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Donald Stimson Bethune, Jr

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki




Donald Stimson Bethune, Jr
Donald S Bethune 5-6-2024.jpg Donald S Bethune 5-6-2024.jpg
Bethune in 2024
Born (1948-07-02) 2 July 1948 (age 78)
Philadelphia, PA, USA
🎓 Alma materStanford University (B.S.)
University of California Berkeley (Ph.D.)
💼 Occupation
Known forwork on nonlinear optics, early work on fullerenes, discovering a catalytic path for producing single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), developing a single-photon detector for telecom wavelengths, inventing an autocompensating fiberoptic quantum cryptography system
🏅 AwardsSee below

Donald Stimson Bethune, Jr (July 2, 1948 -), more often Donald S. Bethune, is an American physicist, inventor, and former Research Staff Member in the IBM Research Division. He is known for his work in nonlinear optics, Li-air battery research, and quantum cryptography, and is a key figure in the field of carbon materials, most notably for early work on fullerenes and metallofullerenes and the independent co-discovery of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and a catalytic method using a transition metal[1][2]. He retired from IBM Research in December 2022 after a 45-year career.

Early Life and Education

Bethune was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to parents Anne Norton Hattoon (October 21, 1925 - January 3, 2011) and Donald Stimson Bethune, M.D. (August 31, 1918 - May 5, 1963). He graduated in 1966 from Palo Verde High School in Tucson, Arizona, received his B.S. in Physics from Stanford University in 1970, and earned his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1977, supported in part by a National Defense Education Act graduate fellowship. At Berkeley he did experimental work in nonlinear optics in the group of Yuen-Ron Shen, building and using dye lasers to carry out nonlinear optical experiments on semiconductor crystals and atomic vapors. His dissertation was titled "Optical Quadrupole Sum-Frequency Generation in Sodium Vapor."

Professional record

  • 1977 – 1982: Postdoc and Research Staff Member with IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center (Yorktown Heights, NY)
  • 1983 - 1986: Research Staff Member with IBM San Jose Research Laboratory
  • 1986 - 2022: Research Staff Member with IBM Almaden Research Center (San Jose, CA)

Career and Research

Bethune began his professional career in 1977 in IBM Research at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, as a postdoc working with Peter P. Sorokin on laser spectroscopy and nonlinear optical effects in alkali metal vapors. Several notable innovations came out of that work:

  • He is credited with the invention of the Bethune dye cell, [3][4] a device used in dye laser systems to generate high-quality beams. [5]
  • He was a co-inventor of Time-Resolved Infrared Spectral Photography (TRISP), which uses stimulated Raman scattering and nonlinear optical mixing to generate a short-duration broadband infrared beam from a pulsed broadband visible laser beam, passed the infrared through a sample gas, and used the inverse process to shift the infrared beam, now carrying the infrared absorption spectrum of the sample, back into the visible where it could be recorded using visible light sensors or photographic plates.[6][7][8]

In 1983, he transferred to the IBM San Jose Research Laboratory, which moved to a new building and was renamed the IBM Almaden Research Center in 1986. He worked with Alan Luntz to measure infrared absorption spectra of molecules on surfaces in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment[9], designing and building an infrared laser system capable of generating infrared beams with wavelength tunable between 1.4 and 22 μm.[10]

In the late 1980s Bethune became interested in clusters. After hearing about the recent discovery of carbon fullerenes he began experimental work to produce and study them. The most impactful work on fullerenes and related carbon allotropes by Bethune and his colleagues included:

  • reporting the first Raman spectra of C60, measured using a purified, solid thin-film sample, which was crucial for confirming its structure.[11]
  • exploiting NMR techniques to measure the bond lengths in C60, confirm its symmetry, and demonstrate that at room temperature the balls rotate in the solid, but the rotation slows and then stops as they are cooled.[12]
  • using arc-synthesis to produce metallofullerenes, such as LaC82 and Sc3C82, and reporting the first electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of those species[13][14]
  • In 1993, Bethune and his colleagues made the landmark discovery that the transition metal cobalt, co-vaporized with carbon, can catalyze the formation of single-wall carbon nanotubes.[1][2] This discovery, together with the independent and simultaneous discovery by Iijima and Ichihashi of SWNTs catalyzed by a second transition metal, iron, [15] triggered worldwide research efforts to efficiently produce, characterize, and find applications for SWNTs. [16][17][18]

His later research included:

  • co-inventing an autocompensating fiberoptic quantum cryptography system[19][20] and inventing a novel method for detecting single photons at telecom wavelengths for that system. [21]
  • designing and building sensitive instrumentation for elucidating Li-air battery chemistry[22]
  • identifying key materials for novel ultrahigh-density semiconductor memory devices[23]
  • designing and building hardware for IBM quantum computer prototypes
  • designing and building laser and optical systems for an interferometric immersion lithography testbed
  • designing and building a high-performance robotic optical storage system[24]

Over his career he was an inventor on more than 25 granted US patents in the fields of optics, optical harmonic generation, laser spectroscopy, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, quantum cryptography, single-photon detection, semiconductor memories, and optical-disc storage and retrieval systems. A reasonably complete list of his publications can be found at Google Scholar for Donald S. Bethune.. He gladly and gratefully acknowledges the myriad invaluable contributions of his many excellent colleagues and collaborators to the work cited in this article, and IBM’s generous longtime support.

Awards and Honors

  • Fellow of the American Physical Society, 2001 recipient, Division of Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics Fellowship, "For contributing to our understanding of fullerenes, including spectroscopy that confirmed the fullerene structure of carbon clusters, and for synthesizing metallofullerenes and single wall carbon nanotubes."
  • James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials (2002): Awarded jointly to to Bethune and Iijima by the American Physical Society (APS), "For the discovery and development of single-wall carbon nanotubes, which can behave like metals or semiconductors, can conduct electricity better than copper, can transmit heat better than diamond, and rank among the strongest materials known".
  • Bethune was one of the panelists who gave presentations and joined in discussions about the future of carbon at the Carbon Medal Ceremony session of Carbon 2016 , the 2016 American Carbon Society Annual Meeting. [25]

References


This article "Donald S. Bethune" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Donald S. Bethune. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bethune, D. S. et al. (17 June 1993). "Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls", Nature. 363: 605-607. https://doi.org/10.1038/363605a0
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Carbon fibers and method for their production," Patent: US 5,424,054A (1995)..
  3. ↑ Bethune, D. S. (1 June 1981). "Dye cell design for high-power low-divergence excimer-pumped dye lasers." Applied Optics 20(11): 1897–1899. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.20.001897
  4. ↑ "Apparatus for four side transverse irradiation of a region," Patent: US 4,380,076 (1983).
  5. ↑ J.-K. Wang, Y. Siegal, C. Lü, E. Mazur (1 July 1992). "Generation of dual-wavelength, synchronized, tunable, high energy, femtosecond laser pulses with nearly perfect gaussian spatial profile," Optics Communications 91(1–2): 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(92)90104-Y.
  6. ↑ Bethune, D. S., Lankard, J. R., & Sorokin, P. P.(1 April 1979). "Time-resolved infrared spectral photography," Optics Letters 4(3): 103–105. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.4.000103
  7. ↑ "Time-resolved infrared spectral photography," Patent: US 4,243,881 (1981).
  8. ↑ "Carbon fibers and method for their production," Patent: US 5,424,054A (1995)..
  9. ↑ D. S. Bethune, G.J.M. Meijer, W.C. Tang, H.J. Rosen (1 March 1988) "Laser IR polarization spectroscopy at surfaces." J. Chem. Phys. 88(5): 3322–3330. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.453926
  10. ↑ Bethune, D. S., Risk, W. P., Pabst, G. W. (15 June 2004). "A high-performance integrated single-photon detector for telecom wavelengths." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 30(6): 863-871. https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2004.826778
  11. ↑ Bethune, D. S. et al. (9 November 1990). "The vibrational Raman spectra of purified solid films of C60 and C70". Chemical Physics Letters 174(3–4): 219-222. ISSN 0009-2614, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(90)85335-A.
  12. ↑ Johnson, R.D., Bethune, D.S., and Yannoni, C.S. (1 March 1992). "Fullerene structure and dynamics: a magnetic resonance potpourri". Acc. Chem. Res. 25(3): 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00015a011
  13. ↑ Johnson, R., de Vries, M., Salem, J. et al. (16 January 1992). "Fullerene structure and dynamics: a magnetic resonance potpourri". Acc. Chem. Res. 25(3): 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00015a011
  14. ↑ C.S. Yannoni, et al. (22 May 1992). "Scandium Clusters in Fullerene Cages". Science 256(5060): 1191-1192. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.256.5060.1191
  15. ↑ Iijima, S., Ichihashi, T. (17 June 1993). "Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter'" Nature 363: 603–605. https://doi.org/10.1038/363603a0
  16. ↑ Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., & Avouris, P. (Eds.). (2001). "Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications". Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 80. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-39947-X
  17. ↑ https://tuball.com/articles/single-walled-carbon-nanotubes
  18. ↑ https://www.cas.org/resources/cas-insights/batteries-drug-delivery-emerging-applications-carbon-nanotubes#
  19. ↑ Bethune, D. S., Risk, W. P., Pabst, G. W. (15 June 2004). "A high-performance integrated single-photon detector for telecom wavelengths." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 30(6): 863-871. https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2004.826778
  20. ↑ Donald S Bethune and William P Risk (12 July 2002) New J. Phys. 4: 42.1–42.15. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/4/1/342
  21. ↑ Bethune, D. S., Risk, W. P., Pabst, G. W. (15 June 2004). "A high-performance integrated single-photon detector for telecom wavelengths." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 30(6): 863-871. https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2004.826778
  22. ↑ McCloskey, B. D., Bethune, D. S., Shelby, R. M., Girishkumar, G., Luntz, A. C. (May 19, 2011). "Solvents’ Critical Role in Nonaqueous Lithium–Oxygen Battery Electrochemistry", J.Physical Chemistry Letters 2(10): 1161-1166. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz200352v
  23. ↑ "Low Temperature BEOL Compatible Diode Having High Voltage Margins For Use In Large Arrays Of Electronic Components," Patent: US 2013/0044532 A1.
  24. ↑ "High Performance Robotic Optical Storage System," Patent: US 9,741,389 B1 (22 August 2017).
  25. ↑ Carbon 2016 Carbon Medal Ceremony (10-15 July 2016, Penn State University), featuring Robert Curl, Midred Dresselhaus, Donald Bethune, Moribundo Endo, Konstantin Novoselov and Harry Kroto (via video - sadly, Prof. Kroto died April 30, 2016 just before the meeting).

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