Disclosure of draft evaders

Disclosure of draft evaders is Discloses information on those who Draft refusers/evaders(a South Korean males who refusing/evading the draft, etc.) under the Conscription in South Korea.

Background to Introduction

The Military Manpower Administration stated the background to introduction of Draft evaders disclosure; "To promote a fair culture of military service throughout society by disclosing the personal information of those who avoid military service without justifiable reasons at home or abroad on the website to prevent the occurrence of military service evasion and to fulfill their sincere military service obligations."

Related legislation

Legislation	Korean	English
Military Service Act	제81조의 2(병역의무 기피자의 인적사항 등의 공개) ① 병무청장은 다음 각 호의 어느 하나에 해당하는 사람에 대해서는 인적사항과 병역의무 미이행 사항 등을 인터넷 홈페이지 등에 공개할 수 있다. 다만, 질병, 수감 등 대통령령으로 정하는 사유가 있는 경우에는 그러하지 아니하다. <개정 2016. 5. 29., 2019. 12. 31.> 1. 제70조제1항 또는 제3항에 따른 허가를 받지 아니하고 출국한 사람, 국외에 체류하고 있는 사람 또는 정당한 사유 없이 허가된 기간에 귀국하지 아니한 사람(제83조제2항제10호에 따른 귀국명령을 위반하여 귀국하지 아니한 사람을 포함한다) 2. 정당한 사유 없이 병역판정검사, 재병역판정검사, 신체검사, 확인신체검사를 받지 아니하는 사람 3. 정당한 사유 없이 현역 입영 또는 사회복무요원ㆍ대체복무요원 소집이나 군사교육소집에 응하지 아니하는 사람 ② 제1항에 따라 공개하는 인적사항과 병역의무 기피ㆍ면탈 및 감면 사항 등에 대한 공개 여부를 심의하기 위하여 관할 지방병무청(지방병무청지청을 포함한다. 이하 이 조에서 같다)에 병역의무기피공개심의위원회(이하 이 조에서 “위원회”라 한다)를 둔다. ③ 관할 지방병무청장은 위원회의 심의를 거친 잠정 공개 대상자에게 제1항에 따른 인적사항 등의 공개 대상자임을 통지하여 소명 기회를 주어야 하며, 통지일부터 6개월이 지난 후 위원회로 하여금 잠정 공개 대상자의 병역의무 이행 상황을 고려하여 공개 여부를 재심의하게 한 후 공개 대상자를 결정한다. ④ 제1항부터 제3항까지의 규정에 따른 공개 사항, 공개 방법, 공개 절차 및 위원회의 구성ㆍ운영에 필요한 사항은 대통령령으로 정한다. [본조신설 2014. 12. 30.]	Article 81-2 (Disclosure of Personal Information, etc. of Persons Who Evade Military Service) (1) With regard to any of the following persons, the Commissioner of the Military Manpower Administration may disclose his personal information and his failure to perform the military service on the website: Provided, That the same shall not apply where there are grounds prescribed by Presidential Decree, such as any disease or imprisonment: <Amended by Act No. 14183, May 29, 2016, Amended by Act No. 16852, December 31, 2019> 1. Any one who has left the Republic of Korea without obtaining permission prescribed in Article 70 (1) or (3), who has stayed in a foreign country or who has failed to return to the Republic of Korea during a period permitted without any justifiable ground (including persons who have failed to return to the Republic of Korea, in violation of an order to return to the Republic of Korea pursuant to Article 83 (2) 10); 2. Persons who have failed to undergo a draft physical examination, follow-up draft physical examination, physical examination or physical examination for confirmation without justifiable grounds; 3. Persons who have failed to respond to enlistment for active duty service, call-up to social work personnel, call-up to alternative service personnel or call for military education, without any justifiable grounds. (2) The Deliberative Committee on Disclosure of Evasion of Mandatory Military Service (hereinafter referred to as the "Committee" in this Article) shall be established under the jurisdiction of the competent regional military manpower office (including each regional military manpower branch office) so as to deliberate on whether personal information disclosed pursuant to paragraph (1) and matters concerning evasion of mandatory military service or reduction of or exemption from mandatory military service shall be disclosed. (3) The director of the competent regional military manpower office shall give an opportunity of vindication to persons subject to disclosure who have underwent deliberation by the Committee by notifying them of the fact that their personal information prescribed in paragraph (1) may be disclosed, and determine persons whose personal information shall be disclosed by requesting the Committee to re-deliberate on whether to disclose personal information by taking into account the actual status concerning performance of mandatory military service by persons subject to disclosure after six months elapse from the date when the notification is made. (4) Matters necessary for the organization and operation of the Committee, and matters to be disclosed pursuant to paragraphs (1) through (3) and methods and procedures for disclosure shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree. [This Article Newly Inserted by Act No. 12906, Dec. 30, 2014]
Enforcement decree of the Military Service Act	제160조(병역의무 기피자의 인적사항 등의 공개) ① 법 제81조의2제1항 각 호 외의 부분 단서에서 “질병, 수감 등 대통령령으로 정하는 사유가 있는 경우”란 다음 각 호의 어느 하나에 해당하는 경우를 말한다. 1. 법 제81조의2제2항에 따른 병역의무기피공개심의위원회(이하 이 조 및 제161조에서 “위원회”라 한다)가 질병, 수감 또는 천재지변 등의 사유로 병역의무를 이행하기 어려운 부득이한 사유가 있다고 인정하는 경우 2. 위원회가 법 제81조의2제1항 각 호의 어느 하나에 해당하는 사람(이하 이 조에서 “병역의무 기피자”라 한다)을 공개할 실익이 없거나 공개하는 것이 부적절하다고 인정하는 경우 ② 관할 지방병무청장(지방병무청지청장을 포함한다. 이하 이 조 및 제161조에서 같다)은 법 제81조의2제3항에 따라 잠정 공개 대상자에게 같은 조 제1항에 따른 인적사항 등의 공개 대상자임을 통지할 때에는 병역의무를 이행하도록 촉구하고 병역의무를 이행하지 못한 부득이한 사유가 있는 경우에는 그에 관한 소명자료를 제출하도록 안내하여야 한다. ③ 법 제81조의2제1항에 따라 공개하는 병역의무 기피자의 인적사항과 병역의무 미이행 사항 등(이하 이 조에서 “인적사항등”이라 한다)은 다음 각 호와 같다. 1. 병역의무 기피자의 성명, 연령, 주소 2. 기피일자 및 기피요지 3. 법 위반 조항 ④ 법 제81조의2제1항에 따른 공개는 병무청 인터넷 홈페이지 또는 관할 지방병무청(지방병무청지청을 포함한다. 이하 이 조 및 제161조에서 같다) 인터넷 홈페이지에 게시하는 방법으로 한다. ⑤ 병무청장은 법 제81조의2제1항에 따라 병무청 인터넷 홈페이지에 게시된 병역의무 기피자가 병역의무를 이행하는 등 그 인적사항등을 공개할 실익이 없는 경우에는 제3항 각 호의 인적사항등을 삭제하여야 하며, 관할 지방병무청 인터넷 홈페이지에 게시된 경우에는 관할 지방병무청장으로 하여금 제3항 각 호의 인적사항등을 삭제하도록 하여야 한다. ⑥ 제5항에 따른 인적사항등을 삭제하는 기준과 절차 등 세부사항은 병무청장이 정한다. [본조신설 2015. 6. 30.]	Article 160 (Disclosure of Personal Information, etc. of Persons who Evade Obligatory Military Service) (1) "Where grounds prescribed by Presidential Decree exist, such as disease orimprisonment" in the proviso to the main body of Article 81-2 (1) of the Act means any of the following cases: 1. Where there exist inevitable grounds recognized by the Deliberative Committee on Disclosure of Evasion of Mandatory Military Service prescribed in Article 81-2 (2) of the Act (hereinafter referred to as the Committee" in this Article and Article 161) to make it impracticable to perform the duty of military service due to grounds, such as disease, imprisonment, natural disaster; 2. Where the Committee recognizes that it is no useful to disclose persons falling under any of the subparagraphs of Article 81-2 (1) of the Act (hereinafter referred to as "persons who evade obligatory military service) or deems it improper to disclose them. (2) Where the director of the competent regional military manpower office (including the head of the regional military manpower branch office; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article and Article 161) notifies persons subject to provisional disclosure pursuant to Article 81-2 (3) of the Act of the fact their personal information, etc. is to be disclosed pursuant to Article 81-2 (1), he shall urge them to perform the duty of military service or he shall request them to submit materials for explanation where there exist extenuating circumstances which make it impracticable form them to perform the duty of military service. (3) Personal information of persons evading obligatory military service to be disclosed pursuant to Article 81-2 (1) of the Act and matters concerning non-performance of obligatory military service (hereinafter referred to as "personal information, etc." in this Article) shall be as follows: 1. Name, age, or address of persons evading obligatory military service; 2. Date and gist of evading obligatory military service; 3. Violations of laws. (4) Disclosure prescribed in Article 81-2 (1) of the Act shall be made via the website of the Military Manpower Administration or the competent regional military office (including regional military manpower branch offices; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article and Article 161). (5) Where it is no useful to disclose the personal information, etc. including where persons evading mandatory military services listed in the website of the Military Manpower Administration perform the duty of military service pursuant to Article 81-2 (1) of the Act, he shall delete the personal information, etc. prescribed in subparagraphs of paragraph (3), and where the personal information, etc. is listed in the website of the competent regional military manpower office, he shall order the director of the competent regional military manpower office to delete personal information, etc. prescribed in subparagraphs of paragraph (3). (6) Detailed matters necessary for standards and procedures for deleting personal information, etc. prescribed in paragraph (5) shall be prescribed by the Commissioner of the Military Manpower Administration. [This Article Newly Inserted on Jun. 30, 2015]

Subject to disclosure

The subject of disclosure is as follows, and it refers to a person determined by the draft dodger disclosure deliberation committee;

• Conscription examination Refusers/Evaders
• Active enlist Refusers/Evaders
• Call-up of Social service personnel, etc. Refusers/Evaders
• A person who is Staying abroad in Violation of the Compulsory Foreign country travel permit

They are disclosed every December, and as of the date of disclosure, they are Conscription examination Refusers/Evaders, Active enlist Refusers/Evaders, Call-up of Social service personnel, etc. Refuser/Evaders, and person who is Staying abroad in Violation of the Compulsory Foreign country travel permit that occurred in the previous year. The first list of draft dodgers released is a list of those who Active enlist Refusers/Evaders, Call-up of Social service personnel Refusers/Evaders, and person who is Staying abroad in Violation of the Compulsory Foreign country travel permit between July 1, 2015 and December 31 of the same year in December 2016.

They is be released on the Draft evaders list on the Military Manpower Administration's website.

Subject to disclosure		Categorization of List
		Gist of evasion		Violation of the Military Service Act
		Korean	English	Korean	English
Conscription Examination Refusers/Evaders		병역판정검사기피 재병역판정검사기피 귀가등신체검사기피	Evasion of Conscription Examination Evasion follow-up Conscription Examination Evasion of Physical examination from Sending Invalids Home, etc.	제87조	Article 87
Active enlist Refusers/Evaders		현역입영기피	Evasion of Active enlist	제88조	Article 88
Call for Social Service, etc. Refusers/Evaders	Call for Social Service Refusers/Evaders	사회복무요원소집기피	Evasion from Call for Social Service	제88조	Article 88
	Call for Military education of Social Service, etc. Refusers/Evaders	사회복무요원군사교육소집기피	Evasion from Call for Military education of Social Service	제88조	Article 88
A person who is Staying abroad in Violation of the Compulsory Foreign country travel permit	A person who is Staying abroad without permission	허가없이국외체류	Staying abroad without permission	제94조	Article 94
	Those who do not returned home within the permitted period and are staying Overseas	허가기간내미귀국	not returned to the home country with in the country has not yet returned	제94조	Article 94
	a person who has not returned home after his permission has been revoked and is staying Overseas	허가취소후미귀국	Not returned to the home country after revocation of permission	제94조	Article 94
The term "Overseas" or "Foreign country" refers to places that are not South Korean territory, and "return" refers to the return of South Korean Mandatory military service personnel(South Korean males) to South Korea.

Violation of the Military Service Act Clause

Object person and Subject to Disclosure Related article(Article 87, 88 and 94 of the ROK MILITARY SERVICE ACT) Korean English Conscription examination Refusers/Evaders 제87조(병역판정검사의 기피 등) ① 병역판정검사, 재병역판정검사, 입영판정검사, 신체검사 또는 확인신체검사를 받을 사람을 대리(代理)하여 병역판정검사, 재병역판정검사, 입영판정검사, 신체검사 또는 확인신체검사를 받은 사람은 1년 이상 3년 이하의 징역에 처한다. <개정 2013. 6. 4., 2016. 5. 29., 2020. 12. 22.> ② 삭제 <2017. 3. 21.> ③ 병역판정검사 통지서, 재병역판정검사 통지서, 입영판정검사 통지서, 신체검사 통지서 또는 확인신체검사 통지서를 받은 사람이 정당한 사유 없이 의무이행일에 병역판정검사, 재병역판정검사, 입영판정검사, 신체검사 또는 확인신체검사를 받지 아니하면 6개월 이하의 징역에 처한다. <개정 2013. 6. 4., 2016. 5. 29., 2020. 12. 22.> Article 87 (Evasion, etc. of Draft Physical Examination) (1) Any person who undergoes a draft physical examination, follow-up draft physical examination, enlist rating examination, physical examination, or physical examination for confirmation on behalf of a person liable for such examination shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for not less than one year, but not more than three years. <Amended by Act No. 11849, Jun. 4, 2013; Act No. 14183, May 29, 2016; Act No. 17684, December. 22, 2020> (2) Deleted. <by Act No. 14611, Mar. 21, 2017> (3) Any person who receives a notice of a draft physical examination, follow-up draft physical examination, enlist rating examination, physical examination, or physical examination for confirmation and fails to undergo such examination on the designated date without justifiable grounds, shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for not more than six months. <Amended by Act No. 11849, Jun. 4, 2013; Act No. 14183, May 29, 2016; Act No. 17684, December. 22, 2020> [This Article Wholly Amended by Act No. 9754, Jun. 9, 2009] Active enlist Refusers/Evaders 제88조(입영의 기피 등) ① 현역입영 또는 소집 통지서(모집에 의한 입영 통지서를 포함한다)를 받은 사람이 정당한 사유 없이 입영일이나 소집일부터 다음 각 호의 기간이 지나도 입영하지 아니하거나 소집에 응하지 아니한 경우에는 3년 이하의 징역에 처한다. 다만, 제53조제2항에 따라 전시근로소집에 대비한 점검통지서를 받은 사람이 정당한 사유 없이 지정된 일시의 점검에 참석하지 아니한 경우에는 6개월 이하의 징역이나 500만원 이하의 벌금 또는 구류에 처한다. <개정 2013. 6. 4., 2014. 5. 9., 2016. 5. 29., 2019. 12. 31.> 1. 현역입영은 3일 2. 사회복무요원ㆍ대체복무요원 소집은 3일 3. 교육소집은 3일 4. 병력동원소집 및 전시근로소집은 2일 ② 제1항에 따른 통지서를 받고 입영할 사람 또는 소집될 사람을 대리하여 입영한 사람 또는 소집에 응한 사람은 1년 이상 3년 이하의 징역에 처한다. 다만, 제53조제2항에 따라 전시근로소집에 대비한 점검을 받아야 할 사람을 대리하여 출석한 사람은 1년 이하의 징역에 처한다. ③ 삭제 <2017. 3. 21.> Article 88 (Evasion, etc. of Enlistment) (1) Any person who has received a notice of enlistment for active duty service or a notice of call (including a notice of enlistment through recruitment) and fails to enlist in the military or to comply with the call, even after the expiration of the following report period from the date of enlistment or call without justifiable grounds, shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for not more than three years: Provided, That where a person who has received a notice of check-up to provide a call for wartime labor under Article 53 (2) is absent from the check-up at the designated date and time without justifiable grounds, he shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for not more than six months or by a fine not exceeding five million won, or by misdemeanor imprisonment: <Amended by Act No. 11849, Jun. 4, 2013; Act No. 12560, May 9, 2014; Act No. 14183, May 29, 2016; Act No. 16852, December 31, 2019> 1. Three days for enlistment for active duty service; 2. Three days for a call-up to social work personnel service, alternative work personnel service; 3. Three days for a call for military education; 4. Two days for a call for military force mobilization and a call for wartime labor. (2) Any person who enlists in the military or complies with a call, in place of a person to be enlisted or called after receiving a notice referred to in paragraph (1), shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for at least one year, but not more than three years: Provided, That any person who attends a check-up in place of a person under obligation to pass a check-up for a call for wartime labor under Article 53 (2) shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for not more than one year. (3) Deleted. <by Act No. 14611, Mar. 21, 2017> [This Article Wholly Amended by Act No. 9754, Jun. 9, 2009] Call-up of Social Service Refusers/Evaders A person who is Staying abroad in Violation of the Compulsory Foreign country travel permit 제94조(국외여행허가 의무 위반) ① 병역의무를 기피하거나 감면받을 목적으로 제70조제1항 또는 제3항에 따른 허가를 받지 아니하고 출국한 사람 또는 국외에 체류하고 있는 사람(제83조제2항제10호에 따른 귀국명령을 위반하여 귀국하지 아니한 사람을 포함한다)은 1년 이상 5년 이하의 징역에 처한다. ② 제70조제1항 또는 제3항에 따른 허가를 받지 아니하고 출국한 사람, 국외에 체류하고 있는 사람 또는 정당한 사유 없이 허가된 기간에 귀국하지 아니한 사람(제83조제2항제10호에 따른 귀국명령을 위반하여 귀국하지 아니한 사람을 포함한다)은 3년 이하의 징역에 처한다. [전문개정 2016. 1. 19.] Article 94 (Violation of Duty to Obtain Permission for Overseas Travel) (1) Any person who has left the Republic of Korea or stays in a foreign country without obtaining permission prescribed in Article 70 (1) or (3) (including persons who have not returned home, in violation of an order to return to the Republic of Korea prescribed in Article 83 (2) 10) with a view to evading mandatory military service or being eligible for exemption from mandatory military service shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for not less than one year and not more than five years. (2) Any person who has left the Republic of Korea without obtaining permission prescribed in Article 70 (1) or (3), who stays in a foreign country, or who has not returned home within a permitted period without justifiable grounds (including persons who have not returned home, in violation of an order to return to the Republic of Korea prescribed in Article 83 (2) 10) shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for not more than three years. [This Article Wholly Amended by Act No. 13778, Jan. 19, 2016]

Exclude from Subject to Disclosure

Those Excluded from disclosure are as follows, and in this case, they are deleted from the list by Disclosure of Draft evaders.

• Impracticable to perform the Duty of military service due to grounds, such as Disease, Imprisonment, Natural disaster
• Case of No useful or deems it Improper to disclose
• Where there is no useful to disclose due to the performance of Mandatory Military Service, etc.;(be the conscription examination, be the active enlist, social service called-up, etc.)

Criticism

Problem and Criticism of the Disclosure of Draft evaders have been raised by Progressive human rights organizations in South Korea, Five progressive human rights organizations, including Center for Miltary Human Rights Korea(CMHRK, ko:군인권센터), Without war(ko:전쟁없는세상) and Youth left of korea(ko:청년좌파), Opposed the Disclosure of Draft evaders through a statement in July 2015.

In December 2016, when the list of draft evaders was first released under the draft evaders disclosure, Withoutwar(전쟁없는세상) commented; "Of the 237 listed, most of the 160 are Jehovah's witnesses, who have been refusing the draft since Japanese colonial rule and do not give up draft refusing under any circumstances, The disclosure of draft evaders does not bring about the effect of fulfilling military service obligations not only for powerful people and celebrities, but also for the general public, and violates the human rights of the parties whose lists are disclosed." Accordingly, on March 28, 2017, Amnesty International Korea, CMHRK, Withoutwar and People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy(PSPD, ko:참여연대) said at a press conference; "Preventing draft evasion in a way that adds to human rights violations cannot be a solution." In addition, the Draft refuser who worked as an activist of Withoutwar expressed the same position.

See also

• Conscription in South Korea
• Conscientious objector
• Draft evasion

External links

• Disclosure of Draft evaders from Military Manpower Administration

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