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's list[13] was mentiond as witnessing after-effects of Cagaarweyne battle, i.e. an eagle filled the remnants of human testicles: "waxaana calooshiisii laga soo saaray 500 oo xiniinyo rag ah",[14] an event described by Douglas Jardine as follows:[15]
There was no longer any doubt that the enemy were collected in thick bush some 10 miles to the west of Cobbe ; and a captured rifle, which had been lost by us at Erigo, and two horses which were recognised as belonging to the Mullah's khusuusi, or intimate advisers, gave rise to suspicions that the enemy force was represented by the leading " die-hards."
References[edit]
- ↑ Ciise, Jaamac Cumar (2005). "Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, 1895-1920".
- ↑ "Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04". 1907.
- ↑ "Class V.—COLONIAL SERVICES.—SOMALILAND. (Hansard, 24 February 1914)". api.parliament.uk.
- ↑ "Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04". 1907.
- ↑ Jaamac Cumar Ciise, 1974
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Spearce, Walter (August 1903). Somali Campaign.
The third leader is Deeria Goori, of the Dolbahanta tribe, who was badly wounded at the Battle of Gunrburru ... These men are the heads of their respective tribes, and are all wealthy and powerful.
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- ↑ Pubblica Istruzione, Ministero (1966). Somaliya: antologia storico-culturale. p. 73.
The Sultan of the Dolbahanta gave the Mullah his daughter in wedlock , and three thousand men rallied to his leadership ; Arab slavers on the coast provided sixty guns
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- ↑ Quennell, Peter (1960). History Today. Bracken House. p. 524.
when the Sultan of the Dolbahanta , Ali Gerad , defected from the Derwish cause , his own son pleaded for the privilege of killing him ... It is meet that the infidel father be put to death by the believing son who is deprived of a place in paradise.
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- ↑ Jardine, Douglas (1923). Mad Mullah of Somaliland. p. 44.
the Sultan of the Dolbahanta, made so bold as to send a message to the Consul-General to the effect that his old friendly relations with us remained unchanged
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- ↑ "Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayid Mahammad 'Abdille Hasan (African Studies) - PDF Free Download". epdf.pub.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Osman Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa; History of Somalia (1827-1977) (PDF). Indiana University. p. 333.
. This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta, and it has a Mahdist look
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- ↑ "I SOMALI CAMPAIGN. I|1903-08-17|Evening Express - Welsh Newspapers". newspapers.library.wales.
- ↑ British intelligence report, 1916, PRO CO 535 / 47 ; followed by National Archives, PRO WO 106 / 23
- ↑ Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 2005 , PAGE 114
- ↑ Douglas Jardine, page 102
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