๐Ÿ“œ Post with us on Reddit
๐Ÿ“ Create a new article
๐Ÿญ Create a company page
๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง - in English
๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท - en Franรงais (FR)
๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น - em Portuguรชs (PT)
๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช - in Deutsch (DE)
๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต - ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใง (JA)
Sponsored articles

You can edit almost every page by Creating an account and confirming your email.

Extended-protected article

Elizabeth II

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

"Elizabeth of the United Kingdom" redirects here. For other uses, see Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (disambiguation) and Elizabeth II (disambiguation).

Elizabeth II
Head of the Commonwealth
Elizabeth facing right in a half-length portrait photograph
Formal portrait, 1959
Queen of the United Kingdom
and other Commonwealth realms
(list)
Reign6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
Coronation2 June 1953
PredecessorGeorge VI
SuccessorCharles III
BornPrincess Elizabeth of York
(1926-04-21)21 April 1926
Mayfair, London, England
Died8 September 2022(2022-09-08) (aged 96)
Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Burial19 September 2022
King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
(m. 1947; died 2021)
Issue
Detail
Full name
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
HouseWindsor
FatherGeorge VI
MotherElizabeth Bowes-Lyon
ReligionProtestant[lower-alpha 1]
SignatureElizabeth's signature in black ink

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 โ€“ 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and was head of state of 15 realms at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female head of state in history.

Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

When her father died in February 1952, Elizabethโ€”then 25 years oldโ€”became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes.

Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her familyโ€”particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Dianaโ€”support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity. Elizabeth died aged 96 at Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, in September 2022 and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.

Early life

Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), and his wife, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered at 02:40 (GMT)[1] by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair.[2] The Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptised her in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[3][lower-alpha 2] and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[5] She was called "Lilibet" by her close family,[6] based on what she called herself at first.[7] She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",[8] and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[9]

Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford.[10] Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.[11] Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[12] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[13] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[14] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[15] Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 Piccadilly (their town house in London) and Royal Lodge in Windsor.[16]

Heir presumptive

Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair
On the cover of Time, April 1929
Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair
Portrait by Philip de Lรกszlรณ, 1933

During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.[17] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[18] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive. If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time.[19]

Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[20] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[21] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age.[22] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[21]

In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.[23] She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[24] They corresponded regularly,[24] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[23]

Second World War

In Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945

In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe.[25] This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[27] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[28] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[29] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[30]

In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[31] As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[32] In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number 230873.[33] She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later.[34]

Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, 8 May 1945

At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[35]

During the war, plans were drawn to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.[36] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[38]

Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."[39] The oft-quoted speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times.[40]

Marriage

Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten

Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937.[41] They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabethโ€”though only 13 years oldโ€”said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.[42] She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[43]

The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[44] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[45] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "the Hun".[46] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[47]

At Buckingham Palace with Philip after their wedding, 1947

Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[48] Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[49] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.[50] Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.[51] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[52] Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.[53]

Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, in November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[54] A second child, Princess Anne, was born in August 1950.[55]

Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,[50] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanฤกa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle Lord Mountbatten. Their two children remained in Britain.[56]

Reign

Accession and coronation

Main article: Coronation of Elizabeth II
Coronation portrait by Cecil Beaton, 1953

As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she visited Canada and Harry S. Truman in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary Martin Charteris carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[57] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya. On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of Elizabeth's father. Philip broke the news to the new queen.[58] She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name,[59] and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.[60] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[61] Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.[62]

With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the royal house would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, and Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[63] The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor. Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be Windsor. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[64] In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[65][66]

Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcรฉ 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thoughtโ€”she hopedโ€”given time, the affair would peter out."[67] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[68] Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[69] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They were divorced in 1978. She did not remarry.[70]

Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested.[71] The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the anointing and communion.[72][lower-alpha 3] On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.[76]

Page kept on Wikipedia This page exists already on Wikipedia.


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

  1. โ†‘ "No. 33153", The London Gazette, 21 April 1926, p. 1
  2. โ†‘ Bradford 2012, p. 22; Brandreth 2004, p. 103; Marr 2011, p. 76; Pimlott 2001, pp. 2โ€“3; Lacey 2002, pp. 75โ€“76; Roberts 2000, p. 74
  3. โ†‘ Hoey 2002, p. 40
  4. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, p. 103; Hoey 2002, p. 40
  5. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, p. 103
  6. โ†‘ Pimlott 2001, p. 12
  7. โ†‘ Williamson 1987, p. 205
  8. โ†‘ Pimlott 2001, p. 15
  9. โ†‘ Lacey 2002, p. 56; Nicolson 1952, p. 433; Pimlott 2001, pp. 14โ€“16
  10. โ†‘ Crawford 1950, p. 26; Pimlott 2001, p. 20; Shawcross 2002, p. 21
  11. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, p. 124; Lacey 2002, pp. 62โ€“63; Pimlott 2001, pp. 24, 69
  12. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, pp. 108โ€“110; Lacey 2002, pp. 159โ€“161; Pimlott 2001, pp. 20, 163
  13. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, pp. 108โ€“110
  14. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, p. 105; Lacey 2002, p. 81; Shawcross 2002, pp. 21โ€“22
  15. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, pp. 105โ€“106
  16. โ†‘ Crawford 1950, pp. 14โ€“34; Heald 2007, pp. 7โ€“8; Warwick 2002, pp. 35โ€“39
  17. โ†‘ Bond 2006, p. 8; Lacey 2002, p. 76; Pimlott 2001, p. 3
  18. โ†‘ Lacey 2002, pp. 97โ€“98
  19. โ†‘ Marr 2011, pp. 78, 85; Pimlott 2001, pp. 71โ€“73
  20. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, p. 124; Crawford 1950, p. 85; Lacey 2002, p. 112; Marr 2011, p. 88; Pimlott 2001, p. 51; Shawcross 2002, p. 25
  21. โ†‘ 21.0 21.1 "Her Majesty The Queen: Early life and education", Royal Household, 29 December 2015, archived from the original on 7 May 2016, retrieved 18 April 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  22. โ†‘ Marr 2011, p. 84; Pimlott 2001, p. 47
  23. โ†‘ 23.0 23.1 Pimlott 2001, p. 54
  24. โ†‘ 24.0 24.1 Pimlott 2001, p. 55
  25. โ†‘ Warwick 2002, p. 102
  26. โ†‘ Goodey, Emma (21 December 2015), "Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother", The Royal Family, Royal Household, archived from the original on 7 May 2016, retrieved 18 April 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  27. โ†‘ Crawford 1950, pp. 104โ€“114; Pimlott 2001, pp. 56โ€“57
  28. โ†‘ Crawford 1950, pp. 114โ€“119; Pimlott 2001, p. 57
  29. โ†‘ Crawford 1950, pp. 137โ€“141
  30. โ†‘ 30.0 30.1 "Children's Hour: Princess Elizabeth", BBC Archive, 13 October 1940, archived from the original on 27 November 2019, retrieved 22 July 2009 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  31. โ†‘ "Early public life", Royal Household, archived from the original on 28 March 2010, retrieved 20 April 2010 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  32. โ†‘ Pimlott 2001, p. 71
  33. โ†‘ "No. 36973", The London Gazette (Supplement), 6 March 1945, p. 1315
  34. โ†‘ Bradford 2012, p. 45; Lacey 2002, p. 148; Marr 2011, p. 100; Pimlott 2001, p. 75;
  35. โ†‘ Bond 2006, p. 10; Pimlott 2001, p. 79
  36. โ†‘ "Royal plans to beat nationalism", BBC News, 8 March 2005, archived from the original on 8 February 2012, retrieved 15 June 2010 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  37. โ†‘ Pimlott 2001, pp. 71โ€“73
  38. โ†‘ "Gorsedd of the Bards", National Museum of Wales, archived from the original on 18 May 2014, retrieved 17 December 2009
  39. โ†‘ Fisher, Connie (20 April 1947), "A speech by the Queen on her 21st birthday", The Royal Family, Royal Household, archived from the original on 3 January 2017, retrieved 18 April 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  40. โ†‘ Utley, Charles (June 2017), "My grandfather wrote the Princess's speech", The Oldie, archived from the original on 31 May 2022, retrieved 8 September 2022 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  41. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, pp. 132โ€“139; Lacey 2002, pp. 124โ€“125; Pimlott 2001, p. 86
  42. โ†‘ Bond 2006, p. 10; Brandreth 2004, pp. 132โ€“136, 166โ€“169; Lacey 2002, pp. 119, 126, 135
  43. โ†‘ Heald 2007, p. 77
  44. โ†‘ Edwards, Phil (31 October 2000), "The Real Prince Philip", Channel 4, archived from the original on 9 February 2010, retrieved 23 September 2009
  45. โ†‘ Crawford 1950, p. 180
  46. โ†‘ Davies, Caroline (20 April 2006), "Philip, the one constant through her life", The Daily Telegraph, London, archived from the original on 9 January 2022, retrieved 23 September 2009 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help);
  47. โ†‘ Heald 2007, p. xviii
  48. โ†‘ Hoey 2002, pp. 55โ€“56; Pimlott 2001, pp. 101, 137
  49. โ†‘ "No. 38128", The London Gazette, 21 November 1947, p. 5495
  50. โ†‘ 50.0 50.1 "60 Diamond Wedding anniversary facts", Royal Household, 18 November 2007, archived from the original on 3 December 2010, retrieved 20 June 2010
  51. โ†‘ Hoey 2002, p. 58; Pimlott 2001, pp. 133โ€“134
  52. โ†‘ Hoey 2002, p. 59; Petropoulos 2006, p. 363
  53. โ†‘ Bradford 2012, p. 61
  54. โ†‘ Letters Patent, 22 October 1948;
  55. โ†‘ Pimlott 2001, p. 163
  56. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, pp. 226โ€“238; Pimlott 2001, pp. 145, 159โ€“163, 167
  57. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, pp. 240โ€“241; Lacey 2002, p. 166; Pimlott 2001, pp. 169โ€“172
  58. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, pp. 245โ€“247; Lacey 2002, p. 166; Pimlott 2001, pp. 173โ€“176; Shawcross 2002, p. 16
  59. โ†‘ Bousfield & Toffoli 2002, p. 72; Bradford 2002, p. 166; Pimlott 2001, p. 179; Shawcross 2002, p. 17
  60. โ†‘ Mitchell 2003, p. 113
  61. โ†‘ Pimlott 2001, pp. 178โ€“179
  62. โ†‘ Pimlott 2001, pp. 186โ€“187
  63. โ†‘ Soames, Emma (1 June 2012), "Emma Soames: As Churchills we're proud to do our duty", The Daily Telegraph, London, archived from the original on 2 June 2012, retrieved 12 March 2019 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  64. โ†‘ Bradford 2012, p. 80; Brandreth 2004, pp. 253โ€“254; Lacey 2002, pp. 172โ€“173; Pimlott 2001, pp. 183โ€“185
  65. โ†‘ Pimlott 2001, pp. 297โ€“298
  66. โ†‘ "No. 41948", The London Gazette (Supplement), 5 February 1960, p. 1003
  67. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, pp. 269โ€“271
  68. โ†‘ Brandreth 2004, pp. 269โ€“271; Lacey 2002, pp. 193โ€“194; Pimlott 2001, pp. 201, 236โ€“238
  69. โ†‘ Bond 2006, p. 22; Brandreth 2004, p. 271; Lacey 2002, p. 194; Pimlott 2001, p. 238; Shawcross 2002, p. 146
  70. โ†‘ "Princess Margaret: Marriage and family", Royal Household, archived from the original on 6 November 2011, retrieved 8 September 2011 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  71. โ†‘ Bradford 2012, p. 82
  72. โ†‘ "50 facts about The Queen's Coronation", Royal Household, 25 May 2003, archived from the original on 7 February 2021, retrieved 18 April 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  73. โ†‘ Pimlott 2001, p. 207
  74. โ†‘ Briggs 1995, pp. 420 ff.; Pimlott 2001, p. 207; Roberts 2000, p. 82
  75. โ†‘ Lacey 2002, p. 182
  76. โ†‘ Lacey 2002, p. 190; Pimlott 2001, pp. 247โ€“248

Retrieved from "https://en.everybodywiki.com/index.php?title=Elizabeth_II&oldid=4604313"
License CC BY-SA 3.0
Powered by MediaWiki