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Fedor Lurie

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Fedor Lurie Big text(born 1957) is an American vascular surgeon[2] and medical researcher. He has published in scientific and medical journals. He pioneered adaptation of endovascular venous ablation, [1,2] and made a number of fundamental discoveries in physiology of venous system. [3,4] Career. Lurie received his doctor of medicine degree with Honors in 1980. After completion of postgraduate training, he started his academic career in vascular surgery with research focus in clinical physiology of cardiovascular system, and clinical research in acute and chronic venous disorders. Lurie has served on the faculty of the University of California, Davis, University of Hawaii, and University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Physiology of Venous System. Lurie was first to describe the second mechanism of the valve closure, which does not require a retrograde flow or a reversal of pressure gradient. This work had led to a description of the venous valve cycle and has change the concept of venous valve being a passive player in the circulation. [1,2] In 2012, Lurie published another discovery of the helical pattern of blood flow in veins, and one of the mechanisms of its development – the relative angulation of pared venous valves. [3,4] He later described a second mechanism of creation of helical flow in veins – the tangential position of the orifices of venous tributaries. [5] Clinical trials. Lurie has served as the principal investigator on the first randomized clinical trial (RCT) of deep vein valve reconstruction surgery, [6] the first randomized clinical trail of the thermal ablation device, [7,8], the first multi-center study of the reliability of venous ultrasound, [9] and several other clinical trials. The unique design of these RCTs included a 5-year pre-randomization wash-out period in the trial of deep vein reconstruction, which allowed to identify two distinct patterns of the natural history of the chronic venous disease. [6,10] The EVOLVeS trial [7,8] was the first vascular RCT that used a disease-specific quality of life assessment as the primary outcome. The multi-center INVEST project [9] remains to be the only study of diagnostic properties of venous ultrasound that used methodology consistent with the International Standards for the use of repeatability, reproducibility and trueness estimates in measurement uncertainty estimation. [11]

Compression therapy. Lurie’s research studies on compression therapy included a description of the mechanism of action of intermittent compression on superficial and deep venous flow dynamics, [12,13] changes in interface compression pressure over time [14,15], objective assessment of adherence to compression therapy, [16] and using compression therapy for prediction of the outcomes of invasive procedures. [17]

Guidelines, Consensus Statements, and Reporting Standards. Lurie was the lead author or co-author of most of the major practice guidelines, [18-20] reporting standards [21-24] and consensus statements [25-27] on venous and lymphatic disorders.

Organizational activities. Fedor Lurie served as the general Secretary of the Pacific Vascular Symposium, the President of the "American Venous Forum", and the American Venous Foundation. He served on the Board of Directors of the "Society for Vascular Surgery", American Board of Venous and Lymphatic Medicine, and the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission. He is a member of the CMS MEDCAC, and served on several Data Safety monitoring Boards for the NIH clinical trials

References

1. [1]Mechanism of venous valve closure and role of the valve in circulation: a new concept. Lurie F, Kistner RL, Eklof B, Kessler D. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Nov;38(5):955-61. doi: 10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00711-0. PMID: 14603200 2. [2]The mechanism of venous valve closure in normal physiologic conditions. Lurie F, Kistner RL, Eklof B. J Vasc Surg. 2002 Apr;35(4):713-7. doi: 10.1067/mva.2002.121123. PMID: 11932668

3. [3]On the existence of helical flow in veins of the lower extremities. Lurie F, Kistner RL. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013 Apr;1(2):134-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2012.08.002. Epub 2013 Feb 15. PMID: 26992333

4. [4]The relative position of paired valves at venous junctions suggests their role in modulating three-dimensional flow pattern in veins. Lurie F, Kistner RL. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012 Sep;44(3):337-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.06.018. Epub 2012 Jul 21. PMID: 22824347

5. [5]Transforming the best care into the standard for care. Lurie F. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016 Jan;4(1):106-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.10.001. PMID: 26946905

6. [6]Does surgical correction of the superficial femoral vein valve change the course of varicose disease? Makarova NP, Lurie F, Hmelniker SM. J Vasc Surg. 2001 Feb;33(2):361-8. doi: 10.1067/mva.2001.110511. PMID: 11174790 7. Prospective randomized study of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration (closure procedure) versus ligation and stripping in a selected patient population (EVOLVeS Study). Lurie F, Creton D, Eklof B, Kabnick LS, Kistner RL, Pichot O, Schuller-Petrovic S, Sessa C. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Aug;38(2):207-14. doi: 10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00228-3. PMID: 12891099

8.[7] Prospective randomised study of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration (closure) versus ligation and vein stripping (EVOLVeS): two-year follow-up. Lurie F, Creton D, Eklof B, Kabnick LS, Kistner RL, Pichot O, Sessa C, Schuller-Petrovic S. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005 Jan;29(1):67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.09.019. PMID: 15570274 9. Multicenter assessment of venous reflux by duplex ultrasound. Lurie F, Comerota A, Eklof B, Kistner RL, Labropoulos N, Lohr J, Marston W, Meissner M, Moneta G, Neglén P, Neuhardt D, Padberg F Jr, Welsh HJ. J Vasc Surg. 2012 Feb;55(2):437-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.06.121. Epub 2011 Dec 16. PMID: 22178437 10. Clinical Dynamics of Varicose Disease in Patients with High Degree of Venous Reflux During Conservative Treatment and After Surgery: 7-Year Follow-Up. Lurie F, Makarova NP. Int J Angiol. 1998 May;7(3):234-7. doi: 10.1007/BF01617401. PMID: 9585458

11. Guidance for the use of repeatability, reproducibility and trueness estimates in measurement uncertainty estimation. International Organization for Standardization - 2010 – ISO

12.[8] On the mechanism of action of pneumatic compression devices: Combined magnetic resonance imaging and duplex ultrasound investigation. Lurie F, Scott V, Yoon HC, Kistner RL. J Vasc Surg. 2008 Oct;48(4):1000-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.04.009. Epub 2008 Jun 24. PMID: 1857236

13. [9]Hemodynamic effect of intermittent pneumatic compression and the position of the body. Lurie F, Awaya DJ, Kistner RL, Eklof B. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Jan;37(1):137-42. doi: 10.1067/mva.2002.24. PMID: 12514591

14. Variability of interface pressure produced by ready-to-wear compression stockings. Lurie F, Kistner R. Phlebology. 2014 Mar;29(2):105-8. doi: 10.1258/phleb.2012.012045. Epub 2013 May 6.

15. [10]Interface pressure changes under compression bandages during period of wearing. Ning J, Ma W, Fish J, Abbas J, Seiwert A, Russell T, Lurie F. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 Jul;9(4):971-976. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.11.007. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PMID: 33188960 16. Patient-centered outcomes of a dual action pneumatic compression device in comparison to compression stockings for patients with chronic venous disease. Lurie F, Schwartz M. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017 Sep;5(5):699-706.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.06.003. PMID: 28818225 17. Trends in patient reported outcomes of conservative and surgical treatment of primary chronic venous disease contradict current practices. Lurie F, Kistner RL. Ann Surg. 2011 Aug;254(2):363-7. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31821d4a5f. PMID: 21532467

18. [11]Management of venous leg ulcers: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery ® and the American Venous Forum. O'Donnell TF Jr, Passman MA, Marston WA, Ennis WJ, Dalsing M, Kistner RL, Lurie F, Henke PK, Gloviczki ML, Eklöf BG, Stoughton J, Raju S, Shortell CK, Raffetto JD, Partsch H, Pounds LC, Cummings ME, Gillespie DL, McLafferty RB, Murad MH, Wakefield TW, Gloviczki P; Society for Vascular Surgery; American Venous Forum. J Vasc Surg. 2014 Aug;60(2 Suppl):3S-59S. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.04.049. Epub 2014 Jun 25. PMID: 24974070

19.[12] Compression therapy after invasive treatment of superficial veins of the lower extremities: Clinical practice guidelines of the American Venous Forum, Society for Vascular Surgery, American College of Phlebology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and International Union of Phlebology. Lurie F, Lal BK, Antignani PL, Blebea J, Bush R, Caprini J, Davies A, Forrestal M, Jacobowitz G, Kalodiki E, Killewich L, Lohr J, Ma H, Mosti G, Partsch H, Rooke T, Wakefield T. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019 Jan;7(1):17-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.10.002. PMID: 30554745

20. [13]Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs. De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, Baekgaard N, Black S, Blomgren L, Giannoukas A, Gohel M, de Graaf R, Hamel-Desnos C, Jawien A, Jaworucka-Kaczorowska A, Lattimer CR, Mosti G, Noppeney T, van Rijn MJ, Stansby G, Esvs Guidelines Committee, Kolh P, Bastos Goncalves F, Chakfé N, Coscas R, de Borst GJ, Dias NV, Hinchliffe RJ, Koncar IB, Lindholt JS, Trimarchi S, Tulamo R, Twine CP, Vermassen F, Wanhainen A, Document Reviewers, Björck M, Labropoulos N, Lurie F, Mansilha A, Nyamekye IK, Ramirez Ortega M, Ulloa JH, Urbanek T, van Rij AM, Vuylsteke ME. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022 Feb;63(2):184-267. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.12.024. Epub 2022 Jan 11. PMID: 35027279

21. [14]The 2020 appropriate use criteria for chronic lower extremity venous disease of the American Venous Forum, the Society for Vascular Surgery, the American Vein and Lymphatic Society, and the Society of Interventional Radiology. Masuda E, Ozsvath K, Vossler J, Woo K, Kistner R, Lurie F, Monahan D, Brown W, Labropoulos N, Dalsing M, Khilnani N, Wakefield T, Gloviczki P. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Jul;8(4):505-525.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.02.001. Epub 2020 Mar 3. PMID: 32139328

22. [15]The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, Dalsing M, Masuda E, Welch H, Bush RL, Blebea J, Carpentier PH, De Maeseneer M, Gasparis A, Labropoulos N, Marston WA, Rafetto J, Santiago F, Shortell C, Uhl JF, Urbanek T, van Rij A, Eklof B, Gloviczki P, Kistner R, Lawrence P, Moneta G, Padberg F, Perrin M, Wakefield T. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 May;8(3):342-352. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075. Epub 2020 Feb 27. PMID: 32113854

23. [16]The Symptoms-Varices-Pathophysiology classification of pelvic venous disorders: A report of the American Vein & Lymphatic Society International Working Group on Pelvic Venous Disorders. Meissner MH, Khilnani NM, Labropoulos N, Gasparis AP, Gibson K, Greiner M, Learman LA, Atashroo D, Lurie F, Passman MA, Basile A, Lazarshvilli Z, Lohr J, Kim MD, Nicolini PH, Pabon-Ramos WM, Rosenblatt M. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 May;9(3):568-584. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.12.084. Epub 2021 Jan 30. PMID: 33529720

24.[17] Recommended reporting standards for endovenous ablation for the treatment of venous insufficiency: joint statement of The American Venous Forum and The Society of Interventional Radiology. Kundu S, Lurie F, Millward SF, Padberg F Jr, Vedantham S, Elias S, Khilnani NM, Marston W, Cardella JF, Meissner MH, Dalsing MC, Clark TW, Min RJ; American Venous Forum; Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Surg. 2007 Sep;46(3):582-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.05.025. PMID: 1782625

25. [18]The American Venous Forum, American Vein and Lymphatic Society and the Society for Vascular Medicine expert opinion consensus on lymphedema diagnosis and treatment. Lurie F, Malgor RD, Carman T, Dean SM, Iafrati MD, Khilnani NM, Labropoulos N, Maldonado TS, Mortimer P, O'Donnell TF Jr, Raffetto JD, Rockson SG, Gasparis AP. Phlebology. 2022 Mar 8:2683555211053532. doi: 10.1177/02683555211053532. Online ahead of print. PMID: 35258350

26. [19]Risks and contraindications of medical compression treatment - A critical reappraisal. An international consensus statement. Rabe E, Partsch H, Morrison N, Meissner MH, Mosti G, Lattimer CR, Carpentier PH, Gaillard S, Jünger M, Urbanek T, Hafner J, Patel M, Wu S, Caprini J, Lurie F, Hirsch T. Phlebology. 2020 Aug;35(7):447-460. doi: 10.1177/0268355520909066. Epub 2020 Mar 2. PMID: 32122269

27. [20]Venous hemodynamic changes in lower limb venous disease: the UIP consensus according to scientific evidence. Lee BB, Nicolaides AN, Myers K, Meissner M, Kalodiki E, Allegra C, Antignani PL, Bækgaard N, Beach K, Belcaro G, Black S, Blomgren L, Bouskela E, Cappelli M, Caprini J, Carpentier P, Cavezzi A, Chastanet S, Christenson JT, Christopoulos D, Clarke H, Davies A, Demaeseneer M, Eklöf B, Ermini S, Fernández F, Franceschi C, Gasparis A, Geroulakos G, Gianesini S, Giannoukas A, Gloviczki P, Huang Y, Ibegbuna V, Kakkos SK, Kistner R, Kölbel T, Kurstjens RL, Labropoulos N, Laredo J, Lattimer CR, Lugli M, Lurie F, Maleti O, Markovic J, Mendoza E, Monedero JL, Moneta G, Moore H, Morrison N, Mosti G, Nelzén O, Obermayer A, Ogawa T, Parsi K, Partsch H, Passariello F, Perrin ML, Pittaluga P, Raju S, Ricci S, Rosales A, Scuderi A, Slagsvold CE, Thurin A, Urbanek T, M VAN Rij A, Vasquez M, Wittens CH, Zamboni P, Zimmet S, Ezpeleta SZ. Int Angiol. 2016 Jun;35(3):236-352. Epub 2016 Mar 24. PMID: 27013029


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  1. Lurie, Fedor (2003). "Mechanism of venous valve closure and role of the valve in circulation: A new concept". J Vasc Surg. 38 (5): 955–961. doi:10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00711-0. PMID 14603200.
  2. Lurie (2002). "The mechanism of venous valve closure in normal physiologic conditions". Journal of Vascular Surgery. 35 (4): 713–717. doi:10.1067/mva.2002.121123. PMID 11932668.
  3. Lurie, F.; Kistner, R. L. (2013). "On the existence of helical flow in veins of the lower extremities". Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 1 (2): 134–138. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2012.08.002. PMID 26992333.
  4. Lurie, F.; Kistner, R. L. (2012). "The relative position of paired valves at venous junctions suggests their role in modulating three-dimensional flow pattern in veins". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : The Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 44 (3): 337–340. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.06.018. PMID 22824347.
  5. Lurie, F. (2016). "Transforming the best care into the standard for care". Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 4 (1): 106–113. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.10.001. PMID 26946905.
  6. Lurie, F.; Creton, D.; Eklof, B.; Kabnick, L. S.; Kistner, R. L.; Pichot, O.; Schuller-Petrovic, S.; Sessa, C. (2003). "Prospective randomized study of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration (Closure procedure) versus ligation and stripping in a selected patient population (EVOLVeS Study)". Journal of Vascular Surgery. 38 (2): 207–214. doi:10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00228-3. PMID 12891099.
  7. Lurie, F.; Makarova, N. P. (1998). "Clinical Dynamics of Varicose Disease in Patients with High Degree of Venous Reflux During Conservative Treatment and After Surgery: 7-Year Follow-Up". The International Journal of Angiology : Official Publication of the International College of Angiology, Inc. 7 (3): 234–237. doi:10.1007/BF01617401. PMID 9585458. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  8. Wang, J. L. (1991). "Derivation of monoclonal antibody directed against fibroblast growth regulator". Methods in Enzymology. 198: 451–464. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(91)98045-8. ISBN 9780121820992. PMID 1857236.
  9. Lurie, F.; Awaya, D. J.; Kistner, R. L.; Eklof, B. (2003). "Hemodynamic effect of intermittent pneumatic compression and the position of the body". Journal of Vascular Surgery. 37 (1): 137–142. doi:10.1067/mva.2002.24. PMID 12514591.
  10. Lurie, F.; Kistner, R. L. (2011). "Trends in patient reported outcomes of conservative and surgical treatment of primary chronic venous disease contradict current practices". Annals of Surgery. 254 (2): 363–367. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31821d4a5f. PMID 21532467. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  11. O'Donnell Jr, T. F.; Passman, M. A.; Marston, W. A.; Ennis, W. J.; Dalsing, M.; Kistner, R. L.; Lurie, F.; Henke, P. K.; Gloviczki, M. L.; Eklöf, B. G.; Stoughton, J.; Raju, S.; Shortell, C. K.; Raffetto, J. D.; Partsch, H.; Pounds, L. C.; Cummings, M. E.; Gillespie, D. L.; McLafferty, R. B.; Murad, M. H.; Wakefield, T. W.; Gloviczki, P.; Society for Vascular Surgery (2014). "Management of venous leg ulcers: Clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery ® and the American Venous Forum". Journal of Vascular Surgery. 60 (2 Suppl): 3S–59S. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2014.04.049. PMID 24974070.
  12. Lurie, F.; Lal, B. K.; Antignani, P. L.; Blebea, J.; Bush, R.; Caprini, J.; Davies, A.; Forrestal, M.; Jacobowitz, G.; Kalodiki, E.; Killewich, L.; Lohr, J.; Ma, H.; Mosti, G.; Partsch, H.; Rooke, T.; Wakefield, T. (2019). "Compression therapy after invasive treatment of superficial veins of the lower extremities: Clinical practice guidelines of the American Venous Forum, Society for Vascular Surgery, American College of Phlebology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and International Union of Phlebology". Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 7 (1): 17–28. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.10.002. PMID 30554745. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  13. De Maeseneer, M. G.; et al. (2022). "Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : The Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 63 (2): 184–267. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.12.024. PMID 35027279 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  14. Masuda, E.; Ozsvath, K.; Vossler, J.; Woo, K.; Kistner, R.; Lurie, F.; Monahan, D.; Brown, W.; Labropoulos, N.; Dalsing, M.; Khilnani, N.; Wakefield, T.; Gloviczki, P. (2020). "The 2020 appropriate use criteria for chronic lower extremity venous disease of the American Venous Forum, the Society for Vascular Surgery, the American Vein and Lymphatic Society, and the Society of Interventional Radiology". Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 8 (4): 505–525.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.02.001. PMID 32139328 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  15. Lurie, F.; Passman, M.; Meisner, M.; Dalsing, M.; Masuda, E.; Welch, H.; Bush, R. L.; Blebea, J.; Carpentier, P. H.; De Maeseneer, M.; Gasparis, A.; Labropoulos, N.; Marston, W. A.; Rafetto, J.; Santiago, F.; Shortell, C.; Uhl, J. F.; Urbanek, T.; Van Rij, A.; Eklof, B.; Gloviczki, P.; Kistner, R.; Lawrence, P.; Moneta, G.; Padberg, F.; Perrin, M.; Wakefield, T. (2020). "The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards". Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 8 (3): 342–352. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075. PMID 32113854 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  16. Meissner, M. H.; Khilnani, N. M.; Labropoulos, N.; Gasparis, A. P.; Gibson, K.; Greiner, M.; Learman, L. A.; Atashroo, D.; Lurie, F.; Passman, M. A.; Basile, A.; Lazarshvilli, Z.; Lohr, J.; Kim, M. D.; Nicolini, P. H.; Pabon-Ramos, W. M.; Rosenblatt, M. (2021). "The Symptoms-Varices-Pathophysiology classification of pelvic venous disorders: A report of the American Vein & Lymphatic Society International Working Group on Pelvic Venous Disorders". Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 9 (3): 568–584. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.12.084. PMID 33529720 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  17. Charpin, D.; Pradal, M.; Vervloet, D. (1991). "Risk factors for allergic or pseudoallergic reactions in the perioperative period". Clinical Reviews in Allergy. 9 (3–4): 259–268. doi:10.1007/BF02802306. PMID 1782625. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  18. Lurie, F.; Malgor, R. D.; Carman, T.; Dean, S. M.; Iafrati, M. D.; Khilnani, N. M.; Labropoulos, N.; Maldonado, T. S.; Mortimer, P.; O'Donnell Jr, T. F.; Raffetto, J. D.; Rockson, S. G.; Gasparis, A. P. (2022). "The American Venous Forum, American Vein and Lymphatic Society and the Society for Vascular Medicine expert opinion consensus on lymphedema diagnosis and treatment". Phlebology. 37 (4): 252–266. doi:10.1177/02683555211053532. PMC 9069652 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35258350 Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. Rabe, E.; Partsch, H.; Morrison, N.; Meissner, M. H.; Mosti, G.; Lattimer, C. R.; Carpentier, P. H.; Gaillard, S.; Jünger, M.; Urbanek, T.; Hafner, J.; Patel, M.; Wu, S.; Caprini, J.; Lurie, F.; Hirsch, T. (2020). "Risks and contraindications of medical compression treatment - A critical reappraisal. An international consensus statement". Phlebology. 35 (7): 447–460. doi:10.1177/0268355520909066. PMC 7383414 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32122269 Check |pmid= value (help).
  20. Lee, B. B.; et al. (2016). "Venous hemodynamic changes in lower limb venous disease: The UIP consensus according to scientific evidence". International Angiology : A Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 35 (3): 236–352. PMID 27013029.