Dr David E. Graves

Dr David E. Graves
Born	1956/09/03
🏳️ Nationality	Canadian
🏫 Education	PhD University of Aberdeen, 2008
💼 Occupation	Retired
👔 Employer	Liberty University
Title	Assistant Professor
🥚 Twitter	Twitter=

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Dr. David E. Graves

Introduction

Dr. David Elton Graves  (born September 3, 1956) is an internationally renowned Canadian archaeologist, author and biblical scholar who has made significant contributions to the field of biblical archaeology. His extensive research and excavations have shed new light on the ancient civilizations of the Near East and their connection to the biblical narrative.

Early Life

Born in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, David Graves developed a passion for archaeology at a young age. He was fascinated by the stories of ancient civilizations and their impact on modern society.

Education

After completing his high school education, Graves went on to study theology and ancient history at the Ontario Bible College (now Tyndale University College and Seminary). He then pursued his postgraduate studies at Highland Theological College and the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, earning an interdisciplinary PhD in theology focusing on the Ancient Near East and Anatolia (Asia Minor).

Ph.D. University of Aberdeen, Scotland, Department of Divinity, Doctor of Philosophy in Theology/Masters of Theology. 2002-2008.

Trinity Southwest University, AR341 Excavation Practicum & Field School I. Archaeological Square Supervisor Training. Albuquerque, New Mexico, August, 2006.

Geophysical Survey Systems Inc., Certified training in SIR-3000 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for archaeological application. North Salem, NH, July 2005.

Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Certified Packeteer Engineer Training–Level I, Alternative Technology, Inc., March, 2004.

C. N. A. (Certified Novel Administrator) MicroAge Computer Centre, Moncton, New Brunswick. 520–Netware 4 Administration, Nov, 1996.

B.Th. Ontario Bible College (Tyndale University College and Seminary), Willowdale, Ontario. Bachelor of Theology in Pastoral Studies, Church History and Systematic Theology, 1978–1980.

Dissertation

“The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation with Special Reference to the Message to Smyrna.” (published under the title The Seven Messages of Revelation and Vassal Treaties: Literary Genre, Structure, and Function. Gorgias Dissertations Biblical Studies 41. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2009).[1]

Abstract: This dissertation provides an interdisciplinary approach to the structure of thought in Revelation arguing that the genre of the seven messages in Revelation 2–3 is hybrid prophetic oracle, influenced by the Torah. It places the seven oracles in the context of the ancient Near Eastern vassal treaties, which also influenced the structure of Old Testament covenantal theology. The work involves a careful examination of the genre, structure and function of the messages to the seven churches of Asia Minor.

Supervisors: Dr. I. Howard Marshall (Emeritus Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Honorary Research Professor), University of Aberdeen, Scotland; Dr. Jamie Grant (Professor of Biblical Studies, Old Testament), Highland Theological College, (member of the University of the Highlands and Islands), Dingwall, Scotland; Dr. Alistair Wilson (Lecturer in New Testament), Highland Theological College, (member of the University of the Highlands and Islands).

Readers: Dr. Edwin M. Yamauchi (Professor of History), Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA and Dr. Alan Millard (Emeritus Rankin Professor of Hebrew and Ancient Semitic Languages), University of Liverpool, UK. Defense: Dr. Michael Bird (Lecturer in New Testament), Highland Theological College, Dingwall, Scotland and Dr. Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Head of Department of Theology and Religion), University of Durham, UK.

Career

Dr. David E. Graves is a retired Assistant Professor at Liberty University Online in Lynchburg, Virginia. He served in this position from June 2009 to 2019, during which he facilitated online courses on Biblical Archaeology, biblical history, and New Testament Theology. He was also a Subject Matter Expert (SME) for the course development of BIBL 471 Biblical Archaeology from November 2011 to December 2018.

In addition, Dr. Graves has been a Visiting Professor at Trinity Southwest University's College of Archaeology and Biblical History in Albuquerque, New Mexico since January 2008. He teaches courses on archaeology and biblical history. He also taught The Archaeology of the New Testament at Veritas International University in 2024. He has also taught The Archaeology of the Old Testament and The Archaeology of the New Testament at Faith Bible Institute in 2023.

Since 1995, Dr. Graves has also been CEO and manager of Electronic Christian Media in New Brunswick, Canada, where he has authored and developed Christian multimedia software along with many biblicaly related books. He also marketed The Scroll Multimedia Study Bible CD Rom V. 3.0 and published over thirty theological books.

From January 1997 to May 2011, Dr. Graves served as the Director of Computer Services and Information Technology Officer, and Facility Management from 1996 to 2004 at Crandall University (formerly Atlantic Baptist University), in Moncton, NB, Canada. In addition to his administrative roles, Dr. Graves was also a part-time faculty member in the Religious Studies department. During his time there, he taught various courses on the subject, with a particular focus on archaeology, eschatology and biblical history. He also had the opportunity to teach the History of British Biblical Archaeology (RS3893) at Regent Park College in Oxford in Oxford, England through the ABU-Oxford Programme which has now been compiled into part of his book on The History of Biblical Archaeology.

Archaeological Field Work

Shiloh, Israel

A cooperative archaeological effort of Associate for Biblical Research under the auspices of the KAMAT (Civil Administration of Judea and Samaria).

·      May 21– June 17, 2017. Season 1: Acting Director of Administration and Square supervisor of excavation of squares.

·      Aug 1, 2018-Jan 31, 2019. Director of Publications of the Shiloh Excavations, Israel.

Qumran, Israel

Registrar of finds for the Excavation of Qumran cave 53a. A cooperative archaeological effort of Liberty University (Dr. Randall Price) and the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) under the auspices of the Palestinian KAMAT (Civil Administration of Judea and Samaria) under the direction of Dr. Oren Gutfeld. January 2–13, 2017. The research made the front cover of National Geographic Magazine December 2018 issue.

Khirbet el-Maqatir, Israel

Archaeological excavation by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) under the auspices of the Palestinian KAMAT (Civil Administration of Judea and Samaria) under the direction of Dr. D. Scott Stripling. January 2, 2017.

Tall el-Ḥammâm Excavation Project, Jordan

A cooperative archaeological effort of the College of Archaeology, Trinity Southwest University and the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan under the direction of Dr. Steven Collins, Trinity Southwest University.

·      Feb 1, 2019-Feb 28, 2019, Season 14: Senior field supervisor and square supervisor of the excavation of IA and MB Palace complex.

·      Feb 1, 2015–Feb 28, 2015. Season 10: Senior field supervisor and square supervisor of the excavation of an EB and MB domestic structure.

·      Feb 2, 2014–Feb 28, 2014. Season 9: Senior field supervisor and square supervisor of the excavation of the Roman ruins.

·      Feb 5, 2012–Feb 25, 2012. Season 7: Senior field supervisor and square supervisor of the excavation of the Roman ruins.

·      Dec 25, 2010–Jan 22, 2011. Season 6: Senior field supervisor of the excavation of the Roman ruins.

·      Dec 20, 2009–Jan 22, 2010. Season 5: Senior field supervisor of the excavation of the Roman ruins.

·      Dec 26, 2008–Jan 18, 2009. Season 4: Senior field archaeologist overseeing the excavation of an early Roman structure and Roman aqueduct.

·      Dec 26, 2007–Jan 18, 2008. Season 3: Square supervisor of excavation of a Roman structure, and Roman aqueduct. Identified the Roman remains as the city of Livias.

·      Dec 27, 2006–Jan 17, 2007. Season 2: Square supervisor of Iron Age II house. Identified Tall El-Ḥammâm on the Madaba Map.

·      Dec 26, 2005–Jan 8, 2006. Season 1: Performed GPR of specific areas of the site, and various functions of the dig. Excavation assistant under the direction of Dr. Steven Collins.

Temple Mount Antiquities Salvage Operation, Jerusalem, Israel

Dr Graves participated from Dec 24–26, 2009 in the The Temple Mount Antiquities Sifitng (or Salvate Operation), an archaeological project under the direction of Dr. Gabriel Barkay, Bar Ilan University.

ArcImaging Archaeological Exploration, Turkey

May 7–16, 2006. Director of operations to conducted exploration and surface survey of the Ahora Gorge at 10,000 feet on Mt Ararat with our president Rex Geisler of ArcImaging. Video Introduction

Consulting

In 2017, Dr. Graves was a consultant for the producers of National Geographic TV program on locating Sodom and Gomorrah that features Tall el-Hammam, Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira titled Buried Secrets of the Bible.

Publications

https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/books-by-david-e-graves.html

Books

A Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology: Defining the Ancient World of the Bible. Biblical Archaeology Series 87. Electronic Christian Media, 2024. ISBN:‎

The History of Biblical Archaeology: Uncovering the Ancient World of the Bible. Biblical Archaeology Series 7. Electronic Christian Media, 2024. ISBN:‎

The Ancestry of Elton Elmer Graves (1932–1990). Electronic Christian Media, 2023. ISBN: 979-8854231800.

The Genealogy of LeBaron Dimock and the Memoirs of Georgia Luella Dimock, Electronic Christian Media, 2023. ISBN:  979-8361887170.

A Arqueologia Do Antigo Testamento: 115 Descobertas Que Apoiam a Confiabilidade da Bíblia. Traduzido por Lucas R. Queiroz. Electronic Christian Media, 2023. ISBN: 979-8859078479.  Video Introduction.

The Cities of the New Testament World: An Illustrated Guide to the Places of the Bible in the Steps of Jesus and the Apostles. Cultural Background of the Bible Series 3. Electronic Christian Media, January 2023. ISBN:‎ 979-8371891075. Video Introduction.

The Archaeology of Biblical People: 101 Discoveries that Support the Reliability of the Bible. Biblical Archaeology Series 4. Electronic Christian Media, January 2021. ISBN: 979-8591394004. Video Introduction.

A Preliminary Report on the Tall al-Hammam Excavation Project: Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic Remains: Field LR (2005–2014). Edited by Steven Collins, Gary Byers and D. Scott Stripling. Electronic Christian Media, 2021. ISBN: 979-8748800105 Video Introduction

The Cultural Background of the Old Testament: Bringing the Ancient World of the Bible to Life. Cultural Background of the Bible Series 2. Electronic Christian Media, 2020. ISBN: 979-8680544433; ISBN:  979-8681364689; ISBN:  979-8716772199

The Cultural Background of the New Testament: Bringing the Ancient World of the Bible to Life. Cultural Background of the Bible Series 1. Electronic Christian Media, 2020. ISBN: 979-8679162747; ISBN:  979-8681003397; ISBN:  979-8716695221

The Archaeology of the New Testament: 75 Discoveries That Support the Reliability of the Bible. Biblical Archaeology Series 3. Electronic Christian Media, 2019. ISBN: 978-1089212201. Video Introduction.

Digging Up the Bible: Introduction and Brief History of Biblical Archaeology. Biblical Archaeology Series 2. Electronic Christian Media, 2019. ISBN: 978-1689205047. Video Introduction.

The Archaeology of the Old Testament: 115 Discoveries That Support the Reliability of the Bible. Biblical Archaeology Series 1. Electronic Christian Media, 2019. ISBN: 978-1692356101.

Biblical Archaeology Vol. 1 Second Edition: An Introduction with Recent Discoveries That Support the Reliability of the Bible. 2^nd ed. Vol. 1. Electronic Christian Media, 2018 (1st ed 2017). ISBN-13: 978-1983978364; ISBN-10:198397836;1 E-ISBN 978-1535929813.

Biblical Archaeology Vol. 2 Second Edition B&W: Famous Discoveries That Support the Reliability of the Bible. 2^nd ed. Vol. 2. Electronic Christian Media, 2018. ISBN-13: 978-1987754049.

The Location of Sodom: Color Edition. Key Facts for Navigating the Maze of Arguments for the Location of the Cities of the Plain. Electronic Christian Media, 2018. ISBN-13: 978-1985830837; ISBN-10: 1985830833; E-ISBN 978-1535929820.

Jesus Speaks to Seven of His Churches: A Commentary on the Messages to the Seven Churches in Revelation. Electronic Christian Media, May 2017. ISBN 978-0-9948060-8-6; ISBN-10: 0994806086.

Key Facts for the Location of Sodom Student Edition: Navigating the Maze of Arguments. Electronic Christian Media, 2014. ISBN: 978-1499660241.

Key Themes of the New Testament: A Survey of Major Theological Themes. Electronic Christian Media, 2014. ISBN: 978-1490922744.

Key Themes of the Old Testament: A Survey of Major Theological Themes. Electronic Christian Media, 2013. ISBN: 978-1478122692. E-pub ISBN:  9781370543199.

The Seven Messages of Revelation and Vassal Treaties: Literary Genre, Structure, and Function. Gorgias Dissertations Biblical Studies 41. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2009. Hardcover ISBN 978-1-60724-568-1; Paperback ISBN: 978-1463203788.

Biblical Themes–Adult Learners Guide. Co-authored with Dr. Ralph Richardson. Module 9 in the Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Management, Crandall University, 2001. This material was later published in the Key Themes of the Old Testament and Key Themes of the New Testament by Dr. Graves.

Edited and Updated Books

Ramsay, Sir William M., The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament. Updated and Revised Edition by David E. Graves. Cultural Background of the Bible Series #5. Toronto: Electronic Christian Media, 2021.

Ramsay, Sir William M., The Cities of St. Paul. Their Influence on His life and Thought. The Cities of Eastern Asia Minor. Updated and Revised Edition by David E. Graves. Cultural Background of the Bible Series #4. Toronto: Electronic Christian Media, 2021.

Smith, William, and Eugene Lawrence. The History of Rome: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Empire From 753 BC to 476 AD. Edited by David E. Graves. Toronto: Electronic Christian Media, 2019. ISBN-13: 978-1-08-220288-9.

Smith, William G. The NEW Smith Bible Dictionary. Edited by F. N. Peloubet and David E. Graves. Moncton, NB: Electronic Christian Media, 2019. ISBN-13: 978-1-07-915983-7.

Johnston, Harold Whetstone. The Private Life of the Romans: Revised and Updated Edition. Edited by David E. Graves. Toronto: Electronic Christian Media, 2019. ISBN-13: 978-1727139952.

Easton, Mathew George. The NEW Easton Bible Dictionary. Edited by David E. Graves. Updated and Revised Edition. Toronto: Electronic Christian Media, 2016. ISBN-13: 978-0994806048.

Gaebelein, Arno Clemens. The Acts of the Apostles: An Exposition: Revised and Updated Edition. Edited by David E. Graves. Classic Biblical Reprints Series 1. Toronto: Electronic Christian Media, 2016. ISBN 978-0994806079.

Stalker, James M. The Life of Jesus Christ: Revised and Updated Edition. Edited by David E. Graves. Toronto: Electronic Christian Media, 2016. ISBN–13: 978-0994806062.

Stalker, James M. The Life of Saint Paul: Revised and Updated Edition. Edited by David E. Graves. Toronto: Electronic Christian Media, 2016. ISBN–13: 978-0994806055.

Book Chapters

“The Importance of the Hittite Suzerainty Treaty for Biblical Scholarship.” In Yamauchi Festschrift, edited by Mark A. Hassler and Clyde E. Billington, ? Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2024.

“My Journey to Locate the Genesis Pentapolis North of the Dead Sea.” In Kikkar Dialogues, edited by Steven Collins, 2^nd ed., Chapter 9, 100–128. Research & Discovery Series 1. Albuquerque, NM: Trinity Southwest University Press, Forthcoming.

“Interaction with Scholars on the Location of Sodom and Gomorrah and Related Issues.” In Kikkar Dialogues, edited by Steven Collins, 23–25, 54–55. Research & Discovery Series 1. Albuquerque, NM: Trinity Southwest University Press, 2014.

Articles

“Pilate’s Ring And Roman Religion.”  Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 64 (2019): 1–20.

“What Is the Madder with Lydia’s Purple? A Re-Examination of the Purpurarii in Thyatira and Philippi.” Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 62 (2017): 3–29.

“Fresh Light on the Governors of Judea.” Bible and Spade 30 no. 3 (2017): 58–68.

“The Twelfth Dead Sea Scroll Cave Is Confirmed after Sixty Years.” Artifax 32, no. 2 (2017): 3–4. (lead article).

“Sodom And Salt in Their Ancient Near Eastern Cultural Context.” Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 61 (2016): 15–32.

“My Journey to Locate the Genesis Pentapolis North of the Dead Sea.” Biblical Research Bulletin 14 no. 2 (2014): 1–28.

“Influence of the Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Hippocratic Oath.” Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 57 (2012): 27-45.

“Re-Examination of the Location for the Ancient City of Livias.” co-authored with Scott Stripling. Levant: The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant 43.2 (2011): 178-200.

“Jesus Speaks to Seven of His Churches, Part 2.” Bible and Spade 23 no. 3 (Summer 2010): 66-74.

“Jesus Speaks to Seven of His Churches, Part 1.” Bible and Spade 23 no. 2 (Spring 2010): 46–56.

“Tall el-Hammâm Aqueduct.” Atlas of Roman Aqueducts. Edited by Cees Passchier, Driek van Opstal, Wilke Schram. University of Mainz, Germany: Atlas Project of Roman Aqueducts, 2008.

“Identification of Tall el-Hammâm on the Madaba Map.” co-authored with Scott Stripling. Bible and Spade 20.2 (Spring 2007): 35–45.

“Locating Tall el-Hammâm on the Madaba Map.” co-authored with Scott Stripling. Biblical Research Bulletin 7 no. 6 (2007): 1–11.

“Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rv 2: 8–11), Part 4: Religious Background.” Bible and Spade 19 no. 3 (Summer 2006): 88–96.

“Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rv 2: 8–11), Part 3: Jewish Background.” Bible and Spade 19 no. 2 (Spring 2006): 41–47.

“Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rv 2: 8–11), Part 2: Historical Background.” Bible and Spade 19 no. 1 (Winter 2006): 23–31.

“Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rv 2: 8–11), Part 1: Archaeological , Historical, Jewish and Religious Background.” Bible and Spade 18 no. 4 (Fall 2005): 114–23.

Editorial on Mount Ararat Expedition. Artifax 20 no. 4 (Nov 2005): 1.

Articles Edited

Hizmi, Hananya, and Reut Livyatan-ben-Arie. “The Excavations at the Northern Platform of Tel Shiloh the 2012-2013 Seasons [Translated from Hebrew].” Previously published in Judea and Samarea Studies 23 (2014): 113–30. Edited by D. Scott Stripling and David E. Graves. Translated by Hillel Richman. Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 62 (2017): 35–52.

Articles Published in Edited books

Holden, Joseph M., and Steven Collins, eds. Harvest Handbook of Bible Lands: A Panoramic Survey of the History, Geography, and Culture of the Scriptures. Eugene, OR: Harvest House, February 2020. Breakout articles: David’s Palace, The Septuagint. Alexander the Great, The Rosetta Stone, The Dead Sea Scrolls, Roman Roads, Burial Practices. Also, over 25 photographs. ISBN: 978-0-7369-7542-1.

Book Reviews

"Review of Kamash, Zena. Archaeologies of Water in the Roman Near East: 63 BC - AD 636. Gorgias Dissertations in Near Eastern Studies 54. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2010." Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 57 (2012): 56-57.

"Review of David Amit, Joseph Patrich, and Yizhar Hirschfeld (eds.), The Aqueducts of Israel. Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number 46, General Editors John Humphrey, Shari Satran, Translator Shari Satran," Portsmouth RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2002. Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 54 (2009): 33-34.

"Review of Richard S. Ascough. ed. Religious Rivalries and the Struggle for Success in Sardis and Smyrna. Studies in Christianity and Judaism 14." Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2005. Themelios 32.3 (May 2007): 78–79.

Archaeological Reports

Collins, Steven, Khalil Hamdan, Gary A. Byers, Jehad Haroun, Hussein Aljarrah, Michael C. Luddeni, David E. Graves, Steve McAllister, Qutaiba Dasouqi, and Adeib abu-Shmais. "The Tall El-Hammam Excavation Project Season Activity Report: Season Four: 2009 Excavation, Exploration, & Survey." Biblical Research Bulletin 9, no. 3 (2009): 1-30. Filed with the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 27 February 2009.

Collins, Steven, Gary A. Byers, Carroll M. Kobs, David E. Graves, Phillip J. Silva, Khalid Tarawneh, and Khalid al Hawawrah. “Tall El-Hammam Season Ten, 2015: Excavation, Survey, Interpretations And Insights.” Biblical Research Bulletin 15, no. 1 (2015): 1–37. Filed with the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, February 2015.

Podcasts and Videos

1. TOP 10 OT DISCOVERIES PART 1
2. TOP 10 OT DISCOVERIES PART 2
   • The Archaeology of the OT Video 07
3. TOP 10 NT DISCOVERIES PART 1
4. TOP 10 NT DISCOVERIES PART2
   • The Archaeology of the NT Video 08
5. MOUNT ARARAT EXPEDITION Jan 2024
   • Exploring Mount Ararat Video 22
6. CREATION EPICS: The Flood Before Noah Jan 30, 2024
   • Unveiling Mesopotamian Creation and Flood Epics Video 24
7. PONTIUS PILATE INSCRIPTION AND RING Feb 1, 2024
   • Uncovering the Pilate Inscription and Ring Video 25
   • The Archaeology of Biblical People Book Video 04
8. OSSUARIES: Did Archaeologists Discover the Tomb of Caiaphas? Feb 8, 2024
   • Biblical Burial Practices Video 26
   • Famous Biblical Ossuaries Video 27
9. THREE AMAZING MANUSCRIPTS: Silver and Copper Scrolls Feb 15, 2024
   • Blog Post
   • Three Amazing Manuscripts Video 27
10. EXCAVATION OF KING DAVID’S PALACE
    • YouTube
    • City of David Excavations Video 28
11. SODOM AND GOMORRAH
    • The Location of Sodom Book Video 12
    • THE SEARCH FOR SODOM AND GOMORRAH PART 1
    • THE SEARCH FOR SODOM AND GOMORRAH PART2
12. SODOM AND SALT
    • SODOM AND SALT Part 1 Sept 2023
    • SODOM AND SALT Part 2 Sept 2023
    • Sodom and Salt in the ANE Cultural Context Video 06
13. THE EXCAVATION OF LIVIAS
    • NEAS Livias Presentation Video 16
    • The Cities of the NT World Video 03
14. GOLGOTHA AND BURIAL SITE OF JESUS, Feb 2 2024
    • YouTube
15. SEARCH FOR THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS
    • Digging Up the Bible Video
    • YouTube
    • Cave 53 or the 12th Dead Sea Cave Video 13
16. SEVEN CHURCHES
    1. Jesus Speaks to Seven of His Churches Introduction video 05
    2. Ephesus and Artemis Video 15
    3. Smyrna and 666 Video 14
    4. Pergamum and the throne of Satan Video 17
    5. Thyatira and Purple dyers Video 18
    6. Sardis and Jewish Synagogue Video 19
    7. Philadelphia and a New Name Video 20
    8. Laodicea and Lukewarm Beverages Video 21
17. Evidence for King David Written in Stone Feb 27, 2024
    • Mesha and Tel Dan Inscription Video 29
18. Special Interview: Even the Romans liked Tall el-Hammam
19. The debated Nazareth Inscription. Is it about the Resurrection? March 18, 2024

References

1. https://www.gorgiaspress.com/the-seven-messages-of-revelation-and-vassal-treaties-2; https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve

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