Eco-theater
Ecotheater, eco-theatre, or ecological theater, is a dramatic genre concerned with environmental issues. The genre was first proposed by scholar Una Chaudhuri in a 1994 issue of Yale's Theatre Magazine,[1] who located it as a key concern in Western Canonical dramas, including Henrik Ibsen's the Wild Duck (1884), and Anton Chekhov's The Seagull (1896). Since then, Chaudhuri's theorization has paved the way for the field of Performance and Ecology, an interdisciplinary area between Theatre and Performance Studies and the Environmental Humanities. It has also offered a lens with which to study works written before the advent of modern environmentalism in the 1970s[2][3]. Alongside this stream of scholarship, the number of works by playwrights, solo artists, and companies focused on this topic has boomed in recent decades.
Notable works
The following list is not exhaustive. Works are grouped by period and dated by first production unless otherwise noted.
Before 1900
- The Birds (414 BC) by Aristophanes
- The Play of the Weather (c. 1533) by John Heywood
- The Tempest (c. 1611) by William Shakespeare
- An Enemy of the People (1882) by Henrik Ibsen
- Uncle Vanya (1898) by Anton Chekhov
1900–1945
- Easter (1901) by August Strindberg
- Children of the Sun (1905) by Maxim Gorky
- The Girl of the Golden West (1905) by David Belasco
- Soul of Sequoia (1919) by Don W. Richards and Thomas Vincent Cator, for the Sempervirens Club of California
- R.U.R. (1921) by Karel Čapek
- The Verge (1921) by Susan Glaspell
- The Bedbug (1929) by Vladimir Mayakovsky
- Can You Hear Their Voices? (1931) by Hallie Flanagan and Margaret Ellen Clifford
- Triple-A Plowed Under (1936), a Living Newspaper of the Federal Theatre Project
- Power (1937), a Living Newspaper of the Federal Theatre Project
- The Skin of Our Teeth (1942) by Thornton Wilder
- Oklahoma! (1943) by Rodgers and Hammerstein
1945–1979
- The Madwoman of Chaillot (1945) by Jean Giraudoux
- Uranium 235 (1946) by Ewan MacColl
- The Caucasian Chalk Circle (1948) by Bertolt Brecht
- E=mc² (1948) by Hallie Flanagan
- The Burning Glass (1954) by Charles Morgan
- The Swamp Dwellers (1958) by Wole Soyinka
- A Raisin in the Sun (1959) by Lorraine Hansberry
- Happy Days (1961) by Samuel Beckett
- Foriwa (1962) by Efua Sutherland
- The Field (1965) by John B. Keane
- Famine (1968) by Tom Murphy
- What Use Are Flowers? (published 1972) by Lorraine Hansberry
- The Cheviot, the Stag and the Black, Black Oil (1973) by John McGrath
- Landmarks (1979) by Nick Darke
1980–1999
- Translations (1980) by Brian Friel
- Infinity's House (1989) by Ellen McLaughlin
- Fire in the Lake (1989) by Karim Alrawi
- La Quinceañera (1990) by Teatro Nuestro
- Standing on Fishes (1991) by Martha Boesing
- upROOTED (1991) by Douglas L. Paterson
- Timber: A Living Newspaper about Deforestation and Reforestation (1991), adapted by Bryan Willis for Seattle Public Theater from the Federal Theatre Project original
- Eco-Rap (1991) by Leonard Pitt and Life on the Water
- The Kentucky Cycle (1992) by Robert Schenkkan
- Heroes and Saints (1992) by Cherríe Moraga
- Marisol (1992) by José Rivera
- The Columbus Follies: An Eco-Cabaret (1992) by Cathy Cevoli and ensemble
- Dragon Island (1993) by Theresa J. May
- The Breath of Life (1993) by Kalamu ya Salaam
- Open Wounds on Tlalteuctli (1994) by Coatlicue/Las Colorado
- InTOXICating: An Eco-Cabaret (1994) by Cathy Cevoli and ensemble
- One Flea Spare (1995) by Naomi Wallace
- Alligator Tales (1997) by Anne Galjour
- A Bicycle Country (1999) by Nilo Cruz
- Radium Girls (2000) by D. W. Gregory
2000–2009
- Far Away (2000) by Caryl Churchill
- Further than the Furthest Thing (2000) by Zinnie Harris
- Woman for Walking (2000) by Witi Ihimaera
- Burning Vision (2002) by Marie Clements
- Outlying Islands (2002) by David Greig
- Odin's Horse (2004) by Robert Koon
- In the Shadow of Giants (2004) by Graham Smith
- The Weather (2004) by Clare Pollard
- Strawberry Fields (2005) by Alecky Blythe
- Salmon Is Everything (2006) by Theresa J. May and the Klamath Theatre Project
- Chasing Honey (2007) by Laura Shamas
- Crown Prince (2007) by John Godber
- Tarap Man (2007) by Ann Lee
- Ruined (2008) by Lynn Nottage
- When the Rain Stops Falling (2008) by Andrew Bovell
- Carbon Chronicles (2008) by Footloose Community Arts
- AD2050 (2009) by Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti
- Song of Extinction (2009) by E. M. Lewis
- If There Is I Haven't Found It Yet (2009) by Nick Payne
- The Golden Dragon (2009) by Roland Schimmelpfennig
- The Grain Store (2009) by Natalia Vorozhbit
- The Contingency Plan (2009) by Steve Waters
- The Oil Thief (2009) by Joyce Van Dyke
- Jerusalem (2009) by Jez Butterworth
2010–2019
- A Cool Dip in the Barren Saharan Crick (2010) by Kia Corthron
- Let's Inherit the Earth (2010) by Morna Pearson
- Anna Considers Mars (2010) by Ruben Grijalva
- Earthquakes in London (2010) by Mike Bartlett
- 3rd Ring Out (2010), an installation-performance by Metis Arts
- Carla and Lewis (2011) by Shonni Enelow
- As the World Tipped (2011), aerial theatre by Wired Aerial Theatre
- I Am the Wind (2011, English premiere) by Jon Fosse
- Lungs (2011) by Duncan Macmillan
- The Heretic (2011) by Richard Bean
- Endless Light (2011) by Sayan Kent
- Fixer (2011) by Lydia Adetunji
- As the Globe Warms (2012) by Heather Woodbury
- Between Two Waves (2012) by Ian Meadows
- Mr. Burns, a Post-Electric Play (2012) by Anne Washburn
- The Great Immensity (2012) by Steve Cosson and Michael Friedman, for The Civilians
- Pato Verde (2012) by Fabián Miguel Díaz
- Once There Were Six Seasons (2013), puppetry by Glass Half Full Theatre
- Oil City (2013) by Platform
- Social Creatures (2013) by Jackie Sibblies Drury
- Cannibals (2013) by Rory Mullarkey
- Wolf (2014), solo performance by Deke Weaver
- Uk'u'x Ulew (2014), by Grupo Sotz'il
- Welt-Klimakonferenz (2014) by Rimini Protokoll
- Sila (2014) by Chantal Bilodeau
- Deluge (2014) by Fiona Doyle
- Sea Sick (2014) by Alanna Mitchell
- 2071 (2014) by Duncan Macmillan and Chris Rapley
- Extreme Whether (2014) by Karen Malpede
- Arctic Requiem: The Story of Luke Cole and Kivalina (2015) by Sharmon Hilfinger and Joan McMillen
- My Ocean (2015) by Sasha Singer-Wilson
- The Turquoise Elephant (2015) by Stephen Carleton
- Lampedusa (2015) by Anders Lustgarten
- Fuck the Polar Bears (2015) by Tanya Ronder
- Ludic Proxy (2015) by Aya Ogawa
- Hadestown (2016) by Anaïs Mitchell
- The Suppliant Women (2016) by David Greig, after Aeschylus
- The Children (2016) by Lucy Kirkwood
- Oil (2016) by Ella Hickson
- They Drink It in the Congo (2016) by Adam Brace
- Human Animals (2016) by Stef Smith
- North Country (2016) by Tajinder Singh Hayer
- Vanishing Point (2016) by Larissa FastHorse
- This Land (2016) by Siân Owen
- Katrina: The Girl Who Wanted Her Name Back (2016) by Jason Tremblay
- Forward (2016) by Chantal Bilodeau
- Salt (2016), performance by Selina Thompson
- Baby (2016) by DoppelGängster
- Estado Vegetal (2017) by Manuela Infante
- Not Every Mountain (2017) by Rude Mechs
- Baked Alaska (2017) by Riding Lights Theatre Company
- Kill Climate Deniers (2017) by David Finnigan
- The Breathing Hole (2017) by Colleen Murphy
- Hurricane Diane (2017) by Madeleine George
- Wolves Are Coming for You (2017) by Joel Horwood
- Sea Fret (2017) by Tallulah Brown
- Mlima's Tale (2018) by Lynn Nottage
- Arctic Oil (2018) by Clare Duffy
- A Fable for Now (2018) by Wei Yu-Chia
- Other Than We (2019) by Karen Malpede
- World Avoided (2019) by Andrea Lepcio
- A History of Water in the Middle East (2019) by Sabrina Mahfouz
- Continuity (2019) by Bess Wohl
- Melt (2019) by Shane Mac an Bhaird
2020–present
- A Play for the Living in a Time of Extinction (2020) by Miranda Rose Hall
- Transmissions in Advance of the Second Great Dying (2020) by Jessica Huang
- Somewhere (2020) by Marisela Treviño Orta
- Heavy Weather (2020) by Lizzie Nunnery
- Don't Worry, Be Happy (2020) by Kevin Dyer
- Like There's No Tomorrow (2020), devised at the Belgrade Theatre
- The Visitors (2020) by Jane Harrison
- Cullud wattah (2021) by Erika Dickerson-Despenza
- Walden (2021) by Amy Berryman
- The Trials (2021) by Dawn King
- Paradise (2021) by Kae Tempest, after Sophocles
- Extinct (2021) by April De Angelis
- The Forcings (2021) by Kevin Artigue
- Not the End of the World (2021) by Chris Bush
- How to Save the World When You're a Young Carer and Broke (2021) by Nessah Muthy
- Cómo Convertirse en Piedra (2021) by Manuela Infante
- Trash Talks with Polly Mermaid and Basurana (2021), puppetry by Glass Half Full Theatre
- Mammelephant (2022) by Lanxing Fu
- Was Ihr Nicht Sehen Konnt (2023) by Manuela Infante
- The Apiary (2024) by Kate Douglas
- Kyoto (2024) by Joe Murphy and Joe Robertson
- VAMPYR (2024) by Manuela Infante
- Redwood (2025) by Tina Landau and Kate Diaz
- Bigfoot (2026) by Amber Ruffin, Kevin Sciretta and David A. Schmoll
- Basura (2026) by Gloria Estefan and Emily Estefan
History and Development
The earliest documentation of the genre as such includes journalistic coverage by Lynn Jacobson[4] and a festival by Larry K. Fried and Theresa May called Theatre in the Wild [5] . The 1994 issue of Theater paved the way for the genre to be recognized as such, leading to increasing scholarly and artistic interest in it.
References
- ↑ Chaudhuri, Una (1994-02-01). ""There Must Be a Lot of Fish in That Lake": Toward an Ecological Theater". Theater. 25 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1215/01610775-25-1-23. ISSN 0161-0775.
- ↑ Cless, Downing (2010). Ecology and environment in European drama. Routledge advances in theatre and performance studies. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-85181-4. Search this book on
- ↑ May, Theresa J. (2020-08-09). Earth Matters on Stage: Ecology and Environment in American Theater (1 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003028888. ISBN 978-1-003-02888-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Jacobson, Lynn (February 1st, 1992). "Green Theatre: Confessions of an Eco-Reporter". American Theater. Retrieved September 6th, 2026. Check date values in:
|access-date=, |date=(help) - ↑ May, Theresa (1999). ""Bahktin on Site: Chronotopes in Theatre in the Wild's Dragon Island."" (PDF). Retrieved Sep 6, 2026.
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